A096620 -id:A096620 - cp's OEIS frontend

A330895 Numerator of the variance of the random number of comparisons in quicksort applied to lists of length n.

0, 0, 0, 2, 29, 46, 3049, 60574, 160599, 182789, 4913659, 1072364, 975570703, 1039388677, 5491155875, 92211937094, 6954047816459, 7225392149719, 2699717387790739, 2785123121790325, 573031978700759, 84009502802237, 45510401082365873, 46518885869845328

Offset: 0

Petros Hadjicostas, May 01 2020

			The variances are: 0, 0, 0, 2/9, 29/36, 46/25, 3049/900, 60574/11025, 160599/19600, 182789/15876, 4913659/317520, 1072364/53361, ... = A330895/A330907.

D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3: Sorting and Searching, Addison-Wesley, 1973; see answer to Ex. 8(a) of Section 6.2.2.

S. B. Ekhad and D. Zeilberger, A detailed analysis of quicksort running time, arXiv:1903.03708 [math.PR], 2019; see Theorem 2.
V. Iliopoulos, The quicksort algorithm and related topics, arXiv:1503.02504 [cs.DS], 2015.
V. Iliopoulos and D. Penman, Variance of the number of comparisons of randomized quicksort, arXiv:1006.4063 [math.PR], 2010.

Cf. A063090, A067699, A093418, A096620, A115107, A288964, A288965, A288970, A288971, A329001, A330852, A330860, A330875, A330876, A330907 (denominators).

lista(nn) = {my(va = vector(nn)); for(n=1, nn, va[n] = numerator(n*(7*n+13) - 2*(n+1)*sum(k=1, n, 1/k) - 4*(n+1)^2*sum(k=1, n, 1/k^2))); concat(0,va);}

a(n) = numerator(fr(n)), where fr(n) = n*(7*n + 13) - 2*(n + 1)*Sum_{k=1..n} 1/k - 4*(n + 1)^2*Sum_{k=1..n} 1/k^2.

A330907 Denominator of the variance of the random number of comparisons in quicksort applied to lists of length n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 9, 36, 25, 900, 11025, 19600, 15876, 317520, 53361, 38419920, 33127380, 144288144, 2029052025, 129859329600, 115831315600, 37529346254400, 33870234994596, 6144260316480, 799769421360, 387088399938240, 355503061748835, 40953952713465792, 37864231428870000, 316002721554520000, 2056839142975402500, 1612561888092715560000

Offset: 0

Petros Hadjicostas, May 01 2020

			The variances are: 0, 0, 0, 2/9, 29/36, 46/25, 3049/900, 60574/11025, 160599/19600, 182789/15876, 4913659/317520, 1072364/53361, ... = A330895/A330907.

D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3: Sorting and Searching, Addison-Wesley, 1973; see answer to Ex. 8(a) of Section 6.2.2.

S. B. Ekhad and D. Zeilberger, A detailed analysis of quicksort running time, arXiv:1903.03708 [math.PR], 2019; see Theorem 2.
V. Iliopoulos, The quicksort algorithm and related topics, arXiv:1503.02504 [cs.DS], 2015.
V. Iliopoulos and D. Penman, Variance of the number of comparisons of randomized quicksort, arXiv:1006.4063 [math.PR], 2010.

Cf. A063090, A067699, A093418, A096620, A115107, A288964, A288965, A288970, A288971, A329001, A330852, A330860, A330875, A330876, A330895 (numerators).

a := n -> denom(2*(n+1)*(harmonic(n,1) + 2*(n+1)*harmonic(n,2))):
seq(a(n), n=0..28); # Peter Luschny, May 02 2020

lista(nn) = {my(va = vector(nn)); for(n=1, nn, va[n] = denominator(n*(7*n+13) - 2*(n+1)*sum(k=1, n, 1/k) - 4*(n+1)^2*sum(k=1, n, 1/k^2))); concat(1, va); }

a(n) = denominator(fr(n)), where fr(n) = n*(7*n + 13) - 2*(n+1)*Sum_{k=1..n} (1/k) - 4*(n+1)^2*Sum_{k=1..n} (1/k^2).

a(n) = denominator(2*(n+1)*(H(n,1) + 2*(n+1)*H(n,2))), where H(n,s) are the generalized harmonic numbers. - Peter Luschny, May 02 2020

A093419 Denominators of row sums in triangle described in A093412.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 6, 5, 10, 35, 140, 126, 1260, 1155, 13860, 12870, 12012, 45045, 360360, 340340, 2042040, 1939938, 369512, 117572, 2586584, 7436429, 178474296, 171609900, 1487285800, 1434168450, 40156716600, 38818159380, 1164544781400

Offset: 1

Amarnath Murthy, Mar 30 2004

Essentially the same as A096620.

Cf. A093412, A093413, A093414, A093415, A093417, A093418.

Do[s = i = n; j = 1; x = i; y = j; While[x/y != 1, i--; j++; x += i; y += j; s += x/y]; Print[Denominator[s]], {n, 1, 30}] (* Ryan Propper, Aug 16 2005 *)

Corrected and extended by Ryan Propper, Aug 16 2005

A160049 Denominator of the Harary number for the path graph P_n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 3, 6, 5, 10, 35, 140, 126, 1260, 1155, 13860, 12870, 12012, 45045, 360360, 340340, 2042040, 1939938, 369512, 117572, 2586584, 7436429, 178474296, 171609900, 1487285800, 1434168450, 40156716600, 38818159380, 1164544781400

Offset: 1

Eric W. Weisstein, Apr 30 2009

Is this the same as A096620? - R. J. Mathar, Jan 26 2010

Yes, except for offset, because n*(harmonic(n)-harmonic(n-1)) = 1 which is an integer. - Andrew Howroyd, Oct 31 2017

			0, 2, 5, 26/3, 77/6, 87/5, 223/10, 962/35, 4609/140, 4861/126, ...

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Harary Index
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Harmonic Number

Cf. A160048.

harmonic(n)=sum(k=1,n,1/k);
a(n)=denominator(2*n*harmonic(n)); \\ Andrew Howroyd, Oct 31 2017

A335990 The moment generating function of the limiting distribution of the number of comparisons in quicksort can be written in the form M(t) = m(-2t)/(exp(2gammat)Gamma(1 + 2t)) for |t| < 1/2, where m(z) = Sum_{n >= 0} B(n)z^n/n! for |z| < 1. This sequence gives the numerators of the rational numbers B(n) for n >= 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 7, 19, 565, 229621, 74250517, 30532750703, 90558126238639, 37973078754146051, 21284764359226368337, 1770024989560214080011109, 539780360793818428471498394131, 194520883210026428577888559667954807, 911287963487139630688627952818633149408727, 328394760901508739430228985010652235796369497219

Offset: 0

Petros Hadjicostas, Jul 03 2020

Despite the fact that both the numerator and denominator in the formula M(t) = m(-2*t)/(exp(2*gamma*t)*Gamma(1 + 2*t)) each have a Taylor expansion around t = 0 with a radius of convergence equal to 1/2, the moment generating function M(t) has a Taylor expansion around t = 0 with an infinite radius of convergence. This was proved in Rösler (1991).
The formula for M(t) appears as Theorem 6.1 in Tan and Hadjicostas (1993) and derives from the work of Hennequin (1991). Hennequin conjectured a cumulant formula for the limiting distribution of the number of comparisons in quicksort in his 1989 paper, and he proved it in his 1991 thesis.
The numbers (B(n): n >= 0), with B(0) = 1 and B(0) = 0, are given (for p >= 0) by the recurrence.
Sum_{r=0..p} Stirling1(p+2, r+1)*B(p-r)/(p-r)! + Sum_{r=0..p} F(r)*F(p-r) = 0, where F(r) = Sum_{i=0..r} Stirling1(r+1,i+1)*G(r-i) and G(k) = Sum_{a=0..k} (-1)^a*B(k-a)/(a!*(k-a)!*2^a).
The numbers A(n) = L_n(B(1),...,B(n)) = A330852(n)/A330860(n), where L_n(x_1,...,x_n) are the logarithmic polynomials of Bell, appear in Hennequin's cumulant formula.
Hoffman and Kuba (2019, 2020) gave an alternative proof of Hennequin's cumulant formula and gave an alternative calculation for the constants (-2)^n*A(n), which they denote by a_n. See also Finch (2020).
Hoffman and Kuba (2019-2020, Proposition 17) express the constants c(n) = B(n)*(-2)^n = A329001(n)/A330876(n) in terms of "tiered binomial coefficients". In terms of the constants c(n), the moment generating function equals M(t) = Sum_{n >= 0} (c(n)*t^n/n!)/(exp(2*gamma*t)*Gamma(1 + 2*t)) for |t| < 1/2.
Tan and Hadjicostas (1993) proved that lim_{n -> infinity} B(n)/n! = nu, where nu = 0.589164... (approximately). Also, M(-1/2) = nu*exp(gamma), where gamma = A001620 (Euler's constant). (It seems that nu is close to Pi^(1/3) * exp(-1/3 - gamma), but we have no theoretical evidence for that.)
The PARI program below is based on a Maple program in Tan and Hadjicostas (1993).
The rest of the references give the theory of the limiting distribution of the number of comparisons in quicksort (and for that reason we omit any discussion of that topic).

			The first few fractions are 1/1, 0/1, 7/4, 19/8, 565/36, 229621/3456, 74250517/172800, 30532750703/10368000, 90558126238639/3810240000, ... = A335990/A335991.

Pascal Hennequin, Analyse en moyenne d'algorithmes, tri rapide et arbres de recherche, Ph.D. Thesis, L'École Polytechnique Palaiseau (1991), p. 83.

S. B. Ekhad and D. Zeilberger, A detailed analysis of quicksort running time, arXiv:1903.03708 [math.PR], 2019. [They have the first eight moments for the number of comparisons in quicksort from which Hennequin's first eight asymptotic cumulants can be derived.]
James A. Fill and Svante Janson, Smoothness and decay properties of the limiting Quicksort density function, In: D. Gardy and A. Mokkadem (eds), Mathematics and Computer Science, Trends in Mathematics, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2000, pp. 53-64.
James A. Fill and Svante Janson, Quicksort asymptotics, Journal of Algorithms, 44(1) (2002), 4-28.
Steven Finch, Recursive PGFs for BSTs and DSTs, arXiv:2002.02809 [cs.DS], 2020; see Section 1.4. [He gives the constants a_s = (-2)^s*A(s) for s >= 2. He also evaluates c(2) - c(8), where c(n) = B(n)*(-2)^n.]
P. Hennequin, Combinatorial analysis of the quicksort algorithm, Informatique théoretique et applications, 23(3) (1989), 317-333.
M. E. Hoffman and M. Kuba, Logarithmic integrals, zeta values, and tiered binomial coefficients, arXiv:1906.08347 [math.CO], 2019-2020; see Section 5.2. [They study the constants a_s = (-2)^s*A(s) = (-2)^s*L_n(B(1),...,B(s)) = (-2)^s*A330852(s)/A330860(s) for s >= 2. They also study the constants c(n) = B(n)*(-2)^n = A329001(n)/A330876(n).]
Mireille Régnier, A limiting distribution for quicksort, Informatique théorique et applications, 23(3) (1989), 335-343.
Uwe Rösler, A limit theorem for quicksort, Informatique théorique et applications, 25(1) (1991), 85-100. [He proved that M(t) has a Taylor expansion around t = 0 with an infinite radius of convergence.]
Kok Hooi Tan and Petros Hadjicostas, Density and generating functions of a limiting distribution in quicksort, Technical Report #568, Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1993; see pp. 8-11.
Kok Hooi Tan and Petros Hadjicostas, Some properties of a limiting distribution in Quicksort, Statistics and Probability Letters, 25(1) (1995), 87-94.
Vytas Zacharovas, On the exponential decay of the characteristic function of the quicksort distribution, arXiv:1605.04018 [math.CO], 2016. [The author studies the tail of phi(t) = M(i*t), where i = sqrt(-1).]

Cf. A001620, A063090, A067699, A093418, A096620, A115107, A288964, A288965, A288970, A288971, A329001 (numerators of B(n)*(-2)^n), A330852 (numerators of A(n)), A330860 (denominators of A(n)), A330876 (denominators of B(n)*(-2)^n), A335991 (denominators of B(n)).

For a fast Maple program for the calculation of the numbers (B(n): n >= 0), see A330852.

/* Very slow program due to recursion */
g(k) = sum(a=0, k, (-1)^a*B(k - a)/(a!*(k - a)!*2^a));
f(r) = sum(i=0, r, stirling(r + 1, i + 1, 1)*g(r - i));
b(p) = (-1)^p*(sum(r=1, p, stirling(p + 2, r + 1, 1)*B(p - r)/(p - r)!) + sum(rr=1, p-1, f(rr)*f(p - rr)) + 2*(-1)^p*p!*sum(a=1, p, (-1)^a*B(p - a)/(a!*(p - a)!*2^a)) + 2*sum(i=1, p, stirling(p + 1, i + 1, 1)*g(p - i)))/(p - 1);
B(m) = if(m==0, 1, if(m==1, 0, b(m)));
a(n) = numerator(B(n));

a(n) = numerator(B(n)), where B(n) = (n-1)!*Sum_{k=0..n-1} A(k+1)*B(n-1-k)/(k!*(n-1-k)!) for n >= 1 with B(0) = 1 and A(n) = A330852(n)/A330860(n).

Also, B(n) = c(n)/(-2)^n = A329001(n)/A330876(n)/(-2)^n.

A335991 The moment generating function of the limiting distribution of the number of comparisons in quicksort can be written in the form M(t) = m(-2t)/(exp(2gammat)Gamma(1 + 2t)) for |t| < 1/2, where m(z) = Sum_{n >= 0} B(n)z^n/n! for |z| < 1. This sequence gives the denominators of the rational numbers B(n) for n >= 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 4, 8, 36, 3456, 172800, 10368000, 3810240000, 177811200000, 9957427200000, 75278149632000000, 1912817782149120000000, 53023308921173606400000000, 17742659631203112173568000000000, 426249654980023566857797632000000000

Offset: 0

Petros Hadjicostas, Jul 03 2020

Despite the fact that both the numerator and denominator in the formula  M(t) = m(-2*t)/(exp(2*gamma*t)*Gamma(1 + 2*t)) each have a Taylor expansion around t = 0 with a radius of convergence equal to 1/2, the moment generating function M(t) has a Taylor expansion around t = 0 with an infinite radius of convergence. This was proved in Rösler (1991).
The formula for M(t) appears as Theorem 6.1 in Tan and Hadjicostas (1993) and derives from the work of Hennequin (1991). Hennequin conjectured a cumulant formula for the limiting distribution of the number of comparisons in quicksort in his 1989 paper, and he proved it in his 1991 thesis.
The numbers (B(n): n >= 0), with B(0) = 1 and B(0) = 0, are given (for p >= 0) by the recurrence
Sum_{r=0..p} Stirling1(p+2, r+1)*B(p-r)/(p-r)! + Sum_{r=0..p} F(r)*F(p-r) = 0, where F(r) = Sum_{i=0..r} Stirling1(r+1,i+1)*G(r-i) and G(k) = Sum_{a=0..k} (-1)^a*B(k-a)/(a!*(k-a)!*2^a).
The numbers A(n) = L_n(B(1),...,B(n)) = A330852(n)/A330860(n), where L_n(x_1,...,x_n) are the logarithmic polynomials of Bell, appear in Hennequin's cumulant formula.
Hoffman and Kuba (2019, 2020) gave an alternative proof of Hennequin's cumulant formula and gave an alternative calculation for the constants (-2)^n*A(n), which they denote by a_n. See also Finch (2020).
Hoffman and Kuba (2019-2020, Proposition 17) express the constants c(n) = B(n)*(-2)^n = A329001(n)/A330876(n) in terms of "tiered binomial coefficients". In terms of the constants c(n), the moment generating function equals M(t) = Sum_{n >= 0} (c(n)*t^n/n!)/(exp(2*gamma*t)*Gamma(1 + 2*t)) for |t| < 1/2.
Tan and Hadjicostas (1993) proved that lim_{n -> infinity} B(n)/n! = nu, where nu = 0.589164... (approximately). Also, M(-1/2) = nu*exp(gamma), where gamma = A001620 (Euler's constant).

			The first few fractions are 1/1, 0/1, 7/4, 19/8, 565/36, 229621/3456, 74250517/172800, 30532750703/10368000, 90558126238639/3810240000, ... = A335990/A335991.

Pascal Hennequin, Analyse en moyenne d'algorithmes, tri rapide et arbres de recherche, Ph.D. Thesis, L'École Polytechnique Palaiseau (1991), p. 83.

James A. Fill and Svante Janson, Smoothness and decay properties of the limiting Quicksort density function, In: D. Gardy and A. Mokkadem (eds), Mathematics and Computer Science, Trends in Mathematics, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2000, pp. 53-64.
James A. Fill and Svante Janson, Quicksort asymptotics, Journal of Algorithms, 44(1) (2002), 4-28.
Steven Finch, Recursive PGFs for BSTs and DSTs, arXiv:2002.02809 [cs.DS], 2020; see Section 1.4. [He gives the constants a_s = (-2)^s*A(s) for s >= 2. He also calculates c(2) - c(8), where c(n) = B(n)*(-2)^n.]
P. Hennequin, Combinatorial analysis of the quicksort algorithm, Informatique théoretique et applications, 23(3) (1989), 317-333.
M. E. Hoffman and M. Kuba, Logarithmic integrals, zeta values, and tiered binomial coefficients, arXiv:1906.08347 [math.CO], 2019-2020; see Section 5.2. [They study the constants a_s = (-2)^s*A(s) = (-2)^s*L_n(B(1),...,B(s)) = (-2)^s*A330852(s)/A330860(s) for s >= 2. They also study the constants c(n) = B(n)*(-2)^n = A329001(n)/A330876(n).]
Mireille Régnier, A limiting distribution for quicksort, Informatique théorique et applications, 23(3) (1989), 335-343.
Uwe Rösler, A limit theorem for quicksort, Informatique théorique et applications, 25(1) (1991), 85-100. [He proved that M(t) has a Taylor expansion around zero with an infinite radius of convergence.]
Kok Hooi Tan and Petros Hadjicostas, Density and generating functions of a limiting distribution in quicksort, Technical Report #568, Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1993; see pp. 8-11.
Kok Hooi Tan and Petros Hadjicostas, Some properties of a limiting distribution in Quicksort, Statistics and Probability Letters, 25(1) (1995), 87-94.
Vytas Zacharovas, On the exponential decay of the characteristic function of the quicksort distribution, arXiv:1605.04018 [math.CO], 2016. [The author studies the tail of phi(t) = M(i*t), where i = sqrt(-1).]

# For a fast Maple program for the calculation of the numbers (B(n): n >= 0), see A330852.

a(n) = denominator(B(n)), where B(n) = (n-1)!*Sum_{k=0..n-1} A(k+1)*B(n-1-k)/(k!*(n-1-k)!) for n >= 1 with B(0) = 1 and A(n) = A330852(n)/A330860(n).

Also, B(n) = c(n)/(-2)^n = A329001(n)/A330876(n)/(-2)^n.

A196532 a(n) = (n+1)!*(H(n)+H(n+1)), where H(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} 1/k is the n-th harmonic number.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 5, 20, 94, 524, 3408, 25416, 214128, 2012832, 20894400, 237458880, 2932968960, 39126516480, 560704273920, 8591147712000, 140160890419200, 2425888391270400, 44398288688947200, 856727919929548800

Offset: 0

Gary Detlefs, Oct 03 2011

nonn

Denominator of a(n)/n! is listed in A096620.

a(n) - (n+1)*a(n-1) = A129326(n), n > 0. - Gary Detlefs, Oct 04 2011

Robert Israel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..448

H:= n-> sum(1/k,k=1..n):seq((n+1)!*(H(n+1)+H(n)), n=0..20);
# Alternative:
f:= gfun:-rectoproc({a(n+3) = (3*n+8)*a(n+2)-(3*n+7)*(n+2)*a(n+1)+(n+1)*(n+2)^2*a(n),a(0)=1,a(1)=5,a(2)=20},a(n),remember):
map(f, [$0..50]); # Robert Israel, Mar 28 2018

Table[(n+1)!Total[HarmonicNumber[{n,n+1}]],{n,0,20}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 17 2013 *)

From Robert Israel, Mar 28 2018: (Start)
E.g.f.: (1+x - 2*log(1-x))/(1-x)^2.
a(n+3) = (3*n+8)*a(n+2) - (3*n+7)*(n+2)*a(n+1) + (n+1)*(n+2)^2*a(n). (End)

cp's OEIS Frontend

A330895 Numerator of the variance of the random number of comparisons in quicksort applied to lists of length n.

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A330907 Denominator of the variance of the random number of comparisons in quicksort applied to lists of length n.

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A093419 Denominators of row sums in triangle described in A093412.

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A160049 Denominator of the Harary number for the path graph P_n.

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PARI

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A196532 a(n) = (n+1)!*(H(n)+H(n+1)), where H(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} 1/k is the n-th harmonic number.

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A368810 a(n) = numerator of Sum_{i=1..n} Sum_{j=1..n} (1/i + 1/j).

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