A065919 -id:A065919 - cp's OEIS frontend

A001498 Triangle a(n,k) (n >= 0, 0 <= k <= n) of coefficients of Bessel polynomials y_n(x) (exponents in increasing order).

1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 6, 15, 15, 1, 10, 45, 105, 105, 1, 15, 105, 420, 945, 945, 1, 21, 210, 1260, 4725, 10395, 10395, 1, 28, 378, 3150, 17325, 62370, 135135, 135135, 1, 36, 630, 6930, 51975, 270270, 945945, 2027025, 2027025, 1, 45, 990, 13860, 135135, 945945, 4729725, 16216200, 34459425, 34459425

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

The row polynomials with exponents in increasing order (e.g., third row: 1+3x+3x^2) are Grosswald's y_{n}(x) polynomials, p. 18, Eq. (7).
Also called Bessel numbers of first kind.
The triangle a(n,k) has factorization [C(n,k)][C(k,n-k)]Diag((2n-1)!!) The triangle a(n-k,k) is A100861, which gives coefficients of scaled Hermite polynomials. - Paul Barry, May 21 2005
Related to k-matchings of the complete graph K_n by a(n,k)=A100861(n+k,k). Related to the Morgan-Voyce polynomials by a(n,k)=(2k-1)!!*A085478(n,k). - Paul Barry, Aug 17 2005
Related to Hermite polynomials by a(n,k)=(-1)^k*A060821(n+k, n-k)/2^n. - Paul Barry, Aug 28 2005
The row polynomials, the Bessel polynomials y(n,x):=Sum_{m=0..n} (a(n,m)*x^m) (called y_{n}(x) in the Grosswald reference) satisfy (x^2)*(d^2/dx^2)y(n,x) + 2*(x+1)*(d/dx)y(n,x) - n*(n+1)*y(n,x) = 0.
a(n-1, m-1), n >= m >= 1, enumerates unordered n-vertex forests composed of m plane (aka ordered) increasing (rooted) trees. Proof from the e.g.f. of the first column Y(z):=1-sqrt(1-2*z) (offset 1) and the Bergeron et al. eq. (8) Y'(z)= phi(Y(z)), Y(0)=0, with out-degree o.g.f. phi(w)=1/(1-w). See their remark on p. 28 on plane recursive trees. For m=1 see the D. Callan comment on A001147 from Oct 26 2006. - Wolfdieter Lang, Sep 14 2007
The asymptotic expansions of the higher order exponential integrals E(x,m,n), see A163931 for information, lead to the Bessel numbers of the first kind in an intriguing way. For the first four values of m these asymptotic expansions lead to the triangles A130534 (m=1), A028421 (m=2), A163932 (m=3) and A163934 (m=4). The o.g.f.s. of the right hand columns of these triangles in their turn lead to the triangles A163936 (m=1), A163937 (m=2), A163938 (m=3) and A163939 (m=4). The row sums of these four triangles lead to A001147, A001147 (minus a(0)), A001879 and A000457 which are the first four right hand columns of A001498. We checked this phenomenon for a few more values of m and found that this pattern persists: m = 5 leads to A001880, m=6 to A001881, m=7 to A038121 and m=8 to A130563 which are the next four right hand columns of A001498. So one by one all columns of the triangle of coefficients of Bessel polynomials appear. - Johannes W. Meijer, Oct 07 2009
a(n,k) also appear as coefficients of (n+1)st degree of the differential operator D:=1/t d/dt, namely D^{n+1}= Sum_{k=0..n} a(n,k) (-1)^{n-k} t^{1-(n+k)} (d^{n+1-k}/dt^{n+1-k}. - Leonid Bedratyuk, Aug 06 2010
a(n-1,k) are the coefficients when expanding (xI)^n in terms of powers of I. Let I(f)(x) := Integral_{a..x} f(t) dt, and (xI)^n := x Integral_{a..x} [ x_{n-1} Integral_{a..x_{n-1}} [ x_{n-2} Integral_{a..x_{n-2}} ... [ x_1 Integral_{a..x_1} f(t) dt ] dx_1 ] .. dx_{n-2} ] dx_{n-1}. Then: (xI)^n = Sum_{k=0..n-1} (-1)^k * a(n-1,k) * x^(n-k) * I^(n+k)(f)(x) where I^(n) denotes iterated integration. - Abdelhay Benmoussa, Apr 11 2025

			The triangle a(n, k), n >= 0, k = 0..n, begins:
  1
  1  1
  1  3   3
  1  6  15    15
  1 10  45   105    105
  1 15 105   420    945    945
  1 21 210  1260   4725  10395   10395
  1 28 378  3150  17325  62370  135135   135135
  1 36 630  6930  51975 270270  945945  2027025  2027025
  1 45 990 13860 135135 945945 4729725 16216200 34459425 34459425
  ...
And the first few Bessel polynomials are:
  y_0(x) = 1,
  y_1(x) = x + 1,
  y_2(x) = 3*x^2 + 3*x + 1,
  y_3(x) = 15*x^3 + 15*x^2 + 6*x + 1,
  y_4(x) = 105*x^4 + 105*x^3 + 45*x^2 + 10*x + 1,
  y_5(x) = 945*x^5 + 945*x^4 + 420*x^3 + 105*x^2 + 15*x + 1,
  ...
Tree counting: a(2,1)=3 for the unordered forest of m=2 plane increasing trees with n=3 vertices, namely one tree with one vertex (root) and another tree with two vertices (a root and a leaf), labeled increasingly as (1, 23), (2,13) and (3,12). - _Wolfdieter Lang_, Sep 14 2007

J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 77.

T. D. Noe, Rows n=0..50 of triangle, flattened
Alexander Alldridge, Joachim Hilgert, and Martin R. Zirnbauer, Chevalley's restriction theorem for reductive symmetric superpairs, arXiv:0812.3530 [math.RT], 2008-2009; J. Alg. 323 (4) (2010) 1159-1185 doi:10.1016/j.jalgebra.2009.11.014, Remark 3.17.
David Applegate and N. J. A. Sloane, The Gift Exchange Problem, arXiv:0907.0513 [math.CO], 2009.
Juan Antonio Barcelo and Anthony Carbery, On the magnitudes of compact sets in Euclidean spaces, arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.02502 [math.MG], 2015.
François Bergeron, Philippe Flajolet, and Bruno Salvy, Varieties of Increasing Trees, in Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 581, ed. J.-C. Raoult, Springer 1922, pp. 24-48.
Alexander W. Boldyreff, Decomposition of Rational Fractions into Partial Fractions, Nat. Math. Mag. 17 (6) (1943), 261-267; coefficients (m)N(r).
Alexander Burstein and Toufik Mansour, Words restricted by patterns with at most 2 distinct letters, arXiv:math/0110056 [math.CO], 2001.
Roudy El Haddad, Repeated Integration and Explicit Formula for the n-th Integral of x^m*(ln x)^m', arXiv:2102.11723 [math.GM], 2021.
Andrew Francis and Michael Hendriksen, Counting spinal phylogenetic networks, arXiv:2502.14223 [q-bio.PE], 2025. See p. 9.
Emil Grosswald, Bessel Polynomials: Recurrence Relations, Lecture Notes Math. vol. 698, 1978, p. 18.
Cameron Jakub and Mihai Nica, Depth Degeneracy in Neural Networks: Vanishing Angles in Fully Connected ReLU Networks on Initialization, arXiv:2302.09712 [stat.ML], 2023.
Taekyun Kim, and Dae San Kim, Identities involving Bessel polynomials arising from linear differential equations, arXiv:1602.04106 [math.NT], 2016.
H. L. Krall and Orrin Frink, A new class of orthogonal polynomials, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 65, 100-115, 1949.
Wolfdieter Lang, On generalizations of Stirling number triangles, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 3 (2000), #00.2.4.
Wolfdieter Lang, First ten rows.
B. Leclerc, Powers of staircase Schur functions and symmetric analogues of Bessel polynomials, Discrete Math., 153 (1996), 213-227.
Shi-Mei Ma, Toufik Mansour, and Matthias Schork. Normal ordering problem and the extensions of the Stirling grammar, arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.0169 [math.CO], 2013.
Shi-Mei Ma, Toufik Mansour, Jean Yeh, and Yeong-Nan Yeh, Normal ordered grammars, arXiv:2404.15119 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 11.
Guillermo Navas-Palencia, On the computation of the cumulative distribution function of the Normal Inverse Gaussian distribution, arXiv:2502.16015 [math.NA], 2025. See p. 25.
Andrew Elvey Price and Alan D. Sokal, Phylogenetic trees, augmented perfect matchings, and a Thron-type continued fraction (T-fraction) for the Ward polynomials, arXiv:2001.01468 [math.CO], 2020.
John Riordan, Notes to N. J. A. Sloane, Jul. 1968
Florian Stober, Average case considerations for MergeInsertion, Master's Thesis, University of Stuttgart, Institute of Formal Methods in Computer Science, 2018.
Florian Stober and Armin Weiß, On the Average Case of MergeInsertion, arXiv:1905.09656 [cs.DS], 2019.
Laszlo A. Székely, Pál L. Erdős, and M. A. Steel, The combinatorics of evolutionary trees, Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire, B28e (1992), 15 pp.
Juan G. Triana, Bessel polynomials by context-free grammars (Polinomios de Bessel mediante gramáticas independientes del contexto), Bistua, Univ. de Pamplona (Colombia, 2024) Vol 22, No. 2. See p. 3.
Jonas Wahl, Traces on diagram algebras II: Centralizer algebras of easy groups and new variations of the Young graph, arXiv:2009.08181 [math.RT], 2020.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Modified Spherical Bessel Function of the Second Kind
Index entries for sequences related to Bessel functions or polynomials

Cf. A001497 (same triangle but rows read in reverse order). Other versions of this same triangle are given in A144331, A144299, A111924 and A100861.
Columns from left edge include A000217, A050534.
Columns 1-6 from right edge are A001147, A001879, A000457, A001880, A001881, A038121.
Bessel polynomials evaluated at certain x are A001515 (x=1, row sums), A000806 (x=-1), A001517 (x=2), A002119 (x=-2), A001518 (x=3), A065923 (x=-3), A065919 (x=4). Cf. A043301, A003215.
Cf. A245066 (central terms). A113025 (y_n(2*x)).

a001498 n k = a001498_tabl !! n !! k
a001498_row n = a001498_tabl !! n
a001498_tabl = map reverse a001497_tabl
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 11 2014

/* As triangle: */ [[Factorial(n+k)/(2^k*Factorial(n-k)*Factorial(k)): k in [0..n]]: n in [0.. 15]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 15 2016

Bessel := proc(n,x) add(binomial(n+k,2*k)*(2*k)!*x^k/(k!*2^k),k=0..n); end; # explicit Bessel polynomials
Bessel := proc(n) option remember; if n <=1 then (1+x)^n else (2*n-1)*x*Bessel(n-1)+Bessel(n-2); fi; end; # recurrence for Bessel polynomials
bessel := proc(n,x) add(binomial(n+k,2*k)*(2*k)!*x^k/(k!*2^k),k=0..n); end;
f := proc(n) option remember; if n <=1 then (1+x)^n else (2*n-1)*x*f(n-1)+f(n-2); fi; end;
# Alternative:
T := (n,k) -> pochhammer(n+1,k)*binomial(n,k)/2^k:
for n from 0 to 9 do seq(T(n,k), k=0..n) od; # Peter Luschny, May 11 2018
T := proc(n, k) option remember; if k = 0 then 1 else if k = n then T(n, k-1)
else (n - k + 1)* T(n, k - 1) + T(n - 1, k) fi fi end:
for n from 0 to 9 do seq(T(n, k), k = 0..n) od;  # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2023

max=50; Flatten[Table[(n+k)!/(2^k*(n-k)!*k!), {n, 0, Sqrt[2 max]//Ceiling}, {k, 0, n}]][[1 ;; max]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 20 2011 *)

{T(n,k)=if(k<0||k>n, 0, binomial(n, k)*(n+k)!/2^k/n!)} /* Michael Somos, Oct 03 2006 */

A001497_ser(N,t='t) = {
  my(x='x+O('x^(N+2)));
  serlaplace(deriv(exp((1-sqrt(1-2*t*x))/t),'x));
};
concat(apply(Vecrev, Vec(A001497_ser(9)))) \\ Gheorghe Coserea, Dec 27 2017

a(n, k) = (n+k)!/(2^k*(n-k)!*k!) (see Grosswald and Riordan). - Ralf Stephan, Apr 20 2004
a(n, 0)=1; a(0, k)=0, k > 0; a(n, k) = a(n-1, k) + (n-k+1) * a(n, k-1) = a(n-1, k) + (n+k-1) * a(n-1, k-1). - Len Smiley
a(n, m) = A001497(n, n-m) = A001147(m)*binomial(n+m, 2*m) for n >= m >= 0, otherwise 0.
G.f. for m-th column: (A001147(m)*x^m)/(1-x)^(2*m+1), m >= 0, where A001147(m) = double factorials (from explicit a(n, m) form).
Row polynomials y_n(x) are given by D^(n+1)(exp(t)) evaluated at t = 0, where D is the operator 1/(1-t*x)*d/dt. - Peter Bala, Nov 25 2011
G.f.: conjecture: T(0)/(1-x), where T(k) = 1 - x*y*(k+1)/(x*y*(k+1) - (1-x)^2/T(k+1)); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Nov 13 2013
Recurrence from Grosswald, p. 18, eq. (5), for the row polynomials: y_n(x) = (2*n-1)*x*y_{n-1} + y_{n-2}(x), y_{-1}(x) = 1 = y_{0} = 1, n >= 1. This becomes, for n >= 0, k = 0..n: a(n, k) = 0 for n < k (zeros not shown in the triangle), a(n, -1) = 0, a(0, 0) = 1 = a(1, 0) and otherwise a(n, k) = (2*n-1)*a(n-1, k-1) + a(n-2, k). Compare with the above given recurrences. - Wolfdieter Lang, May 11 2018
T(n, k) = Pochhammer(n+1,k)*binomial(n,k)/2^k = A113025(n,k)/2^k. - Peter Luschny, May 11 2018
a(n, k) = Sum_{i=0..min(n-1, k)} (n-i)(k-i) * a(n-1, i) where x(n) = x*(x-1)*...*(x-n+1) is the falling factorial, this equality follows directly from the operational formula we wrote in Apr 11 2025.- Abdelhay Benmoussa, May 18 2025

A143411 Square array, read by antidiagonals: form the Euler-Seidel matrix for the sequence {2^kk!} and then divide column k by 2^kk!.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 1, 13, 5, 1, 79, 33, 7, 1, 633, 277, 61, 9, 1, 6331, 2849, 643, 97, 11, 1, 75973, 34821, 7993, 1225, 141, 13, 1, 1063623, 493825, 114751, 17793, 2071, 193, 15, 1, 17017969, 7977173, 1870837, 292681, 34361, 3229, 253, 17, 1

Offset: 0

Peter Bala, Aug 19 2008

This table is closely connected to the constant 1/sqrt(e). The row, column and diagonal entries of this table occur in series acceleration formulas for 1/sqrt(e). For a similar table based on the differences of the sequence {2^k*k!} and related to the constant sqrt(e), see A143410. For other arrays similarly related to constants see A086764 (for e), A143409 (for 1/e), A008288 (for log(2)), A108625 (for zeta(2)) and A143007 (for zeta(3)).

			The Euler-Seidel matrix for the sequence {2^k*k!} begins
  ========================================
  n\k|     0     1     2     3     4     5
  ========================================
  0  |     1     2     8    48   384  3840
  1  |     3    10    56   432  4224
  2  |    13    66   488  4656
  3  |    79   554  5144
  4  |   633  5698
  5  |  6331
  ...
.
  Dividing the k-th column by 2^k*k! gives
  ========================================
  n\k|     0     1     2     3     4     5
  ========================================
  0  |     1     1     1     1     1     1
  1  |     3     5     7     9    11
  2  |    13    33    61    97
  3  |    79   277   643
  4  |   633  2849
  5  |  6331
  ...

G. C. Greubel, Antidiagonals n = 0..50, flattened
D. Dumont, Matrices d'Euler-Seidel, Sem. Loth. Comb. B05c (1981) 59-78.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Poisson-Charlier polynomial.

Cf. A008288, A065919 (main diagonal), A076571, A086764, A108625, A143007, A143409, A143410.

A:= func< n,k | (&+[Binomial(n,j)*Factorial(k+j)*2^j/Factorial(k): j in [0..n]]) >; // Array
A143411:= func< n,k | A(n-k,k) >; // antidiagonal triangle
[A143411(n,k): k in [0..n], n in [0..12]]; // G. C. Greubel, Oct 05 2023

with combinat: T := (n, k) -> 1/k!*add(2^j*binomial(n,j)*(k+j)!, j = 0..n): for n from 0 to 9 do seq(T(n, k), k = 0..9) end do;

A[n_, k_]:= (1/k!)*Sum[Binomial[n,j]*(k+j)!*2^j, {j,0,n}]; (* array *)
A143411[n_, k_]:= A[n-k,k]; (* antidiagonals *)
Table[A143411[n,k], {n,0,12}, {k,0,n}]//Flatten (* G. C. Greubel, Oct 05 2023 *)

def A(n,k): return sum(binomial(n,j)*factorial(j+k)*2^j/factorial(k) for j in range(n+1)) # array
def A143411(n,k): return A(n-k,k) # antidiagonal triangle
flatten([[A143411(n,k) for k in range(n+1)] for n in range(13)]) # G. C. Greubel, Oct 05 2023

T(n,k) = (1/k!)*Sum_{j = 0..n} 2^j*binomial(n,j)*(k+j)!.
Relation with Poisson-Charlier polynomials c_n(x,a):
T(n,k) = (-1)^n*c_n(-(k+1),1/2).
Recurrence relations:
T(n,k) = 2*n*T(n-1,k) + T(n,k-1);
T(n,k) = 2*(n+k)*T(n-1,k) + T(n-1,k-1);
T(n,k) = 2*(k+1)*T(n-1,k+1) + T(n-1,k).
Recurrence for row n entries: 2*k*T(n,k) = (2*n+2*k-1)*T(n,k-1) + T(n,k-2).
E.g.f. for column k: exp(y)/(1 - 2*y)^(k+1).
E.g.f. for array: exp(y)/(1 - x - 2*y) = (1 + x + x^2 + ...) + (3 + 5*x + 7*x^2 + ...)*y + (13 + 37*x + 61*x^2 + ...)*y^2/2! + ... .
Series acceleration formulas for 1/sqrt(e):
Row n: 1/sqrt(e) = 2^n*n!*(1/T(n,0) - 1/(2*1!*T(n,0)*T(n,1)) + 1/(2^2*2!*T(n,1)*T(n,2)) - 1/(2^3*3!*T(n,2)*T(n,3)) + ...). For example, row 3 gives 1/sqrt(e) = 48*(1/79 - 1/(2*79*277) + 1/(8*277*643) - 1/(48*643*1225) + ...).
Column k: 1/sqrt(e) = (1 - (1/2)/1! + (1/2)^2/2! - ... + (-1/2)^k/k!) + (-1)^(k+1)/(2^k*k!)*( Sum_{n = 0..inf} 2^n*n!/(T(n,k)*T(n+1,k)) ). For example, column 3 gives 1/sqrt(e) = 29/48 + 1/48*( 1/(1*9) + 2/(9*97) + 8/(97*1225) + 48/(1225*17793) + ... ).
Main diagonal: 1/sqrt(e) = 1 - 2*( 1/(1*5) - 1/(5*61) + 1/(61*1225) - ... ). See A065919.

A143412 Main diagonal of A143410.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 37, 743, 20841, 751019, 33065677, 1720166223, 103243039057, 7022246822099, 533794001518581, 44845718374382903, 4126339884444745657, 412678834162848948603, 44573440429472131194781, 5170931768652930067543199, 641240112753392800506551457, 84648865815216502596932335523

Offset: 0

Peter Bala, Aug 14 2008

The sequence of convergents of the continued fraction expansion sqrt(e) = 1 + 2/(3 + 1/(12 + 1/(20 + 1/(28 + 1/(36 + ... ))))) begins [1/1, 5/3, 61/37, 1225/743, ...]. The partial denominators are this sequence; the numerators are A065919. - Peter Bala, Jan 02 2020

Robert Israel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..333

Cf. A065919, A143410, A019774.

I:=[1,3]; [n le 2 select I[n] else 4*(2*n -3)*Self(n - 1) + Self(n-2): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jan 03 2016

a := n -> (-1)^n*add ((-2)^k*(n+k)!/((n-k)!*k!),k = 0..n): seq(a(n),n = 0..16);
seq(simplify(2^n*KummerU(-n,-2*n,-1/2)), n=0..17); # Peter Luschny, May 10 2022

RecurrenceTable[{ a[n + 2] == 4*(2 n + 3)*a[n + 1] + a[n], a[0] == 1, a[1] == 3}, a, {n, 0, 20}] (* G. C. Greubel, Jan 03 2016 *)

a(n) = (-1)^n*sum(k=0,n, (-2)^k*(n+k)!/((n-k)!*k!) ); \\ Joerg Arndt, May 17 2013

a(n) = (-1)^n*Sum_{k = 0..n} (-2)^k*(n+k)!/((n-k)!*k!) = (-1)^n*y_n(-4), where y_n(x) denotes the n-th Bessel polynomial.
Recurrence relation: a(0) = 1, a(1) = 3, a(n) = 4*(2*n-1)*a(n-1) + a(n-2) for n >= 2. Sequence A065919 satisfies the same recurrence relation.
sqrt(e) = 1 + 2*Sum_{n >= 0} (-1)^n/(a(n)*a(n+1)) = 1 + 2*(1/(1*3) - 1/(3*37) + 1/(37*743) - ...) (see A019774).
G.f.: 1/Q(0), where Q(k)= 1 + x - 4*x*(k+1)/Q(k+1); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 17 2013
a(n) = (-1)^n * hypergeom([-n,n+1],[],2). - Robert Israel, Jan 03 2016
a(n) ~ 2^(3*n + 1/2) * n^n / exp(n + 1/4). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jan 02 2020
a(n) is the expectation of U_{2n}(X) where X is a standard Gaussian random variable and U_n is the n-th Chebyshev polynomial of second kind (conjectured). - Benjamin Dadoun, Dec 16 2020
a(n) = 2^n*KummerU(-n, -2*n, -1/2). - Peter Luschny, May 10 2022

cp's OEIS Frontend

A001498 Triangle a(n,k) (n >= 0, 0 <= k <= n) of coefficients of Bessel polynomials y_n(x) (exponents in increasing order).

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A143411 Square array, read by antidiagonals: form the Euler-Seidel matrix for the sequence {2^k*k!} and then divide column k by 2^k*k!.

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A143412 Main diagonal of A143410.

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A078736 Numerators of convergents to sqrt(e).

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A078737 Denominators of convergents to sqrt(e).

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A143411 Square array, read by antidiagonals: form the Euler-Seidel matrix for the sequence {2^kk!} and then divide column k by 2^kk!.