A011969 -id:A011969 - cp's OEIS frontend

A011971 Aitken's array: triangle of numbers {a(n,k), n >= 0, 0 <= k <= n} read by rows, defined by a(0,0)=1, a(n,0) = a(n-1,n-1), a(n,k) = a(n,k-1) + a(n-1,k-1).

1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 5, 7, 10, 15, 15, 20, 27, 37, 52, 52, 67, 87, 114, 151, 203, 203, 255, 322, 409, 523, 674, 877, 877, 1080, 1335, 1657, 2066, 2589, 3263, 4140, 4140, 5017, 6097, 7432, 9089, 11155, 13744, 17007, 21147, 21147, 25287, 30304, 36401, 43833, 52922, 64077, 77821, 94828, 115975

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy

Also called the Bell triangle or the Peirce triangle.
a(n,k) is the number of equivalence relations on {0, ..., n} such that k is not equivalent to n, k+1 is not equivalent to n, ..., n-1 is not equivalent to n. - Don Knuth, Sep 21 2002 [Comment revised by Thijs van Ommen (thijsvanommen(AT)gmail.com), Jul 13 2008]
Named after the New Zealand mathematician Alexander Craig Aitken (1895-1967). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 11 2021

			Triangle begins:
00:       1
01:       1      2
02:       2      3      5
03:       5      7     10     15
04:      15     20     27     37     52
05:      52     67     87    114    151    203
06:     203    255    322    409    523    674    877
07:     877   1080   1335   1657   2066   2589   3263   4140
08:    4140   5017   6097   7432   9089  11155  13744  17007  21147
09:   21147  25287  30304  36401  43833  52922  64077  77821  94828 115975
10:  115975 137122 162409 192713 229114 272947 325869 389946 467767 562595 678570
...

Jean-Paul Allouche and Jeffrey Shallit, Automatic Sequences, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003, p. 205.
Louis Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 212.
Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, vol. 4A, Combinatorial Algorithms, Section 7.2.1.5 (p. 418).
Charles Sanders Peirce, On the Algebra of Logic, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 3, pages 15-57, 1880. Reprinted in Collected Papers (1935-1958) and in Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1986).
Jeffrey Shallit, A triangle for the Bell numbers, in V. E. Hoggatt, Jr. and M. Bicknell-Johnson, A Collection of Manuscripts Related to the Fibonacci Sequence, 1980, pp. 69-71.

T. D. Noe and Chai Wah Wu, Rows n = 0..200 of triangle, flattened (rows n = 0..50 from T. D. Noe)
Alexander Craig Aitken, A problem in combinations, Edinburgh Mathematical Notes, Vol. 28 (1933), pp. xviii-xxiii.
H. W. Becker, Rooks and rhymes, Math. Mag., Vol. 22, No. 1 (1948/49), pp. 23-26. See Table IV.
H. W. Becker, Rooks and rhymes, Math. Mag., Vol. 22, No. 1 (1948/49), pp. 23-26. [Annotated scanned copy]
Antonio Bernini, Mathilde Bouvel and Luca Ferrari, Some statistics on permutations avoiding generalized patterns, PU.M.A. Vol. 18, No. 3-4 (2007), pp. 223-237 (see array p. 228).
Clarence H. Best, Jerry Griggs, and Ira Gessel, Partitions of finite sets, Advanced Problem 6151, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jan., 1979), pp. 64-65.
Robert W. Donley, Jr., Binomial arrays and generalized Vandermonde identities, arXiv:1905.01525 [math.CO], 2019.
Martin Cohn, Shimon Even, Karl Menger, Jr. and Philip K. Hooper, On the Number of Partitionings of a Set of n Distinct Objects, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 69, No. 8 (1962), pp. 782-785. MR1531841.
Martin Cohn, Shimon Even, Karl Menger, Jr. and Philip K. Hooper, On the Number of Partitionings of a Set of n Distinct Objects, Amer. Math. Monthly Vol. 69, No. 8 (1962), pp. 782-785. MR1531841. [Annotated scanned copy]
Dominique Dumont, Matrices d'Euler-Seidel, Sem. Loth. Comb. B05c (1981) 59-78.
Richard K. Guy, Letters to N. J. A. Sloane, June-August 1968.
Nick Hobson, Python program for this sequence.
Don Knuth, Email to N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 29 2018.
Charles Sanders Peirce, Assorted Papers.
Charles Sanders Peirce, Collected Papers.
Charles Sanders Peirce, Published Works.
Jeffrey Shallit, A triangle for the Bell numbers, in V. E. Hoggatt, Jr. and M. Bicknell-Johnson, A Collection of Manuscripts Related to the Fibonacci Sequence, 1980, pp. 69-71.
Todd Tichenor, Bounds on graph compositions and the connection to the Bell triangle, Discr. Math., Vol. 339, No. 4 (2016), pp. 1419-1423.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Bell Triangle.
Denys Wuilquin, Letters to N. J. A. Sloane, August 1984.

Borders give Bell numbers A000110. Diagonals give A005493, A011965, A011966, etc., A011968, A011969. Cf. A046934, A011972 (duplicates removed).
Main diagonal is in A094577. Mirror image is in A123346.
See also A095149, A106436, A108041, A108042, A108043.

T:=Flat(List([0..9],n->List([0..n],k->Sum([0..k],i->Binomial(k,i)*Bell(n-k+i))))); # Muniru A Asiru, Oct 26 2018

a011971 n k = a011971_tabl !! n !! k
a011971_row n = a011971_tabl !! n
a011971_tabl = iterate (\row -> scanl (+) (last row) row) [1]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 09 2012

A011971 := proc(n,k) option remember; if n=0 and k=0 then 1 elif k=0 then A011971(n-1,n-1) else A011971(n,k-1)+A011971(n-1,k-1); fi: end;
for n from 0 to 12 do lprint([ seq(A011971(n,k),k=0..n) ]); od:
# Compare the analogue algorithm for the Catalan numbers in A030237.
BellTriangle := proc(len) local P, T, n; P := [1]; T := [[1]];
for n from 1 to len - 1 do P := ListTools:-PartialSums([P[-1], op(P)]);
T := [op(T), P] od; T end:
BellTriangle(6); ListTools:-Flatten(%); # Peter Luschny, Mar 26 2022

a[0, 0] = 1; a[n_, 0] := a[n, 0] = a[n-1, n-1]; a[n_, k_] := a[n, k] = a[n, k-1] + a[n-1, k-1]; Flatten[ Table[ a[n, k], {n, 0, 9}, {k, 0, n}]] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Mar 27 2004 *)
Flatten[Table[Sum[Binomial[k, i]*BellB[n-k+i], {i, 0, k}], {n, 0, 9}, {k, 0, n}]] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 24 2016, after Vladeta Jovovic *)

# requires python 3.2 or higher. Otherwise use def'n of accumulate in python docs.
from itertools import accumulate
A011971 = blist = [1]
for _ in range(10**2):
    b = blist[-1]
    blist = list(accumulate([b]+blist))
    A011971 += blist # Chai Wah Wu, Sep 02 2014, updated Chai Wah Wu, Sep 19 2014

Double-exponential generating function: Sum_{n, k} a(n-k, k) x^n y^k / n! k! = exp(e^{x+y}-1+x). - Don Knuth, Sep 21 2002 [U coordinates, reversed]

a(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..k} binomial(k,i)*Bell(n-k+i). - Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 15 2006

Peirce reference from Jon Awbrey, Mar 11 2002
Reference to my paper from Jeffrey Shallit, Jan 23 2015
Moved a comment to A056857 where it belonged. - N. J. A. Sloane, May 02 2015.

A011968 Apply (1+Shift) to Bell numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 7, 20, 67, 255, 1080, 5017, 25287, 137122, 794545, 4892167, 31858034, 218543759, 1573857867, 11863100692, 93345011951, 764941675963, 6514819011216, 57556900440429, 526593974392123, 4981585554604074, 48658721593531669, 490110875149889635

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

Number of set partitions of n+2 with at least one singleton and the smallest element in any singleton is exactly n. The maximum number of singletons is therefore 3. Alternatively, number of set partitions of n+2 with at least one singleton and the largest element in any singleton is exactly 3 (or n+2 if n+2 < 3). For example, a(3)=7 counts the following set partitions of [5]: {1245, 3}, {12, 3, 45}, {124, 3, 5}, {15, 24, 3}, {125, 3, 4}, {14, 25, 3}, {12, 3, 4, 5}. - Olivier Gérard, Oct 29 2007

Let V(N)={v(1),v(2),...,v(N)} denote an ordered set of increasing positive integers containing a pair of adjacent elements that differ by at least 2, that is, v(i),v(i+1) with v(i+1)-v(i) > 1. Then for n > 0, a(n) is the number of partitions of V(n+1) into blocks of nonconsecutive integers. - Augustine O. Munagi, Jul 17 2008

			a(3)=7 because the set {1,3,4,5} has 7 different partitions into blocks of nonconsecutive integers: 14/35, 135/4, 1/35/4, 13/4/5, 14/3/5, 15/3/4, 1/3/4/5.

Olivier Gérard and Karol Penson, A budget of set partitions statistics, in preparation, unpublished as of Sep 22 2011

Chai Wah Wu, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..500 n = 0..200 from Vincenzo Librandi.
Cohn, Martin; Even, Shimon; Menger, Karl, Jr.; Hooper, Philip K.; On the Number of Partitionings of a Set of n Distinct Objects, Amer. Math. Monthly 69 (1962), no. 8, 782--785. MR1531841.
Cohn, Martin; Even, Shimon; Menger, Karl, Jr.; Hooper, Philip K.; On the Number of Partitionings of a Set of n Distinct Objects, Amer. Math. Monthly 69 (1962), no. 8, 782--785. MR1531841. [Annotated scanned copy]
Augustine O. Munagi, Extended set partitions with successions, European J. Combin. 29(5) (2008), 1298--1308.
Jocelyn Quaintance and Harris Kwong, A combinatorial interpretation of the Catalan and Bell number difference tables, Integers, 13 (2013), #A29.

Cf. A000110, A000296, A011969, A011970.
A diagonal of A011971 and A106436. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 31 2012
Cf. A000569, A240936, A321750.

with(combinat): seq(`if`(n>0,bell(n)+bell(n-1),1),n=0..21); # Augustine O. Munagi, Jul 17 2008

# requires python 3.2 or higher. Otherwise use def'n of accumulate in python docs.
from itertools import accumulate
A011968_list, blist, b = [1,2], [1], 1
for _ in range(10**2):
    blist = list(accumulate([b]+blist))
    A011968_list.append(b+blist[-1])
    b = blist[-1] # Chai Wah Wu, Sep 02 2014, updated Chai Wah Wu, Sep 20 2014

For n >= 1, a(n+1) = exp(-1)*Sum_{k>=0} ((k+1)/k!)*k^n. - Benoit Cloitre, Mar 09 2008
For n >= 1, a(n) = Bell(n) + Bell(n-1). - Augustine O. Munagi, Jul 17 2008
G.f.: G(0) where G(k) = 1 - 2*x*(k+1)/((2*k+1)*(2*x*k-1) - x*(2*k+1)*(2*k+3)*(2*x*k-1)/(x*(2*k+3) - 2*(k+1)*(2*x*k+x-1)/G(k+1) )); (recursively defined continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 19 2012
G.f.: 1 + x*E(0) where E(k) = 1 + 1/(1-x*k-x)/(1-x/(x+1/E(k+1) )); (recursively defined continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jan 20 2013
G.f.: 1 + Sum_{k>=0} ( 1+1/(1-x-x*k) )*x^(k+1)/Product_{i=0..k} (1-x*i). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jan 20 2013
a(n) ~ Bell(n) * (1 + LambertW(n)/n). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jul 28 2021

A123346 Mirror image of the Bell triangle A011971, which is also called the Pierce triangle or Aitken's array.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 1, 5, 3, 2, 15, 10, 7, 5, 52, 37, 27, 20, 15, 203, 151, 114, 87, 67, 52, 877, 674, 523, 409, 322, 255, 203, 4140, 3263, 2589, 2066, 1657, 1335, 1080, 877, 21147, 17007, 13744, 11155, 9089, 7432, 6097, 5017, 4140, 115975, 94828, 77821, 64077, 52922, 43833, 36401, 30304, 25287, 21147

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 14 2006

a(n,k) is k-th difference of Bell numbers, with a(n,1) = A000110(n) for  n>0, a(n,k) = a(n,k-1) - a(n-1, k-1), k<=n, with diagonal (k=n) also equal to Bell numbers (n>=0). - Richard R. Forberg, Jul 13 2013
From Don Knuth, Jan 29 2018: (Start)
If the offset here is changed from 0 to 1, then we can say:
a(n,k) is the number of equivalence classes of [n] in which 1 not equiv to 2, ..., 1 not equiv to k.
In Volume 4A, page 418, I pointed out that a(n,k) is the number of set partitions in which k is the smallest of its block.
And in exercise 7.2.1.5--33, I pointed out that a(n,k) is the number of equivalence relations in which 1 not equiv to 2, 2 not equiv to 3, ..., k-1 not equiv to k. (End)

			Triangle begins:
    1
    2   1
    5   3   2
   15  10   7  5
   52  37  27 20 15
  203 151 114 87 67 52
  ...

D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, vol. 4A, Combinatorial Algorithms, Section 7.2.1.5 (p. 418).

Reinhard Zumkeller, Rows n = 0..100 of triangle, flattened
A. Dil, Veli Kurt, Investigating Geometric and Exponential Polynomials with Euler-Seidel Matrices, J. Int. Seq. 14 (2011) # 11.4.6
Don Knuth, Email to N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 29 2018
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Bell Triangle.

Cf. A011971. Borders give Bell numbers A000110. Diagonals give A005493, A011965, A011966, A011968, A011969, A046934, A011972, A094577, A095149, A106436, A108041, A108042, A108043.

a123346 n k = a123346_tabl !! n !! k
a123346_row n = a123346_tabl !! n
a123346_tabl = map reverse a011971_tabl
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 09 2012

a[n_, k_] := Sum[Binomial[n - k, i - k] BellB[i], {i, k, n}];
Table[a[n, k], {n, 0, 9}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Aug 03 2018 *)

# requires python 3.2 or higher. Otherwise use def'n of accumulate in python docs.
from itertools import accumulate
A123346_list = blist = [1]
for _ in range(2*10**2):
    b = blist[-1]
    blist = list(accumulate([b]+blist))
    A123346_list += reversed(blist)
# Chai Wah Wu, Sep 02 2014, updated Chai Wah Wu, Sep 20 2014

a(n,k) = Sum_{i=k..n} binomial(n-k,i-k)*Bell(i). - Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 14 2006

More terms from Alexander Adamchuk and Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 14 2006

A011970 Apply (1+Shift)^3 to Bell numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 8, 15, 37, 114, 409, 1657, 7432, 36401, 192713, 1094076, 6618379, 42436913, 287151994, 2042803419, 15229360185, 118645071202, 963494800557, 8138047375093, 71351480138824, 648222594284197, 6092330403828749

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

Starting with n=3 (a(3)=15), number of set partitions of n+2 with at least one singleton and the smallest element in any singleton is exactly n-2. The maximum number of singletons is therefore 5. Alternatively, starting with n=3, number of set partitions of n+2 with at least one singleton and the largest element in any singleton is exactly 5. - Olivier Gérard, Oct 29 2007

Let V(N)={v(1),v(2),...,v(N)} denote an ordered set of increasing positive integers containing 3 pairs of adjacent elements that differ by at least 2, that is, v(i),v(i+1) with v(i+1)-v(i)>1. Then for n>2, a(n) is the number of partitions of V(n+1) into blocks of nonconsecutive integers. - Augustine O. Munagi, Jul 17 2008

			a(3)=15 because the set {1,3,5,7} has 15 different partitions which are necessarily into blocks of nonconsecutive integers.

Olivier Gérard and Karol Penson, A budget of set partitions statistics, in preparation, unpublished as of Sep 22 2011

Chai Wah Wu, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..500
Cohn, Martin; Even, Shimon; Menger, Karl, Jr.; Hooper, Philip K.; On the Number of Partitionings of a Set of n Distinct Objects, Amer. Math. Monthly 69 (1962), no. 8, 782--785. MR1531841.
Cohn, Martin; Even, Shimon; Menger, Karl, Jr.; Hooper, Philip K.; On the Number of Partitionings of a Set of n Distinct Objects, Amer. Math. Monthly 69 (1962), no. 8, 782--785. MR1531841. [Annotated scanned copy]
Augustine O. Munagi, Extended set partitions with successions, European J. Combin. 29(5) (2008), 1298--1308.
Jocelyn Quaintance and Harris Kwong, A combinatorial interpretation of the Catalan and Bell number difference tables, Integers, 13 (2013), #A29.

Cf. A000110.
Cf. A011968, A011969.
A diagonal of A011971 and A106436. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 31 2012

with(combinat): 1,4,8,seq(`if`(n>2,bell(n)+3*bell(n-1)+3*bell(n-2)+bell(n-3),NULL),n=3..22); # Augustine O. Munagi, Jul 17 2008

# requires python 3.2 or higher. Otherwise use def'n of accumulate in python docs.
from itertools import accumulate
A011970_list, blist, b, b2, b3 = [1,4,8], [1, 2], 2, 1, 1
for _ in range(498):
    blist = list(accumulate([b]+blist))
    A011970_list.append(3*(b+b2)+b3+blist[-1])
    b3, b2, b = b2, b, blist[-1]
# Chai Wah Wu, Sep 02 2014, updated Chai Wah Wu, Sep 20 2014

If n>2, then bell(n)+3*bell(n-1)+3*bell(n-2)+bell(n-3). - Augustine O. Munagi, Jul 17 2008

cp's OEIS Frontend

A011971 Aitken's array: triangle of numbers {a(n,k), n >= 0, 0 <= k <= n} read by rows, defined by a(0,0)=1, a(n,0) = a(n-1,n-1), a(n,k) = a(n,k-1) + a(n-1,k-1).

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A011968 Apply (1+Shift) to Bell numbers.

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A123346 Mirror image of the Bell triangle A011971, which is also called the Pierce triangle or Aitken's array.

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Comments

Examples

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Haskell

Mathematica

Python

Formula

Extensions

A011970 Apply (1+Shift)^3 to Bell numbers.

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Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Maple

Python

Formula