A109129 -id:A109129 - cp's OEIS frontend

A358584 Number of rooted trees with n nodes, at most half of which are leaves.

0, 1, 1, 3, 5, 15, 28, 87, 176, 550, 1179, 3688, 8269, 25804, 59832, 186190, 443407, 1375388, 3346702, 10348509, 25632265, 79020511, 198670299, 610740694, 1555187172, 4768244803, 12276230777, 37546795678, 97601239282, 297831479850, 780790439063, 2377538260547

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Nov 23 2022

nonn

			The a(2) = 1 through a(6) = 15 trees:
  (o)  ((o))  ((oo))   (((oo)))   (((ooo)))
              (o(o))   ((o)(o))   ((o)(oo))
              (((o)))  ((o(o)))   ((o(oo)))
                       (o((o)))   ((oo(o)))
                       ((((o))))  (o((oo)))
                                  (o(o)(o))
                                  (o(o(o)))
                                  (oo((o)))
                                  ((((oo))))
                                  (((o)(o)))
                                  (((o(o))))
                                  ((o)((o)))
                                  ((o((o))))
                                  (o(((o))))
                                  (((((o)))))

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200

For equality we have A185650 aerated, ranked by A358578.
The complement is A358581.
The strict case is A358582.
The opposite version is A358583.
A000081 counts rooted trees, ordered A000108.
A055277 counts rooted trees by nodes and leaves, ordered A001263.
A358575 counts rooted trees by nodes and internal nodes, ordered A090181.
A358589 counts square trees, ranked by A358577, ordered A358590.
Cf. A000891, A034781, A065097, A109129, A342507, A358579, A358580, A358585, A358586, A358591.

art[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Select[Tuples[art/@c],OrderedQ],{c,Join@@Permutations/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]}]];
Table[Length[Select[art[n],Count[#,{},{0,Infinity}]<=Count[#,[_],{0,Infinity}]&]],{n,0,10}]

R(n) = {my(A = O(x)); for(j=1, n, A = x*(y - 1  + exp( sum(i=1, j, 1/i * subst( subst( A + O(x*x^(j\i)), x, x^i), y, y^i) ) ))); Vec(A)};
seq(n) = {my(A=R(n)); vector(n, n, vecsum(Vecrev(A[n]/y)[1..n\2]))} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Dec 30 2022

A358581(n) + A358584(n) = A000081(n).
A358582(n) + A358583(n) = A000081(n).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..floor(n/2)} A055277(n, k). - Andrew Howroyd, Dec 30 2022

Terms a(19) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Dec 30 2022

A358591 Number of 2n-node rooted trees whose height, number of leaves, and number of internal (non-leaf) nodes are all equal.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 2, 17, 94, 464, 2162, 9743, 42962, 186584, 801316, 3412034, 14430740, 60700548, 254180426, 1060361147, 4409342954, 18285098288, 75645143516, 312286595342, 1286827096964, 5293833371408, 21745951533236, 89208948855542, 365523293690804, 1496048600896784

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Nov 23 2022

nonn

			The a(3) = 2 and a(4) = 17 trees:
  ((o)(oo))  (((o))(ooo))
  (o(o)(o))  (((o)(ooo)))
             (((oo))(oo))
             (((oo)(oo)))
             ((o)((ooo)))
             ((o)(o(oo)))
             ((o)(oo(o)))
             ((o(o)(oo)))
             ((oo)(o(o)))
             ((oo(o)(o)))
             (o((o))(oo))
             (o((o)(oo)))
             (o(o)((oo)))
             (o(o)(o(o)))
             (o(o(o)(o)))
             (oo((o)(o)))
             (oo(o)((o)))

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100

For leaves = internals we have A185650 aerated, ranked by A358578.
For height = internals we have A358587, ranked by A358576, ordered A358588.
For height = leaves we have A358589, ranked by A358577, ordered A358590.
These trees are ranked by A358592.
A000081 counts rooted trees, ordered A000108.
A034781 counts rooted trees by nodes and height, ordered A080936.
A055277 counts rooted trees by nodes and leaves, ordered A001263.
A358575 counts rooted trees by nodes and internal nodes, ordered A090181.
Cf. A065097, A109082, A109129, A342507, A358552, A358581-A358586.

art[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Select[Tuples[art/@c],OrderedQ],{c,Join@@Permutations/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]}]];
Table[Length[Select[art[n],Count[#,[_],{0,Infinity}]==Count[#,{},{0,Infinity}]==Depth[#]-1&]],{n,2,15,2}]

\\ Needs R(n,f) defined in A358589.
seq(n) = {Vecrev(R(2*n, (h,p)->if(h<=n, x^h*polcoef(polcoef(p, 2*h, x), h, y))), -n)} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Jan 01 2023

Terms a(10) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Jan 01 2023

A316112 Number of leaves in the free pure symmetric multifunction (with empty expressions allowed) with e-number n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Aug 18 2018

nonn

If n = 1 let e(n) be the leaf symbol "o". Given a positive integer n > 1 we construct a unique free pure symmetric multifunction e(n) with one atom by expressing n as a power of a number that is not a perfect power to a product of prime numbers: n = rad(x)^(prime(y_1) * ... * prime(y_k)) where rad = A007916. Then e(n) = e(x)[e(y_1), ..., e(y_k)]. For example, e(21025) = o[o[o]][o] because 21025 = rad(rad(1)^prime(rad(1)^prime(1)))^prime(1).

			e(21025) = o[o[o]][o] has 4 leaves so a(21025) = 4.

Cf. A007916, A052409, A052410, A109129, A277576, A277996, A300626, A316112, A317056, A317658, A317765, A317994.

nn=1000;
radQ[n_]:=If[n==1,False,GCD@@FactorInteger[n][[All,2]]==1];
rad[n_]:=rad[n]=If[n==0,1,NestWhile[#+1&,rad[n-1]+1,Not[radQ[#]]&]];
Clear[radPi];Set@@@Array[radPi[rad[#]]==#&,nn];
a[n_]:=If[n==1,1,With[{g=GCD@@FactorInteger[n][[All,2]]},a[radPi[Power[n,1/g]]]+Sum[a[PrimePi[pr[[1]]]]*pr[[2]],{pr,If[g==1,{},FactorInteger[g]]}]]];
Table[a[n],{n,100}]

a(rad(x)^(prime(y_1) * ... * prime(y_k))) = a(x) + a(y_1) + ... + a(y_k) where rad = A007916.

A331488 Number of unlabeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with n vertices and more than two branches (of the root).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 20, 36, 70, 134, 263, 513, 1022, 2030, 4076, 8203, 16614, 33738, 68833, 140796, 288989, 594621, 1226781, 2536532, 5256303, 10913196, 22700682, 47299699, 98714362, 206323140, 431847121, 905074333, 1899247187, 3990145833, 8392281473

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020

nonn

Also the number of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with n vertices and more than two branches.

			The a(4) = 1 through a(9) = 10 trees:
  (ooo)  (oooo)  (ooooo)   (oooooo)   (ooooooo)    (oooooooo)
                 (oo(oo))  (oo(ooo))  (oo(oooo))   (oo(ooooo))
                           (ooo(oo))  (ooo(ooo))   (ooo(oooo))
                                      (oooo(oo))   (oooo(ooo))
                                      (o(oo)(oo))  (ooooo(oo))
                                      (oo(o(oo)))  (o(oo)(ooo))
                                                   (oo(o(ooo)))
                                                   (oo(oo)(oo))
                                                   (oo(oo(oo)))
                                                   (ooo(o(oo)))

David Callan, A sign-reversing involution to count labeled lone-child-avoiding trees, arXiv:1406.7784 [math.CO], (30-June-2014)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Series-reduced tree.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting series-reduced and lone-child-avoiding trees by number of vertices.

The not necessarily lone-child-avoiding version is A331233.
The Matula-Goebel numbers of these trees are listed by A331490.
A000081 counts unlabeled rooted trees.
A001678 counts lone-child-avoiding rooted trees.
A001679 counts topologically series-reduced rooted trees.
A291636 lists Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees.
A331489 lists Matula-Goebel numbers of series-reduced rooted trees.
Cf. A000014, A000669, A004250, A007097, A007821, A033942, A060313, A060356, A061775, A109082, A109129, A196050, A276625, A330943.

urt[n_]:=Join@@Table[Union[Sort/@Tuples[urt/@ptn]],{ptn,IntegerPartitions[n-1]}];
Table[Length[Select[urt[n],Length[#]>2&&FreeQ[#,{_}]&]],{n,10}]

For n > 1, a(n) = A001679(n) - A001678(n).

a(37)-a(38) from Jinyuan Wang, Jun 26 2020

Terminology corrected (lone-child-avoiding, not series-reduced) by Gus Wiseman, May 10 2021

A358582 Number of rooted trees with n nodes, most of which are not leaves.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 1, 5, 7, 28, 48, 176, 336, 1179, 2420, 8269, 17855, 59832, 134289, 443407, 1025685, 3346702, 7933161, 25632265, 62000170, 198670299, 488801159, 1555187172, 3882403641, 12276230777, 31034921462, 97601239282, 249471619165, 780790439063, 2015194486878

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Nov 23 2022

nonn

			The a(3) = 1 through a(6) = 7 trees:
  ((o))  (((o)))  (((oo)))   ((((oo))))
                  ((o)(o))   (((o)(o)))
                  ((o(o)))   (((o(o))))
                  (o((o)))   ((o)((o)))
                  ((((o))))  ((o((o))))
                             (o(((o))))
                             (((((o)))))

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200

For equality we have A185650 aerated, ranked by A358578.
The opposite version is A358581, non-strict A358583.
The non-strict version is A358584.
The ordered version is A358585, odd-indexed terms A065097.
A000081 counts rooted trees, ordered A000108.
A055277 counts rooted trees by nodes and leaves, ordered A001263.
A358575 counts rooted trees by nodes and internal nodes, ordered A090181.
A358589 counts square trees, ranked by A358577, ordered A358590.
Cf. A000891, A034781, A109129, A342507, A358579, A358580, A358586, A358591.

art[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Select[Tuples[art/@c],OrderedQ],{c,Join@@Permutations/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]}]];
Table[Length[Select[art[n],Count[#,{},{0,Infinity}][_],{0,Infinity}]&]],{n,0,10}]

\\ See A358584 for R(n).
seq(n) = {my(A=R(n)); vector(n, n, vecsum(Vecrev(A[n]/y)[1..(n-1)\2]))} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Dec 30 2022

A358581(n) + A358584(n) = A000081(n).
A358582(n) + A358583(n) = A000081(n).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..floor((n-1)/2)} A055277(n, k). - Andrew Howroyd, Dec 30 2022

Terms a(19) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Dec 30 2022

A358585 Number of ordered rooted trees with n nodes, most of which are leaves.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 1, 7, 11, 66, 127, 715, 1549, 8398, 19691, 104006, 258194, 1337220, 3467115, 17678835, 47440745, 238819350, 659060677, 3282060210, 9271024542, 45741281820, 131788178171, 644952073662, 1890110798926, 9183676536076, 27316119923002, 131873975875180, 397407983278484

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Nov 24 2022

nonn

			The a(1) = 1 through a(6) = 11 ordered trees:
  o  .  (oo)  (ooo)  (oooo)   (ooooo)
                     ((o)oo)  ((o)ooo)
                     ((oo)o)  ((oo)oo)
                     ((ooo))  ((ooo)o)
                     (o(o)o)  ((oooo))
                     (o(oo))  (o(o)oo)
                     (oo(o))  (o(oo)o)
                              (o(ooo))
                              (oo(o)o)
                              (oo(oo))
                              (ooo(o))

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000

For equality we have A000891, unordered A185650.
Odd-indexed terms are A065097.
The unordered version is A358581.
The opposite is the same, unordered A358582.
The non-strict version is A358586, unordered A358583.
A000108 counts ordered rooted trees, unordered A000081.
A001263 counts ordered rooted trees by nodes and leaves, unordered A055277.
A080936 counts ordered rooted trees by nodes and height, unordered A034781.
A090181 counts ordered rooted trees by nodes and internals, unord. A358575.
A358590 counts square ordered trees, unordered A358589 (ranked by A358577).
Cf. A109129, A342507, A358371, A358579, A358580, A358584, A358588, A358590.

aot[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Tuples[aot/@c],{c,Join@@Permutations/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]}]];
Table[Length[Select[aot[n],Count[#,{},{0,Infinity}]>Count[#,[_],{0,Infinity}]&]],{n,10}]

a(n) = if(n==1, 1, n--; (binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1) - if(n%2, binomial(n, (n-1)/2)^2 / n))/2) \\ Andrew Howroyd, Jan 13 2024

From Andrew Howroyd, Jan 13 2024: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..floor((n-1)/2)} A001263(n-1, k) for n >= 2.
a(2*n) = (A000108(2*n-1) - A000891(n-1))/2 for n >= 1;
a(2*n+1) = A000108(2*n)/2 for n >= 1. (End)

a(16) onwards from Andrew Howroyd, Jan 13 2024

A325612 Width (number of leaves) of the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 2^n - 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 4, 1, 4, 5, 3, 6, 7, 4, 5, 7, 6, 7, 11, 7, 7, 9, 10, 7, 13, 7, 11, 9, 11, 11, 13, 11, 12, 15, 16, 10, 19, 19, 15, 18, 16, 16, 18, 10, 18, 18, 17, 15, 21, 15, 18, 24, 23, 19, 23, 25, 25, 18, 26, 25, 28, 21, 21, 25, 23, 21, 29, 28, 31, 21, 24, 23

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, May 12 2019

nonn

Every positive integer has a unique q-factorization (encoded by A324924) into factors q(i) = prime(i)/i, i > 0. For example:
   11 = q(1) q(2) q(3) q(5)
   50 = q(1)^3 q(2)^2 q(3)^2
  360 = q(1)^6 q(2)^3 q(3)
For n > 1, a(n) is the multiplicity of q(1) = 2 in the q-factorization of 2^n - 1.

			The rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 2047 = 2^11 - 1 is (((o)(o))(ooo(o))), which has 6 leaves (o's), so a(11) = 6.

Keith Briggs, Matula numbers and rooted trees.

Cf. A001222, A001221, A056239, A112798.
Matula-Goebel numbers: A007097, A061775, A109082, A109129, A196050, A317713.
Mersenne numbers: A046051, A046800, A059305, A325610, A325611, A325625.

mglv[n_]:=If[n==1,1,Total[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>mglv[PrimePi[p]]*k]]];
Table[mglv[2^n-1],{n,30}]

More terms from Jinyuan Wang, Feb 25 2025

A331490 Matula-Goebel numbers of series-reduced rooted trees with more than two branches (of the root).

Original entry on oeis.org

8, 16, 28, 32, 56, 64, 76, 98, 112, 128, 152, 172, 196, 212, 224, 256, 266, 304, 343, 344, 392, 424, 428, 448, 512, 524, 532, 602, 608, 652, 686, 688, 722, 742, 784, 848, 856, 896, 908, 931, 1024, 1048, 1052, 1064, 1204, 1216, 1244, 1304, 1372, 1376, 1444

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020

nonn

We say that a rooted tree is (topologically) series-reduced if no vertex has degree 2.
The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree is the product of primes indexed by the Matula-Goebel numbers of its branches. This gives a bijective correspondence between positive integers and unlabeled rooted trees.
Also Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with more than two branches.

			The sequence of all series-reduced rooted trees with more than two branches together with their Matula-Goebel numbers begins:
    8: (ooo)
   16: (oooo)
   28: (oo(oo))
   32: (ooooo)
   56: (ooo(oo))
   64: (oooooo)
   76: (oo(ooo))
   98: (o(oo)(oo))
  112: (oooo(oo))
  128: (ooooooo)
  152: (ooo(ooo))
  172: (oo(o(oo)))
  196: (oo(oo)(oo))
  212: (oo(oooo))
  224: (ooooo(oo))
  256: (oooooooo)
  266: (o(oo)(ooo))
  304: (oooo(ooo))
  343: ((oo)(oo)(oo))
  344: (ooo(o(oo)))

David Callan, A sign-reversing involution to count labeled lone-child-avoiding trees, arXiv:1406.7784 [math.CO], (30-June-2014)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Series-reduced tree.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting series-reduced and lone-child-avoiding trees by number of vertices.

These trees are counted by A331488.
Unlabeled rooted trees are counted by A000081.
Lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are counted by A001678.
Topologically series-reduced rooted trees are counted by A001679.
Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are A291636.
Matula-Goebel numbers of series-reduced rooted trees are A331489.
Cf. A000014, A000669, A004250, A007097, A007821, A033942, A060313, A060356, A061775, A109082, A109129, A196050, A276625, A330943.

primeMS[n_]:=If[n==1,{},Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]];
srQ[n_]:=Or[n==1,With[{m=primeMS[n]},And[Length[m]>1,And@@srQ/@m]]];
Select[Range[1000],PrimeOmega[#]>2&&srQ[#]&]

A358583 Number of rooted trees with n nodes, at least half of which are leaves.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 13, 20, 67, 110, 383, 663, 2346, 4217, 15118, 27979, 101092, 191440, 695474, 1341974, 4893067, 9589567, 35055011, 69612556, 254923825, 511987473, 1877232869, 3807503552, 13972144807, 28585315026, 104955228432, 216381073935, 794739865822

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Nov 23 2022

nonn

			The a(1) = 1 through a(6) = 13 trees:
  o  (o)  (oo)  (ooo)   (oooo)   (ooooo)
                ((oo))  ((ooo))  ((oooo))
                (o(o))  (o(oo))  (o(ooo))
                        (oo(o))  (oo(oo))
                                 (ooo(o))
                                 (((ooo)))
                                 ((o)(oo))
                                 ((o(oo)))
                                 ((oo(o)))
                                 (o((oo)))
                                 (o(o)(o))
                                 (o(o(o)))
                                 (oo((o)))

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..200

For equality we have A185650 aerated, ranked by A358578.
The strict case is A358581.
The opposite version is A358584, strict A358582.
The ordered version is A358586, strict A358585.
A000081 counts rooted trees, ordered A000108.
A055277 counts rooted trees by nodes and leaves, ordered A001263.
A358575 counts rooted trees by nodes and internal nodes, ordered A090181.
A358589 counts square rooted trees, ranked by A358577, ordered A358590.
Cf. A000891, A034781, A065097, A109129, A342507, A358579, A358580, A358586.

art[n_]:=If[n==1,{{}},Join@@Table[Select[Tuples[art/@c],OrderedQ],{c,Join@@Permutations/@IntegerPartitions[n-1]}]];
Table[Length[Select[art[n],Count[#,{},{0,Infinity}]>=Count[#,[_],{0,Infinity}]&]],{n,1,10}]

\\ See A358584 for R(n).
seq(n) = {my(A=R(n)); vector(n, n, my(u=Vecrev(A[n]/y)); vecsum(u[(n-1)\2+1..#u]))} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Dec 31 2022

A358581(n) + A358584(n) = A000081(n).
A358582(n) + A358583(n) = A000081(n).
a(n) = Sum_{k=floor((n-1)/2)+1..n} A055277(n, k). - Andrew Howroyd, Dec 31 2022

Terms a(19) and beyond from Andrew Howroyd, Dec 31 2022

A304486 Number of inequivalent leaf-colorings of the unlabeled rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 4, 2, 4, 2, 5, 2, 4, 3, 4, 4, 2, 2, 7, 2, 5, 3, 9, 2, 5, 1, 7, 2, 4, 4, 9, 4, 7, 5, 7, 2, 11, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 12, 7, 4, 4, 11, 5, 7, 2, 16, 7, 5, 2, 11, 4, 2, 9, 11, 5, 5, 3, 9, 4, 11

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Aug 17 2018

			Inequivalent representatives of the a(52) = 11 colorings of the tree (oo(o(o))) are the following.
  (11(1(1)))
  (11(1(2)))
  (11(2(1)))
  (11(2(2)))
  (11(2(3)))
  (12(1(1)))
  (12(1(2)))
  (12(1(3)))
  (12(3(1)))
  (12(3(3)))
  (12(3(4)))

Cf. A000081, A001678, A004111, A007097, A049076, A061773, A061775, A109082, A109129, A300626, A303024, A303431, A317713, A317994.

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A358584 Number of rooted trees with n nodes, at most half of which are leaves.

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A358591 Number of 2n-node rooted trees whose height, number of leaves, and number of internal (non-leaf) nodes are all equal.

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A316112 Number of leaves in the free pure symmetric multifunction (with empty expressions allowed) with e-number n.

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A331488 Number of unlabeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with n vertices and more than two branches (of the root).

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A358582 Number of rooted trees with n nodes, most of which are not leaves.

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A358585 Number of ordered rooted trees with n nodes, most of which are leaves.

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A325612 Width (number of leaves) of the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 2^n - 1.

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