cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

Showing 1-3 of 3 results.

A001497 Triangle of coefficients of Bessel polynomials (exponents in decreasing order).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 15, 15, 6, 1, 105, 105, 45, 10, 1, 945, 945, 420, 105, 15, 1, 10395, 10395, 4725, 1260, 210, 21, 1, 135135, 135135, 62370, 17325, 3150, 378, 28, 1, 2027025, 2027025, 945945, 270270, 51975, 6930, 630, 36, 1, 34459425, 34459425, 16216200, 4729725, 945945, 135135, 13860, 990, 45, 1
Offset: 0

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Author

Keywords

Comments

The (reverse) Bessel polynomials P(n,x):=Sum_{m=0..n} a(n,m)*x^m, the row polynomials, called Theta_n(x) in the Grosswald reference, solve x*(d^2/dx^2)P(n,x) - 2*(x+n)*(d/dx)P(n,x) + 2*n*P(n,x) = 0.
With the related Sheffer associated polynomials defined by Carlitz as
B(0,x) = 1
B(1,x) = x
B(2,x) = x + x^2
B(3,x) = 3 x + 3 x^2 + x^3
B(4,x) = 15 x + 15 x^2 + 6 x^3 + x^4
... (see Mathworld reference), then P(n,x) = 2^n * B(n,x/2) are the Sheffer polynomials described in A119274. - Tom Copeland, Feb 10 2008
Exponential Riordan array [1/sqrt(1-2x), 1-sqrt(1-2x)]. - Paul Barry, Jul 27 2010
From Vladimir Kruchinin, Mar 18 2011: (Start)
For B(n,k){...} the Bell polynomial of the second kind we have
B(n,k){f', f'', f''', ...} = T(n-1,k-1)*(1-2*x)^(k/2-n), where f(x) = 1-sqrt(1-2*x).
The expansions of the first few rows are:
1/sqrt(1-2*x);
1/(1-2*x)^(3/2), 1/(1-2*x);
3/(1-2*x)^(5/2), 3/(1-2*x)^2, 1/(1-2*x)^(3/2);
15/(1-2*x)^(7/2), 15/(1-2*x)^3, 6/(1-2*x)^(5/2), 1/(1-2*x)^2. (End)
Also the Bell transform of A001147 (whithout column 0 which is 1,0,0,...). For the definition of the Bell transform see A264428. - Peter Luschny, Jan 19 2016
Antidiagonals of A099174 are rows of this entry. Dividing each diagonal by its first element generates A054142. - Tom Copeland, Oct 04 2016
The row polynomials p_n(x) of A107102 are (-1)^n B_n(1-x), where B_n(x) are the modified Carlitz-Bessel polynomials above, e.g., (-1)^2 B_2(1-x) = (1-x) + (1-x)^2 = 2 - 3 x + x^2 = p_2(x). - Tom Copeland, Oct 10 2016
a(n-1,m-1) counts rooted unordered binary forests with n labeled leaves and m roots. - David desJardins, Feb 23 2019
From Jianing Song, Nov 29 2021: (Start)
The polynomials P_n(x) = Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*x^k satisfy: P_n(x) - (d/dx)P_n(x) = x*P_{n-1}(x) for n >= 1.
{P(n,x)} are related to the Fourier transform of 1/(1+x^2)^(n+1) and x/(1+x^2)^(n+2):
(i) For n >= 0, real number t, we have Integral_{x=-oo..oo} exp(-i*t*x)/(1+x^2)^(n+1) dx = Pi/(2^n*n!) * P_n(|t|) * exp(-|t|);
(ii) For n >= 0, real number t, we have Integral_{x=-oo..oo} x*exp(-i*t*x)/(1+x^2)^(n+2) dx = Pi/(2^(n+1)*(n+1)!) * ((-t)*P_n(-|t|)) * exp(-|t|). (End)
Suppose that f(x) is an n-times differentiable function defined on (a,b) for 0 <= a < b <= +oo, then for n >= 1, the n-th derivative of f(sqrt(x)) on (a^2,b^2) is Sum_{k=1..n} ((-1)^(n-k)*T(n-1,k-1)*f^(k)(sqrt(x))) / (2^n*x^(n-(k/2))), where f^(k) is the k-th derivative of f. - Jianing Song, Nov 30 2023

Examples

			Triangle begins
        1,
        1,       1,
        3,       3,      1,
       15,      15,      6,      1,
      105,     105,     45,     10,     1,
      945,     945,    420,    105,    15,    1,
    10395,   10395,   4725,   1260,   210,   21,   1,
   135135,  135135,  62370,  17325,  3150,  378,  28,  1,
  2027025, 2027025, 945945, 270270, 51975, 6930, 630, 36, 1
Production matrix begins
       1,      1,
       2,      2,      1,
       6,      6,      3,     1,
      24,     24,     12,     4,     1,
     120,    120,     60,    20,     5,    1,
     720,    720,    360,   120,    30,    6,   1,
    5040,   5040,   2520,   840,   210,   42,   7,  1,
   40320,  40320,  20160,  6720,  1680,  336,  56,  8, 1,
  362880, 362880, 181440, 60480, 15120, 3024, 504, 72, 9, 1
This is the exponential Riordan array A094587, or [1/(1-x),x], beheaded.
- _Paul Barry_, Mar 18 2011
		

References

  • J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 77.

Crossrefs

Reflected version of A001498 which is considered the main entry.
Other versions of this same triangle are given in A144299, A111924 and A100861.
Row sums give A001515. a(n, 0)= A001147(n) (double factorials).
Cf. A104556 (matrix inverse). A039683, A122850.
Cf. A245066 (central terms).

Programs

  • Haskell
    a001497 n k = a001497_tabl !! n !! k
    a001497_row n = a001497_tabl !! n
    a001497_tabl = [1] : f [1] 1 where
       f xs z = ys : f ys (z + 2) where
         ys = zipWith (+) ([0] ++ xs) (zipWith (*) [z, z-1 ..] (xs ++ [0]))
    -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 11 2014
    
  • Magma
    /* As triangle */ [[Factorial(2*n-k)/(Factorial(k)*Factorial(n-k)*2^(n-k)): k in [0..n]]: n in [0.. 15]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 12 2015
    
  • Maple
    f := proc(n) option remember; if n <=1 then (1+x)^n else expand((2*n-1)*x*f(n-1)+f(n-2)); fi; end;
    row := n -> seq(coeff(f(n), x, n - k), k = 0..n): seq(row(n), n = 0..9);
  • Mathematica
    m = 9; Flatten[ Table[(n + k)!/(2^k*k!*(n - k)!), {n, 0, m}, {k, n, 0, -1}]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 20 2011 *)
    y[n_, x_] := Sqrt[2/(Pi*x)]*E^(1/x)*BesselK[-n-1/2, 1/x]; t[n_, k_] := Coefficient[y[n, x], x, k]; Table[t[n, k], {n, 0, 9}, {k, n, 0, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 01 2013 *)
  • PARI
    T(k, n) = if(n>k||k<0||n<0,0,(2*k-n)!/(n!*(k-n)!*2^(k-n))) /* Ralf Stephan */
    
  • PARI
    {T(n, k) = if( k<0 || k>n, 0, binomial(n, k)*(2*n-k)!/2^(n-k)/n!)}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 03 2006 */
    
  • Sage
    # uses[bell_matrix from A264428]
    # Adds a column 1,0,0,0, ... at the left side of the triangle.
    bell_matrix(lambda n: A001147(n), 9) # Peter Luschny, Jan 19 2016

Formula

a(n, m) = (2*n-m)!/(m!*(n-m)!*2^(n-m)) if n >= m >= 0 else 0 (from Grosswald, p. 7).
a(n, m)= 0, n= m >= 0 (from Grosswald p. 23, (19)).
E.g.f. for m-th column: ((1-sqrt(1-2*x))^m)/(m!*sqrt(1-2*x)).
G.f.: 1/(1-xy-x/(1-xy-2x/(1-xy-3x/(1-xy-4x/(1-.... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Jan 29 2009
T(n,k) = if(k<=n, C(2n-k,2(n-k))*(2(n-k)-1)!!,0) = if(k<=n, C(2n-k,2(n-k))*A001147(n-k),0). - Paul Barry, Mar 18 2011
Row polynomials for n>=1 are given by 1/t*D^n(exp(x*t)) evaluated at x = 0, where D is the operator 1/(1-x)*d/dx. - Peter Bala, Nov 25 2011
The matrix product A039683*A008277 gives a signed version of this triangle. Dobinski-type formula for the row polynomials: R(n,x) = (-1)^n*exp(x)*Sum_{k = 0..inf} k*(k-2)*(k-4)*...*(k-2*(n-1))*(-x)^k/k!. Cf. A122850. - Peter Bala, Jun 23 2014

A122848 Exponential Riordan array (1, x(1+x/2)).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 3, 6, 1, 0, 0, 0, 15, 10, 1, 0, 0, 0, 15, 45, 15, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 105, 105, 21, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 105, 420, 210, 28, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 945, 1260, 378, 36, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 945, 4725, 3150, 630, 45, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 10395, 17325, 6930, 990, 55, 1, 0, 0
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Paul Barry, Sep 14 2006

Keywords

Comments

Entries are Bessel polynomial coefficients. Row sums are A000085. Diagonal sums are A122849. Inverse is A122850. Product of A007318 and A122848 gives A100862.
T(n,k) is the number of self-inverse permutations of {1,2,...,n} having exactly k cycles. - Geoffrey Critzer, May 08 2012
Bessel numbers of the second kind. For relations to the Hermite polynomials and the Catalan (A033184 and A009766) and Fibonacci (A011973, A098925, and A092865) matrices, see Yang and Qiao. - Tom Copeland, Dec 18 2013.
Also the inverse Bell transform of the double factorial of odd numbers Product_{k= 0..n-1} (2*k+1) (A001147). For the definition of the Bell transform see A264428 and for cross-references A265604. - Peter Luschny, Dec 31 2015

Examples

			Triangle begins:
    1
    0    1
    0    1    1
    0    0    3    1
    0    0    3    6    1
    0    0    0   15   10    1
    0    0    0   15   45   15    1
    0    0    0    0  105  105   21    1
    0    0    0    0  105  420  210   28    1
    0    0    0    0    0  945 1260  378   36    1
From _Gus Wiseman_, Jan 12 2021: (Start)
As noted above, a(n) is the number of set partitions of {1..n} into k singletons or pairs. This is also the number of set partitions of subsets of {1..n} into n - k pairs. In the first case, row n = 5 counts the following set partitions:
  {{1},{2,3},{4,5}}  {{1},{2},{3},{4,5}}  {{1},{2},{3},{4},{5}}
  {{1,2},{3},{4,5}}  {{1},{2},{3,4},{5}}
  {{1,2},{3,4},{5}}  {{1},{2,3},{4},{5}}
  {{1,2},{3,5},{4}}  {{1,2},{3},{4},{5}}
  {{1},{2,4},{3,5}}  {{1},{2},{3,5},{4}}
  {{1},{2,5},{3,4}}  {{1},{2,4},{3},{5}}
  {{1,3},{2},{4,5}}  {{1},{2,5},{3},{4}}
  {{1,3},{2,4},{5}}  {{1,3},{2},{4},{5}}
  {{1,3},{2,5},{4}}  {{1,4},{2},{3},{5}}
  {{1,4},{2},{3,5}}  {{1,5},{2},{3},{4}}
  {{1,4},{2,3},{5}}
  {{1,4},{2,5},{3}}
  {{1,5},{2},{3,4}}
  {{1,5},{2,3},{4}}
  {{1,5},{2,4},{3}}
In the second case, we have:
  {{1,2},{3,4}}  {{1,2}}  {}
  {{1,2},{3,5}}  {{1,3}}
  {{1,2},{4,5}}  {{1,4}}
  {{1,3},{2,4}}  {{1,5}}
  {{1,3},{2,5}}  {{2,3}}
  {{1,3},{4,5}}  {{2,4}}
  {{1,4},{2,3}}  {{2,5}}
  {{1,4},{2,5}}  {{3,4}}
  {{1,4},{3,5}}  {{3,5}}
  {{1,5},{2,3}}  {{4,5}}
  {{1,5},{2,4}}
  {{1,5},{3,4}}
  {{2,3},{4,5}}
  {{2,4},{3,5}}
  {{2,5},{3,4}}
(End)
		

Crossrefs

Row sums are A000085.
Column sums are A001515.
Same as A049403 but with a first column k = 0.
The same set partitions counted by number of pairs are A100861.
Reversing rows gives A111924 (without column k = 0).
A047884 counts standard Young tableaux by size and greatest row length.
A238123 counts standard Young tableaux by size and least row length.
A320663/A339888 count unlabeled multiset partitions into singletons/pairs.
A322661 counts labeled covering half-loop-graphs.
A339742 counts factorizations into distinct primes or squarefree semiprimes.

Programs

  • Maple
    # The function BellMatrix is defined in A264428.
    BellMatrix(n -> `if`(n<2,1,0), 9); # Peter Luschny, Jan 27 2016
  • Mathematica
    t[n_, k_] := k!*Binomial[n, k]/((2 k - n)!*2^(n - k)); Table[ t[n, k], {n, 0, 11}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten
    (* Second program: *)
    rows = 12;
    t = Join[{1, 1}, Table[0, rows]];
    T[n_, k_] := BellY[n, k, t];
    Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, rows}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 23 2018,after Peter Luschny *)
    sbs[{}]:={{}};sbs[set:{i_,_}]:=Join@@Function[s,(Prepend[#1,s]&)/@sbs[Complement[set,s]]]/@Cases[Subsets[set],{i}|{i,_}];
    Table[Length[Select[sbs[Range[n]],Length[#]==k&]],{n,0,6},{k,0,n}] (* Gus Wiseman, Jan 12 2021 *)
  • PARI
    {T(n,k)=if(2*kn, 0, n!/(2*k-n)!/(n-k)!*2^(k-n))} /* Michael Somos, Oct 03 2006 */
    
  • Sage
    # uses[inverse_bell_transform from A265605]
    multifact_2_1 = lambda n: prod(2*k + 1 for k in (0..n-1))
    inverse_bell_matrix(multifact_2_1, 9) # Peter Luschny, Dec 31 2015

Formula

Number triangle T(n,k) = k!*C(n,k)/((2k-n)!*2^(n-k)).
T(n,k) = A001498(k,n-k). - Michael Somos, Oct 03 2006
E.g.f.: exp(y(x+x^2/2)). - Geoffrey Critzer, May 08 2012
Triangle equals the matrix product A008275*A039755. Equivalently, the n-th row polynomial R(n,x) is given by the Type B Dobinski formula R(n,x) = exp(-x/2)*Sum_{k>=0} P(n,2*k+1)*(x/2)^k/k!, where P(n,x) = x*(x-1)*...*(x-n+1) denotes the falling factorial polynomial. Cf. A113278. - Peter Bala, Jun 23 2014
From Daniel Checa, Aug 28 2022: (Start)
E.g.f. for the m-th column: (x^2/2+x)^m/m!.
T(n,k) = T(n-1,k-1) + (n-1)*T(n-2,k-1) for n>1 and k=1..n, T(0,0) = 1. (End)

A132062 Sheffer triangle (1,1-sqrt(1-2*x)). Extended Bessel triangle A001497.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 3, 1, 0, 15, 15, 6, 1, 0, 105, 105, 45, 10, 1, 0, 945, 945, 420, 105, 15, 1, 0, 10395, 10395, 4725, 1260, 210, 21, 1, 0, 135135, 135135, 62370, 17325, 3150, 378, 28, 1, 0, 2027025, 2027025, 945945, 270270, 51975, 6930, 630, 36, 1, 0
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Wolfdieter Lang Sep 14 2007

Keywords

Comments

This is a Jabotinsky type exponential convolution triangle related to A001147 (double factorials). For Jabotinsky type triangles See the D. E. Knuth reference given under A039692.
The subtriangle (n>=m>=1) is A001497(n,m) (Bessel).
For the combinatorial interpretation in terms of unordered forests of increasing plane trees see the W. Lang comment and example under A001497.
This is a special type of Sheffer triangle. See the S. Roman reference given under A048854 (the notation here differs).
This triangle (or the A001497 subtriangle) appears as generalized Stirling numbers of the second kind, S2p(-1,n,m):=S2(-k;m,m)*(-1)^(n-m) for k=1, eqs. (27)-(29) of the W. Lang reference.
Also the Bell transform of the double factorial of odd numbers A001147. For the Bell transform of the double factorial of even numbers A000165 see A039683. For the definition of the Bell transform see A264428. - Peter Luschny, Dec 20 2015

Examples

			[1]
[0,      1]
[0,      1,      1]
[0,      3,      3,     1]
[0,     15,     15,     6,     1]
[0,    105,    105,    45,    10,    1]
[0,    945,    945,   420,   105,   15,   1]
[0,  10395,  10395,  4725,  1260,  210,  21,  1]
[0, 135135, 135135, 62370, 17325, 3150, 378, 28, 1]
		

References

  • Toufik Mansour, Matthias Schork and Mark Shattuck, On the Stirling numbers associated with the meromorphic Weyl algebra, Applied Mathematics Letters, Volume 25, Issue 11, November 2012, Pages 1767-1771. - From N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 15 2012
  • Steven Roman, The Umbral Calculus, Pure and Applied Mathematics, 111, Academic Press, 1984. (p. 78) [Emanuele Munarini, Oct 10 2017]

Crossrefs

Columns m=1: A001147.
Row sums give [1, A001515]. Alternating row sums give [1, -A000806].
Cf. A122850. - R. J. Mathar, Mar 20 2009

Programs

  • Maple
    # The function BellMatrix is defined in A264428.
    BellMatrix(n -> doublefactorial(2*n-1), 9); # Peter Luschny, Jan 27 2016
    # Alternative:
    egf := exp(y*(1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x))): serx := series(egf, x, 12):
    coefx := n -> n!*coeff(serx, x, n): row := n -> seq(coeff(coefx(n), y, k), k = 0..n): for n from 0 to 8 do row(n) od;  # Peter Luschny, Apr 25 2024
  • Mathematica
    Table[If[k <= n, Binomial[2n-2k,n-k] Binomial[2n-k-1,k-1] (n-k)!/2^(n-k), 0], {n, 0, 6}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Emanuele Munarini, Oct 10 2017 *)
    BellMatrix[f_Function, len_] := With[{t = Array[f, len, 0]}, Table[BellY[n, k, t], {n, 0, len - 1}, {k, 0, len - 1}]];
    rows = 10;
    M = BellMatrix[(2#-1)!!&, rows];
    Table[M[[n, k]], {n, 1, rows}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 23 2018, after Peter Luschny *)
  • Sage
    # uses[bell_transform from A264428]
    def A132062_row(n):
        a = sloane.A001147
        dblfact = a.list(n)
        return bell_transform(n, dblfact)
    [A132062_row(n) for n in (0..9)] # Peter Luschny, Dec 20 2015

Formula

a(n,m)=0 if n
E.g.f. m-th column ((x*f2p(1;x))^m)/m!, m>=0. with f2p(1;x):=1-sqrt(1-2*x)= x*c(x/2) with the o.g.f.of A000108 (Catalan).
From Emanuele Munarini, Oct 10 2017: (Start)
a(n,k) = binomial(2*n-2*k,n-k)*binomial(2*n-k-1,k-1)*(n-k)!/2^(n-k).
The row polynomials p_n(x) (studied by Carlitz) satisfy the recurrence: p_{n+2}(x) - (2*n+1)*p_{n+1}(x) - x^2*p_n(x) = 0. (End)
T(n, k) = n! [y^k] [x^n] exp(y*(1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x))). - Peter Luschny, Apr 25 2024
Showing 1-3 of 3 results.