A143324 -id:A143324 - cp's OEIS frontend

A027375 Number of aperiodic binary strings of length n; also number of binary sequences with primitive period n.

0, 2, 2, 6, 12, 30, 54, 126, 240, 504, 990, 2046, 4020, 8190, 16254, 32730, 65280, 131070, 261576, 524286, 1047540, 2097018, 4192254, 8388606, 16772880, 33554400, 67100670, 134217216, 268419060, 536870910, 1073708010, 2147483646, 4294901760

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

A sequence S is aperiodic if it is not of the form S = T^k with k>1. - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 26 2012
Equivalently, number of output sequences with primitive period n from a simple cycling shift register. - Frank Ruskey, Jan 17 2000
Also, the number of nonempty subsets A of the set of the integers 1 to n such that gcd(A) is relatively prime to n (for n>1). - R. J. Mathar, Aug 13 2006; range corrected by Geoffrey Critzer, Dec 07 2014
Without the first term, this sequence is the Moebius transform of 2^n (n>0). For n > 0, a(n) is also the number of periodic points of period n of the transform associated to the Kolakoski sequence A000002. This transform changes a sequence of 1's and 2's by the sequence of the lengths of its runs. The Kolakoski sequence is one of the two fixed points of this transform, the other being the same sequence without the initial term. A025142 and A025143 are the 2 periodic points of period 2. A001037(n) = a(n)/n gives the number of orbits of size n. - Jean-Christophe Hervé, Oct 25 2014
From Bernard Schott, Jun 19 2019: (Start)
There are 2^n strings of length n that can be formed from the symbols 0 and 1; in the example below with a(3) = 6, the last two strings that are not aperiodic binary strings are { 000, 111 }, corresponding to 0^3 and 1^3, using the notation of the first comment.
Two properties mentioned by Krusemeyer et al. are:
1) For any n > 2, a(n) is divisible by 6.
2) Lim_{n->oo} a(n+1)/a(n) = 2. (End)

			a(3) = 6 = |{ 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 }|. - corrected by _Geoffrey Critzer_, Dec 07 2014

J.-P. Allouche and J. Shallit, Automatic Sequences, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003, p. 13. - From N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 26 2012
E. R. Berlekamp, Algebraic Coding Theory, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1968, p. 84.
Blanchet-Sadri, Francine. Algorithmic combinatorics on partial words. Chapman & Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2008. ii+385 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4200-6092-8; 1-4200-6092-9 MR2384993 (2009f:68142). See p. 164.
S. W. Golomb, Shift-Register Sequences, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1967.
Mark I. Krusemeyer, George T. Gilbert, Loren C. Larson, A Mathematical Orchard, Problems and Solutions, MAA, 2012, Problem 128, pp. 225-227.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..300
J.-P. Allouche, Note on the transcendence of a generating function. In A. Laurincikas and E. Manstavicius, editors, Proceedings of the Palanga Conference for the 75th birthday of Prof. Kubilius, New trends in Probab. and Statist., Vol. 4, pages 461-465, 1997.
B. Chaffin, J. P. Linderman, N. J. A. Sloane and Allan Wilks, On Curling Numbers of Integer Sequences, arXiv:1212.6102 [math.CO], Dec 25 2012.
B. Chaffin, J. P. Linderman, N. J. A. Sloane and Allan Wilks, On Curling Numbers of Integer Sequences, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), Article 13.4.3.
John D. Cook, Counting primitive bit strings (2014).
P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 85.
Guilhem Gamard, Gwenaël Richomme, Jeffrey Shallit and Taylor J. Smith, Periodicity in rectangular arrays, arXiv:1602.06915 [cs.DM], 2016; Information Processing Letters 118 (2017) 58-63. See Table 1.
O. Georgiou, C. P. Dettmann and E. G. Altmann, Faster than expected escape for a class of fully chaotic maps, arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.7000 [nlin.CD], 2012. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Dec 23 2012
E. N. Gilbert and J. Riordan, Symmetry types of periodic sequences, Illinois J. Math., 5 (1961), 657-665.
David W. Lyons, Cristina Mullican, Adam Rilatt, and Jack D. Putnam, Werner states from diagrams, arXiv:2302.05572 [quant-ph], 2023.
Robert M. May, Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics, Nature, Vol. 261, June 10, 1976, pp. 459-467; reprinted in The Theory of Chaotic Attractors, pp. 85-93. Springer, New York, NY, 2004. The sequences listed in Table 2 are A000079, A027375, A000031, A001037, A000048, A051841. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Mar 17 2019
M. B. Nathanson, Primitive sets and Euler phi function for subsets of {1,2,...,n}, arXiv:math/0608150 [math.NT], 2006-2007.
P. Pongsriiam, Relatively Prime Sets, Divisor Sums, and Partial Sums, arXiv:1306.4891 [math.NT], 2013 and J. Int. Seq. 16 (2013) #13.9.1.
P. Pongsriiam, A remark on relative prime sets, arXiv:1306.2529 [math.NT], 2013.
P. Pongsriiam, A remark on relative prime sets, Integers 13 (2013), A49.
R. C. Read, Combinatorial problems in the theory of music, Disc. Math. 167/168 (1997) 543-551, sequence A(n).
M. Tang, Relatively Prime Sets and a Phi Function for Subsets of {1, 2, ... , n}, J. Int. Seq. 13 (2010) # 10.7.6.
László Tóth, Menon-type identities concerning subsets of the set {1,2,...,n}, arXiv:2109.06541 [math.NT], 2021.

A038199 and A056267 are essentially the same sequence with different initial terms.
Cf. A020921, A216953.
Column k=2 of A143324.

a027375 n = n * a001037 n  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 01 2013

with(numtheory): A027375 :=n->add( mobius(d)*2^(n/d), d = divisors(n)); # N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 25 2012

Table[ Apply[ Plus, MoebiusMu[ n / Divisors[n] ]*2^Divisors[n] ], {n, 1, 32} ]
a[0]=0; a[n_] := DivisorSum[n, MoebiusMu[n/#]*2^#&]; Array[a, 40, 0] (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 01 2015 *)

PARI
```
a(n) = sumdiv(n,d,moebius(n\d)*2^d);
```

from sympy import mobius, divisors
def a(n): return sum(mobius(d)*2**(n//d) for d in divisors(n))
print([a(n) for n in range(101)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Jun 28 2017

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} mu(d)*2^(n/d).
a(n) = 2*A000740(n).
a(n) = n*A001037(n).
Sum_{d|n} a(n) = 2^n.
a(p) = 2^p - 2 for p prime. - R. J. Mathar, Aug 13 2006
a(n) = 2^n - O(2^(n/2)). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 28 2016
a(n) = 2^n - A152061(n). - Bernard Schott, Jun 20 2019
G.f.: 2 * Sum_{k>=1} mu(k)*x^k/(1 - 2*x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Nov 11 2019

A143325 Table T(n,k) by antidiagonals. T(n,k) is the number of length n primitive (=aperiodic or period n) k-ary words (n,k >= 1) which are earlier in lexicographic order than any other word derived by cyclic shifts of the alphabet.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 3, 8, 6, 0, 1, 4, 15, 24, 15, 0, 1, 5, 24, 60, 80, 27, 0, 1, 6, 35, 120, 255, 232, 63, 0, 1, 7, 48, 210, 624, 1005, 728, 120, 0, 1, 8, 63, 336, 1295, 3096, 4095, 2160, 252, 0, 1, 9, 80, 504, 2400, 7735, 15624, 16320, 6552, 495, 0, 1, 10, 99

Offset: 1

Alois P. Heinz, Aug 07 2008

Column k is Dirichlet convolution of mu(n) with k^(n-1). The coefficients of the polynomial of row n are given by the n-th row of triangle A054525; for example row 4 has polynomial -k+k^3.

			T(4,2)=6, because 6 words of length 4 over 2-letter alphabet {a,b} are primitive and earlier than others derived by cyclic shifts of the alphabet: aaab, aaba, aabb, abaa, abba, abbb; note that aaaa and abab are not primitive and words beginning with b can be derived by shifts of the alphabet from words in the list; secondly note that the words in the list need not be Lyndon words, for example aaba can be derived from aaab by a cyclic rotation of the positions.
Table begins:
  1,   1,    1,     1,     1,      1,      1,       1, ...
  0,   1,    2,     3,     4,      5,      6,       7, ...
  0,   3,    8,    15,    24,     35,     48,      63, ...
  0,   6,   24,    60,   120,    210,    336,     504, ...
  0,  15,   80,   255,   624,   1295,   2400,    4095, ...
  0,  27,  232,  1005,  3096,   7735,  16752,   32697, ...
  0,  63,  728,  4095, 15624,  46655, 117648,  262143, ...
  0, 120, 2160, 16320, 78000, 279720, 823200, 2096640, ...

Alois P. Heinz, Antidiagonals n = 1..141, flattened
Index entries for sequences related to Lyndon words

Columns k=1-10 give: A063524, A000740, A034741, A295505, A295506, A320071, A320072, A320073, A320074, A320075.
Rows n=1-5, 7 give: A000012, A001477, A005563, A007531, A123865, A123866.
Main diagonal gives A075147.
Cf. A074650, A143324, A008683, A054525.

with(numtheory):
f1:= proc(n) option remember;
       unapply(k^(n-1)-add(f1(d)(k), d=divisors(n)minus{n}), k)
     end;
T:= (n,k)-> f1(n)(k);
seq(seq(T(n, 1+d-n), n=1..d), d=1..12);

t[n_, k_] := Sum[k^(d-1)*MoebiusMu[n/d], {d, Divisors[n]}]; Table[t[n-k+1, k], {n, 1, 12}, {k, n, 1, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 21 2014, from first formula *)

T(n,k) = Sum_{d|n} k^(d-1) * mu(n/d).

T(n,k) = k^(n-1) - Sum_{d

T(n,k) = A074650(n,k) * n/k.

T(n,k) = A143324(n,k) / k.

A152061 Counts of unique periodic binary strings of length n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 2, 2, 4, 2, 10, 2, 16, 8, 34, 2, 76, 2, 130, 38, 256, 2, 568, 2, 1036, 134, 2050, 2, 4336, 32, 8194, 512, 16396, 2, 33814, 2, 65536, 2054, 131074, 158, 266176, 2, 524290, 8198, 1048816, 2, 2113462, 2, 4194316, 33272, 8388610, 2, 16842496, 128, 33555424

Offset: 0

Jin S. Choi, Sep 24 2011

nonn

a(p) = 2 for p prime.

			a(3) = 2 = |{ 000, 111 }|, a(4) = 4 = |{ 0000, 1111, 0101, 1010 }|.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2000
Achilles A. Beros, Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen, and Daylan Kaui Yogi, Planar digraphs for automatic complexity, arXiv:1902.00812 [cs.FL], 2019.

Row sums of A050870.
A050871 is bisection (even part). - R. J. Mathar, Sep 24 2011
Cf. A008683, A178472.

with(numtheory):
a:= n-> `if`(n=0, 0, 2^n -add(mobius(n/d)*2^d, d=divisors(n))):
seq(a(n), n=0..100);  # Alois P. Heinz, Sep 26 2011

a[0] = 0; a[n_] := 2^n - Sum[MoebiusMu[n/d]*2^d, {d, Divisors[n]}];
Table[a[n], {n, 0, 50}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 04 2019 *)

from sympy import mobius, divisors
def A152061(n): return -sum(mobius(n//d)<Chai Wah Wu, Sep 21 2024

a(n) = 2^n - A001037(n) * n for n>0, a(0) = 0.
a(n) = 2^n - A027375(n) for n>0, a(0) = 0.
a(n) = 2^n - Sum_{d|n} mu(n/d) 2^d for n>0, a(0) = 0.
a(n) = 2^n - A143324(n,2).
a(n) = 2 * A178472(n) for n > 0. - Alois P. Heinz, Jul 04 2019

A143326 Table T(n,k) by antidiagonals. T(n,k) is the number of primitive (=aperiodic) k-ary words with length less than or equal to n (n,k >= 1).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 1, 4, 9, 10, 1, 5, 16, 33, 22, 1, 6, 25, 76, 105, 52, 1, 7, 36, 145, 316, 345, 106, 1, 8, 49, 246, 745, 1336, 1041, 232, 1, 9, 64, 385, 1506, 3865, 5356, 3225, 472, 1, 10, 81, 568, 2737, 9276, 19345, 21736, 9705, 976, 1, 11, 100, 801, 4600, 19537, 55686

Offset: 1

Alois P. Heinz, Aug 07 2008

The coefficients of the polynomial of row n are given by the n-th row of triangle A134541; for example row 4 has polynomial -k+k^3+k^4.

			T(2,3) = 9, because there are 9 primitive words of length less than or equal to 2 over 3-letter alphabet {a,b,c}: a, b, c, ab, ac, ba, bc, ca, cb; note that the non-primitive words aa, bb and cc don't belong to the list; secondly note that the words in the list need not be Lyndon words, for example ba can be derived from ab by a cyclic rotation of the positions.
Table begins:
  1,   2,    3,     4,      5,       6,       7,        8, ...
  1,   4,    9,    16,     25,      36,      49,       64, ...
  1,  10,   33,    76,    145,     246,     385,      568, ...
  1,  22,  105,   316,    745,    1506,    2737,     4600, ...
  1,  52,  345,  1336,   3865,    9276,   19537,    37360, ...
  1, 106, 1041,  5356,  19345,   55686,  136801,   298936, ...
  1, 232, 3225, 21736,  97465,  335616,  960337,  2396080, ...
  1, 472, 9705, 87016, 487465, 2013936, 6722737, 19169200, ...
  ...
From _Wolfdieter Lang_, Feb 01 2014: (Start)
The triangle Tri(n,m) := T(m,n-(m-1)) begins:
n\m  1   2    3     4     5      6      7     8    9  10 ...
1:   1
2:   2   1
3:   3   4    1
4:   4   9   10     1
5:   5  16   33    22     1
6:   6  25   76   105    52      1
7:   7  36  145   316   345    106      1
8:   8  49  246   745  1336   1041    232     1
9:   9  64  385  1506  3865   5356   3225   472    1
10: 10  81  568  2737  9276  19345  21736  9705  976   1
...
For the columns see A000027, A000290, A081437, ... (End)

Alois P. Heinz, Antidiagonals n = 1..141, flattened
Index entries for sequences related to Lyndon words

Column 1: A000012. Rows 1-3: A000027, A000290, A081437 and A085490. See also A143324, A143327, A134541, A008683.

with(numtheory):
f0:= proc(n) option remember;
       unapply(k^n-add(f0(d)(k), d=divisors(n) minus {n}), k)
     end:
g0:= proc(n) option remember; unapply(add(f0(j)(x), j=1..n), x) end:
T:= (n, k)-> g0(n)(k):
seq(seq(T(n, 1+d-n), n=1..d), d=1..12);

f0[n_] := f0[n] = Function[k, k^n-Sum[f0[d][k], {d, Divisors[n] // Most}]]; g0[n_] := g0[n] = Function[x, Sum[f0[j][x], {j, 1, n}]]; T[n_, k_] := g0[n][k]; Table[T[n, 1+d-n], {d, 1, 12}, {n, 1, d}]//Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 12 2014, translated from Maple *)

T(n,k) = Sum_{1<=j<=n} Sum_{d|j} k^d * mu(j/d).
T(n,k) = Sum_{1<=j<=n} A143324(j,k).
T(n,k) = A143327(n,k) * k.

A054718 Number of ternary sequences with primitive period n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 6, 24, 72, 240, 696, 2184, 6480, 19656, 58800, 177144, 530640, 1594320, 4780776, 14348640, 43040160, 129140160, 387400104, 1162261464, 3486725280, 10460350992, 31380882456, 94143178824, 282428998560, 847288609200, 2541864234000, 7625597465304

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 20 2000

nonn

Equivalently, output sequences with primitive period n from a simple cycling shift register.

Seiichi Manyama, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2095 (terms 0..650 from Alois P. Heinz)
E. N. Gilbert and J. Riordan, Symmetry types of periodic sequences, Illinois J. Math., 5 (1961), 657-665.

Column k=3 of A143324.

Cf. A027375, A054719, A054720, A054721.

with(numtheory):
a:= n-> `if`(n=0, 1, add(mobius(d)*3^(n/d), d=divisors(n))):
seq(a(n), n=0..30);  # Alois P. Heinz, Oct 21 2012

a[0] = 1; a[n_] := Sum[MoebiusMu[d]*3^(n/d), {d, Divisors[n]}]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 30}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 11 2014, after Alois P. Heinz *)

a(n) = if(n==0,1,sumdiv(n,d, moebius(d) * 3^(n/d) )); \\ Joerg Arndt, Apr 14 2013

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} mu(d)*3^(n/d).
a(0) = 1, a(n) = n * A027376(n).
a(n) = 3 * A034741(n).
G.f.: 1 + 3 * Sum_{k>=1} mu(k) * x^k / (1 - 3*x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 14 2021

A054719 Number of 4-ary sequences with primitive period n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 12, 60, 240, 1020, 4020, 16380, 65280, 262080, 1047540, 4194300, 16772880, 67108860, 268419060, 1073740740, 4294901760, 17179869180, 68719210560, 274877906940, 1099510578960, 4398046494660, 17592181850100, 70368744177660, 281474959868160

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 20 2000

nonn

Equivalently, output sequences with primitive period n from a simple cycling shift register.

Seiichi Manyama, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1660 (terms 0..500 from Alois P. Heinz)
E. N. Gilbert and J. Riordan, Symmetry types of periodic sequences, Illinois J. Math., 5 (1961), 657-665.

Cf. A001868, A027377.

Column k=4 of A143324.

A054719 := proc(n) local d,s; if n = 0 then RETURN(1); else s := 0; for d in divisors(n) do s := s+mobius(d)*4^(n/d); od; RETURN(s); fi; end;

a[0] = 1; a[n_] := Sum[MoebiusMu[d]*4^(n/d), {d, Divisors[n]}]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 30}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 11 2014 *)

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} mu(d)*4^(n/d).
a(n) = n * A027377(n), n>0.
G.f.: 1 + 4 * Sum_{k>=1} mu(k) * x^k / (1 - 4*x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 14 2021

A054720 Number of 5-ary sequences with primitive period n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 5, 20, 120, 600, 3120, 15480, 78120, 390000, 1953000, 9762480, 48828120, 244124400, 1220703120, 6103437480, 30517574880, 152587500000, 762939453120, 3814695297000, 19073486328120, 95367421874400, 476837158124880, 2384185742187480, 11920928955078120

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 20 2000

nonn

Equivalently, output sequences with primitive period n from a simple cycling shift register.

E. N. Gilbert and J. Riordan, Symmetry types of periodic sequences, Illinois J. Math., 5 (1961), 657-665.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..450

Column k=5 of A143324.

with(numtheory):
a:= n-> `if`(n=0, 1, add(mobius(d)*5^(n/d), d=divisors(n))):
seq(a(n), n=0..30);  # Alois P. Heinz, Oct 21 2012

a[0] = 1; a[n_] := Sum[MoebiusMu[d]*5^(n/d), {d, Divisors[n]}]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 23}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 11 2014 *)

Sum mu(d)*5^(n/d); d|n.
a(0) = 1, a(n) = n * A001692(n).
G.f.: 1 + 5 * Sum_{k>=1} mu(k) * x^k / (1 - 5*x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 14 2021

A284871 Array read by antidiagonals: T(n,k) = number of primitive (aperiodic) reversible strings of length n using a maximum of k different symbols.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 4, 3, 4, 0, 5, 6, 15, 7, 0, 6, 10, 36, 39, 18, 0, 7, 15, 70, 126, 132, 29, 0, 8, 21, 120, 310, 540, 357, 70, 0, 9, 28, 189, 645, 1620, 2034, 1131, 126, 0, 10, 36, 280, 1197, 3990, 7790, 8316, 3276, 266, 0

Offset: 1

Andrew Howroyd, Apr 04 2017

A string and its reverse are considered to be equivalent.

			Table starts:
1   2    3     4      5      6       7       8 ...
0   1    3     6     10     15      21      28 ...
0   4   15    36     70    120     189     280 ...
0   7   39   126    310    645    1197    2044 ...
0  18  132   540   1620   3990    8568   16632 ...
0  29  357  2034   7790  23295   58779  131012 ...
0  70 1131  8316  39370 140610  412965 1050616 ...
0 126 3276 32760 195300 839790 2882376 8388576 ...
...

M. R. Nester (1999). Mathematical investigations of some plant interaction designs. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [See A056391 for pdf file of Chap. 2]

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1275

Columns 2-6 are A045625, A056314, A056315, A056316, A056317.

Cf. A277504, A143324.

b[n_, k_] := (k^n + k^Ceiling[n/2])/2;
a[n_, k_] := DivisorSum[n, MoebiusMu[n/#] b[#, k]&];
Table[a[n-k+1, k], {n, 1, 10}, {k, n, 1, -1}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 05 2017, translated from PARI *)

b(n,k) = (k^n + k^(ceil(n/2))) / 2;
a(n,k) = sumdiv(n,d, moebius(n/d) * b(d,k));
for(n=1, 10, for(k=1, 10, print1( a(n,k),", ");); print(););

T(n, k) = Sum_{d | n} mu(n/d) * (k^n + k^(ceiling(n/2))) / 2.

A054721 Number of 6-ary sequences with primitive period n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 6, 30, 210, 1260, 7770, 46410, 279930, 1678320, 10077480, 60458370, 362797050, 2176734420, 13060694010, 78363884130, 470184976590, 2821108227840, 16926659444730, 101559946544280, 609359740010490, 3656158379595540, 21936950640097710, 131621703479470050

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 20 2000

nonn

Equivalently, output sequences with primitive period n from a simple cycling shift register.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..400
E. N. Gilbert and J. Riordan, Symmetry types of periodic sequences, Illinois J. Math., 5 (1961), 657-665.

Column k=6 of A143324.

with(numtheory):
a:= n-> `if`(n=0, 1, add(mobius(d)*6^(n/d), d=divisors(n))):
seq(a(n), n=0..30);  # Alois P. Heinz, Oct 21 2012

a[0] = 1; a[n_] := Sum[MoebiusMu[d]*6^(n/d), {d, Divisors[n]}]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 30}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 11 2014 *)

a(n) = Sum mu(d)*6^(n/d); d|n.
a(0) = 1, a(n) = n * A032164(n).
G.f.: 1 + 6 * Sum_{k>=1} mu(k) * x^k / (1 - 6*x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 14 2021

A143328 Table T(n,k) read by antidiagonals. T(n,k) is the number of primitive (=aperiodic) k-ary Lyndon words (n,k >= 1) with length less than or equal to n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 1, 4, 6, 5, 1, 5, 10, 14, 8, 1, 6, 15, 30, 32, 14, 1, 7, 21, 55, 90, 80, 23, 1, 8, 28, 91, 205, 294, 196, 41, 1, 9, 36, 140, 406, 829, 964, 508, 71, 1, 10, 45, 204, 728, 1960, 3409, 3304, 1318, 127, 1, 11, 55, 285, 1212, 4088, 9695, 14569, 11464, 3502, 226, 1

Offset: 1

Alois P. Heinz, Aug 07 2008

			T(3,2) = 5, because 5 words of length <=3 over 2-letter alphabet {a,b} are primitive Lyndon words: a, b, ab, aab, abb.
Table begins:
  1,  2,  3,   4,   5,  ...
  1,  3,  6,  10,  15,  ...
  1,  5, 14,  30,  55,  ...
  1,  8, 32,  90, 205,  ...
  1, 14, 80, 294, 829,  ...

Alois P. Heinz, Antidiagonals n = 1..141, flattened
Index entries for sequences related to Lyndon words

Columns k=1-5 give: A000012, A062692, A114945, A114946, A114947.
Rows n=1-4 give: A000027, A000217, A000330, A132117.
Main diagonal gives A215475.
Cf. A143324, A074650, A008683.

with(numtheory):
f0:= proc(n) option remember; unapply(k^n-add(f0(d)(k),
        d=divisors(n)minus{n}), k)
     end:
f2:= proc(n) option remember; unapply(f0(n)(x)/n, x) end:
g2:= proc(n) option remember; unapply(add(f2(j)(x), j=1..n), x) end:
T:= (n,k)-> g2(n)(k):
seq(seq(T(n, 1+d-n), n=1..d), d=1..12);

f0[n_] := f0[n] = Function[k, k^n-Sum[f0[d][k], {d, Divisors[n]//Most}]]; f2[n_] := f2[n] = Function[x, f0[n][x]/n]; g2[n_] := g2[n] = Function[x, Sum[f2[j][x], {j, 1, n}]]; T[n_, k_] := g2[n][k]; Table[T[n, 1+d-n], {d, 1, 12}, {n, 1, d}]//Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 12 2014, translated from Maple *)

T(n,k) = Sum_{1<=j<=n} (1/j) * Sum_{d|j} mu(j/d)*k^d.

T(n,k) = Sum_{1<=j<=n} A074650(j,k).

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A027375 Number of aperiodic binary strings of length n; also number of binary sequences with primitive period n.

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A143325 Table T(n,k) by antidiagonals. T(n,k) is the number of length n primitive (=aperiodic or period n) k-ary words (n,k >= 1) which are earlier in lexicographic order than any other word derived by cyclic shifts of the alphabet.

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A152061 Counts of unique periodic binary strings of length n.

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A143326 Table T(n,k) by antidiagonals. T(n,k) is the number of primitive (=aperiodic) k-ary words with length less than or equal to n (n,k >= 1).

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A054718 Number of ternary sequences with primitive period n.

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A054719 Number of 4-ary sequences with primitive period n.

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A054720 Number of 5-ary sequences with primitive period n.

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