cp's OEIS Frontend

a(n) is the number of permutations of [n-1] that avoid both of the dashed patterns 1-23 and 3-12 and start with a descent (or are a singleton). For example, a(5)=5 counts 2143, 3142, 3214, 3241, 4321. - David Callan, Nov 21 2011

From Lara Pudwell, Oct 23 2008: (Start)

A permutation p avoids a pattern q if it has no subsequence that is order-isomorphic to q. For example, p avoids the pattern 132 if it has no subsequence abc with a < c < b.

Barred pattern avoidance considers permutations that avoid a pattern except in a special case. Given a barred pattern q, we may form two patterns, q1 = the sequence of unbarred letters of q and q2 = the sequence of all letters of q.

A permutation p avoids barred pattern q if every instance of q1 in p is embedded in a copy of q2 in p. In other words, p avoids q1, except in the special case that a copy of q1 is a subsequence of a copy of q2.

For example, if q=5{bar 1}32{bar 4}, then q1=532 and q2 = 51324. p avoids q if every for decreasing subsequence acd of length 3 in p, one can find letters b and e so that the subsequence abcde of p has b < d < c < e < a. (End)

Nonoverlapping means that the intervals associated with the minimum to maximum integers of any two non-singleton blocks of a partition do not overlap. Instead, the intervals are disjoint or one contains another. - Michael Somos, Oct 06 2003

Apparently, also the number of permutations in S_n avoiding 2{bar 5}3{bar 1}4 (i.e., every occurrence of 234 is contained in an occurrence of a 25314). - Lara Pudwell, Apr 25 2008

From Gary W. Adamson, Dec 20 2008: (Start)

Convolved with A153197 = A006789 shifted: (1, 2, 5, 14, ...); equivalent to row sums of triangle A153206 = (1, 2, 5, 14, ...).

Equals inverse binomial transform of A153197 and INVERT transform of A153197 prefaced with a 1.

Can be generated from the Hankel transform [1,1,1,...] through successive iterative operations of: binomial transform, INVERT transform, binomial transform, (repeat)...; or starting with INVERT transform. The operations converge to a two sequence limit cycle of A006789 and its binomial transform, A153197.

Shifts to (1, 2, 5, 14, ...) with A006789 * A153197 prefaced with a 1; i.e., (1, 2, 5, 14, 43, ...) = (1, 1, 2, 5, 14, ...) * (1, 1, 2, 5, 15, ...); where A153197 = (1, 2, 5, 15, 51, 189, 748, 3128, 13731, ...). (End)

a(n) = term (1,1) of M^n, where M = an infinite Cartan-like matrix with 1's the super- and subdiagonals (diagonals starting at (1,2) and (2,1) respectively) and the main diagonal = (1,2,3,...). - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 21 2008

From David Callan, Nov 11 2011: (Start)

a(n) is indeed the number of permutations in S_n avoiding the pattern tau = 2{bar 5}3{bar 1}4 of the Pudwell comment.

Proof. It is known (Claesson and Mansour link, Proposition 2, p.2) that a(n) is the number of permutations in S_n avoiding both of the dashed patterns 1-23 and 12-3, and we show that a permutation p avoids tau <=> p avoids both 1-23 and 12-3.

(=>) For an increasing triple abc in a tau-avoider p, there must be a "5" between the a and b. So p certainly avoids 12-3, and similarly p avoids 1-23.

(<=) For an increasing triple abc in a (12-3)-avoider, there must be an entry x between a and b. We will see that an x>c can be found and this x will serve as the required "5". If x < b, you can take x as a new "a" and the new abc are closer in position. Repeat until x > b. If x < c, you can take x as a new "b" that is closer to c in value. Repeat until x > c. Done. An analogous method produces the required "1". (End)

From Peter Bala, Jan 28 2015: (Start)

As a sum of positive terms, the constant equals Sum_{k >= 1} k/(k!*(k+1)!). If we set S(n) = Sum_{k >= 0} k^n/(k!*(k+1)!) for n >= 0, so this constant is S(1), then S(n) is an integral linear combination of S(0) and S(1). For example S(7) = 16*S(0) + 11*S(1). Cf. A086880. S(0) is A096789.

The Pierce expansion of this constant begins [1, 3, 14, 15, 26, 40, 43, 71, 83, 8120, ...] giving the alternating series representation for this constant 1 - 1/3 + 1/(3*14) - 1/(3*14*15) + 1/(3*14*15*26) - .... (End)

Unsigned matrix inverse of A246117. Analog of the Stirling numbers of the second kind, A048993.

This is the triangle of connection constants between the monomial polynomials x^n and the polynomial sequence [x, x^2, x^2*(x - 1), x^2*(x - 1)^2, x^2*(x - 1)^2*(x - 2), x^2*(x - 1)^2*(x - 2)^2, ...]. An example is given below.

Except for differences in offset, this triangle is the Galton array G(floor(k/2),1) in the notation of Neuwirth with inverse array G(-floor(n/2),1).

Essentially the same as A256161. - Peter Bala, Apr 14 2018

From Peter Bala, Feb 10 2020: (Start)

The sums S(n):= Sum_{k >= 0} k^n*(x^k/k!)^2, n = 2,3,4,..., can be expressed as a linear combination of the sums S(0) and S(1) with polynomial coefficients, namely, S(n) = E(n,x)*S(0) + (1/x)*O(n,x)* S(1,x), where E(n,x) = Sum_{k >= 1} T(n,2*k)*x^(2*k) and O(n,x) = Sum_{k >= 0} T(n,2*k+1)*x^(2*k+1) are the even and odd parts of the n-th row polynomial of this array. This result is the analog of the Dobinski formula Sum_{k >= 0} (k^n)*x^k/k! = exp(x)*Bell(n,x), where Bell(n,x) is the n-th row polynomial of A048993.

For example, for n = 6 we have S(6) = Sum_{k >= 1} k^6*(x^k/k!)^2 = (x^2 + 11*x^4 + x^6) * Sum_{k >= 0} (x^k/k!)^2 + (1/x)*(4*x^3 + 6*x^5) * Sum_{k >= 1} k*(x^k/k!)^2.

Setting x = 1 in the above result gives Sum_{k >= 0} k^n*/k!^2 = A000994(n)*Sum_{k >= 0} 1/k!^2 + A000995(n)*Sum_{k >= 1} k/k!^2. See A086880. (End)