A002995 -id:A002995 - cp's OEIS frontend

A003238 Number of rooted trees with n vertices in which vertices at the same level have the same degree.

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 16, 19, 26, 27, 40, 41, 53, 61, 77, 78, 104, 105, 134, 147, 175, 176, 227, 233, 275, 294, 350, 351, 438, 439, 516, 545, 624, 640, 774, 775, 881, 924, 1069, 1070, 1265, 1266, 1444, 1521, 1698, 1699

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Also, number of sequences of positive integers b_1, b_2, ..., b_k such that 1 + b_1*(1 + b_2*(...(1 + b_k) ... )) = n. If you take mu(b_1)*mu(b_2)*...*mu(b_k) for each sequence you get 1's 0's and -1's. Add them up and you get the terms for A007554. - Christian G. Bower, Oct 15 1998
Note that this applies also to planar rooted trees and other similar objects (mountain ranges, parenthesizations) encoded by A014486. - Antti Karttunen, Sep 07 2000
Equals sum of (n-1)-th row terms of triangle A152434. - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 04 2008
Equals the eigensequence of A051731, the inverse binomial transform. - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 26 2008
From Emeric Deutsch, Aug 18 2012: (Start)
The considered rooted trees are called generalized Bethe trees; in the Goldberg-Livshitz reference they are called uniform trees.
Also, a(n) = number of partitions of n-1 in which each part is divisible by the next. Example: a(5)=5 because we have 4, 31, 22, 211, and 1111.
There is a simple bijection between generalized Bethe trees with n+1 vertices and partitions of n in which each part is divisible by the next (the parts are given by the number of edges at the successive levels). We have the correspondences: number of edges --- sum of parts; root degree --- last part; number of leaves --- first part; height --- number of parts. (End)
a(n+1) = a(n) + 1 if and only if n is prime. - Jon Perry, Nov 24 2012
According to the MathOverflow link, log(a(n)) ~ log(4)*log(n)^2, and a more precise asymptotic expansion is similar to that of A018819 and hence A000123, so the conjecture in the Formula section is partly correct. - Andrey Zabolotskiy, Jan 22 2017

			a(4) = 3 because we have the path P(4), the tree Y, and the star \|/ . - _Emeric Deutsch_, Aug 18 2012
The planted achiral trees with up to 7 nodes are:
 1  -
 1  (-)
 2  (--),     ((-))
 3  (---),    ((--)),      (((-)))
 5  (----),   ((-)(-)),    ((---)),    (((--))),     ((((-))))
 6  (-----),  ((----)),    (((-)(-))), (((---))),    ((((--)))), (((((-)))))
10 (------), ((-)(-)(-)), ((--)(--)), (((-))((-))), ((-----)),  (((----))), ((((-)(-)))), ((((---)))), (((((--))))), ((((((-)))))). - _Gus Wiseman_, Jan 12 2017

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Robert Israel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
G. Gati, F. Harary, and R. W. Robinson, Line colored trees with extendable automorphisms, Acta Mathematica Scientia 2.1 (1982), 105-110. (Annotated scanned copy)
M. K. Goldberg and E. M. Livshits, On minimal universal trees, Mathematical Notes of the Acad. of Sciences of the USSR, 4, 1968, 713-717 (translation from the Russian Mat. Zametki 4 1968 371-379).
F. Harary and R. W. Robinson, The number of achiral trees, J. Reine Angew. Math., 278 (1975), 322-335.
F. Harary and R. W. Robinson, The number of achiral trees, J. Reine Angew. Math., 278 (1975), 322-335. (Annotated scanned copy)
B. S. Kochkarev, Absolutely symmetric trees and complexity of natural number, arXiv:1205.0344 [math.CO], 2012.
MathOverflow, Are the asymptotics of A003238 known?
O. Rojo, Spectra of weighted generalized Bethe trees joined at the root, Linear Algebra and its Appl., 428, 2008, 2961-2979.
N. J. A. Sloane, My favorite integer sequences, in Sequences and their Applications (Proceedings of SETA '98).
N. J. A. Sloane, Transforms
Gus Wiseman, Planted achiral trees n=1..10.
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees

Cf. A007439, A007554, A057546, A152434, A051731, A002033, A027750, A281487, A000123.
Row sums of A122934 (offset by 1).
Cf. A004111, A280994.

a003238 n = a003238_list !! (n-1)
a003238_list = 1 : f 1 where
   f x = (sum (map a003238 $ a027750_row x)) : f (x + 1)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 20 2014

a = new Array();
for (i = 1; i < 50; i++) a[i] = 1;
for (i = 3; i < 50; i++) for (j = 2; j < i; j++) if (i % j == 1) a[i] += a[j];
document.write(a + "
"); // Jon Perry, Nov 20 2012

with(numtheory): aa := proc (n) if n = 0 then 1 else add(aa(divisors(n)[i]-1), i = 1 .. tau(n)) end if end proc: a := proc (n) options operator, arrow: aa(n-1) end proc: seq(a(n), n = 1 .. 48); # Emeric Deutsch, Aug 18 2012
A003238:= proc(n) option remember; uses numtheory; add(A003238(m),m=divisors(n-1)) end proc;
A003238(1):= 1;
[seq(A003238(n),n=1..48)]; # Robert Israel, Mar 10 2014

(* b = A068336 *) b[1] = 1; b[n_] := b[n] = 1 + Sum[b[k], {k, Divisors[n-1]}]; a[n_] := b[n]/2; a[1] = 1; Table[ a[n], {n, 1, 48}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 20 2011, after Ralf Stephan *)
achi[n_]:=If[n===1,1,Total[achi/@Divisors[n-1]]];Array[achi,50] (* Gus Wiseman, Jan 12 2017 *)

seq(n) = {my(v=vector(n)); v[1]=1; for(i=2, n, v[i]=sumdiv(i-1, d, v[d])); v} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Jun 08 2025

Shifts one place left under inverse Moebius transform: a(n+1) = Sum_{k|n} a(k).
Conjecture: log(a(n)) is asymptotic to c*log(n)^2 where 0.4 < c < 0.5 - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 13 2004
For n > 1, a(n) = (1/2) * A068336(n) and Sum_{k = 1..n} a(k) = A003318(n). - Ralf Stephan, Mar 27 2004
Generating function P(x) for the sequence with offset 2 obeys P(x) = x^2*(1 + Sum_{n >= 1} P(x^n)/x^n). [Harary & Robinson]. - R. J. Mathar, Sep 28 2011
a(n) = 1 + sum of a(i) such that n == 1 (mod i). - Jon Perry, Nov 20 2012
From Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 28 2019: (Start)
G.f.: x * (1 + Sum_{n>=1} a(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n)).
L.g.f.: -log(Product_{n>=1} (1 - x^n)^(a(n)/n)) = Sum_{n>=1} a(n+1)*x^n/n. (End)

Description improved by Christian G. Bower, Oct 15 1998

A003239 Number of rooted planar trees with n non-root nodes: circularly cycling the subtrees at the root gives equivalent trees.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 4, 10, 26, 80, 246, 810, 2704, 9252, 32066, 112720, 400024, 1432860, 5170604, 18784170, 68635478, 252088496, 930138522, 3446167860, 12815663844, 47820447028, 178987624514, 671825133648, 2528212128776, 9536895064400, 36054433810102, 136583761444364, 518401146543812

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Also number of necklaces with 2*n beads, n white and n black (to get the correspondence, start at root, walk around outside of tree, use white if move away from the root, black if towards root).
Also number of terms in polynomial expression for permanent of generic circulant matrix of order n.
a(n) is the number of equivalence classes of n-compositions of n under cyclic rotation. (Given a necklace, split it into runs of white followed by a black bead and record the lengths of the white runs. This gives an n-composition of n.) a(n) is the number of n-multisets in Z mod n whose sum is 0. - David Callan, Nov 05 2003
a(n) is the number of cyclic equivalence classes of triangulations of a once-punctured n-gon. - Esther Banaian, May 06 2025

			As _David Callan_ said, a(n) is the number of n-multisets in Z mod n whose sum is 0. So for n = 4 the a(4)=10 multisets are (0, 0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1, 2), (0, 0, 2, 2), (2, 2, 2, 2), (0, 0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 2, 3), (1, 1, 3, 3), (0, 2, 3, 3) and (3, 3, 3, 3). - _Boas Bakker_, Apr 21 2025

Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 305 (see R(x)).
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973; page 80, Problem 3.13.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
R. P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Cambridge, Vol. 2, 1999; see Problem 7.112(b).

Seiichi Manyama, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1669 (terms 0..200 from T. D. Noe)
Michal Bassan, Serte Donderwinkel, and Brett Kolesnik, Graphical sequences and plane trees, arXiv:2406.05110 [math.CO], 2024.
Bruce M. Boman, Thien-Nam Dinh, Keith Decker, Brooks Emerick, Christopher Raymond, and Gilberto Schleinger, Why do Fibonacci numbers appear in patterns of growth in nature?, Fibonacci Quarterly, 55(5) (2017), 30-41.
R. Brualdi and M. Newman, An enumeration problem for a congruence equation, J. Res. Nat. Bureau Standards, B74 (1970), 37-40.
CombOS - Combinatorial Object Server, Generate rooted plane trees.
Paul Drube and Puttipong Pongtanapaisan, Annular Non-Crossing Matchings, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19 (2016), #16.2.4.
A. Elashvili and M. Jibladze, Hermite reciprocity for the regular representations of cyclic groups, Indag. Math. (N.S.) 9(2) (1998), 233--238. MR1691428 (2000c:13006).
A. Elashvili, M. Jibladze, and D. Pataraia, Combinatorics of necklaces and "Hermite reciprocity", J. Algebraic Combin. 10(2) (1999), 173--188. MR1719140 (2000j:05009). See p. 174. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Aug 06 2014
M. L. Fredman, A symmetry relationship for a class of partitions, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, 18 (1975), 199-202. See Eq. (4), a(n) = S(n,n,0).
F. Harary and R. W. Robinson, The number of achiral trees, J. Reine Angew. Math., 278 (1975), 322-335.
F. Harary and R. W. Robinson, The number of achiral trees, J. Reine Angew. Math., 278 (1975), 322-335. (Annotated scanned copy)
Thomas C. Hull and Tomohiro Tachi, Double-line rigid origami, arXiv:1709.03210 [math.MG], 2017.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 761.
Benjamin Ruoyu Kan, Polynomial Approximations for Quantum Hamiltonian Complexity, Bachelor's thesis, Harvard Univ., 2023.
G. Labelle and P. Leroux, Enumeration of (uni- or bicolored) plane trees according to their degree distribution, Disc. Math. 157 (1996), 227-240, Eq. (1.18).
J. Malenfant, On the Matrix-Element Expansion of a Circulant Determinant, arXiv preprint arXiv:1502.06012 [math.NT], 2015.
Paul Melotti, Sanjay Ramassamy, and Paul Thévenin, Points and lines configurations for perpendicular bisectors of convex cyclic polygons, arXiv:2003.11006 [math.CO], 2020.
J. Sawada, Generating rooted and free plane trees, ACM Transactions on Algorithms, 2(1) (2006), 1-13.
Hugh Thomas, The number of terms in the permanent and the determinant of a generic circulant matrix, arXiv:math/0301048 [math.CO], 2003.
D. W. Walkup, The number of plane trees, Mathematika, 19(2) (1972), 200-204. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Jun 08 2012
Index entries for sequences related to necklaces
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees

Cf. A002995, A057510, A000108, A022553, A082936, A084575, A037306.
Column k=2 of A208183.
Column k=1 of A261494.

with(numtheory): A003239 := proc(n) local t1,t2,d; t2 := divisors(n); t1 := 0; for d in t2 do t1 := t1+phi(n/d)*binomial(2*d,d)/(2*n); od; t1; end;
spec := [ C, {B=Union(Z,Prod(B,B)), C=Cycle(B)}, unlabeled ]; [seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n), n=0..40)];

a[n_] := Sum[ EulerPhi[n/k]*Binomial[2k, k]/(2n), {k, Divisors[n]}]; a[0] = 1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 25}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 11 2012 *)

C(n, k)=binomial(n,k);
a(n) = if(n<=0, n==0, sumdiv(n, d, eulerphi(n/d) * C(2*d, d)) / (2*n) );
/* or, second formula: */
/* a(n) = if(n<=0, n==0, sumdiv(n, d, eulerphi(n/d) * C(2*d-1,d)) / n ); */
/* Joerg Arndt, Oct 21 2012 */

def A003239(n):
    if n == 0: return 1
    return sum(euler_phi(n/d)*binomial(2*d, d)/(2*n) for d in divisors(n))
print([A003239(n) for n in (0..29)]) # Peter Luschny, Dec 10 2020

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} (phi(n/d)*binomial(2*d, d))/(2*n) for n > 0.
a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{d|n} (phi(n/d)*binomial(2*d-1, d)) for n > 0.
a(n) = A047996(2*n, n). - Philippe Deléham, Jul 25 2006
a(n) ~ 2^(2*n-1) / (sqrt(Pi) * n^(3/2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Aug 22 2015

Sequence corrected and extended by Roderick J. Fletcher (yylee(AT)mail.ncku.edu.tw), Aug 1997

Additional comments from Michael Somos

A057501 Signature-permutation of a Catalan Automorphism: Rotate non-crossing chords (handshake) arrangements; rotate the root position of general trees as encoded by A014486.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 2, 7, 8, 5, 4, 6, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 12, 13, 10, 9, 11, 15, 14, 16, 19, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 26, 27, 24, 23, 25, 29, 28, 30, 33, 40, 41, 38, 37, 39, 43, 42, 44, 47, 52, 51, 53, 56, 60, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134

Offset: 0

Antti Karttunen, Sep 03 2000; entry revised Jun 06 2014

nonn

This is a permutation of natural numbers induced when "noncrossing handshakes", i.e., Stanley's interpretation (n), "n nonintersecting chords joining 2n points on the circumference of a circle", are rotated.
The same permutation is induced when the root position of plane trees (Stanley's interpretation (e)) is successively changed around the vertices.
For a good illustration how the rotation of the root vertex works, please see the Figure 6, "Rotation of an ordered rooted tree" in Torsten Mütze's paper (on page 24 in 20 May 2014 revision).
For yet another application of this permutation, please see the attached notes for A085197.
By "recursivizing" either the left or right hand side argument of A085201 in the formula, one ends either with A057161 or A057503. By "recursivizing" the both sides, one ends with A057505. - Antti Karttunen, Jun 06 2014

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2055
A. Karttunen, Introductory Survey of Catalan Automorphisms and Bijections (an unfinished draft), pp. 56-57.
A. Karttunen et al, Combinatorial interpretations of Catalan numbers, OEIS Wiki.
Torsten Mütze, Proof of the middle levels conjecture, arXiv preprint arXiv:1404.4442 [math.CO], 2014 (p. 24).
R. P. Stanley, Exercises on Catalan and Related Numbers (This sequence is concerned with rotations of the interpretations (e) and (n) in the Exercise 19)
Index entries for signature-permutations of Catalan automorphisms

Inverse: A057502.
Also, a "SPINE"-transform of A074680, and thus occurs as row 17 of A122203. (Also as row 65167 of A130403.)
Successive powers of this permutation, a^2(n) - a^6(n): A082315, A082317, A082319, A082321, A082323.
Other related permutations: A057161, A057163, A057503, A057505, A057508, A057509, A057511, A069770, A069771, A069772, A069773, A069888, A069889, A082313, A082314, A085173, A086427, A123501, A127291, A127292.
Cf. also A057548, A072771, A072772, A085201, A002995 (cycle counts), A057543 (max cycle lengths), A085197, A129599, A057517, A064638, A064640.

map(CatalanRankGlobal,map(RotateHandshakes, A014486));
RotateHandshakes := n -> pars2binexp(RotateHandshakesP(binexp2pars(n)));
RotateHandshakesP := h -> `if`((0 = nops(h)),h,[op(car(h)),cdr(h)]); # This does the trick! In Lisp: (defun RotateHandshakesP (h) (append (car h) (list (cdr h))))
car := proc(a) if 0 = nops(a) then ([]) else (op(1,a)): fi: end: # The name is from Lisp, takes the first element (head) of the list.
cdr := proc(a) if 0 = nops(a) then ([]) else (a[2..nops(a)]): fi: end: # As well. Takes the rest (the tail) of the list.
PeelNextBalSubSeq := proc(nn) local n,z,c; if(0 = nn) then RETURN(0); fi; n := nn; c := 0; z := 0; while(1 = 1) do z := 2*z + (n mod 2); c := c + (-1)^n; n := floor(n/2); if(c >= 0) then RETURN((z - 2^(floor_log_2(z)))/2); fi; od; end;
RestBalSubSeq := proc(nn) local n,z,c; n := nn; c := 0; while(1 = 1) do c := c + (-1)^n; n := floor(n/2); if(c >= 0) then break; fi; od; z := 0; c := -1; while(1 = 1) do z := 2*z + (n mod 2); c := c + (-1)^n; n := floor(n/2); if(c >= 0) then RETURN(z/2); fi; od; end;
pars2binexp := proc(p) local e,s,w,x; if(0 = nops(p)) then RETURN(0); fi; e := 0; for s in p do x := pars2binexp(s); w := floor_log_2(x); e := e * 2^(w+3) + 2^(w+2) + 2*x; od; RETURN(e); end;
binexp2pars := proc(n) option remember; `if`((0 = n),[],binexp2parsR(binrev(n))); end;
binexp2parsR := n -> [binexp2pars(PeelNextBalSubSeq(n)),op(binexp2pars(RestBalSubSeq(n)))];
# Procedure CatalanRankGlobal given in A057117, other missing ones in A038776.

a(0) = 0, and for n>=1, a(n) = A085201(A072771(n), A057548(A072772(n))). [This formula reflects directly the given non-destructive Lisp/Scheme function: A085201 is a 2-ary function corresponding to 'append', A072771 and A072772 correspond to 'car' and 'cdr' (known also as first/rest or head/tail in some dialects), and A057548 corresponds to unary form of function 'list'].
As a composition of related permutations:
a(n) = A057509(A069770(n)).
a(n) = A057163(A069773(A057163(n))).
Invariance-identities:
A129599(a(n)) = A129599(n) holds for all n.

A057502 Permutation of natural numbers: rotations of non-crossing handshakes encoded by A014486 (to opposite direction of A057501).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 2, 7, 6, 8, 4, 5, 17, 16, 18, 14, 15, 20, 19, 21, 9, 10, 22, 11, 12, 13, 45, 44, 46, 42, 43, 48, 47, 49, 37, 38, 50, 39, 40, 41, 54, 53, 55, 51, 52, 57, 56, 58, 23, 24, 59, 25, 26, 27, 61, 60, 62, 28, 29, 63, 30, 31, 32, 64, 33, 34, 35, 36, 129, 128, 130, 126, 127

Offset: 0

Antti Karttunen, Sep 03 2000

nonn

In A057501 and A057502, the cycles between (A014138(n-1)+1)-th and (A014138(n))-th term partition A000108(n) objects encoded by the corresponding terms of A014486 into A002995(n+1) equivalence classes of planar trees, thus the latter sequence can be produced also with Maple procedure RotHandshakesPermutationCycleCounts given below.

Index entries for sequences that are permutations of the natural numbers
A. Karttunen, Gatomorphisms (Includes the complete Scheme program for computing this sequence)

Inverse of A057501 and the car/cdr-flipped conjugate of A069774, i.e. A057502(n) = A057163(A069774(A057163(n))). Cf. also A057507, A057510, A057513, A069771, A069772.

map(CatalanRankGlobal,map(RotateHandshakesR, A014486));
RotateHandshakesR := n -> pars2binexp(deepreverse(RotateHandshakesP(deepreverse(binexp2pars(n)))));
deepreverse := proc(a) if 0 = nops(a) or list <> whattype(a) then (a) else [op(deepreverse(cdr(a))), deepreverse(a[1])]; fi; end;
with(group); CountCycles := b -> (nops(convert(b,'disjcyc')) + (nops(b)-convert(map(nops,convert(b,'disjcyc')),`+`)));
RotHandshakesPermutationCycleCounts := proc(upto_n) local u,n,a,r,b; a := []; for n from 0 to upto_n do b := []; u := (binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1)); for r from 0 to u-1 do b := [op(b),1+CatalanRank(n,RotateHandshakes(CatalanUnrank(n,r)))]; od; a := [op(a),CountCycles(b)]; od; RETURN(a); end;
# For other procedures, follow A057501.

A054357 Number of unlabeled 2-ary cacti having n polygons. Also number of bicolored plane trees with n edges.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 28, 63, 190, 546, 1708, 5346, 17428, 57148, 191280, 646363, 2210670, 7626166, 26538292, 93013854, 328215300, 1165060668, 4158330416, 14915635378, 53746119972, 194477856100, 706437056648, 2575316704200, 9419571138368

Offset: 0

Simon Plouffe

nonn

a(n) = the number of inequivalent non-crossing partitions of n points (equally spaced) on a circle, under rotations of the circle. This may be considered the number of non-crossing partitions of n unlabeled points on a circle, so this sequence has the same relation to the Catalan numbers (A000108) as the number of partitions of an integer (A000041) has to the Bell numbers (A000110). - Len Smiley, Sep 06 2005

Indranil Ghosh, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Miklos Bona, Michel Bousquet, Gilbert Labelle, and Pierre Leroux, Enumeration of m-ary cacti, Advances in Applied Mathematics, 24 (2000), 22-56.
Tilman Piesk, Partition related number triangles
Index entries for sequences related to cacti

Column k=2 of A303912.
Row sums of A209805.
Cf. A002995, A054358, A111275.

a[n_] := If[n == 0, 1, (Binomial[2*n, n]/(n + 1) + DivisorSum[n, Binomial[2*#, #]*EulerPhi[n/#]*Boole[# < n] & ])/n]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 28}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 17 2017 *)

a(n)=if(n==0, 1, (binomial(2*n, n)/(n + 1) + sumdiv(n, d, binomial(2*d, d)*eulerphi(n/d)*(dIndranil Ghosh, Jul 17 2017

a(n) = if(n==0, 1, sumdiv(n, d, eulerphi(n/d)*binomial(2*d, d))/n - binomial(2*n, n)/(n+1)) \\ Andrew Howroyd, May 02 2018

from sympy import binomial, divisors, totient
def a(n): return 1 if n==0 else (binomial(2*n, n)//(n + 1) + sum(binomial(2*d, d)*totient(n//d)*(dIndranil Ghosh, Jul 17 2017

a(n) = (1/n)*(Sum_{d|n} phi(n/d)*binomial(2*d, d)) - binomial(2*n, n)/(n+1) for n > 0. - Andrew Howroyd, May 02 2018

a(n) ~ 2^(2*n) / (sqrt(Pi) * n^(5/2)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jul 17 2017

More terms from Len Smiley, Sep 06 2005

More terms from Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 04 2007

A007595 a(n) = C_n / 2 if n is even or ( C_n + C_((n-1)/2) ) / 2 if n is odd, where C = Catalan numbers (A000108).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 7, 22, 66, 217, 715, 2438, 8398, 29414, 104006, 371516, 1337220, 4847637, 17678835, 64823110, 238819350, 883634026, 3282060210, 12233141908, 45741281820, 171529836218, 644952073662, 2430973304732, 9183676536076, 34766775829452, 131873975875180

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of necklaces of 2 colors with 2n beads and n-1 black ones. - Wouter Meeussen, Aug 03 2002
Number of rooted planar binary trees up to reflection (trees with n internal nodes, or a total of 2n+1 nodes). - Antti Karttunen, Aug 19 2002
Number of even permutations avoiding 132.
Number of Dyck paths of length 2n having an even number of peaks at even height. Example: a(3)=3 because we have UDUDUD, U(UD)(UD)D and UUUDDD, where U=(1,1), D=(1,-1) and the peaks at even height are shown between parentheses. - Emeric Deutsch, Nov 13 2004
Number of planar trees (A002995) on n edges with one distinguished edge. - David Callan, Oct 08 2005
Assuming offset 0 this is an analog of A275165: pairs of two Catalan nestings with index sum n. - R. J. Mathar, Jul 19 2016

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=1..200
Peter J. Cameron, Some treelike objects Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser., Vol. 38, No. 2 (1987), pp. 155-183. Note that line 3 on p. 163 has a typo. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Apr 18 2014
Peter J. Cameron, Sequences realized by oligomorphic permutation groups, J. Integ. Seq., Vol. 3 (2000), Article 00.1.5.
Paul Drube and Puttipong Pongtanapaisan, Annular Non-Crossing Matchings, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19 (2016), Article 16.2.4.
Andrew Gainer-Dewar, Pólya theory for species with an equivariant group action, arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.6202 [math.CO], 2014.
Toufik Mansour, Counting occurrences of 132 in an even permutation, arXiv:math/0211205 [math.CO], 2002.
Krishna Menon and Anurag Singh, Grassmannian permutations avoiding identity, arXiv:2212.13794 [math.CO], 2022.

a(n) = A047996(2*n, n-1) for n >= 1 and a(n) = A072506(n, n-1) for n >= 2.
Occurs in A073201 as rows 0, 2, 4, etc. (with a(0)=1 included).
Cf. also A003444, A007123.
Cf. A000108, A000150, A334843.

A007595 := n -> (1/2)*(Cat(n) + (`mod`(n,2)*Cat((n-1)/2))); Cat := n -> binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1);

Table[(Plus@@(EulerPhi[ # ]Binomial[2n/#, (n-1)/# ] &)/@Intersection[Divisors[2n], Divisors[n-1]])/(2n), {n, 2, 32}] (* or *) Table[If[EvenQ[n], CatalanNumber[n]/2, (CatalanNumber[n] + CatalanNumber[(n-1)/2])/2], {n, 24}]
Table[(CatalanNumber[n] + 2^n Binomial[1/2, (n + 1)/2] Sin[Pi n/2])/2, {n, 1, 20}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 03 2016 *)
Table[If[EvenQ[n],CatalanNumber[n]/2,(CatalanNumber[n]+CatalanNumber[(n-1)/2])/2],{n,30}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Sep 06 2021 *)

catalan(n) = binomial(2*n, n)/(n+1);
a(n) = if (n % 2, (catalan(n) + catalan((n-1)/2))/2, catalan(n)/2); \\ Michel Marcus, Jan 23 2016

G.f.: (2-2*x-sqrt(1-4*x)-sqrt(1-4*x^2))/x/4. - Vladeta Jovovic, Sep 26 2003
D-finite with recurrence: n*(n+1)*a(n) -6*n*(n-1)*a(n-1) +4*(2*n^2-10*n+9)*a(n-2) +8*(n^2+n-9)*a(n-3) -48*(n-3)*(n-4)*a(n-4) +32*(2*n-9)*(n-5)*a(n-5)=0. - R. J. Mathar, Jun 03 2014, adapted to offset Feb 20 2020
a(n) ~ 4^n /(2*sqrt(Pi)*n^(3/2)). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jul 19 2016
a(2n) = A000150(2n). - R. J. Mathar, Jul 19 2016
a(n) = (A000108(n) + 2^n * binomial(1/2, (n+1)/2) * sin(Pi*n/2))/2. - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 03 2016
Sum_{n>=1} a(n)/4^n = (3-sqrt(3))/2 (A334843). - Amiram Eldar, Mar 20 2022

Description corrected by Reiner Martin and Wouter Meeussen, Aug 04 2002

A061417 Number of permutations up to cyclic rotations; permutation siteswap necklaces.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 10, 28, 136, 726, 5100, 40362, 363288, 3628810, 39921044, 479001612, 6227066928, 87178295296, 1307675013928, 20922789888016, 355687438476444, 6402373705728018, 121645100594641896, 2432902008177690360, 51090942175425331320, 1124000727777607680022

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, May 02 2001

If permutations are converted to (i,p(i)) permutation arrays, then this automorphism is obtained by their "SW-NE diagonal toroidal shifts" (see Matthias Engelhardt's Java program in A006841), while the Maple procedure below converts each permutation to a siteswap pattern (used in juggling), rotates it by one digit and converts the resulting new (or same) siteswap pattern back to a permutation.
When the subset of permutations listed by A064640 are subjected to the same automorphism one gets A002995.
The number of conjugacy classes of the symmetric group of degree n when conjugating only with the cyclic permutation group of degree n. - Attila Egri-Nagy, Aug 15 2014
Also the number of equivalence classes of permutations of {1...n} under the action of rotation of vertices in the cycle decomposition. The corresponding action on words applies m -> m + 1 for m < n and n -> 1, and rotates once to the right. For example, (24531) first becomes (35142) under the application of cyclic rotation, and then is rotated right to give (23514). - Gus Wiseman, Mar 04 2019

			If I have a five-element permutation like 25431, in cycle notation (1 2 5)(3 4), I mark the numbers 1-5 clockwise onto a circle and draw directed edges from 1 to 2, from 2 to 5, from 5 to 1 and a double-way edge between 3 and 4. All the 5-element permutations that produce some rotation (discarding the labels of the nodes) of that chord diagram belong to the same equivalence class with 25431. The sequence gives the count of such equivalence classes.

Cf. A006841, A060495. For other Maple procedures, see A060501 (Perm2SiteSwap2), A057502 (CountCycles), A057509 (rotateL), A060125 (PermRank3R and permul).
A061417[p] = A061860[p] = (p-1)!+(p-1) for all prime p's.
A064636 (derangements-the same automorphism).
A061417[n] = A064649[n]/n.
Cf. A000031, A000939, A002995, A008965, A060223, A064640, A086675 (digraphical necklaces), A179043, A192332, A275527 (path necklaces), A323858, A323859, A323870, A324513, A324514 (aperiodic permutations).

List([1..10],n->Size( OrbitsDomain( CyclicGroup(IsPermGroup,n), SymmetricGroup( IsPermGroup,n),\^))); # Attila Egri-Nagy, Aug 15 2014

a061417 = sum . a047917_row  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 19 2014

Algebraic formula: with(numtheory); SSRPCC := proc(n) local d,s; s := 0; for d in divisors(n) do s := s + phi(n/d)*((n/d)^d)*(d!); od; RETURN(s/n); end;
Empirically: with(group); SiteSwapRotationPermutationCycleCounts := proc(upto_n) local b,u,n,a,r; a := []; for n from 1 to upto_n do b := []; u := n!; for r from 0 to u-1 do b := [op(b),1+PermRank3R(SiteSwap2Perm1(rotateL(Perm2SiteSwap2(PermUnrank3Rfix(n,r)))))]; od; a := [op(a),CountCycles(b)]; od; RETURN(a); end;
PermUnrank3Rfixaux := proc(n,r,p) local s; if(0 = n) then RETURN(p); else s := floor(r/((n-1)!)); RETURN(PermUnrank3Rfixaux(n-1, r-(s*((n-1)!)), permul(p,[[n,n-s]]))); fi; end;
PermUnrank3Rfix := (n,r) -> convert(PermUnrank3Rfixaux(n,r,[]),'permlist',n);
SiteSwap2Perm1 := proc(s) local e,n,i,a; n := nops(s); a := []; for i from 1 to n do e := ((i+s[i]) mod n); if(0 = e) then e := n; fi; a := [op(a),e]; od; RETURN(convert(invperm(convert(a,'disjcyc')),'permlist',n)); end;

a[n_] := (1/n)*Sum[ EulerPhi[n/d]*(n/d)^d*d!, {d, Divisors[n]}]; Table[a[n], {n, 1, 21}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 09 2012, from formula *)
Table[Length[Select[Permutations[Range[n]],#==First[Sort[NestList[RotateRight[#/.k_Integer:>If[k==n,1,k+1]]&,#,n-1]]]&]],{n,8}] (* Gus Wiseman, Mar 04 2019 *)

a(n) = (1/n)*sumdiv(n, d, eulerphi(n/d)*(n/d)^d*d!); \\ Indranil Ghosh, Apr 10 2017

from sympy import divisors, factorial, totient
def a(n):
    return sum(totient(n//d)*(n//d)**d*factorial(d) for d in divisors(n))//n
print([a(n) for n in range(1, 22)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Apr 10 2017

a(n) = (1/n)*Sum_{d|n} phi(n/d)*((n/d)^d)*(d!).

A303694 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) is the number of noncrossing partitions up to rotation composed of n blocks of size k.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 7, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 11, 19, 14, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 17, 52, 86, 34, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 25, 102, 307, 372, 95, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 33, 187, 811, 1936, 1825, 280, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 43, 300, 1772, 6626, 13207, 9143, 854, 1

Offset: 0

Andrew Howroyd, Apr 28 2018

Also, the number of unlabeled planar k-gonal cacti having n polygons.

The number of noncrossing partitions counted distinctly is given by A070914(n,k-1).

			Array begins:
==================================================================
n\k| 1   2    3     4      5       6       7        8        9
---+--------------------------------------------------------------
0  | 1   1    1     1      1       1       1        1        1 ...
1  | 1   1    1     1      1       1       1        1        1 ...
2  | 1   1    1     1      1       1       1        1        1 ...
3  | 1   2    2     3      3       4       4        5        5 ...
4  | 1   3    7    11     17      25      33       43       55 ...
5  | 1   6   19    52    102     187     300      463      663 ...
6  | 1  14   86   307    811    1772    3412     5993     9821 ...
7  | 1  34  372  1936   6626   17880   40770    82887   154079 ...
8  | 1  95 1825 13207  58385  191967  518043  1213879  2558305 ...
9  | 1 280 9143 93496 532251 2141232 6830545 18471584 44121134 ...
...

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1274
Miklos Bona, Michel Bousquet, Gilbert Labelle, Pierre Leroux, Enumeration of m-ary cacti, arXiv:math/9804119 [math.CO], Apr 1998.
Wikipedia, Cactus graph
Wikipedia, Noncrossing partition
Index entries for sequences related to cacti

Columns 2..7 are A002995(n+1), A054423, A054362, A054365, A054368, A054371.

Cf. A070914, A209805, A303864, A303929.

T[0, _] = 1;
T[n_, k_] := (DivisorSum[n, EulerPhi[n/#] Binomial[k #, #]&] + DivisorSum[ GCD[n-1, k], EulerPhi[#] Binomial[n k/#, (n-1)/#]&])/(k n) - Binomial[k n, n]/(n (k-1) + 1);
Table[T[n-k, k], {n, 0, 12}, {k, n, 1, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, May 22 2018 *)

T(n,k)={if(n==0, 1, (sumdiv(n,d,eulerphi(n/d)*binomial(k*d,d)) + sumdiv(gcd(n-1,k), d, eulerphi(d)*binomial(n*k/d, (n-1)/d)))/(k*n) - binomial(k*n,n)/(n*(k-1)+1))}

T(n,k) = ((Sum_{d|n} phi(n/d)*binomial(k*d,d)) + (Sum_{d|gcd(n-1,k)} phi(d) * binomial(n*k/d, (n-1)/d)))/(k*n) - binomial(k*n,n)/(n*(k-1)+1) for n > 0.

T(n,k) ~ A070914(n,k-1)/(n*k) for fixed k > 1.

A057513 Number of separate orbits to which permutations given in A057511/A057512 (induced by deep rotation of general parenthesizations/plane trees) partition each A000108(n) objects encoded by A014486 between (A014138(n-1)+1)-th and (A014138(n))-th terms.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 4, 9, 21, 56, 153, 451, 1357, 4212, 13308, 42898, 140276, 465324, 1561955, 5300285, 18156813, 62732842, 218405402, 765657940

Offset: 0

Antti Karttunen Sep 03 2000

It is much faster to compute this sequence empirically with the given C-program than to calculate the terms with the formula in its present form.

A. Karttunen, Gatomorphisms (with the complete Scheme source)
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
A. Karttunen, C-program for computing empirically the initial terms of this sequence

CountCycles given in A057502, for other procedures, follow A057511 and A057501.
Similarly generated sequences: A001683, A002995, A003239, A038775, A057507. Cf. also A000081.
Occurs for first time in A073201 as row 12. Cf. A057546 and also A000081.

A057513 := proc(n) local i; `if`((0=n),1,(1/A003418(n-1))*add(A079216bi(n,i),i=1..A003418(n-1))); end;
# Or empirically:
DeepRotatePermutationCycleCounts := proc(upto_n) local u,n,a,r,b; a := []; for n from 0 to upto_n do b := []; u := (binomial(2*n,n)/(n+1)); for r from 0 to u-1 do b := [op(b),1+CatalanRank(n,DeepRotateL(CatalanUnrank(n,r)))]; od; a := [op(a),CountCycles(b)]; od; RETURN(a); end;

a(0)=1, a(n) = (1/A003418(n-1))*Sum_{i=1..A003418(n-1)} A079216(n, i) [Needs improvement.] - Antti Karttunen, Jan 03 2003

cp's OEIS Frontend

A191280 a(0)=1; for n>0, p2(n)+Sum(binomial(2*k,k)*p2(n-k)/2,k=1..n-1) where p2 = A002995, the number of unlabeled planar trees on n nodes.

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A003238 Number of rooted trees with n vertices in which vertices at the same level have the same degree.

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A003239 Number of rooted planar trees with n non-root nodes: circularly cycling the subtrees at the root gives equivalent trees.

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A057501 Signature-permutation of a Catalan Automorphism: Rotate non-crossing chords (handshake) arrangements; rotate the root position of general trees as encoded by A014486.

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A057502 Permutation of natural numbers: rotations of non-crossing handshakes encoded by A014486 (to opposite direction of A057501).

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A054357 Number of unlabeled 2-ary cacti having n polygons. Also number of bicolored plane trees with n edges.

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A007595 a(n) = C_n / 2 if n is even or ( C_n + C_((n-1)/2) ) / 2 if n is odd, where C = Catalan numbers (A000108).

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A191280 a(0)=1; for n>0, p2(n)+Sum(binomial(2k,k)p2(n-k)/2,k=1..n-1) where p2 = A002995, the number of unlabeled planar trees on n nodes.