cp's OEIS Frontend

Meyers (see Guy reference) conjectures that for all r >= 1, the least odd number not in the set {a(i): i < prime(r)} is prime(r+1). - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 08 2021

Meyers' conjecture would be refuted if and only if for some r there were such a large gap between prime(r) and prime(r+1) that there existed a composite c for which prime(r) < c < a(c) < prime(r+1), in which case (by Bertrand's postulate) c would necessarily be a term of A246281. - Antti Karttunen, Mar 29 2021

a(n) is odd for all n and for each odd m there exists a k with a(k) = m (see A064216). a(n) > n for n > 1: bijection between the odd and all numbers. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 26 2001

a(n) and n have the same number of distinct primes with (A001222) and without multiplicity (A001221). - Michel Marcus, Jun 13 2014

From Antti Karttunen, Nov 01 2019: (Start)

More generally, a(n) has the same prime signature as n, A046523(a(n)) = A046523(n). Also A246277(a(n)) = A246277(n) and A287170(a(n)) = A287170(n).

Many permutations and other sequences that employ prime factorization of n to encode either polynomials, partitions (via Heinz numbers) or multisets in general can be easily defined by using this sequence as one of their constituent functions. See the last line in the Crossrefs section for examples.

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This is a multiplicative self-inverse permutation of the integers.

A225547 gives the fixed points.

From Antti Karttunen and Peter Munn, Feb 02 2020: (Start)

This sequence operates on the Fermi-Dirac factors of a number. As arranged in array form, in A329050, this sequence reflects these factors about the main diagonal of the array, substituting A329050[j,i] for A329050[i,j], and this results in many relationships including significant homomorphisms.

This sequence provides a relationship between the operations of squaring and prime shift (A003961) because each successive column of the A329050 array is the square of the previous column, and each successive row is the prime shift of the previous row.

A329050 gives examples of how significant sets of numbers can be formed by choosing their factors in relation to rows and/or columns. This sequence therefore maps equivalent derived sets by exchanging rows and columns. Thus odd numbers are exchanged for squares, squarefree numbers for powers of 2 etc.

Alternative construction: For n > 1, form a vector v of length A299090(n), where each element v[i] for i=1..A299090(n) is a product of those distinct prime factors p(i) of n whose exponent e(i) has the bit (i-1) "on", or 1 (as an empty product) if no such exponents are present. a(n) is then Product_{i=1..A299090(n)} A000040(i)^A048675(v[i]). Note that because each element of vector v is squarefree, it means that each exponent A048675(v[i]) present in the product is a "submask" (not all necessarily proper) of the binary string A087207(n).

This permutation effects the following mappings:

A000035(a(n)) = A010052(n), A010052(a(n)) = A000035(n). [Odd numbers <-> Squares]

A008966(a(n)) = A209229(n), A209229(a(n)) = A008966(n). [Squarefree numbers <-> Powers of 2]

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From Antti Karttunen, Jul 08 2020: (Start)

Moreover, we see also that this sequence maps between A016825 (Numbers of the form 4k+2) and A001105 (2*squares) as well as between A008586 (Multiples of 4) and A028983 (Numbers with even sum of the divisors).

(End)

For any number n > 0, let f(n) be the polynomial in a single indeterminate x where the coefficient of x^e is the prime(1+e)-adic valuation of n (where prime(k) denotes the k-th prime); f establishes a bijection between the positive numbers and the polynomials in a single indeterminate x with nonnegative integer coefficients; let g be the inverse of f; T(n, k) = g(f(n) * f(k)).

This table has many similarities with A248601.

For any n > 0 and m > 0, f(n * m) = f(n) + f(m).

Also, f(1) = 0 and f(2) = 1.

The function f can be naturally extended to the set of positive rational numbers: if r = u/v (not necessarily in reduced form), then f(r) = f(u) - f(v); as such, f is a homomorphism from the multiplicative group of positive rational numbers to the additive group of polynomials of a single indeterminate x with integer coefficients.

See A297473 for the main diagonal of T.

As a binary operation, T(.,.) is related to A306697(.,.) and A329329(.,.). When their operands are terms of A050376 (sometimes called Fermi-Dirac primes) the three operations give the same result. However the rest of the multiplication table for T(.,.) can be derived from these results because T(.,.) distributes over integer multiplication (A003991), whereas for A306697 and A329329, the equivalent derivation uses distribution over A059896(.,.) and A059897(.,.) respectively. - Peter Munn, Mar 25 2020

From Peter Munn, Jun 16 2021: (Start)

The operation defined by this sequence can be extended to be the multiplicative operator of a ring over the positive rationals that is isomorphic to the polynomial ring Z[x]. The extended function f (described in the author's original comments) is the isomorphism we use, and it has the same relationship with the extended operation that exists between their unextended equivalents.

Denoting this extension of T(.,.) as t_Q(.,.), we get t_Q(n, 1/k) = t_Q(1/n, k) = 1/T(n, k) and t_Q(1/n, 1/k) = T(n, k) for positive integers n and k. The result for other rationals is derived from the distributive property: t_Q(q, r*s) = t_Q(q, r) * t_Q(q, s); t_Q(q*r, s) = t_Q(q, s) * t_Q(r, s). This may look unusual because standard multiplication of rational numbers takes on the role of the ring's additive group.

There are many OEIS sequences that can be shown to be a list of the integers in an ideal of this ring. See the cross-references.

There are some completely additive sequences that similarly define by extension completely additive functions on the positive rationals that can be shown to be homomorphisms from this ring onto the integer ring Z, and these functions relate to some of the ideals. For example, the extended function of A048675, denoted A048675_Q, maps i/j to A048675(i) - A048675(j) for positive integers i and j. For any positive integer k, the set {r rational > 0 : k divides A048675_Q(r)} forms an ideal of the ring; for k=2 and k=3 the integers in this ideal are listed in A003159 and A332820 respectively.

(End)

The A019565 row order gives the table neat relationships with A003961, A003987, A059897, A225546, A319075 and A329050. See the formula section.

Transposition of this table, that is reflection about its main diagonal, has subtle symmetries. For example, consider the unique factorization of a number into powers of distinct primes. This can be restated as factorization into numbers from rows 2^n (n >= 0) with no more than one from each row. Reflecting about the main diagonal, this factorization becomes factorization (of a related number) into numbers from columns 2^k (k >= 0) with no more than one from each column. This is also unique and is factorization into powers of squarefree numbers with distinct exponents that are powers of two. See the example section.

This sequence is a permutation of A050376, so every positive integer is the product of a unique subset, S_factors, of its terms. If we restrict S_factors to be chosen from a subset, S_0, consisting of numbers from specified rows and/or columns of this array, there are notable sequences among those that may be generated. See the examples. Other notable sequences can be generated if we restrict the intersection of S_factors with specific rows/columns to have even cardinality. In any of the foregoing cases, the numbers in the resulting sequence form a group under the binary operation A059897(.,.).

Shares with array A246278 the property that columns grow downward by iterating A003961, and indeed, this array can be obtained from A246278 by selecting its columns 1, 2, 8, 128, ..., 2^((2^k)-1), for k >= 0.

A(n,k) is the image of the lattice point with coordinates X=n and Y=k under the inverse of the bijection f defined in the first comment of A306697. This geometric relationship can be used to construct an isomorphism from the polynomial ring GF(2)[x,y] to a ring over the positive integers, using methods similar to those for constructing A297845 and A306697. See A329329, the ring's multiplicative operator, for details.

Square array A(n,k), n >= 1, k >= 1, read by descending antidiagonals.

The group defined by the binary operation A059897(.,.) over the positive integers is commutative with all elements self-inverse, and isomorphic to the additive group of GF(2) polynomial rings such as GF(2)[x,y]. There is a unique isomorphism extending each bijective mapping between respective minimal generating sets. The lexicographically earliest minimal generating set for the A059897 group is A050376, often called the Fermi-Dirac primes. This set has a natural arrangement in a square array, given by A329050(i,j) = prime(i+1)^(2^j), i >= 0, j >= 0. The most meaningful generating set for the additive group of GF(2)[x,y] is {x^i * y^j: i >= 0, j >= 0}, which similarly forms a square array. All this makes A329050(i,j) especially appropriate to be the image (under an isomorphism) of the GF(2) polynomial x^i * y^j.

Using g to denote the intended isomorphism, we specify g(x^i * y^j) = A329050(i,j). This maps minimal generating sets of the additive groups, so the definition of g is completed by specifying g(a+b) = A059897(g(a), g(b)). We then calculate the image under g of polynomial multiplication in GF(2)[x,y], giving us this sequence as the matching multiplicative operator for an isomorphic ring over the positive integers. Using f to denote the inverse of g, A[n,k] = g(f(n) * f(k)).

See the formula section for an alternative definition based on the A329050 array, independent of GF(2)[x,y].

Closely related to A306697 and A297845. If A059897 is replaced in the alternative definition by A059896 (and the definition is supplemented by the derived identity for the absorbing element, shown in the formula section), we get A306697; if A059897 is similarly replaced by A003991 (integer multiplication), we get A297845. This sequence and A306697, considered as multiplicative operators, are carryless arithmetic equivalents of A297845. A306697 uses a method analogous to binary-OR when there would be a multiplicative carry, while this sequence uses a method analogous to binary exclusive-OR. In consequence A(n,k) <> A297845(n,k) exactly when A306697(n,k) <> A297845(n,k). This relationship is not symmetric between the 3 sequences: there are n and k such that A(n,k) = A306697(n,k) <> A297845(n,k). For example A(54,72) = A306697(54,72) = 273375000 <> A297845(54,72) = 22143375000.

x^(2^n) - a(n) is the minimal polynomial over Q for the algebraic number sqrt(p(1)*sqrt(p(2)*...*sqrt(p(n-1)*sqrt(p(n)))...)), where p(k) is the k-th prime. Each such monic polynomial is irreducible by Eisenstein's Criterion (using p = p(n)).

A prime version of Somos's quadratic recurrence sequence A052129(n) = A052129(n-1)^2 * n = Product_{k=1..n} k^(2^(n-k)). - Jonathan Sondow, Mar 29 2014

All positive integers have unique factorizations into powers of distinct primes, and into powers of squarefree numbers with distinct exponents that are powers of 2. (See A329332 for a description of the relationship between the two.) a(n) is the least number such that both factorizations have n factors. - Peter Munn, Dec 15 2019

From Peter Munn, Jan 24 2020 to Feb 06 2020: (Start)

For n >= 0, a(n+1) is the n-th power of 12 in the monoid defined by A306697.

a(n) is the least positive integer that cannot be expressed as the product of fewer than n terms of A072774 (powers of squarefree numbers).

All terms that are less than the order of the Monster simple group (A003131) are divisors of the group's order, with a(6) exceeding its square root.

(End)

It is remarkable that 4 of the first 5 terms are factorials. - Hal M. Switkay, Jan 21 2025

Every number in this sequence is the product of a unique subset of A225548.

From Peter Munn, Feb 11 2020: (Start)

The terms are the numbers whose Fermi-Dirac factors (see A050376) occur symmetrically about the main diagonal of A329050.

Closed under the commutative binary operation A059897(.,.). As numbers are self-inverse under A059897, the sequence thereby forms a subgroup of the positive integers under A059897.

(End)

Seen as a triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = A000040(n), 1 <= k <= n; row sums = A033286; central terms = A031368. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 05 2009

Seen as a square array read by antidiagonals, a subtable of the binary operation multiplication tables A297845, A306697 and A329329. - Peter Munn, Jan 15 2020

Central terms of triangle A098012. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 02 2014

For n >= 0, a(n+1) is the n-th power of 15 in the monoid defined by A306697. - Peter Munn, Feb 18 2020