A000081 -id:A000081 - cp's OEIS frontend

A005574 Numbers k such that k^2 + 1 is prime.

1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 16, 20, 24, 26, 36, 40, 54, 56, 66, 74, 84, 90, 94, 110, 116, 120, 124, 126, 130, 134, 146, 150, 156, 160, 170, 176, 180, 184, 204, 206, 210, 224, 230, 236, 240, 250, 256, 260, 264, 270, 280, 284, 300, 306, 314, 326, 340, 350, 384, 386, 396

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Hardy and Littlewood conjectured that the asymptotic number of elements in this sequence not exceeding n is approximately c*sqrt(n)/log(n) for some constant c. - Stefan Steinerberger, Apr 06 2006
Also, nonnegative integers such that a(n)+i is a Gaussian prime. - Maciej Ireneusz Wilczynski, May 30 2011
Apparently Goldbach conjectured that any a > 1 from this sequence can be written as a=b+c where b and c are in this sequence (Lemmermeyer link below). - Jeppe Stig Nielsen, Oct 14 2015
No term > 2 can be both in this sequence and in A001105 because of the Aurifeuillean factorization (2*k^2)^2 + 1 = (2*k^2 - 2*k + 1) * (2*k^2 + 2*k + 1). - Jeppe Stig Nielsen, Aug 04 2019

Harvey Dubner, "Generalized Fermat primes", J. Recreational Math., 18 (1985): 279-280.
R. K. Guy, "Unsolved Problems in Number Theory", 3rd edition, A2.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 5th ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1979, p. 15, Thm. 17.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
H. Dubner, Generalized Fermat primes, J. Recreational Math. 18.4 (1985-1986), 279. (Annotated scanned copy)
F. Ellermann, Primes of the form (m^2)+1 up to 10^6.
L. Euler, Lettre CXLIX (to Goldbach), 1752.
L. Euler, De numeris primis valde magnis, Novi Commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae 9 (1764), pp. 99-153. See pp. 123-125.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, 1988-04-12 (annotated scanned copy).
F. Lemmermeyer, Primes of the form a^2+1, Math Overflow question (2010).
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Landau's Problems.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Power.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Near-Square Prime.
Marek Wolf, Search for primes of the form m^2+1, arXiv:0803.1456 [math.NT], 2008-2010.

Cf. A002522, A001912, A002496, A062325, A090693, A000068, A006314, A006313, A006315, A006316, A056994, A056995, A057465, A057002, A088361, A088362, A226528, A226529, A226530, A251597, A253854, A244150, A243959, A321323.
Other sequences of the type "Numbers k such that k^2 + i is prime": this sequence (i=1), A067201 (i=2), A049422 (i=3), A007591 (i=4), A078402 (i=5), A114269 (i=6), A114270 (i=7), A114271 (i=8), A114272 (i=9), A114273 (i=10), A114274 (i=11), A114275 (i=12).
Cf. A010051, A259645, A295405 (characteristic function).

a005574 n = a005574_list !! (n-1)
a005574_list = filter ((== 1) . a010051' . (+ 1) . (^ 2)) [0..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 03 2015

[n: n in [0..400] | IsPrime(n^2+1)]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 18 2010

Select[Range[350], PrimeQ[ #^2 + 1] &] (* Stefan Steinerberger, Apr 06 2006 *)
Join[{1},2Flatten[Position[PrimeQ[Table[x^2+1,{x,2,1000,2}]],True]]]  (* Fred Patrick Doty, Aug 18 2017 *)

isA005574(n) = isprime(n^2+1) \\ Michael B. Porter, Mar 20 2010

for(n=1, 1e3, if(isprime(n^2 + 1), print1(n, ", "))) \\ Altug Alkan, Oct 14 2015

from sympy import isprime; [print(n, end = ', ') for n in range(1, 400) if isprime(n*n+1)] # Ya-Ping Lu, Apr 23 2025

a(n) = A090693(n) - 1.

a(n) = 2*A001912(n-1) for n > 1. - Jeppe Stig Nielsen, Aug 04 2019

A001678 Number of series-reduced planted trees with n nodes.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 19, 35, 67, 127, 248, 482, 952, 1885, 3765, 7546, 15221, 30802, 62620, 127702, 261335, 536278, 1103600, 2276499, 4706985, 9752585, 20247033, 42110393, 87733197, 183074638, 382599946, 800701320, 1677922740, 3520581954

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

The initial term is 0 by convention, though a good case can be made that it should be 1 instead.
Series-reduced trees contain no node with valency 2; see A000014 for the unrooted series-reduced trees. - Joerg Arndt, Mar 03 2015
For n>=2, a(n+1) is the number of unordered rooted trees (see A000081) with n nodes where nodes cannot have out-degree 1, see example. Imposing the condition only at non-root nodes gives A198518. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 28 2014
For n>=3, a(n+1) is the number of unordered rooted trees with n nodes where all limbs are of length >= 2. Limbs are the paths from the leafs (towards the root) to the nearest branching point (with the root considered to be a branching point). - Joerg Arndt, Mar 03 2015
A rooted tree is lone-child-avoiding if no vertex has exactly one child, and topologically series-reduced if no vertex has degree 2. This sequence counts unlabeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with n - 1 vertices. Topologically series-reduced rooted trees are counted by A001679, which is essentially the same as A059123. - Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020

			--------------- Examples (i=internal,e=external): ---------------------------
|.n=2.|..n=4..|..n=5..|...n=6.............|....n=7..........................|
|.....|.......|.......|.............e...e.|................e.e.e......e...e.|
|.....|.e...e.|.e.e.e.|.e.e.e.e...e...i...|.e.e.e.e.e...e....i....e.e...i...|
|..e..|...i...|...i...|....i........i.....|.....i..........i..........i.....|
|..e..|...e...|...e...|....e........e.....|.....e..........e..........e.....|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
G.f. = x^2 + x^4 + x^5 + 2*x^6 + 3*x^7 + 6*x^8 + 10*x^9 + 19*x^10 + ...
From _Joerg Arndt_, Jun 28 2014: (Start)
The a(8) = 6 rooted trees with 7 nodes as described in the comment are:
:           level sequence       out-degrees (dots for zeros)
:     1:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 2 1 ]    [ 2 2 2 . . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:
:     2:  [ 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 ]    [ 2 4 . . . . . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:     .--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:
:     3:  [ 0 1 2 2 2 1 1 ]    [ 3 3 . . . . . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
:
:     4:  [ 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 ]    [ 2 2 . . 2 . . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o--o
:     .--o
:
:     5:  [ 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 ]    [ 4 2 . . . . . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
:
:     6:  [ 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 ]    [ 6 . . . . . . ]
:  O--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
:
(End)
From _Gus Wiseman_, Jan 20 2020: (Start)
The a(2) = 1 through a(9) = 10 unlabeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees with n - 1 nodes (empty n = 3 column shown as dot) are:
  o   .   (oo)  (ooo)  (oooo)   (ooooo)   (oooooo)    (ooooooo)
                       (o(oo))  (o(ooo))  (o(oooo))   (o(ooooo))
                                (oo(oo))  (oo(ooo))   (oo(oooo))
                                          (ooo(oo))   (ooo(ooo))
                                          ((oo)(oo))  (oooo(oo))
                                          (o(o(oo)))  ((oo)(ooo))
                                                      (o(o(ooo)))
                                                      (o(oo)(oo))
                                                      (o(oo(oo)))
                                                      (oo(o(oo)))
(End)

D. G. Cantor, personal communication.
J. L. Gross and J. Yellen, eds., Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, 2004; p. 525.
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 62.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000 (first 501 terms from Christian G. Bower)
David Callan, A sign-reversing involution to count labeled lone-child-avoiding trees, arXiv:1406.7784 [math.CO], (30-June-2014).
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Probability that a point of a tree is fixed, Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 85 (1979) 407-415.
F. Harary and G. Prins, The number of homeomorphically irreducible trees and other species, Acta Math., 101 (1959), 141-162.
F. Harary, R. W. Robinson and A. J. Schwenk, Twenty-step algorithm for determining the asymptotic number of trees of various species, J. Austral. Math. Soc., Series A, 20 (1975), 483-503.
F. Harary, R. W. Robinson and A. J. Schwenk, Corrigenda: Twenty-step algorithm for determining the asymptotic number of trees of various species, J. Austral. Math. Soc., Series A 41 (1986), p. 325.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 404
Marko Riedel, Generating functions of unordered rooted trees with n nodes where nodes cannot have out-degree 1, classified by the number of leaves, using the Polya Enumeration Theorem and the exponential formula.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Series-reduced tree.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting series-reduced and lone-child-avoiding trees by number of vertices.
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees

Cf. A000014, A007827, A246403, A005202.
Unlabeled rooted trees are counted by A000081.
Topologically series-reduced rooted trees are counted by A001679.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are counted by A060356.
Labeled lone-child-avoiding unrooted trees are counted by A108919.
Matula-Goebel numbers of lone-child-avoiding rooted trees are A291636.
Singleton-reduced rooted trees are counted by A330951.
Cf. A000669, A004111, A106179, A198518, A254382, A331488, A331578.

with (powseries): with (combstruct): n := 30: sys := {B = Prod(C,Z), S = Set(B,1 <= card), C = Union(Z,S)}: A001678 := 1,0,1,seq(count([S, sys, unlabeled],size=i),i=1..n); # Ulrich Schimke (ulrschimke(AT)aol.com)
# second Maple program:
with(numtheory):
b:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, add(add(
       d*a(d+1), d=divisors(j))*b(n-j), j=1..n)/n)
    end:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, 0,
      `if`(n=2, 1, b(n-2)-a(n-1)))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..50);  # Alois P. Heinz, Jul 02 2014

b[n_] := b[n] = If[n == 0, 1, Sum[Sum[d*a[d+1], {d, Divisors[j]}]*b[n-j], {j, 1, n}]/n]; a[n_] := a[n] = If[n < 2, 0, If[n == 2, 1, b[n-2] - a[n-1]]]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 50}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 24 2014, after Alois P. Heinz *)
terms = 38; A[] = 0; Do[A[x] = (x^2/(1+x))*Exp[Sum[A[x^k]/(k*x^k), {k, 1, j}]] + O[x]^j // Normal, {j, 1, terms}]; CoefficientList[A[x], x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 12 2018 *)
urt[n_]:=Join@@Table[Union[Sort/@Tuples[urt/@ptn]],{ptn,IntegerPartitions[n-1]}];
Table[If[n<=1,0,Length[Select[urt[n-1],FreeQ[#,{}]&]]],{n,0,10}] (* _Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2020 *)

(a(n) = if( n<4, n==2, T(n-2, n-3))); /* where */ {T(n, k) = if( n<1 || k<1, (n==0) && (k>=0), sum(j=1, k, sum(i=1, n\j, T(n-i*j, min(n-i*j, j-1)) * binomial( a(j+1) + i-1, i))))}; /* Michael Somos, Jun 04 2002 */

{a(n) = local(A); if( n<3, n==2, A = x / (1 - x^2) + O(x^n); for(k=3, n-2, A /= (1 - x^k + O(x^n))^polcoeff(A, k)); polcoeff(A, n-1))}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 06 2003 */

G.f.: A(x) satisfies A(x) = (x^2/(1+x))*exp( Sum_{k>=1} A(x^k)/(k*x^k) ) [Harary and E. M. Palmer, 1973, p. 62, Eq. (3.3.8)].
G.f.: A(x) = Sum_{n>=2} a(n) * x^n = x^2 / ((1 + x) * Product_{k>0} (1 - x^k)^a(k+1)). - Michael Somos, Oct 06 2003
a(n) ~ c * d^n / n^(3/2), where d = A246403 = 2.189461985660850563... and c = 0.1924225474701550354144525345664845514828912790855223729854471406053655209... - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jun 26 2014
a(n) = Sum_{i=2..n-2} A106179(i, n-1-i) for n >= 3. - Andrew Howroyd, Mar 29 2021

Additional comments from Michael Somos, Jun 05 2002

A061775 Number of nodes in rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 7, 7, 6, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 6, 8, 7, 7, 8, 7, 8, 8, 6, 7, 8, 8, 7, 8, 7, 7, 9, 7, 8, 8, 7, 8, 9, 7, 7, 8, 8, 7, 8, 8, 7, 9, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 7, 7, 9

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 22 2001

nonn

Let p(1)=2, ... denote the primes. The label f(T) for a rooted tree T is 1 if T has 1 node, otherwise f(T) = Product p(f(T_i)) where the T_i are the subtrees obtained by deleting the root and the edges adjacent to it. (Cf. A061773 for illustration).

Each n occurs A000081(n) times.

			a(4) = 3 because the rooted tree corresponding to the Matula-Goebel number 4 is "V", which has one root-node and two leaf-nodes, three in total.
See also the illustrations in A061773.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Keith Briggs, Matula numbers and rooted trees
Emeric Deutsch, Tree statistics from Matula numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1111.4288 [math.CO], 2011.
F. Goebel, On a 1-1-correspondence between rooted trees and natural numbers, J. Combin. Theory, B 29 (1980), 141-143.
I. Gutman and A. Ivic, On Matula numbers, Discrete Math., 150, 1996, 131-142.
I. Gutman and Yeong-Nan Yeh, Deducing properties of trees from their Matula numbers, Publ. Inst. Math., 53 (67), 1993, 17-22.
D. Matula, A natural rooted tree enumeration by prime factorization, SIAM Rev. 10 (1968) 273.
Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Goebel numbers

One more than A196050.
Sum of entries in row n of irregular table A214573.
Number of entries in row n of irregular tables A182907, A206491, A206495 and A212620.
One less than the number of entries in row n of irregular tables A184187, A193401 and A193403.
Cf. A005517 (the position of the first occurrence of n).
Cf. A005518 (the position of the last occurrence of n).
Cf. A091233 (their difference plus one).
Cf. A214572 (Numbers k such that a(k) = 8).
Cf. also A000081, A061773, A049084, A020639, A049076, A078442, A091238, A091204, A091205, A109082, A127301, A109129, A193402, A193405, A193406, A196047, A196068, A198333, A206487, A206494, A206496, A214569, A214571, A213670, A214568, A228599, A245817, A245818.
Cf. also A075166, A075167, A216648, A216649.

import Data.List (genericIndex)
a061775 n = genericIndex a061775_list (n - 1)
a061775_list = 1 : g 2 where
   g x = y : g (x + 1) where
      y = if t > 0 then a061775 t + 1 else a061775 u + a061775 v - 1
          where t = a049084 x; u = a020639 x; v = x `div` u
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 03 2013

with(numtheory): a := proc (n) local u, v: u := n-> op(1, factorset(n)): v := n-> n/u(n): if n = 1 then 1 elif isprime(n) then 1+a(pi(n)) else a(u(n))+a(v(n))-1 end if end proc: seq(a(n), n = 1..108); # Emeric Deutsch, Sep 19 2011

a[n_] := Module[{u, v}, u = FactorInteger[#][[1, 1]]&; v = #/u[#]&; If[n == 1, 1, If[PrimeQ[n], 1+a[PrimePi[n]], a[u[n]]+a[v[n]]-1]]]; Table[a[n], {n, 108}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 16 2014, after Emeric Deutsch *)

A061775(n) = if(1==n, 1, if(isprime(n), 1+A061775(primepi(n)), {my(pfs,t,i); pfs=factor(n); pfs[,1]=apply(t->A061775(t),pfs[,1]); (1-bigomega(n)) + sum(i=1, omega(n), pfs[i,1]*pfs[i,2])}));
for(n=1, 10000, write("b061775.txt", n, " ", A061775(n)));
\\ Antti Karttunen, Aug 16 2014

from functools import lru_cache
from sympy import isprime, factorint, primepi
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A061775(n):
    if n == 1: return 1
    if isprime(n): return 1+A061775(primepi(n))
    return 1+sum(e*(A061775(p)-1) for p, e in factorint(n).items()) # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 19 2022

a(1) = 1; if n = p_t (= the t-th prime), then a(n) = 1+a(t); if n = uv (u,v>=2), then a(n) = a(u)+a(v)-1.
a(n) = A091238(A091204(n)). - Antti Karttunen, Jan 2004
a(n) = A196050(n)+1. - Antti Karttunen, Aug 16 2014

More terms from David W. Wilson, Jun 25 2001

Extended by Emeric Deutsch, Sep 19 2011

A167865 Number of partitions of n into distinct parts greater than 1, with each part divisible by the next.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 4, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 5, 1, 5, 4, 3, 1, 6, 2, 5, 4, 5, 1, 9, 1, 6, 4, 4, 4, 8, 1, 6, 6, 7, 1, 11, 1, 8, 8, 4, 1, 10, 3, 10, 5, 8, 1, 11, 4, 10, 7, 6, 1, 13, 1, 10, 11, 7, 6, 15, 1, 9, 5, 11, 1, 14, 1, 9, 12, 8, 5, 15, 1, 16, 9, 8, 1, 18, 5, 12, 7, 10, 1, 21, 7, 13, 11, 5

Offset: 0

Max Alekseyev, Nov 13 2009

Number of lone-child-avoiding achiral rooted trees with n + 1 vertices, where a rooted tree is lone-child-avoiding if all terminal subtrees have at least two branches, and achiral if all branches directly under any given vertex are equal. The Matula-Goebel numbers of these trees are given by A331967. - Gus Wiseman, Feb 07 2020

			a(12) = 4: [12], [10,2], [9,3], [8,4].
a(14) = 3: [14], [12,2], [8,4,2].
a(18) = 5: [18], [16,2], [15,3], [12,6], [12,4,2].
From _Gus Wiseman_, Jul 13 2018: (Start)
The a(36) = 8 lone-child-avoiding achiral rooted trees with 37 vertices:
  (oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo)
  ((oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo)(oo))
  ((ooo)(ooo)(ooo)(ooo)(ooo)(ooo)(ooo)(ooo)(ooo))
  ((ooooo)(ooooo)(ooooo)(ooooo)(ooooo)(ooooo))
  ((oooooooo)(oooooooo)(oooooooo)(oooooooo))
  (((ooo)(ooo))((ooo)(ooo))((ooo)(ooo))((ooo)(ooo)))
  ((ooooooooooo)(ooooooooooo)(ooooooooooo))
  ((ooooooooooooooooo)(ooooooooooooooooo))
(End)

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Gus Wiseman, Sequences counting series-reduced and lone-child-avoiding trees by number of vertices.

Cf. A001678, A067824, A122651, A167439, A167865, A167866, A184998, A316782.
The semi-achiral version is A320268.
Matula-Goebel numbers of these trees are A331967.
The semi-lone-child-avoiding version is A331991.
Achiral rooted trees are counted by A003238.
Cf. A000081, A000669, A289079, A320222, A331912, A331933, A331936, A331992.

with(numtheory):
a:= proc(n) option remember;
      `if`(n=0, 1, add(a((n-d)/d), d=divisors(n) minus{1}))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..200);  # Alois P. Heinz, Mar 28 2011

a[0] = 1; a[n_] := a[n] = DivisorSum[n, a[(n-#)/#]&, #>1&]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 100}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 07 2015 *)

{ A167865(n) = if(n==0,return(1)); sumdiv(n,d, if(d>1, A167865((n-d)\d) ) ) }

a(0) = 1 and for n>=1, a(n) = Sum_{d|n, d>1} a((n-d)/d).

G.f. A(x) satisfies: A(x) = 1 + x^2*A(x^2) + x^3*A(x^3) + x^4*A(x^4) + ... - Ilya Gutkovskiy, May 09 2019

A000598 Number of rooted ternary trees with n nodes; number of n-carbon alkyl radicals C(n)H(2n+1) ignoring stereoisomers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 17, 39, 89, 211, 507, 1238, 3057, 7639, 19241, 48865, 124906, 321198, 830219, 2156010, 5622109, 14715813, 38649152, 101821927, 269010485, 712566567, 1891993344, 5034704828, 13425117806, 35866550869, 95991365288, 257332864506, 690928354105

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of unlabeled rooted trees in which each node has out-degree <= 3.
Ignoring stereoisomers means that the children of a node are unordered. They can be permuted in any way and it is still the same tree. See A000625 for the analogous sequence with stereoisomers counted.
In alkanes every carbon has valence exactly 4 and every hydrogen has valence exactly 1. But the trees considered here are just the carbon "skeletons" (with all the hydrogen atoms stripped off) so now each carbon bonds to 1 to 4 other carbons. The out-degree is then <= 3.
Other descriptions of this sequence: quartic planted trees with n nodes; ternary rooted trees with n nodes and height at most 3.
The number of aliphatic amino acids with n carbon atoms in the side chain, and no rings or double bonds, has the same growth as this sequence. - Konrad Gruetzmann, Aug 13 2012

			From _Joerg Arndt_, Feb 25 2017: (Start)
The a(5) = 8 rooted trees with 5 nodes and out-degrees <= 3 are:
:         level sequence    out-degrees (dots for zeros)
:     1:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 ]    [ 1 1 1 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:
:     2:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 ]    [ 1 1 2 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:
:     3:  [ 0 1 2 3 2 ]    [ 1 2 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:     .--o
:
:     4:  [ 0 1 2 3 1 ]    [ 2 1 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:  .--o
:
:     5:  [ 0 1 2 2 2 ]    [ 1 3 . . . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:     .--o
:
:     6:  [ 0 1 2 2 1 ]    [ 2 2 . . . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:
:     7:  [ 0 1 2 1 2 ]    [ 2 1 . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o
:  .--o--o
:
:     8:  [ 0 1 2 1 1 ]    [ 3 1 . . . ]
:  O--o--o
:  .--o
:  .--o
(End)

N. L. Biggs et al., Graph Theory 1736-1936, Oxford, 1976, p. 62 (quoting Cayley, who is wrong).
A. Cayley, On the mathematical theory of isomers, Phil. Mag. vol. 67 (1874), 444-447 (a(6) is wrong).
J. L. Faulon, D. Visco and D. Roe, Enumerating Molecules, In: Reviews in Computational Chemistry Vol. 21, Ed. K. Lipkowitz, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
R. A. Fisher, Contributions to Mathematical Statistics, Wiley, 1950, 41.397.
J. L. Gross and J. Yellen, eds., Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, 2004; p. 529.
Handbook of Combinatorics, North-Holland '95, p. 1963.
Knop, Mueller, Szymanski and Trinajstich, Computer generation of certain classes of molecules.
D. Perry, The number of structural isomers ..., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 54 (1932), 2918-2920.
G. Polya, Mathematical and Plausible Reasoning, Vol. 1 Prob. 4 pp. 85; 233.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Vaclav Kotesovec, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000 (first 200 terms from N. J. A. Sloane)
Jean-François Alcover, Mathematica program translated from N. J. A. Sloane's Maple program for A000022, A000200, A000598, A000602, A000678.
A. T. Balaban, J. W. Kennedy and L. V. Quintas, The number of alkanes having n carbons and a longest chain of length d, J. Chem. Education, 65 (1988), 304-313.
A. Cayley, On the mathematical theory of isomers, Phil. Mag. vol. 67 (1874), 444-447 (a(6) is wrong). (Annotated scanned copy)
Frederic Chyzak, Enumerating alcohols and other classes of chemical molecules.
Maximilian Fichtner, K. Voigt, and S. Schuster, The tip and hidden part of the iceberg: Proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic aliphatic amino acids, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General, 2016, Volume 1861, Issue 1, Part A, January 2017, pp. 3258-3269.
P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 478.
K. Grützmann, S. Böcker, and S. Schuster, Combinatorics of aliphatic amino acids, Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 98, No. 1, 79-86, 2011.
H. R. Henze and C. M. Blair, The number of structurally isomeric alcohols of the methanol series, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 53 (8) (1931), 3042-3046.
H. R. Henze and C. M. Blair, The number of structurally isomeric alcohols of the methanol series, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 53 (8) (1931), 3042-3045. (Annotated scanned copy)
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 1.
P. Leroux and B. Miloudi, Généralisations de la formule d'Otter, Ann. Sci. Math. Québec, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 53-80, 1992. (Annotated scanned copy)
Camden A. Parks and James B. Hendrickson, Enumeration of monocyclic and bicyclic carbon skeletons, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., vol. 31, 334-339 (1991).
D. Perry, The number of structural isomers of certain homologs of methane and methanol, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 54 (1932), 2918-2920. [Gives a(60) correctly.] (Annotated scanned copy)
G. Polya, Algebraische Berechnung der Anzahl der Isomeren einiger organischer Verbindungen, Zeit. f. Kristall., 93 (1936), 415-443; Table I, line 2.
G. Polya, Algebraische Berechnung der Anzahl der Isomeren einiger organischer Verbindungen, Zeit. f. Kristall., 93 (1936), 415-443; Table I, line 2. (Annotated scanned copy)
R. C. Read, The Enumeration of Acyclic Chemical Compounds, pp. 25-61 of A. T. Balaban, ed., Chemical Applications of Graph Theory, Ac. Press, 1976. [Annotated scanned copy] See p. 20, Eq. (G); p. 27, Eq. 2.1.
Marko Riedel, Chris Grossack, Counting trees with a degree constraint, Math StackExchange.
R. W. Robinson, F. Harary and A. T. Balaban, Numbers of chiral and achiral alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes, Tetrahedron 32 (3) (1976), 355-361.
R. W. Robinson, F. Harary and A. T. Balaban, Numbers of chiral and achiral alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes, Tetrahedron 32 (3) (1976), 355-361. (Annotated scanned copy)
Hugo Schiff, Zur Statistik chemischer Verbindungen, Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, Vol. 8, pp. 1542-1547, 1875. [Annotated scanned copy]
N. J. A. Sloane, Maple program and first 60 terms for A000022, A000200, A000598, A000602, A000678.
N. Trinajstich, Z. Jerievi, J. V. Knop, W. R. Muller and K. Szymanski, Computer Generation of Isomeric Structures, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 379-390, 1983.
Wikipedia, Polya's enumeration theorem.
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees

Cf. A000599, A000600, A000602, A000625, A000628, A000678, A010372, A010373, A086194, A086200, A261340.
Cf. A292553, A292554, A292555, A292556.
Cf. A000081, A001190, A014591, A032305, A295461, A298118, A298120, A298204, A298422, A298426.
Column k=3 of A299038.

N := 45; G000598 := 0: i := 0: while i<(N+1) do G000598 := series(1+z*(G000598^3/6+subs(z=z^2,G000598)*G000598/2+subs(z=z^3,G000598)/3)+O(z^(N+1)),z,N+1): t[ i ] := G000598: i := i+1: od: A000598 := n->coeff(G000598,z,n);
# Another Maple program for g.f. G000598:
G000598 := 1; f := proc(n) global G000598; coeff(series(1+(1/6)*x*(G000598^3+3*G000598*subs(x=x^2,G000598)+2*subs(x=x^3,G000598)),x, n+1),x,n); end; for n from 1 to 50 do G000598 := series(G000598+f(n)*x^n,x,n+1); od; G000598;
spec := [S, {Z=Atom, S=Union(Z, Prod(Z, Set(S, card=3)))}, unlabeled]: [seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n), n=0..20)];

m = 45; Clear[f]; f[1, x_] := 1+x; f[n_, x_] := f[n, x] = Expand[1+x*(f[n-1, x]^3/6 + f[n-1, x^2]*f[n-1, x]/2 + f[n-1, x^3]/3)][[1 ;; n]]; Do[f[n, x], {n, 2, m}]; CoefficientList[f[m, x], x]
(* second program (after N. J. A. Sloane): *)
m = 45; gf[] = 0; Do[gf[z] = 1 + z*(gf[z]^3/6 + gf[z^2]*gf[z]/2 + gf[z^3]/3) + O[z]^m // Normal, m]; CoefficientList[gf[z], z]  (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 23 2014, updated Jan 11 2018 *)
b[0, i_, t_, k_] = 1; m = 3; (* m = maximum children *)
b[n_,i_,t_,k_]:= b[n,i,t,k]= If[i<1,0,
  Sum[Binomial[b[i-1, i-1, k, k] + j-1, j]*
  b[n-i*j, i-1, t-j, k], {j, 0, Min[t, n/i]}]];
Join[{1},Table[b[n-1, n-1, m, m], {n, 1, 35}]] (* Robert A. Russell, Dec 27 2022 *)

seq(n)={my(g=O(x)); for(n=1, n, g = 1 + x*(g^3/6 + subst(g,x,x^2)*g/2 + subst(g,x,x^3)/3) + O(x^n)); Vec(g)} \\ Andrew Howroyd, May 22 2018

def seq(n):
    B = PolynomialRing(QQ, 't', n+1);t = B.gens()
    R. = B[[]]
    T = sum([t[i] * z^i for i in range(1,n+1)]) + O(z^(n+1))
    lhs, rhs = T, 1 + z/6 * (T(z)^3 + 3*T(z)*T(z^2) + 2*T(z^3))
    I = B.ideal([lhs.coefficients()[i] - rhs.coefficients()[i] for i in range(n)])
    return [I.reduce(t[i]) for i in range(1,n+1)]
seq(33) # Chris Grossack, Mar 31 2025

G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = 1 + (1/6)*x*(A(x)^3 + 3*A(x)*A(x^2) + 2*A(x^3)).

a(n) ~ c * d^n / n^(3/2), where d = 1/A261340 = 2.8154600331761507465266167782426995425365065396907..., c = 0.517875906458893536993162356992854345458168348098... . - Vaclav Kotesovec, Aug 15 2015

Additional comments from Steve Strand (snstrand(AT)comcast.net), Aug 20 2003

A196050 Number of edges in the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 6, 5, 7, 7, 6, 6, 6, 5, 7, 6, 6, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6, 8, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 8, 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 7, 7, 6, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 6, 6, 8, 6, 8

Offset: 1

Emeric Deutsch, Sep 27 2011

nonn

The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree is defined in the following recursive manner: to the one-vertex tree there corresponds the number 1; to a tree T with root degree 1 there corresponds the t-th prime number, where t is the Matula-Goebel number of the tree obtained from T by deleting the edge emanating from the root; to a tree T with root degree m>=2 there corresponds the product of the Matula-Goebel numbers of the m branches of T.
a(n) is, for n >= 2, the number of prime function prime(.) = A000040(.) operations in the complete reduction of n. See the W. Lang link with a list of the reductions for n = 2..100, where a curly bracket notation {.} is used for prime(.). - Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 03 2018
From Gus Wiseman, Mar 23 2019: (Start)
Every positive integer has a unique factorization (encoded by A324924) into factors q(i) = prime(i)/i, i > 0. For example:
   11 = q(1) q(2) q(3) q(5)
   50 = q(1)^3 q(2)^2 q(3)^2
  360 = q(1)^6 q(2)^3 q(3)
In this factorization, a(n) is the number of factors counted with multiplicity. For example, a(11) = 4, a(50) = 7, a(360) = 10.
(End)
From Antti Karttunen, Oct 23 2023: (Start)
Totally additive with a(prime(n)) = 1 + a(n).
Number of iterations of A366385 (or equally, of A366387) needed to reach 1.
(End)

			a(7) = 3 because the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 7 is the rooted tree Y.
a(2^m) = m because the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 2^m is the star tree with m edges.

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Emeric Deutsch, Tree statistics from Matula numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1111.4288 [math.CO], 2011.
F. Göbel, On a 1-1-correspondence between rooted trees and natural numbers, J. Combin. Theory, B 29 (1980), 141-143.
I. Gutman and A. Ivic, On Matula numbers, Discrete Math., 150, 1996, 131-142.
I. Gutman and Yeong-Nan Yeh, Deducing properties of trees from their Matula numbers, Publ. Inst. Math., 53 (67), 1993, 17-22.
Wolfdieter Lang, Complete prime function reduction for n = 2..100.
D. W. Matula, A natural rooted tree enumeration by prime factorization, SIAM Rev. 10 (1968) 273.
Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Goebel numbers

One less than A061775.
Cf. A000040, A000081, A000720, A003963, A007097, A020639, A049084, A109082, A109129, A317713, A318995, A358729.
Cf. A324850, A324922, A324923, A324924, A324925, A324931, A324935, A366385, A366387, A366388.

import Data.List (genericIndex)
a196050 n = genericIndex a196050_list (n - 1)
a196050_list = 0 : g 2 where
   g x = y : g (x + 1) where
     y = if t > 0 then a196050 t + 1 else a196050 r + a196050 s
         where t = a049084 x; r = a020639 x; s = x `div` r
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 03 2013

with(numtheory): a := proc (n) local r, s: r := proc (n) options operator, arrow: op(1, factorset(n)) end proc: s := proc (n) options operator, arrow: n/r(n) end proc: if n = 1 then 0 elif bigomega(n) = 1 then 1+a(pi(n)) else a(r(n))+a(s(n)) end if end proc: seq(a(n), n = 1 .. 110);

a[1] = 0; a[n_?PrimeQ] := a[n] = 1 + a[PrimePi[n]]; a[n_] := Total[#[[2]] * a[#[[1]] ]& /@ FactorInteger[n]];
Array[a, 110] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 16 2017 *)
difac[n_]:=If[n==1,{},With[{i=PrimePi[FactorInteger[n][[1,1]]]},Sort[Prepend[difac[n*i/Prime[i]],i]]]];
Table[Length[difac[n]],{n,100}] (* Gus Wiseman, Mar 23 2019 *)

a(n) = my(f=factor(n)); [self()(primepi(p))+1 |p<-f[,1]]*f[,2]; \\ Kevin Ryde, May 28 2021

from functools import lru_cache
from sympy import isprime, primepi, factorint
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A196050(n):
    if n == 1 : return 0
    if isprime(n): return 1+A196050(primepi(n))
    return sum(e*A196050(p) for p, e in factorint(n).items()) # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 19 2022

a(1)=0; if n = prime(t) (the t-th prime), then a(n)=1 + a(t); if n = r*s (r,s>=2), then a(n)=a(r)+a(s). The Maple program is based on this recursive formula.
a(n) = A061775(n) - 1.
a(n) = A109129(n) + A366388(n) = A109082(n) + A358729(n). - Antti Karttunen, Oct 23 2023

A290689 Number of transitive rooted trees with n nodes.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 88, 143, 229, 370, 592, 955, 1527, 2457, 3929, 6304, 10081

Offset: 1

Gus Wiseman, Oct 19 2017

A rooted tree is transitive if every proper terminal subtree is also a branch of the root. First differs from A206139 at a(13) = 143.

Regarding the notation, a rooted tree is a finite multiset of rooted trees. For example, the rooted tree (o(o)(oo)) is short for {{},{{}},{{},{}}}. Each "o" is a leaf. Each pair of parentheses corresponds to a non-leaf node (such as the root). Its contents "(...)" represent a branch. - Gus Wiseman, Nov 16 2024

			The a(7) = 8 7-node transitive rooted trees are: (o(oooo)), (oo(ooo)), (o(o)((o))), (o(o)(oo)), (ooo(oo)), (oo(o)(o)), (oooo(o)), (oooooo).

Robert P. P. McKone, The transitive rooted trees with n=1 to n=22 nodes.

The restriction to identity trees (A004111) is A279861, ranks A290760.
These trees are ranked by A290822.
The anti-transitive version is A306844, ranks A324758.
The totally transitive case is A318185 (by leaves A318187), ranks A318186.
A version for integer partitions is A324753, for subsets A324736.
The ordered version is A358453, ranks A358457, undirected A358454.
Cf. A000081, A001192, A001678, A324770, A324969, A325705, A358455, A358460.

nn=18;
rtall[n_]:=If[n===1,{{}},Module[{cas},Union[Sort/@Join@@(Tuples[rtall/@#]&/@IntegerPartitions[n-1])]]];
Table[Length[Select[rtall[n],Complement[Union@@#,#]==={}&]],{n,nn}]

a(20) from Robert Price, Sep 13 2018

a(21)-a(22) from Robert P. P. McKone, Dec 16 2023

A141268 Number of phylogenetic rooted trees with n unlabeled objects.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 11, 30, 96, 308, 1052, 3648, 13003, 47006, 172605, 640662, 2402388, 9082538, 34590673, 132566826, 510904724, 1978728356, 7697565819, 30063818314, 117840547815, 463405921002, 1827768388175, 7228779397588, 28661434308095, 113903170011006, 453632267633931

Offset: 1

Thomas Wieder, Jun 20 2008

nonn

Unlabeled analog of A005804 = Phylogenetic trees with n labels.
From Gus Wiseman, Jul 31 2018: (Start)
a(n) is the number of series-reduced rooted trees whose leaves form an integer partition of n. For example, the following are the a(4) = 11 series-reduced rooted trees whose leaves form an integer partition of 4.
  4,
  (13),
  (22),
  (112), (1(12)), (2(11)),
  (1111), (11(11)), (1(1(11))), (1(111)), ((11)(11)).
(End)

			For n=4 we have A141268(4)=11 because
Set(Set(Z),Set(Z),Set(Z,Z)),
Set(Set(Z),Set(Set(Z),Set(Z,Z))),
Set(Z,Z,Z,Z),
Set(Set(Z,Z),Set(Z,Z)),
Set(Set(Set(Z),Set(Z)),Set(Z,Z)),
Set(Set(Z),Set(Z),Set(Set(Z),Set(Z))),
Set(Set(Z),Set(Z),Set(Z),Set(Z)),
Set(Set(Z),Set(Set(Z),Set(Z),Set(Z))),
Set(Set(Set(Z),Set(Z)),Set(Set(Z),Set(Z))),
Set(Set(Z),Set(Z,Z,Z)),
Set(Set(Z),Set(Set(Z),Set(Set(Z),Set(Z))))

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Moshe Klein and A. Yu. Khrennikov, Recursion over partitions, P-Adic Numbers, Ultrametric Analysis, and Applications 6.4 (2014): 303-309. See sp_n.

Cf. A000081, A000311, A000669, A001678, A005804, A141268, A292504, A300660, A316655.

with(combstruct): A141268 := [H, {H=Union(Set(Z,card>=1),Set(H,card>=2))}, unlabelled]; seq(count(A141268, size=j), j=1..20);
# second Maple program:
b:= proc(n,i) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, `if`(i<1, 0,
      add(b(n-i*j, i-1)*binomial(a(i)+j-1, j), j=0..n/i)))
    end:
a:= n-> `if`(n<2, n, 1+b(n, n-1)):
seq(a(n), n=1..30);  # Alois P. Heinz, Jun 18 2018

facs[n_]:=If[n<=1,{{}},Join@@Table[Map[Prepend[#,d]&,Select[facs[n/d],Min@@#>=d&]],{d,Rest[Divisors[n]]}]];
t[n_]:=t[n]=If[PrimeQ[n],{n},Join@@Table[Union[Sort/@Tuples[t/@fac]],{fac,Select[facs[n],Length[#]>1&]}]];
Table[Sum[Length[t[Times@@Prime/@ptn]],{ptn,IntegerPartitions[n]}],{n,7}] (* Gus Wiseman, Jul 31 2018 *)
b[n_, i_] := b[n, i] = If[n == 0, 1, If[i < 1, 0,
     Sum[b[n-i*j, i-1]*Binomial[a[i]+j-1, j], {j, 0, n/i}]]];
a[n_] := If[n < 2, n, 1 + b[n, n-1]];
Array[a, 30] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 21 2021, after Alois P. Heinz *)

EulerT(v)={Vec(exp(x*Ser(dirmul(v,vector(#v,n,1/n))))-1, -#v)}
seq(n)={my(v=vector(n)); for(n=1, n, v[n]=1 + EulerT(v[1..n])[n]); v} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Oct 26 2018

a(n) ~ c * d^n / n^(3/2), where d = 4.210216501727104448901818751..., c = 0.21649387167268793159311306... . - Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 04 2014

Offset corrected and more terms from Alois P. Heinz, Apr 21 2012

A000602 Number of n-node unrooted quartic trees; number of n-carbon alkanes C(n)H(2n+2) ignoring stereoisomers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 18, 35, 75, 159, 355, 802, 1858, 4347, 10359, 24894, 60523, 148284, 366319, 910726, 2278658, 5731580, 14490245, 36797588, 93839412, 240215803, 617105614, 1590507121, 4111846763, 10660307791, 27711253769

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Trees are unrooted, nodes are unlabeled. Every node has degree <= 4.
Ignoring stereoisomers means that the children of a node are unordered. They can be permuted in any way and it is still the same tree. See A000628 for the analogous sequence with stereoisomers counted.
In alkanes every carbon has valence exactly 4 and every hydrogen has valence exactly 1. But the trees considered here are just the carbon "skeletons" (with all the hydrogen atoms stripped off) so now each carbon bonds to 1 to 4 other carbons. The degree of each node is then <= 4.

			a(6)=5 because hexane has five isomers: n-hexane; 2-methylpentane; 3-methylpentane; 2,2-dimethylbutane; 2,3-dimethylbutane. - Michael Lugo (mtlugo(AT)mit.edu), Mar 15 2003 (corrected by _Andrey V. Kulsha_, Sep 22 2011)

Klemens Adam, Die Anzahlbestimmung der isomeren Alkane, MNU 1983, 36, 29 (in German).
F. Bergeron, G. Labelle and P. Leroux, Combinatorial Species and Tree-Like Structures, Camb. 1998, p. 290.
L. Bytautats, D. J. Klein, Alkane Isomer Combinatorics: Stereostructure enumeration and graph-invariant and molecular-property distributions, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci 39 (1999) 803, Table 1.
A. Cayley, Über die analytischen Figuren, welche in der Mathematik Baeume genannt werden..., Chem. Ber. 8 (1875), 1056-1059.
R. Davies and P. J. Freyd, C_{167}H_{336} is The Smallest Alkane with More Realizable Isomers than the Observable Universe has Particles, Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 66, 1989, pp. 278-281.
J. L. Faulon, D. Visco and D. Roe, Enumerating Molecules, In: Reviews in Computational Chemistry Vol. 21, Ed. K. Lipkowitz, Wiley-VCH, 2005.
Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge University Press, 2003, Section 5.6.1 Chemical Isomers, p. 299.
J. L. Gross and J. Yellen, eds., Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, 2004; p. 529.
Handbook of Combinatorics, North-Holland '95, p. 1963.
J. B. Hendrickson and C. A. Parks, "Generation and Enumeration of Carbon skeletons", J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci, vol. 31 (1991) pp. 101-107. See Table 2, column 2 on page 103.
M. D. Jackson and T. I. Bieber, Applications of degree distribution, 2: construction and enumeration of isomers in the alkane series, J. Chem. Info. and Computer Science, 33 (1993), 701-708.
J. Lederberg et al., Applications of artificial intelligence for chemical systems, I: The number of possible organic compounds. Acyclic structures containing C, H, O and N, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 91 (1969), 2973-2097.
L. M. Masinter, Applications of artificial intelligence for chemical systems, XX, Exhaustive generation of cyclic and acyclic isomers, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 96 (1974), 7702-7714.
D. Perry, The number of structural isomers ..., J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 54 (1932), 2918-2920. [Gives a(60) correctly - compare first link below]
M. Petkovsek and T. Pisanski, Counting disconnected structures: chemical trees, fullerenes, I-graphs and others, Croatica Chem. Acta, 78 (2005), 563-567.
D. H. Rouvray, An introduction to the chemical applications of graph theory, Congress. Numerant., 55 (1986), 267-280. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 08 2012
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Marten J. ten Hoor, Formula for Success?, Education in Chemistry, 2005, 42(1), 10.
S. Wagner, Graph-theoretical enumeration and digital expansions: an analytic approach, Dissertation, Fakult. f. Tech. Math. u. Tech. Physik, Tech. Univ. Graz, Austria, Feb., 2006.

Pontus von Brömssen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000 (terms n = 0..60 from N. J. A. Sloane)
Jean-François Alcover, Mathematica program translated from N. J. A. Sloane's Maple program for A000022, A000200, A000598, A000602, A000678
M. van Almsick, H. Dolhaine and H. Honig, Efficient algorithms to enumerate isomers and diamutamers with more than one type of substituent, J. Chem. Info. and Computer Science, 40 (2000), 956-966.
Vijayakumar Ambat, Article about OEIS in Malayalam that mentions this sequence, Mathrubhumi (daily newspaper in Kerala State), circa Nov 20 2022.
R. Aringhieri, P. Hansen and F. Malucelli, Chemical Tree Enumeration Algorithms, Report TR-99-09, Dept. Informatica, Univ. Pisa, 1999.
A. T. Balaban, J. W. Kennedy and L. V. Quintas, The number of alkanes having n carbons and a longest chain of length d, J. Chem. Education, 65 (1988), 304-313.
H. Bottomley, Illustration of initial terms of A000022, A000200, A000602
L. Bytautas and D. J. Klein, Chemical combinatorics for alkane-isomer enumeration and more, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 38 (1998), 1063-1078.
A. Cayley, Über die analytischen Figuren, welche in der Mathematik Bäume genannt werden und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie chemischer Verbindungen, Chem. Ber. 8 (1875), 1056-1059. (Annotated scanned copy)
P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 478
Alfred W. Francis, Numbers of Isomeric Alkylbenzenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69:6 (1947), pp. 1536-1537.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Mar. 1988
F. Harary and R. Z. Norman, Dissimilarity characteristic theorems for graphs, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 11 (1960), 332-334.
H. R. Henze and C. M. Blair, The number of isomeric hydrocarbons of the methane series, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 53 (8) (1931), 3077-3085.
H. R. Henze and C. M. Blair, The number of isomeric hydrocarbons of the methane series, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 53 (1931), 3077-3085. (Annotated scanned copy)
H. R. Henze and C. M. Blair, The number of structurally isomeric Hydrocarbons of the Ethylene Series, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 55 (2) (1933), 680-686.
F. Hermann, Ueber das Problem, die Anzahl der isomeren Paraffine der Formel C_n H_{2n+2} zu bestimmung, Chem. Ber., 13 (1880), 792. [I (1880), Annotated scanned copy]
F. Hermann, Ueber das Problem, die Anzahl der isomeren Paraffine der Formel C_n H_{2n+2} zu bestimmung, Chem. Ber., 30 (1897), 2423-2426. [II (1897), Annotated scanned copy]
F. Hermann, Entgegnung, Chem. Ber., 31 (1898), 91. [III (1898), Annotated scanned copy]
Lorentz Jäntschi and Lavinia-Lorena Pruteanu, Geometry of C_32 cyclic polyyne and some of its clusters, Carpathian J. Math. (2025) Vol. 41, No. 2, 371-391. See p. 371.
Michael A. Kappler, GENSMI: Exhaustive Enumeration of Simple Graphs. Daylight CIS, Inc., EuroMUG '04;4-Nov 05 2004.
E. V. Konstantinova and M. V. Vidyuk, Discriminating tests of information and topological indices; animals and trees; J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 43 (2003), 1860-1871.
J. Lederberg, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 13 1971
J. Lederberg, The topology of molecules, in The Mathematical Sciences. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969, pages 37-51. [Annotated scanned copy]
J. Lederberg, Dendral-64, I, Report to NASA, Dec 1964 [Annotated scanned copy]
J. Lederberg, Dendral-64, II, Report to NASA, Dec 1965 [Annotated scanned copy]
J. Lederberg, Dendral-64, III, Report to NASA, Dec 1968 [Annotated scanned copy]
P. Leroux and B. Miloudi, Généralisations de la formule d'Otter, Ann. Sci. Math. Québec, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1992), pp. 53-80.
P. Leroux and B. Miloudi, Généralisations de la formule d'Otter, Ann. Sci. Math. Québec, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 53-80, 1992. (Annotated scanned copy)
S. M. Losanitsch, Die Isomerie-Arten bei den Homologen der Paraffin-Reihe, Chem. Ber. 30 (1897), 1917-1926.
S. M. Losanitsch, Die Isomerie-Arten bei den Homologen der Paraffin-Reihe, Chem. Ber. 30 (1897), 1917-1926. (Annotated scanned copy)
S. M. Losanitsch, Bemerkungen zu der Hermasnnschen Mitteillung: Die Anzahl..., Chem. Ber., 30 (1897), 3059-3060 [Annotated scanned copy]
A. Masoumi, M. Antoniazzi, and M. Soutchanski, Modeling organic chemistry and planning organic synthesis, GCAI 2015. Global Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2015), pp. 176-195.
W. R. Mueller et al., Molecular topological index, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 30 (1990),160-163.
R. Otter, The number of trees, Ann. of Math. (2) 49 (1948), 583-599 discusses asymptotics.
D. Perry, The number of structural isomers of certain homologs of methane and methanol, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 54 (1932), 2918-2920. [Gives a(60) correctly] (Annotated scanned copy)
G. Polya, Algebraische Berechnung der Anzahl der Isomeren einiger organischer Verbindungen, Zeit. f. Kristall., 93 (1936), 415-443
G. Polya, Algebraische Berechnung der Anzahl der Isomeren einiger organischer Verbindungen, Zeit. f. Kristall., 93 (1936), 415-443. (Annotated scanned copy)
E. M. Rains and N. J. A. Sloane, On Cayley's Enumeration of Alkanes (or 4-Valent Trees), J. Integer Sequences, Vol. 2 (1999), Article 99.1.1.
R. C. Read, The Enumeration of Acyclic Chemical Compounds, pp. 25-61 of A. T. Balaban, ed., Chemical Applications of Graph Theory, Ac. Press, 1976. [Annotated scanned copy] See p. 28.
R. W. Robinson, F. Harary and A. T. Balaban, Numbers of chiral and achiral alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes, Tetrahedron 32 (3) (1976), 355-361.
R. W. Robinson, F. Harary and A. T. Balaban, Numbers of chiral and achiral alkanes and monosubstituted alkanes, Tetrahedron 32 (3) (1976), 355-361. (Annotated scanned copy)
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Nicholas I. Shepherd-Barron, Asymptotic period relations for Jacobian elliptic surfaces, arXiv:1904.13344 [math.AG], 2019.
N. J. A. Sloane, Maple program and first 60 terms for A000022, A000200, A000598, A000602, A000678
N. J. A. Sloane, "A Handbook of Integer Sequences" Fifty Years Later, arXiv:2301.03149 [math.NT], 2023, p. 5.
N. Trinajstich, Z. Jerievi, J. V. Knop, W. R. Muller and K. Szymanski, Computer Generation of Isomeric Structures, Pure & Appl. Chem., Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 379-390, 1983.
Stephan Wagner, On the average Wiener index of degree-restricted trees
Sylvia Wenmackers, Huiswerk (met bijna twintig jaar vertraging) (in Dutch), 2015.
Index entries for sequences related to trees
Index entries for "core" sequences

Column k=4 of A144528.
A000602 = A000022 + A000200 for n>0.
Cf. A000598, A000625, A000628, A067608, A067609, A067610.

A000602 := proc(n)
    if n=0 then
        1
    else
        A000022(n)+A000200(n);
    end if;
end proc:

n = 40; (* algorithm from Rains and Sloane *)
S3[f_,h_,x_] := f[h,x]^3/6 + f[h,x] f[h,x^2]/2 + f[h,x^3]/3;
S4[f_,h_,x_] := f[h,x]^4/24 + f[h,x]^2 f[h,x^2]/4 + f[h,x] f[h,x^3]/3 + f[h,x^2]^2/8 + f[h,x^4]/4;
T[-1,z_] := 1;  T[h_,z_] := T[h,z] = Table[z^k, {k,0,n}].Take[CoefficientList[z^(n+1) + 1 + S3[T,h-1,z]z, z], n+1];
Sum[Take[CoefficientList[z^(n+1) + S4[T,h-1,z]z - S4[T,h-2,z]z - (T[h-1,z] - T[h-2,z]) (T[h-1,z]-1),z], n+1], {h,1,n/2}] + PadRight[{1,1}, n+1] + Sum[Take[CoefficientList[z^(n+1) + (T[h,z] - T[h-1,z])^2/2 + (T[h,z^2] - T[h-1,z^2])/2, z],n+1], {h,0,n/2}] (* Robert A. Russell, Sep 15 2018 *)
b[n_, i_, t_, k_] := b[n,i,t,k] = If[i<1, 0, Sum[Binomial[b[i-1,i-1,
  k,k] + j-1, j]* b[n-i*j, i-1, t-j, k], {j, 0, Min[t, n/i]}]];
b[0, i_, t_, k_] = 1; m = 3; (* m = maximum children *) n = 40;
gf[x_] = 1 + Sum[b[j-1,j-1,m,m]x^j,{j,1,n}]; (* G.f. for A000598 *)
ci[x_] = SymmetricGroupIndex[m+1, x] /. x[i_] -> gf[x^i];
CoefficientList[Normal[Series[gf[x] - (gf[x]^2 - gf[x^2])/2 + x ci[x],
{x, 0, n}]],x] (* Robert A. Russell, Jan 19 2023 *)

a(n) = A010372(n) + A010373(n/2) for n even, a(n) = A010372(n) for n odd.
Also equals A000022 + A000200 (n>0), both of which have known generating functions. Also g.f. = A000678(x) - A000599(x) + A000598(x^2) = (x + x^2 + 2x^3 + ...) - (x^2 + x^3 + 3x^4 + ...) + (1 + x^2 + x^4 + ...) = 1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + 2x^4 + 3x^5 + ...
G.f.: B(x) - cycle_index(S2,-B(x)) + x * cycle_index(S4,B(x)) = B(x) - (B(x)^2 - B(x^2)) / 2 + x * (B(x)^4 + 6*B(x)^2*B(x^2) + 8*B(x)*B(x^3) + 3*B(x^2)^2 + 6*B(x^4)) / 24, where B(x) = 1 + x * cycle_index(S3,B(x)) = 1 + x * (B(x)^3 + 3*B(x)*B(x^2) + 2*B(x^3)) / 6 is the generating function for A000598. - Robert A. Russell, Jan 16 2023

Additional comments from Steve Strand (snstrand(AT)comcast.net), Aug 20 2003

A109129 Width (i.e., number of non-root vertices having degree 1) of the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 6, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 4, 3, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 3, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 4

Offset: 1

Keith Briggs, Aug 17 2005

nonn

The Matula-Goebel number of a rooted tree is defined in the following recursive manner: to the one-vertex tree there corresponds the number 1; to a tree T with root degree 1 there corresponds the t-th prime number, where t is the Matula-Goebel number of the tree obtained from T by deleting the edge emanating from the root; to a tree T with root degree m >= 2 there corresponds the product of the Matula-Goebel numbers of the m branches of T.
A non-root vertex having degree 1 is called a leaf.
Every positive integer has a unique factorization (see A324924) into factors q(i) = prime(i)/i for i > 0. The number of ones in this factorization is a(n). For example, 30 = q(1)^3 q(2)^2 q(3), so a(30) = 3. - Gus Wiseman, Mar 23 2019

			a(7)=2 because the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 7 is the rooted tree Y.
a(2^m) = m because the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number 2^m is a star with m edges.

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
E. Deutsch, Tree statistics from Matula numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1111.4288 [math.CO], 2011.
F. Goebel, On a 1-1-correspondence between rooted trees and natural numbers, J. Combin. Theory, B 29 (1980), 141-143.
I. Gutman and A. Ivic, On Matula numbers, Discrete Math., 150, 1996, 131-142.
I. Gutman and Yeong-Nan Yeh, Deducing properties of trees from their Matula numbers, Publ. Inst. Math., 53 (67), 1993, 17-22.
D. Matula, A natural rooted tree enumeration by prime factorization, SIAM Rev. 10 (1968) 273.
Index entries for sequences related to Matula-Goebel numbers

Cf. A061775, A091233.
Cf. A049084, A020639.
Cf. A000081, A000720, A001222, A007097, A109082, A196050, A317713.
Cf. A324850, A324922, A324923, A324924, A324931.

import Data.List (genericIndex)
a109129 n = genericIndex a109129_list (n - 1)
a109129_list = 0 : 1 : g 3 where
   g x = y : g (x + 1) where
     y = if t > 0 then a109129 t else a109129 r + a109129 s
         where t = a049084 x; r = a020639 x; s = x `div` r
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 03 2013

with(numtheory): a := proc (n) local r, s: r := proc (n) options operator, arrow: op(1, factorset(n)) end proc: s := proc (n) options operator, arrow: n/r(n) end proc: if n = 1 then 0 elif n = 2 then 1 elif bigomega(n) = 1 then a(pi(n)) else a(r(n))+a(s(n)) end if end proc: seq(a(n), n = 1 .. 110);

Nest[Function[{a, n}, Append[a, If[PrimeQ@ n, a[[PrimePi@ n]], Total@ Map[#2 a[[#1]] & @@ # &, FactorInteger[n]] ]]] @@ {#, Length@ # + 1} &, {0, 1}, 105] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 24 2019 *)

ML(n) = if( n==1, 1, my(f=factor(n)); sum(k=1,matsize(f)[1],ML(primepi(f[k,1]))*f[k,2])) ;
A109129(n) = if( n==1, 0, ML(n) ); \\ François Marques, Mar 16 2021

from functools import lru_cache
from sympy import primepi, isprime, factorint
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A109129(n):
    if n <= 2: return n-1
    if isprime(n): return A109129(primepi(n))
    return sum(e*A109129(p) for p, e in factorint(n).items()) # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 19 2022

a(1)=0; a(2)=1; if n = p(t) (= the t-th prime) and t >= 2, then a(n) = a(t); if n = rs (r, s >= 2), then a(n) = a(r) + a(s). The Maple program is based on this recursive formula.

The Gutman et al. references contain a different recursive formula.

Typo in formula fixed by Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 03 2013

cp's OEIS Frontend

A005574 Numbers k such that k^2 + 1 is prime.

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A001678 Number of series-reduced planted trees with n nodes.

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A061775 Number of nodes in rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number n.

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A167865 Number of partitions of n into distinct parts greater than 1, with each part divisible by the next.

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A000598 Number of rooted ternary trees with n nodes; number of n-carbon alkyl radicals C(n)H(2n+1) ignoring stereoisomers.

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A196050 Number of edges in the rooted tree with Matula-Goebel number n.

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