A303864 -id:A303864 - cp's OEIS frontend

A002995 Number of unlabeled planar trees (also called plane trees) with n nodes.

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 14, 34, 95, 280, 854, 2694, 8714, 28640, 95640, 323396, 1105335, 3813798, 13269146, 46509358, 164107650, 582538732, 2079165208, 7457847082, 26873059986, 97239032056, 353218528324, 1287658723550, 4709785569184

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Noncrossing handshakes of 2(n-1) people (each using only one hand) on round table, up to rotations - Antti Karttunen, Sep 03 2000
Equivalently, the number of noncrossing partitions up to rotation composed of n-1 blocks of size 2. - Andrew Howroyd, May 04 2018
a(n), n>2, is also the number of oriented cacti on n-1 unlabeled nodes with all cutpoints of separation degree 2, i.e. ones shared only by two (cyclic) blocks. These are digraphs (without loops) that have a unique Eulerian tour. Such digraphs with labeled nodes are enumerated by A102693. - Valery A. Liskovets, Oct 19 2005
Labeled plane trees are counted by A006963. - David Callan, Aug 19 2014
This sequence is similar to A000055 but those trees are not embedded in a plane. - Michael Somos, Aug 19 2014

			G.f. = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 3*x^5 + 6*x^6 + 14*x^7 + 34*x^8 + 95*x^9 + ...
a(7) = 14 = 11 + 3 because there are 11 trees with 7 nodes but three of them can be embedded in a plane in two ways. These three trees have degree sequences 4221111, 3321111, 3222111, where there are two trees with each degree sequence but in the first, the two nodes of degree two are adjacent, in the second, the two nodes of degree three are adjacent, and in the third, the node of degree three is adjacent to two nodes of degree two. - _Michael Somos_, Aug 19 2014

Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 304.
A. Errera, De quelques problèmes d'analysis situs, Comptes Rend. Congr. Nat. Sci. Bruxelles, (1930), 106-110.
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 67, (3.3.26).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=0..200
F. Bergeron, G. Labelle and P. Leroux, Combinatorial Species and Tree-Like Structures, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 285 (4.1.26), 291 (4.1.48)
CombOS - Combinatorial Object Server, Generate free plane trees
R. Cori and M. Marcus, Counting non-isomorphic chord diagrams, Theor. Comp. Sci. 204 (1998) 55-75, Corollary 5.2.
Paul Drube and Puttipong Pongtanapaisan, Annular Non-Crossing Matchings, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19 (2016), #16.2.4.
A. Errera, Reviews of two articles on Analysis Situs, from Fortschritte [Annotated scanned copy]
D. Feldman, Counting plane trees, Unpublished manuscript, 1992. (Annotated scanned copy)
Bernold Fiedler, Scalar polynomial vector fields in real and complex time, arXiv:2410.05043 [math.DS], 2024. See pp. 21, 50.
Bernold Fiedler, Real-time blow-up and connection graphs of rational vector fields on the Riemann sphere, arXiv:2504.20503 [math.DS], 2025. See p. 23.
F. Harary and R. W. Robinson, The number of achiral trees, J. Reine Angew. Math., 278 (1975), 322-335.
F. Harary and R. W. Robinson, The number of achiral trees, J. Reine Angew. Math., 278 (1975), 322-335. (Annotated scanned copy)
G. Labelle, Sur la symétrie et l'asymétrie des structures combinatoires, Theor. Comput. Sci. 117, No. 1-2, 3-22 (1993).
P. Leroux and B. Miloudi, Généralisations de la formule d'Otter, Ann. Sci. Math. Québec, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 53-80, 1992. (Annotated scanned copy)
Torsten Mütze, Proof of the middle levels conjecture, arXiv preprint arXiv:1404.4442 [math.CO], 2014.
Torsten Mütze, A book proof of the middle levels theorem, arXiv:2306.13019 [math.CO], 2023.
Torsten Mütze and Franziska Weber, Construction of 2-factors in the middle layer of the discrete cube, arXiv preprint arXiv:1111.2413 [math.CO], 2011.
Torsten Mütze and F. Weber, Construction of 2-factors in the middle layer of the discrete cube, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 119(8) (2012), 1832-1855.
J. Sawada, Generating rooted and free plane trees, ACM Transactions on Algorithms, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2006), 1-13.
Seunghyun Seo and Heesung Shin, Two involutions on vertices of ordered trees, FPSAC'02 (2002). (see p_n).
Alexander Stoimenow, On the number of chord diagrams, Discr. Math. 218 (2000), 209-233. See Table 1.
D. W. Walkup, The number of plane trees, Mathematika, vol. 19, No. 2 (1972), 200-204.
Index entries for sequences related to trees

Column k=2 of A303694 and A303864.

Cf. A000055, A000108, A002996, A003239, A005354, A057502, A061417, A064640.

with (powseries): with (combstruct): n := 27: Order := n+2: sys := {C = Cycle(B), B = Union(Z,Prod(B,B))}: G003239 := (convert(gfseries(sys,unlabeled,x) [C(x)], polynom)) / x: G000108 := convert(taylor((1-sqrt(1-4*x)) / (2*x),x),polynom): G002995 := 1 + G003239 + (eval(G000108,x=x^2) - G000108^2)/2: A002995 := 1,1,1,seq(coeff(G002995,x^i),i=1..n); # Ulrich Schimke, Apr 05 2002
with(combinat): with(numtheory): m := 2: for p from 2 to 28 do s1 := 0: s2 := 0: for d from 1 to p do if p mod d = 0 then s1 := s1+phi(p/d)*binomial(m*d, d) fi: od: for d from 1 to p-1 do if gcd(m, p-1) mod d = 0 then s2 := s2+phi(d)*binomial((p*m)/d, (p-1)/d) fi: od: printf(`%d, `, (s1+s2)/(m*p)-binomial(m*p, p)/(p*(m-1)+1)) od : # Zerinvary Lajos, Dec 01 2006

a[0] = a[1] = 1; a[n_] := (1/(2*(n-1)))*Sum[ EulerPhi[(n-1)/d]*Binomial[2*d, d], {d, Divisors[n-1]}] - CatalanNumber[n-1]/2 + If[ EvenQ[n], CatalanNumber[n/2-1]/2, 0]; Table[ a[n], {n, 0, 29}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 07 2012, from formula *)

catalan(n) = binomial(2*n, n)/(n+1);
a(n) = if (n<2, 1, n--; sumdiv(n, d, eulerphi(n/d)*binomial(2*d, d))/(2*n) - catalan(n)/2 + if ((n-1) % 2, 0, catalan((n-1)/2)/2)); \\ Michel Marcus, Jan 23 2016

G.f.: 1+B(x)+(C(x^2)-C(x)^2)/2 where B is g.f. of A003239 and C is g.f. of A000108(n-1).

a(n) = 1/(2*(n-1))*sum{d|(n-1)}(phi((n-1)/d)*binomial(2d, d)) - A000108(n-1)/2 + (if n is even) A000108(n/2-1)/2.

More terms, formula from Christian G. Bower, Dec 15 1999

Name corrected ("labeled" --> "unlabeled") by David Callan, Aug 19 2014

A303694 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) is the number of noncrossing partitions up to rotation composed of n blocks of size k.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 7, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 11, 19, 14, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 17, 52, 86, 34, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 25, 102, 307, 372, 95, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 33, 187, 811, 1936, 1825, 280, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 43, 300, 1772, 6626, 13207, 9143, 854, 1

Offset: 0

Andrew Howroyd, Apr 28 2018

Also, the number of unlabeled planar k-gonal cacti having n polygons.

The number of noncrossing partitions counted distinctly is given by A070914(n,k-1).

			Array begins:
==================================================================
n\k| 1   2    3     4      5       6       7        8        9
---+--------------------------------------------------------------
0  | 1   1    1     1      1       1       1        1        1 ...
1  | 1   1    1     1      1       1       1        1        1 ...
2  | 1   1    1     1      1       1       1        1        1 ...
3  | 1   2    2     3      3       4       4        5        5 ...
4  | 1   3    7    11     17      25      33       43       55 ...
5  | 1   6   19    52    102     187     300      463      663 ...
6  | 1  14   86   307    811    1772    3412     5993     9821 ...
7  | 1  34  372  1936   6626   17880   40770    82887   154079 ...
8  | 1  95 1825 13207  58385  191967  518043  1213879  2558305 ...
9  | 1 280 9143 93496 532251 2141232 6830545 18471584 44121134 ...
...

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1274
Miklos Bona, Michel Bousquet, Gilbert Labelle, Pierre Leroux, Enumeration of m-ary cacti, arXiv:math/9804119 [math.CO], Apr 1998.
Wikipedia, Cactus graph
Wikipedia, Noncrossing partition
Index entries for sequences related to cacti

Columns 2..7 are A002995(n+1), A054423, A054362, A054365, A054368, A054371.

Cf. A070914, A209805, A303864, A303929.

T[0, _] = 1;
T[n_, k_] := (DivisorSum[n, EulerPhi[n/#] Binomial[k #, #]&] + DivisorSum[ GCD[n-1, k], EulerPhi[#] Binomial[n k/#, (n-1)/#]&])/(k n) - Binomial[k n, n]/(n (k-1) + 1);
Table[T[n-k, k], {n, 0, 12}, {k, n, 1, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, May 22 2018 *)

T(n,k)={if(n==0, 1, (sumdiv(n,d,eulerphi(n/d)*binomial(k*d,d)) + sumdiv(gcd(n-1,k), d, eulerphi(d)*binomial(n*k/d, (n-1)/d)))/(k*n) - binomial(k*n,n)/(n*(k-1)+1))}

T(n,k) = ((Sum_{d|n} phi(n/d)*binomial(k*d,d)) + (Sum_{d|gcd(n-1,k)} phi(d) * binomial(n*k/d, (n-1)/d)))/(k*n) - binomial(k*n,n)/(n*(k-1)+1) for n > 0.

T(n,k) ~ A070914(n,k-1)/(n*k) for fixed k > 1.

A302828 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) = number of noncrossing path sets on k*n nodes up to rotation and reflection with each path having exactly k nodes.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 2, 1, 1, 3, 21, 22, 3, 1, 1, 6, 111, 494, 201, 6, 1, 1, 10, 604, 9400, 18086, 2244, 12, 1, 1, 20, 3196, 157040, 1141055, 794696, 29096, 27, 1, 1, 36, 16528, 2342480, 55967596, 161927208, 38695548, 404064, 65, 1

Offset: 0

Andrew Howroyd, May 01 2018

			Array begins:
=======================================================
n\k| 1  2     3        4           5              6
---+---------------------------------------------------
0  | 1  1     1        1           1              1 ...
1  | 1  1     1        2           3              6 ...
2  | 1  1     4       21         111            604 ...
3  | 1  2    22      494        9400         157040 ...
4  | 1  3   201    18086     1141055       55967596 ...
5  | 1  6  2244   794696   161927208    23276467936 ...
6  | 1 12 29096 38695548 25334545270 10673231900808 ...
...

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1274
Math StackExchange, Question from user Matan at math.stackexchange.com: Number of ways to connect sets of k dots in a perfect n-gon

Columns 2..4 are A006082(n+1), A303330, A303867.
Row n=1 is A005418(k-2).
Cf. A303839, A303864, A303868, A303929.

nmax = 10; seq[n_, k_] := Module[{p, q, h, c}, p = 1 + InverseSeries[ x/(k*2^(k - 3)*(1 + x)^k) + O[x]^n, x]; h = p /. x -> x^2 + O[x]^n; q = x*D[p, x]/p; c = Integrate[((p - 1)/k + Sum[EulerPhi[d]*(q /. x -> x^d + O[x]^n), {d, 2, n}])/x, x] + If[OddQ[k], 0, 2^(k/2 - 2)*x*h^(k/2)]; If[k == 1, 2/(1 - x) + O[x]^n, 3/2 + c + If[OddQ[k], h + x^2*2^(k - 3)*h^k + x*2^((k - 1)/2)*h^((k + 1)/2), If[k == 2, x*h, 0] + h/(1 - 2^(k/2 - 1)*x*h^(k/2))]/2]/2];
Clear[col]; col[k_] := col[k] = CoefficientList[seq[nmax, k], x];
T[n_, k_] := col[k][[n + 1]];
Table[T[n - k, k], {n, 0, nmax}, {k, n, 1, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 04 2018, after Andrew Howroyd *)

seq(n,k)={ \\ gives gf of k'th column
my(p=1 + serreverse( x/(k*2^(k-3)*(1 + x)^k) + O(x*x^n) ));
my(h=subst(p,x,x^2+O(x*x^n)), q=x*deriv(p)/p);
my(c=intformal( ((p-1)/k + sum(d=2,n,eulerphi(d)*subst(q,x,x^d+O(x*x^n))))/x) + if(k%2, 0, 2^(k/2-2)*x*h^(k/2)));
if(k==1, 2/(1-x) + O(x*x^n), 3/2 + c + if(k%2, h + x^2*2^(k-3)*h^k + x*2^((k-1)/2)*h^((k+1)/2), if(k==2,x*h,0) + h/(1-2^(k/2-1)*x*h^(k/2)) )/2)/2;
}
Mat(vector(6, k, Col(seq(7, k))))

A303865 Number of noncrossing path sets on 3*n nodes up to rotation with each path having exactly 3 nodes.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 6, 38, 384, 4425, 57976, 807318, 11828706, 179826245, 2816100678, 45170552490, 739103543356, 12297976924176, 207577047945312, 3547290764931730, 61277684496311364, 1068648890500799799, 18794421104465407618, 333037302131948734566, 5941487005826379359448

Offset: 0

Andrew Howroyd, May 01 2018

nonn

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..200

Column 3 of A303864.

Cf. A303330, A303844.

seq[n_] := Module[{p, q}, p = 1 + InverseSeries[x/(3*(1 + x)^3) + O[x]^n]; q = x*D[p, x]/p; Integrate[((p - 1)/3 + Sum[EulerPhi[d]*(q /. x -> x^d + O[x]^n), {d, 2, n}])/x, x] + 1];
CoefficientList[seq[21], x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 05 2018, after Andrew Howroyd *)

seq(n)={ my(p=1 + serreverse( x/(3*(1 + x)^3) + O(x*x^n) )); my(q=x*deriv(p)/p);
Vec(intformal(((p-1)/3 + sum(d=2, n, eulerphi(d)*subst(q, x, x^d+O(x*x^n))))/x) + 1)}

a(n) ~ 3^(4*n - 1/2) / (sqrt(Pi) * n^(5/2) * 2^(2*n + 2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jun 01 2022

A303869 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = number of noncrossing path sets on n nodes up to rotation with k paths and isolated vertices allowed.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 2, 1, 4, 11, 8, 2, 1, 10, 34, 39, 16, 3, 1, 16, 92, 144, 90, 25, 3, 1, 36, 256, 545, 473, 197, 40, 4, 1, 64, 672, 1878, 2184, 1246, 370, 56, 4, 1, 136, 1762, 6296, 9436, 7130, 2910, 658, 80, 5, 1, 256, 4480, 20100, 38025, 36690, 19698, 6090, 1080, 105, 5, 1

Offset: 1

Andrew Howroyd, May 01 2018

			Triangle begins:
    1;
    1,    1;
    1,    1,    1;
    3,    4,    2,    1;
    4,   11,    8,    2,    1;
   10,   34,   39,   16,    3,    1;
   16,   92,  144,   90,   25,    3,   1;
   36,  256,  545,  473,  197,   40,   4,  1;
   64,  672, 1878, 2184, 1246,  370,  56,  4, 1;
  136, 1762, 6296, 9436, 7130, 2910, 658, 80, 5, 1;
  ...

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1275

Row sums are A303836.
Column 1 is A051437(n-3).
Cf. A303844, A303732, A303864, A303868.

\\ See A303732 for NCPathSetsModCyclic
{ my(rows=Vec(NCPathSetsModCyclic(vector(10, k, y))-1));
for(n=1, #rows, for(k=1,n,print1(polcoeff(rows[n],k), ", ")); print;)}

cp's OEIS Frontend

A002995 Number of unlabeled planar trees (also called plane trees) with n nodes.

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A303694 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) is the number of noncrossing partitions up to rotation composed of n blocks of size k.

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A302828 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) = number of noncrossing path sets on k*n nodes up to rotation and reflection with each path having exactly k nodes.

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A303865 Number of noncrossing path sets on 3*n nodes up to rotation with each path having exactly 3 nodes.

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A303869 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = number of noncrossing path sets on n nodes up to rotation with k paths and isolated vertices allowed.

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A303866 Number of noncrossing path sets on 4*n nodes up to rotation with each path having exactly 4 nodes.

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