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This is a multiplicative self-inverse permutation of the integers.

A225547 gives the fixed points.

From Antti Karttunen and Peter Munn, Feb 02 2020: (Start)

This sequence operates on the Fermi-Dirac factors of a number. As arranged in array form, in A329050, this sequence reflects these factors about the main diagonal of the array, substituting A329050[j,i] for A329050[i,j], and this results in many relationships including significant homomorphisms.

This sequence provides a relationship between the operations of squaring and prime shift (A003961) because each successive column of the A329050 array is the square of the previous column, and each successive row is the prime shift of the previous row.

A329050 gives examples of how significant sets of numbers can be formed by choosing their factors in relation to rows and/or columns. This sequence therefore maps equivalent derived sets by exchanging rows and columns. Thus odd numbers are exchanged for squares, squarefree numbers for powers of 2 etc.

Alternative construction: For n > 1, form a vector v of length A299090(n), where each element v[i] for i=1..A299090(n) is a product of those distinct prime factors p(i) of n whose exponent e(i) has the bit (i-1) "on", or 1 (as an empty product) if no such exponents are present. a(n) is then Product_{i=1..A299090(n)} A000040(i)^A048675(v[i]). Note that because each element of vector v is squarefree, it means that each exponent A048675(v[i]) present in the product is a "submask" (not all necessarily proper) of the binary string A087207(n).

This permutation effects the following mappings:

A000035(a(n)) = A010052(n), A010052(a(n)) = A000035(n). [Odd numbers <-> Squares]

A008966(a(n)) = A209229(n), A209229(a(n)) = A008966(n). [Squarefree numbers <-> Powers of 2]

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From Antti Karttunen, Jul 08 2020: (Start)

Moreover, we see also that this sequence maps between A016825 (Numbers of the form 4k+2) and A001105 (2*squares) as well as between A008586 (Multiples of 4) and A028983 (Numbers with even sum of the divisors).

(End)

Also, except for the initial term, numbers whose prime factors are squared. - Cino Hilliard, Jan 25 2006

Also cubefree numbers that are squares. - Gionata Neri, May 08 2016

All positive integers have a unique factorization into powers of squarefree numbers with distinct exponents that are powers of two. So every positive number is a product of at most one squarefree number (A005117), at most one square of a squarefree number (term of this sequence), at most one 4th power of a squarefree number (A113849), at most one 8th power of a squarefree number, and so on. - Peter Munn, Mar 12 2020

Powerful numbers (A001694) all of whose nonunitary divisors are not powerful (A052485). - Amiram Eldar, May 13 2023

Cubefull numbers (A036966) all of whose nonunitary divisors are not cubefull (A362147). - Amiram Eldar, May 13 2023

The A019565 row order gives the table neat relationships with A003961, A003987, A059897, A225546, A319075 and A329050. See the formula section.

Transposition of this table, that is reflection about its main diagonal, has subtle symmetries. For example, consider the unique factorization of a number into powers of distinct primes. This can be restated as factorization into numbers from rows 2^n (n >= 0) with no more than one from each row. Reflecting about the main diagonal, this factorization becomes factorization (of a related number) into numbers from columns 2^k (k >= 0) with no more than one from each column. This is also unique and is factorization into powers of squarefree numbers with distinct exponents that are powers of two. See the example section.

This sequence is a permutation of A050376, so every positive integer is the product of a unique subset, S_factors, of its terms. If we restrict S_factors to be chosen from a subset, S_0, consisting of numbers from specified rows and/or columns of this array, there are notable sequences among those that may be generated. See the examples. Other notable sequences can be generated if we restrict the intersection of S_factors with specific rows/columns to have even cardinality. In any of the foregoing cases, the numbers in the resulting sequence form a group under the binary operation A059897(.,.).

Shares with array A246278 the property that columns grow downward by iterating A003961, and indeed, this array can be obtained from A246278 by selecting its columns 1, 2, 8, 128, ..., 2^((2^k)-1), for k >= 0.

A(n,k) is the image of the lattice point with coordinates X=n and Y=k under the inverse of the bijection f defined in the first comment of A306697. This geometric relationship can be used to construct an isomorphism from the polynomial ring GF(2)[x,y] to a ring over the positive integers, using methods similar to those for constructing A297845 and A306697. See A329329, the ring's multiplicative operator, for details.

First differs from its subsequence A138302 \ {1} at n = 378: a(378) = 432 = 2^4 * 3^3 is not a term of A138302.

First differs from A096432, A220218 \ {1}, A335275 \ {1} and A337052 \ {1} at n = 56, and from A270428 \ {1} at n = 113.

Numbers k such that A051903(k) is a power of 2.

The asymptotic density of this sequence is 1/zeta(3) + Sum_{k>=2} (1/zeta(2^k+1) - 1/zeta(2^k)) = 0.87442038669659566330... .

This is well-defined because positive integers have a unique factorization into powers of nonunit squarefree numbers with distinct exponents that are powers of 2.

Each (infinite) row is the lexicographically earliest with product n and terms that are a (2^k)-th power for all k.

For all k, column k is column k+1 of A060176 conjugated by A225546.

First differs from A366762 at n = 84, and from A197680, A361177 and A369210 at n = 95.

Numbers k such that A051903(k) is square.

The asymptotic density of this sequence is 1/zeta(2) + Sum_{k>=2} (1/zeta(k^2+1) - 1/zeta(k^2)) = 0.64939447949574562687... .

2 is the only term not divisible by 4. All powers of 2 are present. Every term divisible by an odd square is divisible by 16, the first such being 144.

The defined factorization is unique. Every positive number is a product of at most one squarefree number (A005117), at most one square of a squarefree number (A062503), at most one 4th power of a squarefree number (A113849), at most one 8th power of a squarefree number, and so on.

Iteratively map m using A000188, until 1 is reached, as A000188^k(m), for some k >= 1. m is in the sequence if and only if the preceding number, A000188^(k-1)(m), is 2. k can be shown to be A299090(m).

Closed under squaring, but not closed under multiplication: 12 = 3^1 * 2^2 and 432 = 3^1 * 3^2 * 2^4 are in the sequence, but 12 * 432 = 5184 = 3^4 * 2^6 = 2^2 * 6^4 is not.

The asymptotic density of this sequence is Sum_{k>=0} (d(2^(k+1)) - d(2^k))/2^(2^(k+1)-1) = 0.21363357193921052068..., where d(k) = 2^(k-1)/((2^k-1)*zeta(k)) is the asymptotic density of odd k-free numbers for k >= 2, and d(1) = 0. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 10 2024