A000700 Expansion of Product_{k>=0} (1 + x^(2k+1)); number of partitions of n into distinct odd parts; number of self-conjugate partitions; number of symmetric Ferrers graphs with n nodes.

1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9, 11, 12, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 29, 33, 35, 37, 41, 46, 49, 52, 57, 63, 68, 72, 78, 87, 93, 98, 107, 117, 125, 133, 144, 157, 168, 178, 192, 209, 223, 236, 255, 276, 294, 312, 335, 361, 385

Offset: 0

Author

N. J. A. Sloane

Keywords

• nonn
• easy
• nice

Comments

Ramanujan theta functions: f(q) (see A121373), phi(q) (A000122), psi(q) (A010054), chi(q) (A000700).

Coefficients of replicable function number 96a. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 10 2015

For n >= 1, a(n) is the minimal row sum in the character table of the symmetric group S_n. The minimal row sum in the table corresponds to the one-dimensional alternating representation of S_n. The maximal row sum is in sequence A085547. - Yuval Dekel (dekelyuval(AT)hotmail.com), Sep 15 2003

Also the number of partitions of n into parts != 2 and differing by >= 6 with strict inequality if a part is even. [Alladi]

Let S be the set formed by the partial sums of 1+[2,3]+[2,5]+[2,7]+[2,9]+..., where [2,odd] indicates a choice, e.g., we may have 1+2, or 1+3+2, or 1+3+5+2+9, etc. Then A000700(n) is the number of elements of S that equal n. Also A000700(n) is the same parity as A000041(n) (the partition numbers). - Jon Perry, Dec 18 2003

a(n) is for n >= 2 the number of conjugacy classes of the symmetric group S_n which split into two classes under restriction to A_n, the alternating group. See the G. James - A. Kerber reference given under A115200, p. 12, 1.2.10 Lemma and the W. Lang link under A115198.

Also number of partitions of n such that if k is the largest part, then k occurs an odd number of times and each integer from 1 to k-1 occurs a positive even number of times (these are the conjugates of the partitions of n into distinct odd parts). Example: a(15)=4 because we have [3,3,3,2,2,1,1], [3,2,2,2,2,1,1,1,1], [3,2,2,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1] and [1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]. - Emeric Deutsch, Apr 16 2006

The INVERTi transform of A000009 (number of partitions of n into odd parts starting with offset 1) = (1, 0, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -2, 2, -2, 2, -3, 3, -3, 4, ...); = left border of triangle A146061. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 26 2008

For n even: the sum over all even nonnegative integers, k, such that k^2 < n, of the number of partitions of (n-k^2)/2 into parts of size at most k. For n odd: the sum over all odd nonnegative integers, j, such that j^2 < n, of the number of partitions of (n-j^2)/2 into parts of size at most j. - Graham H. Hawkes, Oct 18 2013

This number is also (the number of conjugacy classes of S_n containing even permutations) - (the number of conjugacy classes of S_n containing odd permutations) = (the number of partitions of n into a number of parts having the same parity as n) - (the number of partitions of n into a number of parts having opposite parity as n) = (the number of partitions of n with largest part having same parity as n) - (the number of partitions with largest part having opposite parity as n). - David L. Harden, Dec 09 2016

a(n) is odd iff n belongs to A052002; that is, Sum_{n>=0} x^A052002(n) == Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*x^n (mod 2). - Peter Bala, Jan 22 2017

Also the number of conjugacy classes of S_n whose members yield unique square roots, i.e., there exists a unique h in S_n such that hh = g for any g in such a conjugacy class. Proof: first note that a permutation's square roots are determined by the product of the square roots of its decomposition into cycles of different lengths. h can only travel to one other cycle before it must "return home" (h^2(x) = g(x) must be in x's cycle), and, because if g^n(x) = x then h^2n(x) = x and h^2n(h(x)) = h(x), this "traveling" must preserve cycle length or one cycle will outpace the other. However, a permutation decomposing into two cycles of the same length has multiple square roots: for example, e = e^2 = (a b)^2, (a b)(c d) = (a c b d)^2 = (a d b c)^2, (a b c)(d e f) = (a d b e c f)^2 = (a e b f c d)^2, etc. This is true for any cycle length so we need only consider permutations with distinct cycle lengths. Finally, even cycle lengths are odd permutations and thus cannot be square, while odd cycle lengths have the unique square root h(x) = g^((n+1)/2)(x). Thus there is a correspondence between these conjugacy classes and partitions into distinct odd parts. - Keith J. Bauer, Jan 09 2024

a(2*n) equals the number of partitions of n into parts congruent to +-2, +-3, +-4 or +-5 mod 16. See Merca, 2015, Corollary 4.3. - Peter Bala, Dec 12 2024

Examples

			T96a = 1/q + q^23 + q^71 + q^95 + q^119 + q^143 + q^167 + 2*q^191 + ...
G.f. = 1 + x + x^3 + x^4 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + 2*x^8 + 2*x^9 + 2*x^10 + 2*x^11 + 3*x^12 + ...
		

References

• R. Ayoub, An Introduction to the Analytic Theory of Numbers, Amer. Math. Soc., 1963; see p. 197.
• B. C. Berndt, Ramanujan's theory of theta-functions, Theta functions: from the classical to the modern, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1993, pp. 1-63. MR 94m:11054.
• T. J. I'a. Bromwich, Introduction to the Theory of Infinite Series, Macmillan, 2nd. ed. 1949, p. 116, see q_2.
• G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan: twelve lectures on subjects suggested by his life and work, Cambridge, University Press, 1940, p. 86.
• G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 277, Theorems 345, 347.
• N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
• N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Links

• Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000 (first 1001 terms from T. D. Noe)
• K. Alladi, A variation on a theme of Sylvester - a smoother road to Gollnitz (Big) theorem, Discrete Math., 196 (1999), 1-11.
• Cristina Ballantine, Hannah E. Burson, Amanda Folsom, Chi-Yun Hsu, Isabella Negrini and Boya Wen, On a Partition Identity of Lehmer, arXiv:2109.00609 [math.CO], 2021.
• J. Dousse, Siladic's theorem: Weighted words, refinement and companion, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 145 (2017), 1997-2009.
• J. A. Ewell, Recursive determination of the enumerator for sums of three squares, Internat. J. Math. and Math. Sci, 24 (2000), 529-532.
• E. Friedman, Illustration of initial terms.
• D. Ford, J. McKay and S. P. Norton, More on replicable functions, Commun. Algebra 22, No. 13, 5175-5193 (1994).
• Edray Herber Goins and Talitha M. Washington, On the generalized climbing stairs problem, Ars Combin. 117 (2014), 183-190. MR3243840 (Reviewed), arXiv:0909.5459 [math.CO], 2009.
• H. Gupta, Combinatorial proof of a theorem on partitions into an even or odd number of parts, J. Combinatorial Theory Ser. A 21 (1976), no. 1, 100-103.
• R. K. Guy, A theorem in partitions, Research Paper 11, Jan. 1967, Math. Dept., Univ. of Calgary. [Annotated scanned copy]
• Christopher R. H. Hanusa and Rishi Nath, The number of self-conjugate core partitions, arxiv:1201.6629 [math.NT], 2012.
• Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, The zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1505.07229v3 [math.AG], 2015. [A later version of this paper has a different title and different contents, and the number-theoretical part of the paper was moved to the publication below.]
• Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, Complete determination of the zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1610.07793 [math.NT], 2016.
• Martin Klazar, What is an answer? — remarks, results and problems on PIO formulas in combinatorial enumeration, part I, arXiv:1808.08449 [math.CO], 2018.
• Vaclav Kotesovec, A method of finding the asymptotics of q-series based on the convolution of generating functions, arXiv:1509.08708 [math.CO], Sep 30 2015, p. 12.
• Mircea Merca, The bisectional pentagonal number theorem, Journal of Number Theory, Vol. 157 (Dec. 2015), pp. 223-232 (corollary 4.3).
• Mircea Merca, Combinatorial interpretations of a recent convolution for the number of divisors of a positive integer, Journal of Number Theory, Volume 160, March 2016, pp. 60-75, function p_s(n).
• M. Osima, On the irreducible representations of the symmetric group, Canad. J. Math., 4 (1952), 381-384.
• Padmavathamma, R. Raghavendra and B. M. Chandrashekara, A new bijective proof of a partition theorem of K. Alladi, Discrete Math., 237 (2004), 125-128.
• Igor Pak and Greta Panova, Unimodality via Kronecker products, arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.5044 [math.CO], 2013.
• Igor Pak and Greta Panova, Bounds on Kronecker coefficients via contingency tables, Linear Algebra and its Applications (2020), Vol. 602, 157-178.
• J. Perry, Yet More Partition Function. [Archived copy as of Sep 23 2006 from web.archive.org]
• N. Robbins, Some identities connecting partition functions to other number theoretic functions, Rocky Mountain J. Math. Volume 29, Number 1 (1999), 335-345.
• I. Siladic, Twisted SL(C,3)~- modules and combinatorial identities, Glasnick Matematicki, 52 (2017), 53-77.
• Michael Somos, Introduction to Ramanujan theta functions.
• G. N. Watson, Two tables of partitions, Proc. London Math. Soc., 42 (1936), 550-556.
• Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Self-Conjugate Partition.
• Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Partition Function P.
• Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Ramanujan Theta Functions.
• Mark Wildon, Counting Partitions on the Abacus, arXiv:math/0609175 [math.CO], 2006.
• Index entries for McKay-Thompson series for Monster simple group

Crossrefs

Cf. A000009, A000041, A000701, A046682, A052002, A053250, A069910, A069911, A081362 (a signed version), A085547, A088994 (labeled version), A146061, A169987 - A169995, A295291, A304044.

Main diagonal of A218907.

Programs

Magma

m:=80;
R:=PowerSeriesRing(Integers(), m);
Coefficients(R!( (&*[1 + x^(2*j+1): j in [0..m+2]]) )); // G. C. Greubel, Sep 07 2023

Maple

N := 100; t1 := series(mul(1+x^(2*k+1),k=0..N),x,N); A000700 := proc(n) coeff(t1,x,n); end;
# second Maple program:
b:= proc(n, i) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, `if`(n>i^2, 0,
       b(n, i-1)+`if`(i*2-1>n, 0, b(n-(i*2-1), i-1))))
    end:
a:= n-> b(n, iquo(n+1, 2)):
seq(a(n), n=0..80);  # Alois P. Heinz, Mar 12 2016

Mathematica

CoefficientList[ Series[ Product[1 + x^(2k + 1), {k, 0, 75}], {x, 0, 70}], x] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 22 2004 *)
a[ n_] := With[ {m = InverseEllipticNomeQ[ q]}, SeriesCoefficient[ ((1 - m) m /(16 q))^(-1/24), {q, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Jul 11 2011 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ Product[1 + x^k, {k, 1, n, 2}], {x, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Jul 11 2011 *)
p[n_] := p[n] = Select[Select[IntegerPartitions[n], DeleteDuplicates[#] == # &], Apply[And, OddQ[#]] &]; Table[p[n], {n, 0, 20}] (* shows partitions of n into distinct odd parts *)
Table[Length[p[n]], {n, 0, 20}] (* A000700(n), n >= 0 *)
conjugatePartition[part_] := Table[Count[#, ?(# >= i &)], {i, First[#]}] &[part]; s[n] := s[n] = Select[IntegerPartitions[n], conjugatePartition[#] == # &]; Table[s[n], {n, 1, 20}]  (* shows self-conjugate partitions *)
Table[Length[s[n]], {n, 1, 20}]  (* A000700(n), n >= 1 *)
(* Peter J. C. Moses, Mar 12 2014 *)
CoefficientList[QPochhammer[q^2]^2/(QPochhammer[q]*QPochhammer[q^4]) + O[q]^70, q] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 05 2015, after Michael Somos *)
(O[x]^70 + 2/QPochhammer[-1, -x])[[3]] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Nov 20 2015 *)
nmax = 100; poly = ConstantArray[0, nmax + 1]; poly[[1]] = 1; poly[[2]] = 1; Do[Do[If[OddQ[k], poly[[j + 1]] += poly[[j - k + 1]]], {j, nmax, k, -1}];, {k, 2, nmax}]; poly (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Nov 24 2017 *)

Maxima

S(n,m):=if n=0 then 1 else if nVladimir Kruchinin, Sep 07 2014 */

PARI

{a(n) = my(A); if( n<0, 0, A = x * O(x^n); polcoeff( eta(x^2 + A)^2 / (eta(x + A) * eta(x^4 + A)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Jun 11 2004 */

PARI

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, polcoeff( 1 / prod( k=1, n, 1 + (-x)^k, 1 + x * O(x^n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Jun 11 2004 */

PARI

my(x='x+O('x^70)); Vec(eta(x^2)^2/(eta(x)*eta(x^4))) \\ Joerg Arndt, Sep 07 2023

Python

from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A000700(n): return 1 if n== 0 else sum((-1)**(k+1)*A000700(n-k)*prod((p**(e+1)-1)//(p-1) for p, e in factorint(k).items() if p > 2) for k in range(1,n+1))//n # Chai Wah Wu, Sep 09 2021

SageMath

from sage.modular.etaproducts import qexp_eta
m=80
def f(x): return qexp_eta(QQ[['q']], m+2).subs(q=x)
def A000700_list(prec):
    P. = PowerSeriesRing(QQ, prec)
    return P( f(x^2)^2/(f(x)*f(x^4)) ).list()
A000700_list(m) # G. C. Greubel, Sep 07 2023

Formula

G.f.: Product_{k>=1} (1 + x^(2*k-1)).

G.f.: Sum_{k>=0} x^(k^2)/Product_{i=1..k} (1-x^(2*i)). - Euler (Hardy and Wright, Theorem 345)

G.f.: 1/Product_{i>=1} (1 + (-x)^i). - Jon Perry, May 27 2004

Expansion of chi(q) = (-q; q^2)_oo = f(q) / f(-q^2) = phi(q) / f(q) = f(-q^2) / psi(-q) = phi(-q^2) / f(-q) = psi(q) / f(-q^4), where phi(), chi(), psi(), f() are Ramanujan theta functions.

Sum_{k=0..n} A081360(k)*a(n-k) = 0, for n > 0. - John W. Layman, Apr 26 2000

Euler transform of period-4 sequence [1, -1, 1, 0, ...].

Expansion of q^(1/24) * eta(q^2)^2 /(eta(q) * eta(q^4)) in powers of q. - Michael Somos, Jun 11 2004

Asymptotics: a(n) ~ exp(Pi*l_n)/(2*24^(1/4)*l_n^(3/2)) where l_n = (n-1/24)^(1/2) (Ayoub). The asymptotic formula in Ayoub is incorrect, as that would imply faster growth than the total number of partitions. (It was quoted correctly, the book is just wrong, not sure what the correct asymptotic is.) - Edward Early, Nov 15 2002. Right formula is a(n) ~ exp(Pi*sqrt(n/6)) / (2*24^(1/4)*n^(3/4)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jun 23 2014

a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{k = 1..n} (-1)^(k+1)*b(k)*a(n-k), n>1, a(0) = 1, b(n) = A000593(n) = sum of odd divisors of n. - Vladeta Jovovic, Jan 19 2002 [see Theorem 2(a) in N. Robbins's article]

For n > 0: a(n) = b(n, 1) where b(n, k) = b(n-k, k+2) + b(n, k+2) if k < n, otherwise (n mod 2) * 0^(k-n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 26 2003

Expansion of q^(1/24) * (m * (1 - m) / 16)^(-1/24) in powers of q where m = k^2 is the parameter and q is the nome for Jacobian elliptic functions.

Given g.f. A(x), B(q) = (1/q)* A(q^3)^8 satisfies 0 = f(B(q), B(q^2)) where f(u, v) = u*v * (u - v^2) * (v - u^2) - (4 * (1 - u*v))^2. - Michael Somos, Jul 16 2007

G.f. is a period 1 Fourier series which satisfies f(-1 / (2304 t)) = f(t) where q = exp(2 Pi i t). - Michael Somos, Jul 16 2007

Expansion of q^(1/24)*f(t) in powers of q = exp(Pi*i*t) where f() is Weber's function. - Michael Somos, Oct 18 2007

A069911(n) = a(2*n + 1). A069910(n) = a(2*n).

a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} (-1)^(n-k) A008284(n,k). - Jeremy L. Martin, Jul 06 2013

a(n) = S(n,1), where S(n,m) = Sum_{k=m..n/2} (-1)^(k+1)*S(n-k,k) + (-1)^(n+1), S(n,n)=(-1)^(n+1), S(0,m)=1, S(n,m)=0 for n < m. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Sep 07 2014

G.f.: Product_{k>0} (1 + x^(2*k-1)) = Product_{k>0} (1 - (-x)^k) / (1 - (-x)^(2*k)) = Product_{k>0} 1 / (1 + (-x)^k). - Michael Somos, Nov 08 2014

a(n) ~ Pi * BesselI(1, Pi*sqrt(24*n-1)/12) / sqrt(24*n-1) ~ exp(Pi*sqrt(n/6)) / (2^(7/4) * 3^(1/4) * n^(3/4)) * (1 - (3*sqrt(6)/(8*Pi) + Pi/(48*sqrt(6))) / sqrt(n) + (5/128 - 45/(64*Pi^2) + Pi^2/27648) / n). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jan 08 2017

G.f.: exp(Sum_{k>=1} x^k/(k*(1 - (-x)^k))). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jun 07 2018

Given g.f. A(x), B(q) = (1/q) * A(q^24) / 2^(1/4) satisfies 0 = f(B(q), B(q^5)) where f(u, v) = u^6 + v^6 + 2*u*v * (1 - (u*v)^4). - Michael Somos, Mar 14 2019

G.f.: Sum_{n >= 0} x^n/Product_{i = 1..n} ( 1 + (-1)^(i+1)*x^i ). - Peter Bala, Nov 30 2020

From Peter Bala, Jan 15 2021: (Start)

G.f.: (1 + x) * Sum_{n >= 0} x^(n*(n+2))/Product_{k = 1..n} (1 - x^(2*k)) = (1 + x)*(1 + x^3) * Sum_{n >= 0} x^(n*(n+4))/Product_{k = 1..n} (1 - x^(2*k)) = (1 + x)*(1 + x^3)*(1 + x^5) * Sum_{n >= 0} x^(n*(n+6))/ Product_{k = 1..n} (1 - x^(2*k)) = ....

G.f.: 1/(1 + x) * Sum_{n >= 0} x^(n-1)^2/Product_{k = 1..n} (1 - x^(2*k)) = 1/((1 + x)*(1 + x^3)) * Sum_{n >= 0} x^(n-2)^2/Product_{k = 1..n} (1 - x^(2*k)) = 1/((1 + x)*(1 + x^3)*(1 + x^5)) * Sum_{n >= 0} x^(n-3)^2/ Product_{k = 1..n} (1 - x^(2*k)) = .... (End)

a(n) = A046682(n) - A000701(n). See Gupta and also Ballantine et al. - Michel Marcus, Sep 04 2021

G.f.: A(x) = exp( Sum_{k >= 1} (-1)^k/(k*(x^k - x^(-k))) ). - Peter Bala, Dec 23 2021