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a(n) depends only on prime signature of n (cf. A025487). a(m) = a(n) iff m and n have the same prime signature, i.e., iff A046523(m) = A046523(n).

Because A046523 (the smallest representative of prime signature of n) and this sequence are functions of each other as A046523(n) = A181821(a(n)) and a(n) = a(A046523(n)), it implies that for all i, j: a(i) = a(j) <=> A046523(i) = A046523(j) <=> A101296(i) = A101296(j), i.e., that equivalence-class-wise this is equal to A101296, and furthermore, applying any function f on this sequence gives us a sequence b(n) = f(a(n)) whose equivalence class partitioning is equal to or coarser than that of A101296, i.e., b is then a sequence that depends only on the prime signature of n (the multiset of exponents of its prime factors), although not necessarily in a very intuitive way. - Antti Karttunen, Apr 28 2022

In a knapsack partition (A108917), every submultiset has a different sum, so these are run-knapsack partitions or rucksack partitions for short. Another variation of knapsack partitions is A325862.

Let S = {x(1),...,x(k)} be a multiset whose distinct elements are y(1),...,y(h). Let f(i) be the frequency of y(i) in S. Define F(S) = {f(1),..,f(h)}, F(1,S) = F(S), and F(m,S) = F(F(m-1),S) for m>1. Then lim(F(m,S)) = {1} for every S, so that there is a least positive integer i for which F(i,S) = {1}, which we call the frequency depth of S.

Equivalently, the frequency depth of an integer partition is the number of times one must take the multiset of multiplicities to reach (1). For example, the partition (32211) has frequency depth 5 because we have: (32211) -> (221) -> (21) -> (11) -> (2) -> (1). - Gus Wiseman, Apr 19 2019

From Clark Kimberling, Sep 26 2023: (Start)

Below, m^n abbreviates the sum m+...+m of n terms. In the following list, the numbers p_1,...,p_k are distinct, m >= 1, and k >= 1. The forms of the partitions being counted are as follows:

column 1: [n],

column 2: [m^k],

column 3: [p_1^m,...,p_k^m],

column 4: [(p_1^m_1)^m,..., (p_k^m_k)^m], distinct numbers m_i.

Column 3 is of special interest. Assume first that m = 1, so that the form of partition being counted is p = [p_1,...,p_k], with conjugate given by [q_1,...,q_m] where q_i is the number of parts of p that are >= i. Since the p_i are distinct, the distinct parts of q are the integers 1,2,...,k. For the general case that m >= 1, the distinct parts of q are the integers m,...,km. Let S(n) denote the set of partitions of n counted by column 3. Then if a and b are in the set S*(n) of conjugates of partitions in S(n), and if a > b, then a - b is also in S*(n). Call this the subtraction property. Conversely, if a partition q has the subtraction property, then q must consist of a set of numbers m,..,km for some m. Thus, column 3 counts the partitions of n that have the subtraction property. (End)

The function A181819 maps p^i*...*q^j to prime(i)*...*prime(j) where p through q are distinct primes.

We define the omega-sequence of n (row n of A323023) to have length A323014(n) = frequency depth of n, and the k-th part is Omega(red^{k-1}(n)), where Omega = A001222 and red^{k} is the k-th functional iteration of red = A181819, given by red(n = p^i*...*q^j) = prime(i)*...*prime(j), i.e., the product of primes indexed by the prime exponents of n.

Every sequence can be uniquely split into a sequence of non-overlapping runs. For example, the runs of (2,2,1,1,1,3,2,2) are ((2,2),(1,1,1),(3),(2,2)), with sums (4,3,3,4). The run-sum trajectory is obtained by repeatedly taking run-sums (or condensations) until a strict partition is reached. For example, the trajectory of (2,1,1) is (2,1,1) -> (2,2) -> (4).

Also the number of integer partitions of n with Kimberling's depth statistic (see A237685, A237750) equal to k-1.

The Heinz number of a partition (y_1,...,y_k) is prime(y_1)*...*prime(y_k). This gives a bijective correspondence between positive integers and integer partitions.

The run-sum trajectory is obtained by repeatedly taking the run-sum transformation (A353832) until a squarefree number is reached. For example, the trajectory 12 -> 9 -> 7 given in row 12 corresponds to the partitions (2,1,1) -> (2,2) -> (4).

This is the iteration of the transformation f described by Kimberling at A237685.

See A225485 for the definition of frequency depth.

The frequency depth of an integer partition is the number of times one must take the multiset of multiplicities to reach (1). For example, the partition (32211) has frequency depth 5 because we have: (32211) -> (221) -> (21) -> (11) -> (2) -> (1). Differs from A325282 at a(0) and a(1). - Gus Wiseman, Apr 19 2019

Every sequence can be uniquely split into a sequence of non-overlapping runs. For example, the runs of (2,2,1,1,1,3,2,2) are ((2,2),(1,1,1),(3),(2,2)), with sums (4,3,3,4). A weak run-sum is the sum of any consecutive constant subsequence.

Do all positive integers appear only finitely many times in this sequence?

The Heinz number of a partition (y_1,...,y_k) is prime(y_1)*...*prime(y_k). This gives a bijective correspondence between positive integers and integer partitions.

Starting with n, this is one plus the number of times one must apply A353832 to reach a squarefree number.

Also Kimberling's depth statistic (defined in A237685 and A237750) plus one.