A240026 -id:A240026 - cp's OEIS frontend

A325354 Number of reversed integer partitions of n whose k-th differences are weakly increasing for all k.

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 19, 24, 25, 36, 37, 43, 54, 63, 64, 80, 81, 100, 113, 122, 123, 151, 166, 178, 195, 217, 218, 269, 270, 295, 316, 332, 372, 424, 425, 447, 472, 547, 550, 616, 617, 659, 750, 777, 782, 862, 885, 995, 1032, 1083, 1090, 1176, 1275

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, May 02 2019

nonn

The differences of a sequence are defined as if the sequence were increasing, so for example the differences of (6,3,1) are (-3,-2).
The zeroth differences of a sequence are the sequence itself, while the k-th differences for k > 0 are the differences of the (k-1)-th differences.
The Heinz numbers of these partitions are given by A325400.

			The a(1) = 1 through a(8) = 15 reversed partitions:
  (1)  (2)   (3)    (4)     (5)      (6)       (7)        (8)
       (11)  (12)   (13)    (14)     (15)      (16)       (17)
             (111)  (22)    (23)     (24)      (25)       (26)
                    (112)   (113)    (33)      (34)       (35)
                    (1111)  (1112)   (114)     (115)      (44)
                            (11111)  (123)     (124)      (116)
                                     (222)     (223)      (125)
                                     (1113)    (1114)     (224)
                                     (11112)   (11113)    (1115)
                                     (111111)  (111112)   (1124)
                                               (1111111)  (2222)
                                                          (11114)
                                                          (111113)
                                                          (1111112)
                                                          (11111111)

Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.

Cf. A007294, A240026, A325353, A325356, A325360, A325362, A325391, A325393, A325394, A325400, A325404, A325406, A325468.

Table[Length[Select[Sort/@IntegerPartitions[n],And@@Table[OrderedQ[Differences[#,k]],{k,0,Length[#]}]&]],{n,0,30}]

A325358 Number of integer partitions of n whose augmented differences are strictly decreasing.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 24, 26, 28, 33, 36, 38, 43, 46, 49, 56, 60, 63, 71, 76, 80, 90, 96, 100, 112, 120, 125, 139, 149, 155, 171, 183, 190, 208, 223, 232, 252, 269, 280, 304, 325, 338, 364, 387, 403

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, May 01 2019

nonn

The augmented differences aug(y) of an integer partition y of length k are given by aug(y)i = y_i - y{i + 1} + 1 if i < k and aug(y)_k = y_k. For example, aug(6,5,5,3,3,3) = (2,1,3,1,1,3).

The Heinz numbers of these partitions are given by A325396.

			The a(1) = 1 through a(11) = 6 partitions:
  (1)  (2)  (3)   (4)   (5)   (6)   (7)    (8)    (9)    (10)   (11)
            (21)  (31)  (41)  (42)  (52)   (62)   (63)   (73)   (83)
                              (51)  (61)   (71)   (72)   (82)   (92)
                                    (421)  (521)  (81)   (91)   (101)
                                                  (621)  (631)  (731)
                                                         (721)  (821)

Fausto A. C. Cariboni, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.

Cf. A049988, A240026, A320466, A325349, A325350, A325351, A325356, A325357, A325359, A325393.

Mathematica
```
aug[y_]:=Table[If[i
				
```

A325391 Number of reversed integer partitions of n whose k-th differences are strictly increasing for all k >= 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 6, 8, 9, 9, 13, 13, 15, 19, 20, 20, 28, 28, 30, 36, 40, 40, 50, 50, 56, 64, 68, 68, 86, 86, 92, 102, 112, 114, 133, 133, 146, 158, 173, 173, 202, 202, 215, 237, 256, 256, 287, 287, 324, 340, 359, 359, 403, 423, 446, 464, 495, 495

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, May 02 2019

nonn

The differences of a sequence are defined as if the sequence were increasing, so for example the differences of (6,3,1) are (-3,-2).
The zeroth differences of a sequence are the sequence itself, while the k-th differences for k > 0 are the differences of the (k-1)-th differences.
The Heinz numbers of these partitions are given by A325398.

			The a(1) = 1 through a(9) = 6 reversed partitions:
  (1)  (2)  (3)   (4)   (5)   (6)   (7)    (8)    (9)
            (12)  (13)  (14)  (15)  (16)   (17)   (18)
                        (23)  (24)  (25)   (26)   (27)
                                    (34)   (35)   (36)
                                    (124)  (125)  (45)
                                                  (126)
The smallest reversed strict partition with strictly increasing differences not counted by this sequence is (1,2,4,7), whose first and second differences are (1,2,3) and (1,1) respectively.

Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.

Cf. A179254, A240026, A325353, A325354, A325357, A325393, A325395, A325398, A325404, A325406, A325456, A325468.

Table[Length[Select[Reverse/@IntegerPartitions[n],And@@Table[Less@@Differences[#,k],{k,0,Length[#]}]&]],{n,0,30}]

A325400 Heinz numbers of reversed integer partitions whose k-th differences are weakly increasing for all k >= 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, May 02 2019

nonn

First differs from A109427 in lacking 54.
The Heinz number of an integer partition (y_1,...,y_k) is prime(y_1)*...*prime(y_k).
The differences of a sequence are defined as if the sequence were increasing, so for example the differences of (6,3,1) are (-3,-2).
The zeroth differences of a sequence are the sequence itself, while the k-th differences for k > 0 are the differences of the (k-1)-th differences.
The enumeration of these partitions by sum is given by A325354.

			Most small numbers are in the sequence. However, the sequence of non-terms together with their prime indices begins:
   18: {1,2,2}
   36: {1,1,2,2}
   50: {1,3,3}
   54: {1,2,2,2}
   60: {1,1,2,3}
   70: {1,3,4}
   72: {1,1,1,2,2}
   75: {2,3,3}
   90: {1,2,2,3}
   98: {1,4,4}
  100: {1,1,3,3}
  108: {1,1,2,2,2}
  120: {1,1,1,2,3}
  126: {1,2,2,4}
  140: {1,1,3,4}
  144: {1,1,1,1,2,2}
  147: {2,4,4}
  150: {1,2,3,3}
  154: {1,4,5}
  162: {1,2,2,2,2}

Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.

Cf. A007294, A056239, A112798, A240026, A325354, A325360, A325362, A325394, A325397, A325398, A325399, A325405, A325467.

primeptn[n_]:=If[n==1,{},Reverse[Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]]];
Select[Range[100],And@@Table[Greater@@Differences[primeptn[#],k],{k,0,PrimeOmega[#]}]&]

A325350 Number of integer partitions of n whose augmented differences are weakly decreasing.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 17, 21, 26, 32, 38, 46, 56, 66, 78, 92, 106, 124, 145, 166, 191, 220, 249, 284, 325, 366, 413, 468, 523, 586, 659, 733, 817, 913, 1011, 1121, 1245, 1373, 1515, 1674, 1838, 2020, 2223, 2433, 2664, 2920, 3184, 3476, 3797, 4129, 4492

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Apr 23 2019

nonn

The augmented differences aug(y) of an integer partition y of length k are given by aug(y)i = y_i - y{i + 1} + 1 if i < k and aug(y)_k = y_k. For example, aug(6,5,5,3,3,3) = (2,1,3,1,1,3).

The Heinz numbers of these partitions are given by A325389.

			The a(1) = 1 through a(8) = 13 partitions:
  (1)  (2)   (3)    (4)     (5)      (6)       (7)        (8)
       (11)  (21)   (31)    (32)     (42)      (52)       (53)
             (111)  (211)   (41)     (51)      (61)       (62)
                    (1111)  (311)    (321)     (421)      (71)
                            (2111)   (411)     (511)      (521)
                            (11111)  (3111)    (3211)     (611)
                                     (21111)   (4111)     (4211)
                                     (111111)  (31111)    (5111)
                                               (211111)   (32111)
                                               (1111111)  (41111)
                                                          (311111)
                                                          (2111111)
                                                          (11111111)
For example, (4,2,1,1) has augmented differences (3,2,1,1), which are weakly decreasing, so (4,2,1,1) is counted under a(8).

Fausto A. C. Cariboni, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..500

Cf. A007294, A098859, A240026, A320466, A320509, A325349, A325353, A325354, A325356, A325357, A325358, A325361, A325364.

Mathematica
```
aug[y_]:=Table[If[i
				
```

G.f.: Sum_{k>=0} x^k / Product_{j=1..k} (1 - x^(j*(j+1)/2)) (conjecture). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 25 2019

A325456 Heinz numbers of integer partitions with strictly increasing differences.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, May 03 2019

nonn

The Heinz number of an integer partition (y_1,...,y_k) is prime(y_1)*...*prime(y_k).
The differences of a sequence are defined as if the sequence were increasing, so for example the differences of (6,3,1) are (-3,-2).
The enumeration of these partitions by sum is given by A240027.

			The sequence of terms together with their prime indices begins:
   1: {}
   2: {1}
   3: {2}
   4: {1,1}
   5: {3}
   6: {1,2}
   7: {4}
   9: {2,2}
  10: {1,3}
  11: {5}
  12: {1,1,2}
  13: {6}
  14: {1,4}
  15: {2,3}
  17: {7}
  19: {8}
  20: {1,1,3}
  21: {2,4}
  22: {1,5}
  23: {9}

Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.

Cf. A056239, A112798, A179269, A240026, A240027, A325328, A325352, A325360, A325361, A325368, A325395, A325398, A325457, A325460.

primeptn[n_]:=If[n==1,{},Reverse[Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]]];
Select[Range[100],Less@@Differences[primeptn[#]]&]

A320510 Number of partitions of n such that the successive differences of consecutive parts are decreasing, and first difference < first part.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 6, 3, 5, 6, 5, 6, 9, 5, 7, 9, 8, 8, 11, 8, 11, 13, 10, 12, 15, 11, 15, 16, 14, 16, 21, 15, 20, 22, 18, 21, 26, 21, 24, 28, 25, 28, 33, 26, 32, 34, 33, 36, 40, 34, 40, 45, 40, 43, 49, 43, 52, 54, 49, 54, 62, 56, 62, 64, 61, 67, 75, 66

Offset: 0

Seiichi Manyama, Oct 14 2018

nonn

Partitions are usually written with parts in descending order, but the conditions are easier to check visually if written in ascending order.

The differences of a sequence are defined as if the sequence were increasing, so for example the differences of (6,3,1) (with the last part taken to be 0) are (-3,-2,-1). Then a(n) is the number of integer partitions of n whose differences (with the last part taken to be 0) are strictly decreasing. The Heinz numbers of these partitions are given by A325461. Of course, the number of such integer partitions of n is also the number of reversed integer partitions of n whose differences are strictly decreasing, which is the author's interpretation. - Gus Wiseman, May 04 2019

			There are a(29) = 13 such partitions of 29:
01: [29]
02: [10, 19]
03: [11, 18]
04: [12, 17]
05: [13, 16]
06: [14, 15]
07: [6, 10, 13]
08: [6, 11, 12]
09: [7, 10, 12]
10: [7, 11, 11]
11: [8, 10, 11]
12: [9, 10, 10]
13: [4, 7, 9, 9]
There are a(30) = 10 such partitions of 30:
01: [30]
02: [11, 19]
03: [12, 18]
04: [13, 17]
05: [14, 16]
06: [15, 15]
07: [6, 11, 13]
08: [7, 11, 12]
09: [8, 11, 11]
10: [4, 7, 9, 10]

Fausto A. C. Cariboni, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2000 (terms 0..300 from Seiichi Manyama)
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.

Cf. A240026, A240027, A320466, A320470, A320509.
Cf. A320385 (distinct parts, decreasing, and first difference < first part).
Cf. A007294, A007862, A325324, A325358, A325393, A325461.

Table[Length[Select[IntegerPartitions[n],Greater@@Differences[Append[#,0]]&]],{n,0,30}] (* Gus Wiseman, May 04 2019 *)

def partition(n, min, max)
  return [[]] if n == 0
  [max, n].min.downto(min).flat_map{|i| partition(n - i, min, i).map{|rest| [i, *rest]}}
end
def f(n)
  return 1 if n == 0
  cnt = 0
  partition(n, 1, n).each{|ary|
    ary << 0
    ary0 = (1..ary.size - 1).map{|i| ary[i - 1] - ary[i]}
    cnt += 1 if ary0.sort == ary0 && ary0.uniq == ary0
  }
  cnt
end
def A320510(n)
  (0..n).map{|i| f(i)}
end
p A320510(50)

A049992 a(n) is the number of arithmetic progressions of 3 or more positive integers, nondecreasing with sum n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 4, 3, 1, 7, 1, 3, 8, 4, 1, 10, 1, 6, 10, 4, 1, 14, 4, 4, 12, 7, 1, 19, 1, 6, 14, 5, 7, 22, 1, 5, 16, 12, 1, 24, 1, 8, 25, 6, 1, 27, 4, 12, 21, 9, 1, 29, 9, 12, 23, 7, 1, 40, 1, 7, 30, 11, 10, 35, 1, 10, 27, 21, 1, 42, 1, 8, 39, 11, 7, 40, 1, 22, 35, 9, 1, 49, 12, 9, 34

Offset: 1

Clark Kimberling

nonn

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..12580
Sadek Bouroubi and Nesrine Benyahia Tani, Integer partitions into arithmetic progressions, Rostok. Math. Kolloq. 64 (2009), 11-16.
Sadek Bouroubi and Nesrine Benyahia Tani, Integer partitions into arithmetic progressions with an odd common difference, Integers 9(1) (2009), 77-81.
Jon Maiga, Computer-generated formulas for A049992, Sequence Machine.
Graeme McRae, Counting arithmetic sequences whose sum is n.
Graeme McRae, Counting arithmetic sequences whose sum is n [Cached copy]
Augustine O. Munagi and Temba Shonhiwa, On the partitions of a number into arithmetic progressions, Journal of Integer Sequences 11 (2008), Article 08.5.4.
A. N. Pacheco Pulido, Extensiones lineales de un poset y composiciones de números multipartitos, Maestría thesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2012.
Wikipedia, Arithmetic progression.

Cf. A007862, A014405, A023645, A049980, A049981, A049982, A049983, A049986, A049987, A049988, A049989, A049990, A049991, A049992, A049994, A175676, A240026, A240027, A307824, A320466.

A049992(n) = (A014405(n)+A023645(n)); \\ (Uses the programs given in A014405 and A023645) - Antti Karttunen, Feb 20 2023

G.f.: Sum_{k>=3} x^k/(1-x^(k*(k-1)/2))/(1-x^k). [Leroy Quet from A049988] - Petros Hadjicostas, Sep 29 2019

a(n) = A014405(n) + A023645(n) = A049994(n) + A175676(n). [Two of the formulas listed by Sequence Machine, both obviously true] - Antti Karttunen, Feb 20 2023

More terms from Petros Hadjicostas, Sep 29 2019

A342523 Heinz numbers of integer partitions with weakly increasing first quotients.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Mar 23 2021

nonn

Also called log-concave-up partitions.
The Heinz number of a partition (y_1,...,y_k) is prime(y_1)*...*prime(y_k). This gives a bijective correspondence between positive integers and integer partitions.
The first quotients of a sequence are defined as if the sequence were an increasing divisor chain, so for example the first quotients of (6,3,1) are (1/2,1/3).

			The prime indices of 60 are {1,1,2,3}, with first quotients (1,2,3/2), so 60 is not in the sequence.
Most small numbers are in the sequence, but the sequence of non-terms together with their prime indices begins:
   18: {1,2,2}
   30: {1,2,3}
   36: {1,1,2,2}
   50: {1,3,3}
   54: {1,2,2,2}
   60: {1,1,2,3}
   70: {1,3,4}
   72: {1,1,1,2,2}
   75: {2,3,3}
   90: {1,2,2,3}
   98: {1,4,4}
  100: {1,1,3,3}

Robert Price, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Logarithmically Concave Sequence.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking partitions and compositions by their differences and quotients.

The version counting strict divisor chains is A057567.
For multiplicities (prime signature) instead of quotients we have A304678.
For differences instead of quotients we have A325360 (count: A240026).
These partitions are counted by A342523 (strict: A342516, ordered: A342492).
The strictly increasing version is A342524.
The weakly decreasing version is A342526.
A000041 counts partitions (strict: A000009).
A000929 counts partitions with adjacent parts x >= 2y.
A001055 counts factorizations (strict: A045778, ordered: A074206).
A003238 counts chains of divisors summing to n - 1 (strict: A122651).
A167865 counts strict chains of divisors > 1 summing to n.
A318991/A318992 rank reversed partitions with/without integer quotients.
A342086 counts strict chains of divisors with strictly increasing quotients.
Cf. A000005, A002843, A056239, A067824, A112798, A124010, A130091, A238710, A253249, A325351, A325352, A342191.

primeptn[n_]:=If[n==1,{},Reverse[Flatten[Cases[FactorInteger[n],{p_,k_}:>Table[PrimePi[p],{k}]]]]];
Select[Range[100],LessEqual@@Divide@@@Reverse/@Partition[primeptn[#],2,1]&]

A342497 Number of integer partitions of n with weakly increasing first quotients.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 15, 18, 23, 25, 32, 36, 43, 49, 60, 65, 75, 83, 96, 106, 121, 131, 150, 163, 178, 194, 217, 230, 254, 275, 300, 320, 350, 374, 411, 439, 470, 503, 548, 578, 625, 666, 710, 758, 815, 855, 913, 970, 1029, 1085, 1157, 1212, 1288, 1360

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Mar 17 2021

nonn

Also called log-concave-up partitions.
Also the number of reversed integer partitions of n with weakly increasing first quotients.
The first quotients of a sequence are defined as if the sequence were an increasing divisor chain, so for example the first quotients of (6,3,1) are (1/2,1/3).

			The partition y = (6,3,2,1,1) has first quotients (1/2,2/3,1/2,1) so is not counted under a(13). However, the first differences (-3,-1,-1,0) are weakly increasing, so y is counted under A240026(13).
The a(1) = 1 through a(8) = 15 partitions:
  (1)  (2)   (3)    (4)     (5)      (6)       (7)        (8)
       (11)  (21)   (22)    (32)     (33)      (43)       (44)
             (111)  (31)    (41)     (42)      (52)       (53)
                    (211)   (311)    (51)      (61)       (62)
                    (1111)  (2111)   (222)     (322)      (71)
                            (11111)  (411)     (421)      (422)
                                     (3111)    (511)      (521)
                                     (21111)   (4111)     (611)
                                     (111111)  (31111)    (2222)
                                               (211111)   (4211)
                                               (1111111)  (5111)
                                                          (41111)
                                                          (311111)
                                                          (2111111)
                                                          (11111111)

Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Logarithmically Concave Sequence.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking integer partitions by the differences of their successive parts.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting and ranking partitions and compositions by their differences and quotients.

The version for differences instead of quotients is A240026.
The ordered version is A342492.
The strictly increasing version is A342498.
The weakly decreasing version is A342513.
The strict case is A342516.
The Heinz numbers of these partitions are A342523.
A000005 counts constant partitions.
A000009 counts strict partitions.
A000041 counts partitions.
A000929 counts partitions with all adjacent parts x >= 2y.
A001055 counts factorizations.
A003238 counts chains of divisors summing to n - 1 (strict: A122651).
A074206 counts ordered factorizations.
A167865 counts strict chains of divisors > 1 summing to n.
A342094 counts partitions with all adjacent parts x <= 2y.
Cf. A000837, A002843, A003242, A175342, A318991, A318992, A325557, A342527, A342528, A342529.

Table[Length[Select[IntegerPartitions[n],LessEqual@@Divide@@@Reverse/@Partition[#,2,1]&]],{n,0,30}]

cp's OEIS Frontend

A325354 Number of reversed integer partitions of n whose k-th differences are weakly increasing for all k.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

A325358 Number of integer partitions of n whose augmented differences are strictly decreasing.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

A325391 Number of reversed integer partitions of n whose k-th differences are strictly increasing for all k >= 0.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

A325400 Heinz numbers of reversed integer partitions whose k-th differences are weakly increasing for all k >= 0.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

A325350 Number of integer partitions of n whose augmented differences are weakly decreasing.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

Formula

A325456 Heinz numbers of integer partitions with strictly increasing differences.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

A320510 Number of partitions of n such that the successive differences of consecutive parts are decreasing, and first difference < first part.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

Ruby

A049992 a(n) is the number of arithmetic progressions of 3 or more positive integers, nondecreasing with sum n.

Views

Author

Keywords

Links

Crossrefs

Programs