A073059 -id:A073059 - cp's OEIS frontend

A096268 Period-doubling sequence (or period-doubling word): fixed point of the morphism 0 -> 01, 1 -> 00.

0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 22 2004

nonn

Take highest power of 2 dividing n (A007814(n+1)), read modulo 2.
For the scale-invariance properties see Hendriks et al., 2012.
This is the sequence that results from the ternary Thue-Morse sequence (A036577) if all twos in that sequence are replaced by zeros. - Nathan Fox, Mar 12 2013
This sequence can be used to draw the Von Koch snowflake with a suitable walk in the plane. Start from the origin then the n-th step is "turn +Pi/3 if a(n)=0 and turn -2*Pi/3 if a(n)=1" (see link for a plot of the first 200000 steps). - Benoit Cloitre, Nov 10 2013
1 iff the number of trailing zeros in the binary representation of n+1 is odd. - Ralf Stephan, Nov 11 2013
Equivalently, with offset 1, the characteristic function of A036554 and an indicator for the A003159/A036554 classification of positive integers. - Peter Munn, Jun 02 2020

			Start: 0
Rules:
  0 --> 01
  1 --> 00
-------------
0:   (#=1)
  0
1:   (#=2)
  01
2:   (#=4)
  0100
3:   (#=8)
  01000101
4:   (#=16)
  0100010101000100
5:   (#=32)
  01000101010001000100010101000101
6:   (#=64)
  0100010101000100010001010100010101000101010001000100010101000100
7:   (#=128)
  010001010100010001000101010001010100010101000100010001010100010001000101010...
[_Joerg Arndt_, Jul 06 2011]

Michel Rigo, Formal Languages, Automata and Numeration Systems, 2 vols., Wiley, 2014. Mentions this sequence - see "List of Sequences" in Vol. 2.

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000 (first 1022 terms from T. D. Noe)
Jean-Paul Allouche, Michael Baake, Julien Cassaigne, and David Damanik, Palindrome complexity, arXiv:math/0106121 [math.CO], 2001; Theoretical Computer Science, 292 (2003), 9-31.
Scott Balchin and Dan Rust, Computations for Symbolic Substitutions, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 20 (2017), Article 17.4.1.
Benoit Cloitre, 200000 steps in the plane using "turn +Pi/3 if a(n)=0 and -2Pi/3 otherwise".
Cristian Cobeli, Mihai Prunescu, and Alexandru Zaharescu, On non-holonomicity, transcendence and p-adic valuations, arXiv:2412.16517 [math.NT], 2024. See p. 12.
F. Michel Dekking, Morphisms, Symbolic Sequences, and Their Standard Forms, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19 (2016), Article 16.1.1.
G. Jörg Endrullis, Dimitri Hendriks, and Jan Willem Klop, Degrees of streams.
Robbert Fokkink and Gandhar Joshi, Anti-recurrence sequences, arXiv:2506.13337 [math.NT], 2025. See pp. 2, 18.
Dimitri Hendriks, Frits G. W. Dannenberg, Jorg Endrullis, Mark Dow and Jan Willem Klop, Arithmetic Self-Similarity of Infinite Sequences, arXiv 1201.3786 [math.CO], 2012.
Andreas M. Hinz, Sandi Klavžar, Uroš Milutinović, and Ciril Petr, The Tower of Hanoi - Myths and Maths, Birkhäuser 2013. See page 79. Book's website
Shuo Li, Palindromic length sequence of the ruler sequence and of the period-doubling sequence, arXiv:2007.08317 [math.CO], 2020.
Laszlo Mérai and A. Winterhof, On the Nth linear complexity of automatic sequences, arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.10764 [math.NT], 2017.
Jeong-Yup Lee, D. Flom and S. I. Ben-Abraham, Multidimensional period doubling structures, Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations, (2016). A72, 391-394.
Aline Parreau, Michel Rigo, Eric Rowland, and Elise Vandomme, A new approach to the 2-regularity of the l-abelian complexity of 2-automatic sequences, arXiv:1405.3532 [cs.FL], 2014-2015.
Saúl Pilatowsky-Cameo, Soonwon Choi, and Wen Wei Ho, Critically slow Hilbert-space ergodicity in quantum morphic drives, arXiv:2502.06936 [quant-ph], 2025. See pp. 6, 15.
Narad Rampersad and Manon Stipulanti, The Formal Inverse of the Period-Doubling Sequence, arXiv:1807.11899 [math.CO], 2018.
Luke Schaeffer and Jeffrey Shallit, Closed, Palindromic, Rich, Privileged, Trapezoidal, and Balanced Words in Automatic Sequences, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 23(1) (2016), Article P1.25.
Index entries for sequences that are fixed points of mappings.
Index entries for sequences related to binary expansion of n.

Not the same as A073059!
Swapping 0 and 1 gives A035263.
Cf. A096269, A096270, A071858, A220466, A036577.
Cf. A056832, A123087 (partial sums).
With offset 1, classification indicator for A003159/A036554.
Also with offset 1: A007814 mod 2 (cf. A096271 for mod 3), A048675 mod 2 (cf. A332813 for mod 3), A059975 mod 2.

a096268 = (subtract 1) . a056832 . (+ 1)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 29 2014

[Valuation(n+1, 2) mod 2: n in [0..100]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 20 2016

nmax:=104: for p from 0 to ceil(simplify(log[2](nmax))) do for n from 0 to ceil(nmax/(p+2))+1 do a((2*n+1)*2^p-1) := p mod 2 od: od: seq(a(n), n=0..nmax); # Johannes W. Meijer, Feb 02 2013
# second Maple program:
a:= proc(n) a(n):= `if`(n::even, 0, 1-a((n-1)/2)) end:
seq(a(n), n=0..125);  # Alois P. Heinz, Mar 20 2019

Nest[ Flatten[ # /. {0 -> {1, 0}, 1 -> {0, 0}}] &, {1}, 7] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Mar 05 2005 *)
{{0}}~Join~SubstitutionSystem[{0 -> {0, 1}, 1 -> {0, 0}}, {1}, 6] // Flatten (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 15 2016 *)

a(n)=valuation(n+1,2)%2 \\ Ralf Stephan, Nov 11 2013

def A096268(n): return (~(n+1)&n).bit_length()&1 # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 09 2023

Recurrence: a(2*n) = 0, a(4*n+1) = 1, a(4*n+3) = a(n). - Ralf Stephan, Dec 11 2004
The recurrence may be extended backwards, with a(-1) = 1. - S. I. Ben-Abraham, Apr 01 2013
a(n) = 1 - A035263(n-1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 16 2006
Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(s)/(1+2^s). - Ralf Stephan, Jun 17 2007
Let T(x) be the g.f., then T(x) + T(x^2) = x^2/(1-x^2). - Joerg Arndt, May 11 2010
Let 2^k||n+1. Then a(n)=1 if k is odd, a(n)=0 if k is even. - Vladimir Shevelev, Aug 25 2010
a(n) = A007814(n+1) mod 2. - Robert G. Wilson v, Jan 18 2012
a((2*n+1)*2^p-1) = p mod 2, p >= 0 and n >= 0. - Johannes W. Meijer, Feb 02 2013
a(n) = A056832(n+1) - 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 29 2014
Asymptotic mean: Limit_{m->oo} (1/m) * Sum_{k=1..m} a(k) = 1/3. = Amiram Eldar, Sep 18 2022

Corrected by Jeremy Gardiner, Dec 12 2004

More terms from Robert G. Wilson v, Feb 26 2005

A005536 a(0) = 0; thereafter a(2n) = n - a(n) - a(n-1), a(2n+1) = n - 2a(n) + 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 12, 13, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15, 16, 15, 15, 13, 12, 12, 13, 12, 12, 10, 9, 6, 4, 3, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 12, 13, 12, 12, 13, 15, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 27, 31, 33

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

A "Von Koch" sequence generated by the first Feigenbaum symbolic sequence.

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
R. G. Stanton, W. L. Kocay and P. H. Dirksen, Computation of a combinatorial function, pp. 569-578 of C. J. Nash-Williams and J. Sheehan, editors, Proceedings of the Fifth British Combinatorial Conference 1975. Utilitas Math., Winnipeg, 1976.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
J.-P. Allouche and J. Shallit, The Ring of k-regular Sequences, II, Theoret. Computer Sci., 307 (2003), 3-29.
Hsien-Kuei Hwang, S. Janson, and T.-H. Tsai, Exact and asymptotic solutions of the recurrence f(n) = f(floor(n/2)) + f(ceiling(n/2)) + g(n): theory and applications, Preprint 2016.
Hsien-Kuei Hwang, S. Janson, and T.-H. Tsai, Exact and Asymptotic Solutions of a Divide-and-Conquer Recurrence Dividing at Half: Theory and Applications, ACM Transactions on Algorithms, 13:4 (2017), #47; DOI: 10.1145/3127585.
Hsien-Kuei Hwang, Svante Janson, and Tsung-Hsi Tsai, Identities and periodic oscillations of divide-and-conquer recurrences splitting at half, arXiv:2210.10968 [cs.DS], 2022, p. 44 and 49.
Ralf Stephan, Some divide-and-conquer sequences ...
Ralf Stephan, Table of generating functions
Index entries for sequences related to binary expansion of n

Cf. A071992, A073059.

a[n_] := a[n] = If[n == 0, 0, hn = Floor[n/2]; If[OddQ[n], hn - 2 a[hn] + 1, hn - a[hn] - a[hn - 1]]]; t = Table[a[n], {n, 0, 100}] (* T. D. Noe, Mar 22 2012 *)

a(n)=-n*(n-2)+3*sum(k=1,n-1,sum(i=1,k,abs(subst(Pol(binary(i+1))- Pol(binary(i)),x,1)%2))) \\ Benoit Cloitre, May 29 2003

a(n)=polcoeff(1/(1-x)^2*sum(k=0,10, (-1)^k*x^2^k/(1+x^2^k)) +O(x^(n+1)),n)

from sympy.ntheory import digits
def A005536(n): return sum(sum((0,1,-1,0)[i] for i in digits(m,4)[1:]) for m in range(n+1)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jul 19 2024

Partial sums of A065359. a(n) = Sum_{i=0..n} Sum_{k=0..i} (-1)^k*(floor(i/2^k) - 2*floor(i/2^(k+1))). - Benoit Cloitre, Mar 28 2004
G.f.: (1/(1-x)^2) * Sum_{k>=0} (-1)^k*x^2^k/(1 + x^2^k). - Ralf Stephan, Apr 27 2003
a(n) = -n*(n-2) + 3*Sum_{k=1..n-1} Sum_{i=1..k} A035263(i+1), where A035263 is the first Feigenbaum symbolic sequence. - Benoit Cloitre, May 29 2003

More terms and better description from Ralf Stephan, Sep 13 2003

a(0)=0 added to data and offset changed by N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 16 2021 at the suggestion of Georg Fischer.

A073504 A possible basis for finite fractal sequences: let u(1) = 1, u(2) = n, u(k) = floor(u(k-1)/2) + floor(u(k-2)/2); then a(n) = lim_{k->infinity} u(k).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 8, 10, 10, 10, 10, 12, 12, 12, 12, 14, 14, 14, 14, 16, 16, 18, 18, 20, 20, 20, 20, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 24, 26, 26, 28, 28, 30, 30, 30, 30, 32, 32, 34, 34, 36, 36, 36, 36, 38, 38, 40, 40, 42, 42, 42, 42, 44, 44, 44, 44, 46, 46, 46

Offset: 1

Benoit Cloitre and Boris Gourevitch (boris(AT)pi314.net), Aug 16 2002

nonn

The minimum number k(n) of iterations in order to have u(k(n)) = a(n) is asymptotic to log(n)/2. Let m be any fixed positive integer and let Fr(m,n) = 3*Sum_{k = 1..n} a(k) - n^2 + m*n; then Fr(m,n) is a fractal generator function, i.e., there is an integer B(m) such that the graph for Fr(n,m) presents same fractal aspects for 1 <= n <= B(m). B(m) depends on the parity of m. B(2*p+1) = (5/3)*(4^p-1); B(2*p) = (2/3)*(4^p-1). [Formula for Fr(m,n) corrected by Petros Hadjicostas, Oct 21 2019 using the PARI program below.]

Benoit Cloitre, Graph of Fr(n,4) for 1 <= n <= B(4).
Benoit Cloitre, Graph of Fr(n,6) for 1 <= n <= B(6).
Benoit Cloitre, Graph of Fr(n,8) for 1 <= n <= B(8).
Benoit Cloitre, Graph of Fr(n,5) for 1 <= n <= B(5).
Benoit Cloitre, Graph of Fr(n,7) for 1 <= n <= B(7).
Benoit Cloitre, Graph of Fr(n,9) for 1 <= n <= B(9).

Cf. A073059 and A071992 (curiously A071992 presents the same fractal aspects as Fr(n, m)).

for(n=1, taille, u1=1; u2=n; while((u2!=u1)||((u2%2) == 1), u3=u2; u2=floor(u2/2)+floor(u1/2); u1=u3; ); b[n]=u2; ) fr(m, k)=(3*sum(i=1, k, b[i]))-k^2+m*k; bound(m)=if((m%2) == 1, p=(m-1)/2; 5/3*(4^p-1), 2/3*(4^(m/2)-1)); m=5; fractal=vector(bound(m)); for(i=1, bound(m), fractal[i]=fr(m, i); ); Mm=vecmax(fractal) indices=vector(bound(m)); for(i=1, bound(m), indices[i]=i); myStr=plothrawexport("svg",indices,fractal,1);write("myPlot.svg",myStr); \\ To generate graphs

a(n) is asymptotic to 2*n/3.

cp's OEIS Frontend

A096268 Period-doubling sequence (or period-doubling word): fixed point of the morphism 0 -> 01, 1 -> 00.

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A005536 a(0) = 0; thereafter a(2n) = n - a(n) - a(n-1), a(2n+1) = n - 2a(n) + 1.

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A073504 A possible basis for finite fractal sequences: let u(1) = 1, u(2) = n, u(k) = floor(u(k-1)/2) + floor(u(k-2)/2); then a(n) = lim_{k->infinity} u(k).

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