A156749 -id:A156749 - cp's OEIS frontend

A002321 Mertens's function: Sum_{k=1..n} mu(k), where mu is the Moebius function A008683.

1, 0, -1, -1, -2, -1, -2, -2, -2, -1, -2, -2, -3, -2, -1, -1, -2, -2, -3, -3, -2, -1, -2, -2, -2, -1, -1, -1, -2, -3, -4, -4, -3, -2, -1, -1, -2, -1, 0, 0, -1, -2, -3, -3, -3, -2, -3, -3, -3, -3, -2, -2, -3, -3, -2, -2, -1, 0, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1, -1, 0, -1, -2, -2, -1, -2, -3, -3, -4, -3, -3, -3, -2, -3, -4, -4, -4

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Partial sums of the Moebius function A008683.
Also determinant of n X n (0,1) matrix defined by A(i,j)=1 if j=1 or i divides j.
The first positive value of Mertens's function for n > 1 is for n = 94. The graph seems to show a negative bias for the Mertens function which is eerily similar to the Chebyshev bias (described in A156749 and A156709). The purported bias seems to be empirically approximated to - (6 / Pi^2) * (sqrt(n) / 4) (by looking at the graph) (see MathOverflow link, May 28 2012) where 6 / Pi^2 = 1 / zeta(2) is the asymptotic density of squarefree numbers (the squareful numbers having Moebius mu of 0). This would be a growth pattern akin to the Chebyshev bias. - Daniel Forgues, Jan 23 2011
All integers appear infinitely often in this sequence. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 06 2012
Soundararajan proves that, on the Riemann Hypothesis, a(n) << sqrt(n) exp(sqrt(log n)*(log log n)^14), sharpening the well-known equivalence. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 17 2015
Balazard & De Roton improve this (on the Riemann Hypothesis) to a(n) << sqrt(n) exp(sqrt(log n)*(log log n)^k) for any k > 5/2, where the implied constant in the Vinogradov symbol depends on k. Saha & Sankaranarayanan reduce the exponent to 5/4 on additional hypotheses. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 02 2023

			G.f. = x - x^3 - x^4 - 2*x^5 - x^6 - 2*x^7 - 2*x^8 - 2*x^9 - x^10 - 2*x^11 - 2*x^12 - ...

E. Landau, Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie, Chelsea, NY, Vol. 2, p. 157.
D. H. Lehmer, Guide to Tables in the Theory of Numbers. Bulletin No. 105, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1941, pp. 7-10.
F. Mertens, "Über eine zahlentheoretische Funktion", Akademie Wissenschaftlicher Wien Mathematik-Naturlich Kleine Sitzungsber, IIa 106, (1897), p. 761-830.
D. S. Mitrinovic et al., Handbook of Number Theory, Kluwer, Section VI.1.
Biswajyoti Saha and Ayyadurai Sankaranarayanan, On estimates of the Mertens function, International Journal of Number Theory, Vol. 15, No. 02 (2019), pp. 327-337.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
J. von zur Gathen and J. Gerhard, Modern Computer Algebra, Cambridge, 1999, see p. 482.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Michel Balazard and Anne De Roton, Sur un critère de Baez-Duarte pour l'hypothèse de Riemann, International Journal of Number TheoryVol. 06, No. 04, pp. 883-903 (2010). arXiv preprint (2008). arXiv:0812.1689 [math.NT]
B. Boncompagni, Selected values of the Mertens function.
O. Bordelles, Some Explicit Estimates for the Mobius Function , J. Int. Seq. 18 (2015), 15.11.1.
G. J. Chaitin, Thoughts on the Riemann hypothesis, arXiv:math/0306042 [math.HO], 2003.
J. B. Conrey, The Riemann Hypothesis, Notices Amer. Math. Soc., 50 (No. 3, March 2003), 341-353. See p. 347.
Marc Deléglise and Joël Rivat, Computing the summation of the Mobius function, Experiment. Math. 5:4 (1996), pp. 291-295.
F. Dress, Fonction sommatoire de la fonction de Moebius. 1. Majorations expérimentales, Experiment. Math. , Volume 2, Issue 2 (1993), 89-98.
F. Dress and M. El Marraki, Fonction sommatoire de la fonction de Moebius. 2. Majorations asymptotiques élémentaires, Experiment. Math., Volume 2, Issue 2 (1993), 99-112.
M. El-Marraki, Fonction sommatoire de la fonction mu de Möbius, 3. Majorations asymptotiques effectives fortes, Journal de théorie des nombres de Bordeaux, Tome 7 (1995) no. 2 , p. 407-433.
Brady Haran, Holly Krieger, and Pete McPartlan, A Prime Surprise (Mertens Conjecture), Numberphile video (2019).
Harald A. Helfgott and Lola Thompson, Summing mu(n): a faster elementary algorithm, arXiv:2101.08773 [math.NT], 2021.
Greg Hurst, Computations of the Mertens function and improved bounds on the Mertens conjecture, arXiv:1610.08551 [math.NT], 2016-2017.
MathOverflow, Is Mertens function negatively biased?, posted May 28, 2012.
MathOverflow, Approximations to the Mertens function, posted Jul 08 2015.
Nathan Ng, The distribution of the summatory function of the Möbius function, Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 89 (2004), no. 2, 361-389; arXiv:math/0310381 [math.NT], 2003.
A. M. Odlyzko and H. J. J. te Riele, Disproof of the Mertens conjecture, J. reine angew. Math., 357 (1985), pp. 138-160.
Lowell Schoenfeld, An improved estimate for the summatory function of the Möbius function, Acta Arithmetica 15:3 (1969), pp. 221-233.
Kannan Soundararajan, Partial sums of the Möbius function, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, Vol. 631 (2009), pp. 141-152. arXiv:0705.0723 [math.NT], 2007-2008.
Robert Daublebsky von Sterneck, Empirische Untersuchung ueber den Verlauf der zahlentheoretischer Function sigma(n) = Sum_{x=1..n} mu(x) im Intervalle von 0 bis 150 000, Sitzungsbericht der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, 2a, v. 106, 1897, 835-1024.
Robert Daublebsky von Sterneck, Bemerkung über die Summierung einiger zahlen-theoretischen Functionen, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 9(1) (1898), 43-45. [He proves the inequality |a(n)| <= (n/9) + 8.]
Paul Tarau, Towards a generic view of primality through multiset decompositions of natural numbers, Theoretical Computer Science, Volume 537, Jun 05 2014, Pages 105-124.
Paul Tarau, Emulating Primality with Multiset Representations of Natural Numbers, in Theoretical Aspects Of Computing, ICTAC 2011, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011, Volume 6916/2011, 218-238.
G. Villemin's Almanac of Numbers, Nombres de Moebius et de Mertens.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Mertens Function
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Redheffer Matrix.
Wikipedia, Mertens function.
H. S. Wilf, A Greeting; and a view of Riemann's Hypothesis, Amer. Math. Monthly, 94:1 (1987), 3-6.

Cf. A008683, A059571, A084237, A209802.
First column of A134541.
First column of A179287.

import Data.List (genericIndex)
a002321 n = genericIndex a002321_list (n-1)
a002321_list = scanl1 (+) a008683_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 14 2014, Dec 26 2012

[&+[MoebiusMu(k): k in [1..n]]: n in [1..81]]; // Bruno Berselli, Jul 12 2021

with(numtheory); A002321 := n->add(mobius(k),k=1..n);

Rest[ FoldList[ #1+#2&, 0, Array[ MoebiusMu, 100 ] ] ]
Accumulate[Array[MoebiusMu,100]] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 11 2011 *)

PARI
```
a(n) = sum( k=1, n, moebius(k))
```

a(n) = if( n<1, 0, matdet( matrix(n, n, i, j, j==1 || 0==j%i)))

a(n)=my(s); forsquarefree(k=1,n, s+=moebius(k)); s \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 08 2018

from sympy import mobius
def M(n): return sum(mobius(k) for k in range(1,n + 1))
print([M(n) for n in range(1, 151)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Mar 18 2017

from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A002321(n):
    if n == 0:
        return 0
    c, j = n, 2
    k1 = n//j
    while k1 > 1:
        j2 = n//k1 + 1
        c += (j2-j)*A002321(k1)
        j, k1 = j2, n//j2
    return j-c # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 30 2021

Assuming the Riemann hypothesis, a(n) = O(x^(1/2 + eps)) for every eps > 0 (Littlewood - see Landau p. 161).
Lambert series: Sum_{n >= 1} a(n)*(x^n/(1-x^n)-x^(n+1)/(1-x^(n+1))) = x and -1/x. - Mats Granvik, Sep 09 2010 and Sep 23 2010
a(n)+2 = A192763(n,1) for n>1, and A192763(1,k) for k>1 (conjecture). - Mats Granvik, Jul 10 2011
Sum_{k = 1..n} a(floor(n/k)) = 1. - David W. Wilson, Feb 27 2012
a(n) = Sum_{k = 1..n} tau_{-2}(k) * floor(n/k), where tau_{-2} is A007427. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jan 23 2013
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..A002088(n)} exp(2*Pi*i*A038566(k)/A038567(k-1)) where i is the imaginary unit. - Eric Desbiaux, Jul 31 2014
Schoenfeld proves that |a(n)| < 5.3*n/(log n)^(10/9) for n > 1. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 17 2018
G.f. A(x) satisfies: A(x) = (1/(1 - x)) * (x - Sum_{k>=2} (1 - x^k) * A(x^k)). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Aug 11 2021

A007350 Where the prime race 4k-1 vs. 4k+1 changes leader.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 26861, 26879, 616841, 617039, 617269, 617471, 617521, 617587, 617689, 617723, 622813, 623387, 623401, 623851, 623933, 624031, 624097, 624191, 624241, 624259, 626929, 626963, 627353, 627391, 627449, 627511, 627733, 627919, 628013, 628427, 628937, 629371

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Mira Bernstein, Robert G. Wilson v

The following references include some on the "prime race" question that are not necessarily related to this particular sequence. - N. J. A. Sloane, May 22 2006

Starting from a(12502) = A051025(27556) = 9103362505801, the sequence includes the 8th sign-changing zone predicted by C. Bays et al. The sequence with the first 8 sign-changing zones contains 194367 terms (see a-file) with a(194367) = 9543313015387 as its last term. - Sergei D. Shchebetov, Oct 13 2017

Ford, Kevin; Konyagin, Sergei; Chebyshev's conjecture and the prime number race. IV International Conference "Modern Problems of Number Theory and its Applications": Current Problems, Part II (Russian) (Tula, 2001), 67-91.
Granville, Andrew; Martin, Greg; Prime number races. (Spanish) With appendices by Giuliana Davidoff and Michael Guy. Gac. R. Soc. Mat. Esp. 8 (2005), no. 1, 197-240.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000 (terms 1..125 from Vincenzo Librandi, terms 126..301 from Robert G. Wilson v)
C. Bays and R. H. Hudson, Numerical and graphical description of all axis crossing regions for moduli 4 and 8 which occur before 10^12, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 111-119, 1979.
C. Bays, K. Ford, R. H. Hudson and M. Rubinstein, Zeros of Dirichlet L-functions near the real axis and Chebyshev's bias, J. Number Theory 87 (2001), pp.54-76.
M. Deléglise, P. Dusart and X. Roblot, Counting Primes in Residue Classes, Mathematics of Computation, American Mathematical Society, 2004, 73 (247), pp.1565-1575.
Andrey Feuerverger and Greg Martin, Biases in the Shanks-Renyi prime number race Experiment. Math. 9 (2000), no. 4, 535-570.
Kevin Ford and Sergei Konyagin, Chebyshev's conjecture and the prime number race, 2002.
Kevin Ford and Sergei Konyagin, The prime number race and zeros of L-functions off the critical line, Duke Math. J., Volume 113, Number 2 (2002), 313-330.
Kevin Ford and Sergei Konyagin, The prime number race and zeros of L-functions off the critical line. II, Proceedings of the Session in Analytic Number Theory and Diophantine Equations, 40 pp., Bonner Math. Schriften, 360, 2003.
A. Granville and G. Martin, Prime number races, arXiv:math/0408319 [math.NT], 2004.
Andrew Granville and Greg Martin, Prime number races, Amer. Math. Monthly, 113 (No. 1, 2006), 1-33.
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
Jerzy Kaczorowski, A contribution to the Shanks-Renyi race problem, Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2) 44 (1993), no. 176, 451-458.
Jerzy Kaczorowski, On the Shanks-Renyi race problem mod 5. J. Number Theory 50 (1995), no. 1, 106-118.
Greg Martin, Asymmetries in the Shanks-Renyi prime number race, arXiv:math/0010086 [math.NT], 2000; Number theory for the millennium, II (Urbana, IL, 2000), 403-415, A K Peters, Natick, MA, 2002.
J.-C. Puchta, On large oscillations of the remainder of the prime number theorems Acta Math. Hungar. 87 (2000), no. 3, 213-227.
M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak, Chebyshev's bias, Exper. Math., 3 (1994), 173-197.
Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, First 194367 terms (zipped file).
Robert G. Wilson v, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Aug. 1993.
G. M. Ziegler, The great prime number record races, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 51 (2004), no. 4, 414-416.

Cf. A007350, A007351, A007352, A007353, A007354, A297406, A297407, A297408, A297410, A297411, A038691, A051024, A066520, A096628, A096447, A096448, A199547, A038698 (another way to watch this race).

Cf. A156749 [sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4)]. - Daniel Forgues, Mar 26 2009

lim = 10^5; k1 = 0; k3 = 0; t = Table[{p = Prime[k], If[Mod[p, 4] == 1, ++k1, k1], If[Mod[p, 4] == 3, ++k3, k3]}, {k, 2, lim}]; A007350 = {3}; Do[ If[t[[k-1, 2]] < t[[k-1, 3]] && t[[k, 2]] == t[[k, 3]] && t[[k+1, 2]] > t[[k+1, 3]] || t[[k-1, 2]] > t[[k-1, 3]] && t[[k, 2]] == t[[k, 3]] && t[[k+1, 2]] < t[[k+1, 3]], AppendTo[A007350, t[[k+1, 1]]]], {k, 2, Length[t]-1}]; A007350 (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 07 2011 *)
lim = 10^5; k1 = 0; k3 = 0; p = 2; t = {}; parity = Mod[p, 4]; Do[p = NextPrime[p]; If[Mod[p, 4] == 1, k1++, k3++]; If[(k1 - k3)*(parity - Mod[p, 4]) > 0, AppendTo[t, p]; parity = Mod[p, 4]], {lim}]; t (* T. D. Noe, Sep 07 2011 *)

A038698 Excess of 4k-1 primes over 4k+1 primes, beginning with prime 2.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6

Offset: 1

Hans Havermann

a(n) < 0 for infinitely many values of n. - Benoit Cloitre, Jun 24 2002

First negative value is a(2946) = -1, which is for prime 26861. - David W. Wilson, Sep 27 2002

Stan Wagon, The Power of Visualization, Front Range Press, 1994, p. 2.

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..20000 (first 10000 terms from T. D. Noe)
Vladimir Pletser, Chart for n=1..100000

Cf. A007350, A007351, A038691, A051024, A066520.
Cf. A112632 (race of 3k-1 and 3k+1 primes), A216057, A269364.
Cf. A156749 (sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4)), A199547, A267097, A267098, A267107, A292378.
Cf. A163805, A212159.
List of primes p such that a(p) = 0 is A007351. List of primes p such that a(p) < 0 is A199547. List of primes p such that a(p) = -1 is A051025. List of integers k such that a(prime(k)) = -1 is A051024. - Ya-Ping Lu, Jan 18 2025

ans:=[0]; ct:=0; for n from 2 to 2000 do
p:=ithprime(n); if (p mod 4) = 3 then ct:=ct+1; else ct:=ct-1; fi;
ans:=[op(ans),ct]; od: ans; # N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 24 2016

FoldList[Plus, 0, Mod[Prime[Range[2,110]], 4] - 2]
Join[{0},Accumulate[If[Mod[#,4]==3,1,-1]&/@Prime[Range[2,110]]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 27 2013 *)

for(n=2,100,print1(sum(i=2,n,(-1)^((prime(i)+1)/2)),","))

from sympy import nextprime; a, p = 0, 2; R = [a]
for _ in range(2,88): p=nextprime(p); a += p%4-2; R.append(a)
print(*R, sep = ', ')  # Ya-Ping Lu, Jan 18 2025

a(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} (-1)^((prime(k)+1)/2). - Benoit Cloitre, Jun 24 2002
a(n) = (Sum_{k=1..n} prime(k) mod 4) - 2*n (assuming that x mod 4 > 0). - Thomas Ordowski, Sep 21 2012
From Antti Karttunen, Oct 01 2017: (Start)
a(n) = A267098(n) - A267097(n).
a(n) = A292378(A000040(n)).
(End)
From Ridouane Oudra, Nov 04 2024: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} i^(prime(k)+1), where i is the imaginary unit.
a(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} sin(3*prime(k)*Pi/2).
a(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} A163805(prime(k)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} A212159(k). (End)
a(n) = a(n-1) + prime(n) (mod 4) - 2, n >= 2. - Ya-Ping Lu, Jan 18 2025

A066520 Number of primes of the form 4m+3 <= n minus number of primes of the form 4m+1 <= n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2

Offset: 1

Sharon Sela (sharonsela(AT)hotmail.com), Jan 05 2002

Although the initial terms are nonnegative, it has been proved that infinitely many terms are negative. The first two are a(26861)=a(26862)=-1. Next there are 3404 values of n in the range 616841 to 633798 with a(n)<0. Then 27218 values in the range 12306137 to 12382326.

Partial sums of A151763. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 06 2014

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=1..30000 (enough terms to show the first dip into negative territory)
Carter Bays and Richard H. Hudson, Zeros of Dirichlet L-Functions and Irregularities in the Distribution of Primes, Mathematics of Computation, 69 (2000) 861-866.
A. Granville and G. Martin, Prime number races, arXiv:math/0408319 [math.NT], 2004.

Cf. A066339, A066490, A007350, A051024, A051025.
Cf. A156749 Sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4). [From Daniel Forgues, Mar 26 2009]
Let d be a fundamental discriminant.
Sequences of the form "a(n) = -Sum_{primes p<=n} Kronecker(d,p)" with |d| <= 12: A321860 (d=-11), A320857 (d=-8), A321859 (d=-7), this sequence (d=-4), A321856 (d=-3), A321857 (d=5), A071838 (d=8), A321858 (d=12).
Sequences of the form "a(n) = -Sum_{i=1..n} Kronecker(d,prime(i))" with |d| <= 12: A321865 (d=-11), A320858 (d=-8), A321864 (d=-7), A038698 (d=-4), A112632 (d=-3), A321862 (d=5), A321861 (d=8), A321863 (d=12).

a066520 n = a066520_list !! (n-1)
a066520_list = scanl1 (+) $ map (negate . a151763) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 06 2014

a[n_] := Length[Select[Range[3, n, 4], PrimeQ]]-Length[Select[Range[1, n, 4], PrimeQ]]
f[n_]:=Module[{c=Mod[n,4]},Which[!PrimeQ[n],0,c==3,1,c==1,-1]]; Join[{0,0}, Accumulate[Array[f,110,3]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Mar 03 2013 *)

a(n) = A066490(n) - A066339(n).

a(2*n+1) = a(2*n+2) = -A156749(n). - Jonathan Sondow, May 17 2013

Edited by Dean Hickerson, Mar 05 2002

A007351 Where prime race 4m-1 vs. 4m+1 is tied.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 5, 17, 41, 461, 26833, 26849, 26863, 26881, 26893, 26921, 616769, 616793, 616829, 616843, 616871, 617027, 617257, 617363, 617387, 617411, 617447, 617467, 617473, 617509, 617531, 617579, 617681, 617707, 617719, 618437, 618521, 618593, 618637

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Mira Bernstein, Robert G. Wilson v

Primes p such that the number of primes <= p of the form 4m-1 is equal to the number of primes <= p of the form 4m+1.

Starting from a(27410)=9103362505753 the sequence includes the 8th sign-changing zone predicted by C. Bays et al. The sequence with the first 8 sign-changing zones contains 419467 terms (see a-file) with a(419467)=9543313015351 as its last term. - Sergei D. Shchebetov, Oct 15 2017

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000 (first 1000 terms from T. D. Noe)
A. Alahmadi, M. Planat, and P. Solé, Chebyshev's bias and generalized Riemann hypothesis, HAL Id: hal-00650320.
C. Bays and R. H. Hudson, Numerical and graphical description of all axis crossing regions for moduli 4 and 8 which occur before 10^12, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 111-119, 1979.
C. Bays, K. Ford, R. H. Hudson and M. Rubinstein, Zeros of Dirichlet L-functions near the real axis and Chebyshev's bias, J. Number Theory 87 (2001), pp.54-76.
M. Deléglise, P. Dusart, and X. Roblot, Counting Primes in Residue Classes, Mathematics of Computation, American Mathematical Society, 2004, 73 (247), pp.1565-1575.
A. Granville and G. Martin, Prime number races, Amer. Math. Monthly, 113 (No. 1, 2006), 1-33.
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak, Chebyshev’s bias, Experimental Mathematics, Volume 3, Issue 3, 1994, Pages 173-197.
Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, First 419467 terms (zipped file)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Prime Quadratic Effect.
Robert G. Wilson v, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Aug. 1993

Cf. A007350, A038691.

Cf. A156749 Sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4). [From Daniel Forgues, Mar 26 2009]

Prime@ Position[Fold[Append[#1, #1[[-1]] + If[Mod[#2, 4] == 3, {1, 0}, {0, 1}]] &, {{0, 0}}, Prime@ Range[2, 10^5]], ?(SameQ @@ # &)][[All, 1]] (* _Michael De Vlieger, May 27 2018 *)

lista(nn) = {nb = 0; forprime(p=2, nn, m = (p % 4); if (m == 1, nb++, if (m == 3, nb--)); if (!nb, print1(p, ", ")););} \\ Michel Marcus, Oct 05 2017

from sympy import nextprime; a, p = 0, 2; R = [p]
while p < 618637:
    p=nextprime(p); a += p%4-2
    if a == 0: R.append(p)
print(*R, sep = ', ')  # Ya-Ping Lu, Jan 18 2025

Corrected and extended by Enoch Haga, Feb 24 2004

A038691 Indices of primes at which the prime race 4k-1 vs. 4k+1 is tied.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 7, 13, 89, 2943, 2945, 2947, 2949, 2951, 2953, 50371, 50375, 50377, 50379, 50381, 50393, 50413, 50423, 50425, 50427, 50429, 50431, 50433, 50435, 50437, 50439, 50445, 50449, 50451, 50503, 50507, 50515, 50517, 50821, 50843, 50853, 50855, 50857, 50859, 50861

Offset: 1

Hans Havermann

nonn

Starting from a(27410) = 316064952537 the sequence includes the 8th sign-changing zone predicted by C. Bays et al back in 2001. The sequence with the first 8 sign-changing zones contains 419467 terms (see a-file) with a(419467) = 330797040309 as its last term. - Sergei D. Shchebetov, Oct 16 2017

			From _Jon E. Schoenfield_, Jul 24 2021: (Start)
a(n) is the n-th number m at which the prime race 4k-1 vs. 4k+1 is tied:
.
                             count
                           ----------
   m  p=prime(m)  p mod 4  4k-1  4k+1
  --  ----------  -------  ----  ----
   1       2         2       0  =  0    a(1)=1
   2       3        -1       1     0
   3       5        +1       1  =  1    a(2)=3
   4       7        -1       2     1
   5      11        -1       3     1
   6      13        +1       3     2
   7      17        +1       3  =  3    a(3)=7
   8      19        -1       4     3
   9      23        -1       5     3
  10      29        +1       5     4
  11      31        -1       6     4
  12      37        +1       6     5
  13      41        +1       6  =  6    a(4)=13
(End)

Stan Wagon, The Power of Visualization, Front Range Press, 1994, pp. 2-3.

Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000 (first 1000 terms from T. D. Noe)
A. Alahmadi, M. Planat and P. Solé, Chebyshev's bias and generalized Riemann hypothesis, HAL Id: hal-00650320.
C. Bays and R. H. Hudson, Numerical and graphical description of all axis crossing regions for moduli 4 and 8 which occur before 10^12, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 111-119, 1979.
C. Bays, K. Ford, R. H. Hudson and M. Rubinstein, Zeros of Dirichlet L-functions near the real axis and Chebyshev's bias, J. Number Theory 87 (2001), pp. 54-76.
M. Deléglise, P. Dusart and X. Roblot, Counting Primes in Residue Classes, Mathematics of Computation, American Mathematical Society, 2004, 73 (247), pp. 1565-1575.
A. Granville and G. Martin, Prime Number Races, Amer. Math. Monthly 113 (2006), no. 1, 1-33.
M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak, Chebyshev’s bias, Experimental Mathematics, Volume 3, Issue 3, 1994, pp. 173-197.
Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..419647 (zipped file)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Prime Quadratic Effect.

Cf. A002145, A002313, A007350, A007351, A038698, A051024, A051025, A066520, A096628, A096447, A096448, A199547.

Cf. A156749; sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4). - Daniel Forgues, Mar 26 2009

Flatten[ Position[ FoldList[ Plus, 0, Mod[ Prime[ Range[ 2, 50900 ] ], 4 ]-2 ], 0 ] ]

lista(nn) = {nbp = 0; nbm = 0; forprime(p=2, nn, if (((p-1) % 4) == 0, nbp++, if (((p+1) % 4) == 0, nbm++)); if (nbm == nbp, print1(primepi(p), ", ")););} \\ Michel Marcus, Nov 20 2016

A051024 Values of n for which pi_{4,3}(p_n) - pi_{4,1}(p_n) = -1, where p_n is the n-th prime and pi_{m,a}(x) is the number of primes <= x which are congruent to a (mod m).

Original entry on oeis.org

2946, 50378, 50380, 50382, 50392, 50414, 50418, 50420, 50422, 50424, 50426, 50428, 50430, 50436, 50438, 50446, 50448, 50450, 50822, 50832, 50834, 50842, 50844, 50852, 50854, 50856, 50858, 50862, 50864, 50866, 50872, 50892, 50902

Offset: 1

Eric W. Weisstein

nonn

This is a companion sequence to A051025.
Starting from a(27556) = 316064952540 the sequence includes the 8th sign-changing zone predicted by C. Bays et al. The sequence with the first 8 sign-changing zones contains 418933 terms (see a-file) with a(418933) = 330797040308 as its last term. - Sergei D. Shchebetov, Oct 06 2017
We also discovered the 9th sign-changing zone, which starts from 2083576475506, ends with 2083615410040, and has 13370 terms with pi_{4,3}(p) - pi_{4,1}(p) = -1. This zone is considerably lower than predicted by M. Deléglise et al. in 2004. - Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Dec 30 2017
We also discovered the 10th sign-changing zone, which starts from 21576098946648, ends with 22056324317296, and has 481194 terms with pi_{4,3}(p) - pi_{4,1}(p) = -1. This zone is considerably lower than predicted by M. Deléglise et al. in 2004. - Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Jan 28 2018

Sergei D. Shchebetov, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000
A. Alahmadi, M. Planat, and P. Solé, Chebyshev's bias and generalized Riemann hypothesis, HAL Id: hal-00650320; Journal of Algebra, Number Theory: Advances and Applications, 2013, 8 (1-2), pp.41-55.
C. Bays and R. H. Hudson, Numerical and graphical description of all axis crossing regions for moduli 4 and 8 which occur before 10^12, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 111-119, 1979.
C. Bays, K. Ford, R. H. Hudson and M. Rubinstein, Zeros of Dirichlet L-functions near the real axis and Chebyshev's bias, J. Number Theory 87 (2001), pp.54-76.
M. Deléglise, P. Dusart, and X. Roblot, Counting Primes in Residue Classes, Mathematics of Computation, American Mathematical Society, 2004, 73 (247), pp.1565-1575.
A. Granville and G. Martin, Prime Number Races, Amer. Math. Monthly 113 (2006), no. 1, 1-33.
M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak, Chebyshev’s bias, Experimental Mathematics, Volume 3, Issue 3, 1994, Pages 173-197.
Sergei D. Shchebetov, First 418933 terms (zipped file)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Prime Quadratic Effect.

Cf. A007350, A007351, A038691, A051024, A051025, A066520, A096628, A096447, A096448, A199547.

Cf. A156749 (Sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4)). - Daniel Forgues, Mar 26 2009

For[i=2; d=0, True, i++, d+=Mod[Prime[i], 4]-2; If[d==-1, Print[i]]]
(* Second program: *)
Position[Accumulate@ Array[Mod[Prime@ #, 4] - 2 &, 51000], -1][[All, 1]] (* Michael De Vlieger, Dec 30 2017 *)

from sympy import nextprime; a, p = 0, 2
for n in range(2, 50917):
    p=nextprime(p); a += p%4-2
    if a == -1: print(n, end = ', ') # Ya-Ping Lu, Jan 18 2025

Edited by Dean Hickerson, Mar 05 2002

A051025 Primes p for which pi_{4,3}(p) - pi_{4,1}(p) = -1, where pi_{m,a}(x) is the number of primes <= x which are congruent to a (mod m).

Original entry on oeis.org

26861, 616841, 616849, 616877, 617011, 617269, 617327, 617339, 617359, 617369, 617401, 617429, 617453, 617521, 617537, 617689, 617699, 617717, 622813, 622987, 623003, 623107, 623209, 623299, 623321, 623341, 623353, 623401, 623423, 623437

Offset: 1

Eric W. Weisstein

nonn

This is a companion sequence to A051024.
Starting from a(27556)=9103362505801 the sequence includes the 8th sign-changing zone predicted by C. Bays et al. The sequence with the first 8 sign-changing zones contains 418933 terms (see a-file) with a(418933)=9543313015309 as its last term. - Sergei D. Shchebetov, Oct 06 2017
We also discovered the 9th sign-changing zone, which starts from 64083080712569, ends with 64084318523021, and has 13370 terms with pi_{4,3}(p) - pi_{4,1}(p) = -1. This zone is considerably lower than predicted by M. Deléglise et al. in 2004. - Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Dec 30 2017
We also discovered the 10th sign-changing zone, which starts from 715725135905981, ends with 732156384107921, and has 481194 terms with pi_{4,3}(p) - pi_{4,1}(p) = -1. This zone is considerably lower than predicted by M. Deléglise et al. in 2004. - Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Jan 28 2018

Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000
A. Alahmadi, M. Planat, and P. Solé, Chebyshev's bias and generalized Riemann hypothesis, HAL Id: hal-00650320; Journal of Algebra, Number Theory: Advances and Applications, 2013, 8 (1-2), pp.41-55.
C. Bays and R. H. Hudson, Numerical and graphical description of all axis crossing regions for moduli 4 and 8 which occur before 10^12, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 111-119, 1979.
C. Bays, K. Ford, R. H. Hudson and M. Rubinstein, Zeros of Dirichlet L-functions near the real axis and Chebyshev's bias, J. Number Theory 87 (2001), pp.54-76.
M. Deléglise, P. Dusart, and X. Roblot, Counting Primes in Residue Classes, Mathematics of Computation, American Mathematical Society, 2004, 73 (247), pp.1565-1575.
A. Granville and G. Martin, Prime Number Races, Amer. Math. Monthly 113 (2006), no. 1, 1-33.
M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak, Chebyshev’s bias, Experimental Mathematics, Volume 3, Issue 3, 1994, Pages 173-197.
Sergei D. Shchebetov, First 418933 terms (zipped file)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Prime Quadratic Effect.

Cf. A007350, A007351, A038691, A051024, A066520, A096628, A096447, A096448, A199547.

Cf. A156749 Sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4). - Daniel Forgues, Mar 26 2009

For[i=2; d=0, True, i++, d+=Mod[p=Prime[i], 4]-2; If[d==-1, Print[p]]]
(* Second program: *)
Prime@ Position[Accumulate@ Array[Mod[Prime@ #, 4] - 2 &, 51000], -1][[All, 1]] (* Michael De Vlieger, Dec 30 2017 *)

from sympy import nextprime; a, p = 0, 2
while p < 623803:
    p=nextprime(p); a += p%4-2
    if a == -1: print(p, end = ', ')  # Ya-Ping Lu, Jan 18 2025

Edited by Dean Hickerson, Mar 10 2002

A156707 For all numbers k(n) congruent to +1 or -1 (mod 4) starting with k(n) = {3,5,7,9,11,...}, a(k(n)) is the congruence (mod 4) if k(n) is prime and 0 if k(n) is composite.

Original entry on oeis.org

-1, 1, -1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 1, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, -1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1

Offset: 1

Daniel Forgues, Feb 13 2009, Feb 14 2009

sign

Expression for k(n): k(n) = 4*ceiling(n/2) + (-1)^n, so the parity of n gives us the congruence (mod 4) of k(n). - Daniel Forgues, Mar 01 2009

Daniel Forgues, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..49999

The absolute values of this sequence give A101264 (for n > 0.) The partial sums of this sequence give A156749. - Daniel Forgues, Mar 01 2009

A156709 For all numbers k(n) congruent to -1 or +1 (mod 6) starting with k(n) = {5,7,11,13,...}, a(k(n)) is incremented by the congruence (mod 6) if k(n) is prime and by 0 if k(n) is composite.

Original entry on oeis.org

-1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, -1, -2, -1, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, -1, -2, -2, -3, -2, -2, -1, -2, -1, -1, 0, -1, -1, -2, -2, -2, -1, -2, -1, -2, -1, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1, -2, -2, -3, -2, -2, -2, -3, -2, -2, -1, -1, 0, -1, -1, -2, -2, -3, -2, -2, -2, -3, -2, -3, -2, -2, -2, -2, -1, -1, -1, -1

Offset: 1

Daniel Forgues, Mar 29 2009

sign

The fact that a(k(n)) is predominantly negative exhibits the Chebyshev Bias (where the congruences that are not quadratic residues generally lead in the prime number races, at least for "small" integers, over the congruences that are quadratic residues).
This bias seems caused (among other causes?) by the presence of all those squares (even powers) coprime to 6 taking away opportunities for primes to appear in the quadratic residue class +1 (mod 6), while the non-quadratic residue class -1 (mod 6) is squarefree.
The density of squares congruent to +1 (mod 6) is 1/(6*sqrt(k(n))) since 1/3 of the squares are congruent to +1 (mod 6), while the density of primes in either residue classes -1 or +1 (mod 6) is 1/(phi(6)*log(k(n))), with phi(6) = 2.
Here 1 is a quadratic residue mod 6, but 5 (or equivalently -1) is a quadratic non-residue mod 6. All the even powers (included in the squares) map congruences {-1, +1} to {+1, +1} respectively and so contribute to the bias, whereas all the odd powers map {-1, +1} to {-1, +1} respectively and so do not contribute to the bias.
One would then expect the ratio of this bias, if caused exclusively by the even powers, relative to the number of primes in either congruences to asymptotically tend towards to 0 as k(n) increases (since 1/(6*sqrt(k(n))) is o(1/(phi(6)*log(k(n))))).
The persistence or not of such bias in absolute value then does not contradict The Prime Number Theorem for Arithmetic Progressions (Dirichlet) which states that the asymptotic (relative) ratio of the count of prime numbers in each congruence class coprime to m tends to 1 in the limit towards infinity. (Cf. 'Prime Number Races' link below.)
Also, even if this bias grows in absolute value, it is expected to be drowned out (albeit very slowly) by the increasing fluctuations in the number of primes in each congruence class coprime to 6 since, assuming the truth of the Riemann Hypothesis, their maximum amplitude would be, with x standing for k(n) in our case, h(x) = O(sqrt(x)*log(x)) <= C*sqrt(x)*log(x) in absolute value which gives relative fluctuations of order h(x)/x = O(log(x)/sqrt(x)) <= C*log(x)/sqrt(x) in the densities of primes pi(x, {6, 1})/x and pi(x, {6, 5})/x in either congruence class.
Since 1/(6*sqrt(x)) is o(log(x)/sqrt(x)) the bias will eventually be overwhelmed by the "pink noise or nearly 1/f noise" corresponding to the fluctuations in the prime densities in either congruence class. The falsehood of the Riemann Hypothesis would imply even greater fluctuations since the RH corresponds to the minimal h(x).
We get pink noise or nearly 1/f noise if we consider the prime density fluctuations of pi(x, {6, k})/x as an amplitude spectrum over x (with a power density spectrum of (C*log(x)/sqrt(x))^2 = ((C*log(x))^2)/x and see x as the frequency f. This power density spectrum is then nearly 1/x and would have nearly equal energy (although slowly increasing as (C*log(x))^2) for each octave of x. (Cf. 'Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective' link below.)
Among the positive integers k(n) up to 100000 that are congruent to -1 or +1 (mod 6) [indexed from n = 1 to 33332, with k(n) = 6 ceiling(n/2) + (-1)^n], a tie, where a(k(n)) = 0, is attained or maintained for only 9 integers, and that bias favoring the non-quadratic residue class -1 (mod 6) never gets violated, i.e., a(k(n)) is never +1.

R. Crandall and C. Pomerance, "Prime Numbers - A Computational Perspective", Second Edition, Springer Verlag 2005, ISBN 0-387-25282-7

Daniel Forgues, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..33332
Andrew Granville and Greg Martin, Prime Number Races, arXiv:math/0408319 [math.NT], 2004.
Eric Weisstein, Chebyshev Bias
Wikipedia, Pink noise

Cf. A156706 (whose sum of first n terms gives a(n)).
Cf. A156749 (which exhibits the Chebyshev Bias for congruences -1 or +1 (mod 4)).
Cf. A156707 (whose sum of first n terms gives A156749(n)).
Cf. A075743 (prime characteristic function of numbers congruent to -1 or +1 (mod 6)).
Cf. A101264 (prime characteristic function of numbers congruent to -1 or +1 (mod 4)).

cp's OEIS Frontend

A002321 Mertens's function: Sum_{k=1..n} mu(k), where mu is the Moebius function A008683.

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A007350 Where the prime race 4k-1 vs. 4k+1 changes leader.

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A038698 Excess of 4k-1 primes over 4k+1 primes, beginning with prime 2.

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A066520 Number of primes of the form 4m+3 <= n minus number of primes of the form 4m+1 <= n.

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A007351 Where prime race 4m-1 vs. 4m+1 is tied.

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A038691 Indices of primes at which the prime race 4k-1 vs. 4k+1 is tied.

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