A001662 -id:A001662 - cp's OEIS frontend

A008517 Second-order Eulerian triangle T(n,k), 1 <= k <= n.

1, 1, 2, 1, 8, 6, 1, 22, 58, 24, 1, 52, 328, 444, 120, 1, 114, 1452, 4400, 3708, 720, 1, 240, 5610, 32120, 58140, 33984, 5040, 1, 494, 19950, 195800, 644020, 785304, 341136, 40320, 1, 1004, 67260, 1062500, 5765500, 12440064, 11026296, 3733920, 362880

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Second-order Eulerian numbers <> = T(n,k+1) count the permutations of the multiset {1,1,2,2,...,n,n} with k ascents with the restriction that for all m, all integers between the two copies of m are less than m. In particular, the two 1s are always next to each other.
When seen as coefficients of polynomials with descending exponents, evaluations are in A000311 (x=2) and A001662 (x=-1).
The row reversed triangle is A112007. There one can find comments on the o.g.f.s for the diagonals of the unsigned Stirling1 triangle |A008275|.
Stirling2(n,n-k) = Sum_{m=0..k-1} T(k,m+1)*binomial(n+k-1+m, 2*k), k>=1. See the Graham et al. reference p. 271 eq. (6.43).
This triangle is the coefficient triangle of the numerator polynomials appearing in the o.g.f. for the k-th diagonal (k >= 1) of the Stirling2 triangle A048993.
The o.g.f. for column k satisfies the recurrence G(k,x) = x*(2*x*(d/dx)G(k-1,x) + (2-k)*G(k-1,x))/(1-k*x), k >= 2, with G(1,x) = 1/(1-x). - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 14 2005
This triangle is in some sense generated by the differential equation y' = 1 - 2/(1+x+y). (This is the differential equation satisfied by the function defined implicitly as x+y=exp(x-y).) If we take y = a(0) + a(1)x + a(2)x^2 + a(3)x^3 + ... and assume a(0)=c then all the a's may be calculated formally in terms of c and we have a(1) = (c-1)/(c+1) and, for n > 1, a(n) = 2^n/n! (1+c)^(1-2n)( T(n,1)c - T(n,2)c^2 + T(n,3)c^3 - ... + (-1)^(n-1) T(n,n)c^n ). - Moshe Shmuel Newman, Aug 08 2007
From the recurrence relation, the generating function F(x,y) := 1 + Sum_{n>=1, 1<=k<=n} [T(n,k)x^n/n!*y^k] satisfies the partial differential equation F = (1/y-2x)F_x + (y-1)F_y, with (non-elementary) solution F(x,y) = (1-y)/(1-Phi(w)) where w = y*exp(x(y-1)^2-y) and Phi(x) is defined by Phi(x) = x*exp(Phi(x)). By Lagrange inversion (see Wilf's book "generatingfunctionology", page 168, Example 1), Phi(x) = Sum_{n>=1} n^(n-1)*x^n/n!. Thus Phi(x) can alternatively be described as the e.g.f. for rooted labeled trees on n vertices A000169. - David Callan, Jul 25 2008
A method for solving PDEs such as the one above for F(x,y) is described in the Klazar reference (see pages 207-208). In his case, the auxiliary ODE dy/dx = b(x,y)/a(x,y) is exact; in this case it is not exact but has an integrating factor depending on y alone, namely y-1. The e.g.f. for the row sums A001147 is 1/sqrt(1-2*x) and the demonstration that F(x,1) = 1/sqrt(1-2*x) is interesting: two applications of l'Hopital's rule to lim_{y->1}F(x,y) yield F(x,1) = 1/(1-2x)*1/F(x,1). So l'Hopital's rule doesn't directly yield F(x,1) but rather an equation to be solved for F(x,1)!. - David Callan, Jul 25 2008
From Tom Copeland, Oct 12 2008; May 19 2010: (Start)
Let P(0,t)= 0, P(1,t)= 1, P(2,t)= t, P(3,t)= t + 2 t^2, P(4,t)= t + 8 t^2 + 6 t^3, ... be the row polynomials of the present array, then
exp(x*P(.,t)) = ( u + Tree(t*exp(u)) ) / (1-t) = WD(x*(1-t), t/(1-t)) / (1-t)
where u = x*(1-t)^2 - t, Tree(x) is the e.g.f. of A000169 and WD(x,t) is the e.g.f. for A134991, relating the Ward and 2-Eulerian polynomials by a simple transformation.
Note also apparently P(4,t) / (1-t)^3 = Ward Poly(4, t/(1-t)) = essentially an e.g.f. for A093500.
The compositional inverse of f(x,t) = exp(P(.,t)*x) about x=0 is
g(x,t) = ( x - (t/(1-t)^2)*(exp(x*(1-t))-x*(1-t)-1) )
= x - t*x^2/2! - t*(1-t)*x^3/3! - t*(1-t)^2*x^4/4! - t*(1-t)^3*x^5/5! - ... .
Can apply A134685 to these coefficients to generate f(x,t). (End)
Triangle A163936 is similar to the one given above except for an extra right hand column [1, 0, 0, 0, ... ] and that its row order is reversed. - Johannes W. Meijer, Oct 16 2009
From Tom Copeland, Sep 04 2011: (Start)
Let h(x,t) = 1/(1-(t/(1-t))*(exp(x*(1-t))-1)), an e.g.f. in x for row polynomials in t of A008292, then the n-th row polynomial in t of the table A008517 is given by ((h(x,t)*D_x)^(n+1))x with the derivative evaluated at x=0.
Also, df(x,t)/dx = h(f(x,t),t) where f(x,t) is an e.g.f. in x of the row polynomials in t of A008517, i.e., exp(x*P(.,t)) in Copeland's 2008 comment. (End)
The rows are the h-vectors of A134991. - Tom Copeland, Oct 03 2011
Hilbert series of the pre-WDVV ring, thus h-vectors of the Whitehouse simplicial complex (cf. Readdy, Table 1). - Tom Copeland, Sep 20 2014
Arises in Buckholtz's analysis of the error term in the series for exp(nz). - N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 05 2016

			Triangle begins:
  1;
  1,   2;
  1,   8,   6;
  1,  22,  58,  24;
  1,  52, 328, 444, 120; ...
Row 3: There are three plane increasing 0-1-2-3 trees on 3 vertices. The number of colors are shown to the right of a vertex.
.
    1o (2*t+1)         1o t*(t+2)      1o t*(t+2)
     |                 / \             / \
     |                /   \           /   \
    2o (2*t+1)      2o    3o        3o    2o
     |
     |
    3o
.
The total number of trees is (2*t+1)^2 + t*(t+2) + t*(t+2) = 1 + 8*t + 6*t^2.

R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth and O. Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994, p. 270. [with offsets [0,0]: see A201637]

Vincenzo Librandi, Rows n = 1..50, flattened
Peter Bala, Diagonals of triangles with generating function exp(t*F(x)).
J. Fernando Barbero G., Jesús Salas, and Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor, Bivariate Generating Functions for a Class of Linear Recurrences. I. General Structure, arXiv:1307.2010 [math.CO], 2013.
J. F. Barbero G., J. Salas and E. J. S. Villaseñor, Bivariate Generating Functions for a Class of Linear Recurrences. II. Applications, arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.5624 [math.CO], 2013.
J. Fernando Barbero G., Jesús Salas, and Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor, Generalized Stirling permutations and forests: Higher-order Eulerian and Ward numbers, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 22(3) (2015), #P3.37.
F. Bergeron, Ph. Flajolet and B. Salvy, Varieties of Increasing Trees, Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 581, ed. J.-C. Raoult, Springer (1992), pp. 24-48.
J. D. Buckholtz, Concerning an approximation of Copson, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 14 (1963), 564-568.
Naiomi T. Cameron and Kendra Killpatrick, Statistics on Linear Chord Diagrams, arXiv:1902.09021 [math.CO], 2019.
L. Carlitz, The coefficients in an asymptotic expansion, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 16 (1965) 248-252.
L. Carlitz, Some numbers related to the Stirling numbers of the first and second kind, Univ. Beograd Publ. Elektrotehn. Fak. Ser. Mat. Fiz., Numbers 544-576 (1976): 49-55. [Annotated scanned copy. The triangle is A008517.]
T. Copeland, Generators, Inversion, and Matrix, Binomial, and Integral Transforms
R. M. Corless, G. H. Gonnet, D. E. G. Hare, D. J. Jeffrey and D. E. Knuth, On the Lambert W Function, Advances in Computational Mathematics, Vol. 5 (1996), pp. 329-359, formula (3.6), alternative link.
Ming-Jian Ding and Jiang Zeng, Proof of an explicit formula for a series from Ramanujan's Notebooks via tree functions, arXiv:2307.00566 [math.CO], 2023.
D. Dominici, Nested derivatives: A simple method for computing series expansions of inverse functions. arXiv:math/0501052v2 [math.CA], 2005.
Sen-Peng Eu, Tung-Shan Fu, and Yeh-Jong Pan, A refined sign-balance of simsun permutations, Eur. J. Comb. 36 (2014) 97-109
W. Gautschi, Exponential integral ... for large values of n, Jrn. of Rsch. of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 62, No. 3, March 1959, Rsch. paper 2941. - _Tom Copeland_, Jan 02 2016
I. Gessel and R. P. Stanley, Stirling polynomials, J. Combin. Theory, A 24 (1978), 24-33.
J. Ginsburg, Note on Stirling's Numbers, Amer. Math. Monthly 35 (1928), no. 2, 77-80. - _David Callan_, Aug 27 2009
Jim Haglund and Mirko Visontai, Stable multivariate Eulerian polynomials and generalized Stirling permutations, European Journal of Combinatorics, Volume 33, Issue 4, May 2012, pp. 477-487.
M. Klazar, Twelve countings with rooted plane trees, European Journal of Combinatorics 18 (1997), 195-210; Addendum, 18 (1997), 739-740.
Dmitry V. Kruchinin and Vladimir V. Kruchinin, A generating function for the Euler numbers of the second kind and its application, arXiv:1802.09003 [math.CO], 2018.
Paul Levande, Two New Interpretations of the Fishburn Numbers and their Refined Generating Functions, arXiv:1006.3013 [math.CO], 2010.
Feihu Liu, Guoce Xin, and Chen Zhang, Ehrhart Polynomials of Order Polytopes: Interpreting Combinatorial Sequences on the OEIS, arXiv:2412.18744 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 29.
Peter Luschny, Second-order Eulerian numbers, A companion to A340556, Feb 2021.
Shi-Mei Ma, Some combinatorial sequences associated with context-free grammars, arXiv:1208.3104v2 [math.CO], 2012. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Aug 21 2012
S.-M. Ma, T. Mansour, and M. Schork. Normal ordering problem and the extensions of the Stirling grammar, arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.0169 [math.CO], 2013.
S.-M. Ma, T. Mansour, The 1/k-Eulerian polynomials and k-Stirling permutations, arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.6525 [math.CO], 2014.
O. J. Munch, Om potensproduktsummer [Norwegian, English summary], Nordisk Matematisk Tidskrift, 7 (1959), 5-19. [Annotated scanned copy]
O. J. Munch, Om potensproduktsummer [ Norwegian, English summary ], Nordisk Matematisk Tidskrift, 7 (1959), 5-19.
Andrew Elvey Price and Alan D. Sokal, Phylogenetic trees, augmented perfect matchings, and a Thron-type continued fraction (T-fraction) for the Ward polynomials, arXiv:2001.01468 [math.CO], 2020.
M. A. Readdy, The pre-WDVV ring of physics and its topology, preprint 2002, The Ramanujan Journal, October 2005, Volume 10, Issue 2, pp 269-281.
Grzegorz Rzadkowski and M Urlinska, A Generalization of the Eulerian Numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.06635, 2016
C. D. Savage and G. Viswanathan, The 1/k-Eulerian polynomials, Elec. J. of Comb., Vol. 19, Issue 1, #P9 (2012). - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Feb 06 2013
M. D. Schmidt, Generalized j-Factorial Functions, Polynomials, and Applications , J. Int. Seq. 13 (2010), 10.6.7, Section 5.1.
Umesh Shankar, Log-concavity of rows of triangular arrays satisfying a certain super-recurrence, arXiv:2508.12467 [math.CO], 2025. See p. 4.
L. M. Smiley, Completion of a rational function sequence of Carlitz, arXiv:0006106 [math.CO], 2000.
M. Z. Spivey, On Solutions to a General Combinatorial Recurrence, J. Int. Seq. 14 (2011) # 11.9.7.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Second-Order Eulerian Triangle
Wikipedia, Eulerian numbers of the second kind

Columns include A005803, A004301, A006260.
Right-hand columns include A000142, A002538, A002539.
Row sums are A001147.
For a (0,0) based version as used in 'Concrete Mathematics' and by Maple see A201637. For a (0,0) based version which has this triangle as a subtriangle see A340556.

with(combinat): A008517 := proc(n, m) local k: add((-1)^(n+k)* binomial(2*n+1, k)* stirling1(2*n-m-k+1, n-m-k+1), k=0..n-m) end: seq(seq(A008517(n, m), m=1..n), n=1..8);
# Johannes W. Meijer, Oct 16 2009, revised Nov 22 2012
A008517 := proc(n,k) option remember; `if`(n=1,`if`(k=0,1,0), A008517(n-1,k)* (k+1) + A008517(n-1,k-1)*(2*n-k-1)) end: seq(print(seq(A008517(n,k), k=0..n-1)), n=1..9);
# Peter Luschny, Apr 20 2011

a[n_, m_] = Sum[(-1)^(n + k)*Binomial[2 n + 1, k]*StirlingS1[2n-m-k+1, n-m-k+1], {k, 0, n-m}]; Flatten[Table[a[n, m], {n, 1, 9}, {m, 1, n}]][[1 ;; 44]] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 18 2011, after Johannes W. Meijer *)

{T(n, k) = my(z); if( n<1, 0, z = 1 + O(x); for( k=1, n, z = 1 + intformal( z^2 * (z+y-1))); n! * polcoeff( polcoeff(z, n),k))}; /* Michael Somos, Oct 13 2002 */

{T(n,k)=polcoeff((1-x)^(2*n+1)*sum(j=0,2*n+1,j^(n+j)*x^j/j!*exp(-j*x +x*O(x^k))),k)} \\ Paul D. Hanna, Oct 31 2012
for(n=1,10,for(k=1,n,print1(T(n,k),", "));print(""))

T(n, m) = sum(k=0, n-m, (-1)^(n+k)*binomial(2*n+1, k)*stirling(2*n-m-k+1, n-m-k+1, 1)); \\ Michel Marcus, Dec 07 2021

@CachedFunction
def A008517(n, k):
    if n==1: return 1 if k==0 else 0
    return A008517(n-1,k)*(k+1)+A008517(n-1,k-1)*(2*n-k-1)
for n in (1..9): [A008517(n, k) for k in(0..n-1)] # Peter Luschny, Oct 31 2012

T(n,k) = 0 if n < k, T(1,1) = 1, T(n,-1) = 0, T(n,k) = k*T(n-1,k) + (2*n-k)*T(n-1,k-1).
a(n,m) = Sum_{k=0..n-m} (-1)^(n+k)*binomial(2*n+1, k)*Stirling1(2*n-m-k+1, n-m-k+1). - Johannes W. Meijer, Oct 16 2009
From Peter Bala, Sep 29 2011: (Start)
For k = 0,1,2,... put G(k,x,t) := x-(1+2^k*t)*x^2/2+(1+2^k*t+3^k*t^2)*x^3/3-(1+2^k*t+3^k*t^2+4^k*t^3)*x^4/4+.... Then the series reversion of G(k,x,t) with respect to x gives an e.g.f. for the present table when k = 1 and for the Eulerian numbers A008292 when k = 0.
Let v = -t*exp((1-t)^2*x-t) and let B(x,t) = -(1+1/t*LambertW(v))/(1+LambertW(v)). From the e.g.f. given by Copeland above we find B(x,t) = compositional inverse with respect to x of G(1,x,t) = Sum_{n>=1} R(n,t)*x^n/n! = x+(1+2*t)*x^2/2!+(1+8*t+6*t^2)*x^3/3!+.... The function B(x,t) satisfies the differential equation dB/dx = (1+B)*(1+t*B)^2 = 1 + (2*t+1)*B + t*(t+2)*B^2 + t^2*B^3.
Applying [Bergeron et al., Theorem 1] gives a combinatorial interpretation for the row generating polynomials R(n,t): R(n,t) counts plane increasing trees where each vertex has outdegree <= 3, the vertices of outdegree 1 come in 2*t+1 colors, the vertices of outdegree 2 come in t*(t+2) colors and the vertices of outdegree 3 come in t^2 colors. An example is given below. Cf. A008292. Applying [Dominici, Theorem 4.1] gives the following method for calculating the row polynomials R(n,t): Let f(x,t) = (1+x)*(1+t*x)^2 and let D be the operator f(x,t)*d/dx. Then R(n+1,t) = D^n(f(x,t)) evaluated at x = 0. (End)
From Tom Copeland, Oct 03 2011: (Start)
a(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..k} (-1)^(k-i) binomial(n-i,k-i) A134991(n,i), offsets 0.
  P(n+1,t) = (1-t)^(2n+1) Sum_{k>=1} k^(n+k) [t*exp(-t)]^k / k! for n>0; consequently, Sum_{k>=1} (-1)^k k^(n+k) x^k/k!= [1+LW(x)]^(-(2n+1))P[n+1,-LW(x)] where LW(x) is the Lambert W-Function and P(n,t), for n > 0, are the row polynomials as given in Copeland's 2008 comment. (End)
The e.g.f. A(x,t) = -v * { Sum_{j>=1} D(j-1,u) (-z)^j / j! } where u=x*(1-t)^2-t, v=(1+u)/(1-t), z=(t+u)/[(1+u)^2] and D(j-1,u) are the polynomials of A042977. dA(x,t)/dx=(1-t)/[1+u-(1-t)A(x,t)]=(1-t)/{1+LW[-t exp(u)]}, (Copeland's e.g.f. in 2008 comment). - Tom Copeland, Oct 06 2011
A133314 applied to the derivative of A(x,t) implies (a.+b.)^n = 0^n, for (b_n)=P(n+1,t) and (a_0)=1, (a_1)=-t, and (a_n)=-P(n,t) otherwise. E.g., umbrally, (a.+b.)^2 = a_2*b_0 + 2 a_1*b_1 + a_0*b_2 = 0. - Tom Copeland, Oct 08 2011
The compositional inverse (with respect to x) of y = y(t;x) = (x-t*(exp(x)-1)) is  1/(1-t)*y + t/(1-t)^3*y^2/2! + (t+2*t^2)/(1-t)^5*y^3/3! + (t+8*t^2+6*t^3)/(1-t)^7*y^4/4! + .... The numerator polynomials of the rational functions in t are the row polynomials of this triangle. As observed in the Comments section, the rational functions in t are the generating functions for the diagonals of the triangle of Stirling numbers of the second kind (A048993). See the Bala link for a proof. Cf. A112007 and A134991. - Peter Bala, Dec 04 2011
O.g.f. of row n: (1-x)^(2*n+1) * Sum_{k>=0} k^(n+k) * exp(-k*x) * x^k/k!. - Paul D. Hanna, Oct 31 2012
T(n, k) = n!*[x^n][t^k](egf) where egf = (1-t)/(1 + LambertW(-exp(t^2*x - 2*t*x - t + x)*t)) and after expansion W(-exp(-t)t) is substituted by (-t). - Shamil Shakirov, Feb 17 2025

A340556 E2(n, k), the second-order Eulerian numbers with E2(0, k) = δ_{0, k}. Triangle read by rows, E2(n, k) for 0 <= k <= n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 8, 6, 0, 1, 22, 58, 24, 0, 1, 52, 328, 444, 120, 0, 1, 114, 1452, 4400, 3708, 720, 0, 1, 240, 5610, 32120, 58140, 33984, 5040, 0, 1, 494, 19950, 195800, 644020, 785304, 341136, 40320, 0, 1, 1004, 67260, 1062500, 5765500, 12440064, 11026296, 3733920, 362880

Offset: 0

Peter Luschny, Feb 05 2021

The second-order Eulerian number E2(n, k) is the number of Stirling permutations of order n with exactly k descents; here the last index is defined to be a descent. More formally, let Q_n denote the set of permutations of the multiset {1,1,2,2, ..., n,n} in which, for all j, all entries between two occurrences of j are larger than j, then E2(n, k) = card({s in Q_n with des(s) = k}), where des(s) = card({j: s(j) > s(j+1)}) is the number of descents of s.
Also the number of Riordan trapezoidal words of length n with k distinct letters (see Riordan 1976, p. 9).
Also the number of rooted plane trees on n + 1 vertices with k leaves (see Janson 2008, p. 543).
Let b(n) = (1/2)*Sum_{k=0..n-1} (-1)^k*E2(n-1, k+1) / C(2*n-1, k+1). Apparently b(n) = Bernoulli(n, 1) = -n*Zeta(1 - n) = Integral_{x=0..1}F_n(x) for n >= 1. Here F_n(x) are the signed Fubini polynomials (A278075). (See Rzadkowski and Urlinska, example 4.)

			Triangle starts:
  [0] 1;
  [1] 0, 1;
  [2] 0, 1, 2;
  [3] 0, 1, 8,    6;
  [4] 0, 1, 22,   58,    24;
  [5] 0, 1, 52,   328,   444,     120;
  [6] 0, 1, 114,  1452,  4400,    3708,    720;
  [7] 0, 1, 240,  5610,  32120,   58140,   33984,    5040;
  [8] 0, 1, 494,  19950, 195800,  644020,  785304,   341136,   40320;
  [9] 0, 1, 1004, 67260, 1062500, 5765500, 12440064, 11026296, 3733920, 362880.
To illustrate the generating function for row 3: The expansion of (1 - x)^7*(x*exp(-x) + 16*x^2*exp(-x)^2 + (243*x^3*exp(-x)^3)/2) gives the polynomial x + 8*x^2 + 6*x^3. The coefficients of this polynomial give row 3.
.
Stirling permutations of order 3 with exactly k descents: (When counting the descents one may assume an invisible '0' appended to the permutations.)
  T[3, k=0]:
  T[3, k=1]: 112233;
  T[3, k=2]: 331122; 223311; 221133; 133122; 122331; 122133; 113322; 112332;
  T[3, k=3]: 332211; 331221; 233211; 221331; 133221; 123321.

R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth and O. Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1994, p. 270.

J. Fernando Barbero G., Jesús Salas, and Eduardo J. S. Villaseñor, Generalized Stirling permutations and forests: Higher-order Eulerian and Ward numbers, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 22(3), 2015.
Kenny Barrese, Jennifer Elder, Pamela E. Harris, and Anthony Simpson, Enumerating Flat Fubini Rankings, arXiv:2504.06466 [math.CO], 2025. Conjecture 4.4. p. 14.
Brian Drake, An inversion theorem for labeled trees and some limits of areas under lattice paths (Example 1.10.1), Thesis, Brandeis Univ., Aug. 2008, p. 58.
Sergi Elizalde, Descents on quasi-Stirling permutations, arXiv:2002.00985 [math.CO], 2020.
I. Gessel and R. P. Stanley, Stirling polynomials, J. Combin. Theory, A 24, 24-33, 1978.
Svante Janson, Plane recursive trees, Stirling permutations and an urn model, Fifth Colloquium on Mathematics and Computer Science, 541-547, Discrete Math. Theor. Comput. Sci. Proc., AI, 2008.
Peter Luschny, A companion to A340556, A SageMath-Jupyter notebook, Feb. 2021.
Peter Luschny, How are the Eulerian numbers of the first-order related to the Eulerian numbers of the second-order?, MathOverflow, Feb. 2021.
Andrew Elvey Price and Alan D. Sokal, Phylogenetic trees, augmented perfect matchings, and a Thron-type continued fraction (T-fraction) for the Ward polynomials, arXiv:2001.01468 [math.CO], 2020.
John Riordan, The blossoming of Schröder's fourth problem, Acta Math., 137 (1976), 1-16.
G. Rzadkowski and M. Urlinska, A Generalization of the Eulerian Numbers, arXiv:1612.06635 [math.CO], 2016.

Indexing the second-order Eulerian numbers comes in three flavors: A008517 (following Riordan and Comtet), A201637 (following Graham, Knuth, and Patashnik) and this indexing, extending the definition of Gessel and Stanley. (A008517 is the main entry of the numbers.) The corresponding triangles of the first-order Eulerian numbers are A008292, A173018, and A123125.
Row reversed: A163936 (with offset = 0).
Values: E2poly(n, 1) = A001147(n), E2poly(n, -1) ~ -A001662(n+1), E2poly(n, 2) = A112487(n), 2^n*E2poly(n, 1/2) = A000311(n+1), 2^n*E2poly(n, -1/2) = A341106(n).
Diagonals: A000142, A002538, A002539, A112008, A112485.
Columns: A000007, A000012, A005803, A004301, A006260.
Cf. A008299, A137375, A008306, A106828, A269939, A278075, A331998.

# Using the recurrence:
E2 := proc(n, k) option remember;
if k = 0 and n = 0 then return 1 fi; if n < 0 then return 0 fi;
E2(n-1, k)*k + E2(n-1, k-1)*(2*n - k) end: seq(seq(E2(n, k), k = 0..n), n = 0..9);
# Using the row generating function:
E2egf := n -> (1-x)^(2*n+1)*add(k^(n+k)/k!*(x*exp(-x))^k, k=0..n);
T := (n, k) -> coeftayl(E2egf(n), x=0, k): seq(print(seq(T(n, j),j=0..n)), n=0..7);
# Using the built-in function:
E2 := (n, k) -> `if`(k=0, k^n, combinat:-eulerian2(n, k-1)):
# Using the compositional inverse (series reversion):
E2triangle := proc(N) local r, s, C; Order := N + 2;
s := solve(y = series(x - t*(exp(x) - 1), x), x):
r := n -> -n!*(t - 1)^(2*n - 1)*coeff(s, y, n); C := [seq(expand(r(n)), n = 1..N)];
seq(print(seq(coeff(C[n+1], t, k), k = 0..n)), n = 0..N-1) end: E2triangle(10);

T[n_, k_] := T[n, k] = If[k == 0, Boole[n == 0], If[n < 0, 0, k T[n - 1, k] + (2 n - k) T[n - 1, k - 1]]]; Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 9}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten
(* Via row polynomials: *)
E2poly[n_] := If[n == 0, 1,
  Expand[Simplify[x (x - 1)^(2 n) D[((1 - x)^(1 - 2 n) E2poly[n - 1]), x]]]];
Table[CoefficientList[E2poly[n], x], {n, 0, 9}] // Flatten
(* Series reversion *)
Revert[gf_, len_] := Module[{S = InverseSeries[Series[gf, {x, 0, len + 1}], x]},
Table[CoefficientList[(n + 1)! (1 - t)^(2 n + 1) Coefficient[S, x, n + 1], t],
{n, 0, len}] // Flatten]; Revert[x + t - t Exp[x], 6]

E2poly(n) = if(n == 0, 1, x*(x-1)^(2*n)*deriv((1-x)^(1-2*n)*E2poly(n-1)));
{ for(n = 0, 9, print(Vecrev(E2poly(n)))) }

T(n, k) = sum(j=0, n-k, (-1)^(n-j)*binomial(2*n+1, j)*stirling(2*n-k-j+1, n-k-j+1, 1)); \\ Michel Marcus, Feb 11 2021

# See also link to notebook.
@cached_function
def E2(n, k):
    if n < 0: return 0
    if k == 0: return k^n
    return k * E2(n - 1, k) + (2*n - k) * E2(n - 1, k - 1)  # Peter Luschny, Mar 08 2025

E2(n, k) = E2(n-1, k)*k + E2(n-1, k-1)*(2*n - k) for n > 0 and 0 <= k <= n, and E2(0, 0) = 1; in all other cases E(n, k) = 0.
E2(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..n-k}(-1)^(n-j)*binomial(2*n+1, j)*Stirling1(2*n-k-j+1, n-k-j+1).
E2(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..k}(-1)^(k-j)*binomial(2*n + 1, k - j)*Stirling2(n + j, j).
Stirling1(x, x - n) = (-1)^n*Sum_{k=0..n} E2(n, k)*binomial(x + k - 1, 2*n).
Stirling2(x, x - n) = Sum_{k=0..n} E2(n, k)*binomial(x + n - k, 2*n).
E2poly(n, x) = Sum_{k=0..n} E2(n, k)*x^k, as row polynomials.
E2poly(n, x) = x*(x-1)^(2*n)*d_{x}((1-x)^(1-2*n)*E2poly(n-1)) for n>=1 and E2poly(0)=1.
E2poly(n, x) = (1 - x)^(2*n + 1)*Sum_{k=0..n}(k^(n + k)/k!)*(x*exp(-x))^k.
W(n, k) = [x^k] (1+x)^n*E2poly(n, x/(1 + x)) are the Ward numbers A269939.
E2(n, k) = [x^k] (1-x)^n*Wpoly(n, x/(1 - x)); Wpoly(n, x) = Sum_{k=0..n}W(n, k)*x^k.
W(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..k} E2(n, j)*binomial(n - j, n - k).
E2(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^(k-j)*W(n, j)*binomial(n - j, k - j).
The compositional inverse with respect to x of x - t*(exp(x) - 1) (see B. Drake):
T(n, k) = [t^k](n+1)!*(1-t)^(2*n+1)*[x^(n+1)] InverseSeries(x - t*(exp(x)-1), x).
AS1(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..n-k} binomial(j, n-2*k)*E2(n-k, j+1), where AS1(n, k) are the associated Stirling numbers of the first kind (A008306, A106828).
E2(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..n-k+1} (-1)^(n-k-j+1)*AS1(n+j, j)*binomial(n-j, n-k-j+1), for n >= 1.
AS2(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..n-k} binomial(j, n-2*k)*E2(n-k, n-k-j) for n >=1, where AS2(n, k) are the associated Stirling numbers of the second kind (A008299, A137375).
E2(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^(k-j)*AS2(n + j, j)*binomial(n - j, k - j).

A051711 a(0) = 1; for n > 0, a(n) = n!*4^n/2.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 16, 192, 3072, 61440, 1474560, 41287680, 1321205760, 47563407360, 1902536294400, 83711596953600, 4018156653772800, 208944145996185600, 11700872175786393600, 702052330547183616000, 44931349155019751424000

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

For n <= 16, denominators in expansion of W(exp(x)) about x=1, where W is the Lambert function.

			W(exp(x)) = 1 + (x-1)/2 + (x-1)^2/16 - (x-1)^3/192 - ... .

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..365
J. M. Borwein and R. M. Corless, Emerging tools for experimental mathematics.
J. M. Borwein and R. M. Corless, Emerging tools for experimental mathematics, Amer. Math. Monthly, 106 (No. 10, 1999), 889-909.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 647

Cf. A001662.

[1] cat [2^(2*n-1)*Factorial(n): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Mar 06 2018

Join[{1},Table[(n! 4^n)/2,{n,20}]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 05 2012 *)

PARI
```
a(n)=if(n<1,!n,4^n/2*n!)
```

E.g.f.: (1-2*x)/(1-4*x).

a(n) = 4*n * a(n-1), n > 0.

More terms from James Sellers, Dec 07 1999

Edited by Michael Somos, Aug 21 2002

A001664 Quadratic coefficient of the n-th converging polynomial of Weber functions.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, -6, 25, -60, -203, 3710, -21347, -50400, 2465969, -24201342, -14909791, 4154706556, -61829802067, 107889525510, 13926895008805, -296622934827816, 1387504872714793, 80367331405832714, -2381736125794455767, 19480923855903871284, 721535152036700012069, -29550684521199839783538

Offset: 2

N. J. A. Sloane

sign

N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

P. Wynn, Converging factors for the Weber parabolic cylinder functions of complex argument, part Ia, part Ib, Proc. Konin. Ned. Akad. Weten., Series A, 66 (1963), 721-754 (two parts). In (45) the factor p_{r-2,2} should read p_{r-2,1}.
P. Wynn, Converging factors for the Weber parabolic cylinder functions ... [Annotated scan of part 2 only]

Cf. A001663, A001662 (absolute coefficient)

# equation (47)
prs := proc(r,k)
    if r = 0  then
        1 ;
    elif r = 1  then
        -1+k ; # (38)
    elif r =2 then
        1-3*k+k^2 ;
    end if;
end proc:
p := proc(r,s)
    option remember ;
    local k,a,lambda,mu,phi,theta ;
    # theta := 0 ; # valid for Table VII
    phi :=1 : # (30) for theta=0
    a := 1/2 ; # specific in Table VII
    lambda := 2*(a-1) ; # (15)
    mu := (a-1/2)*(a-3/2) ; # (13)
    if r = s then
        return 1; # eq (42)
    elif s > r or s <0 then
        return 0 ;
    elif r <=2 then
        coeff(prs(r,k),k,s) ;
    elif s = 0 then
        # eq (46)
        2*(phi+2)*procname(r,1) -8*procname(r,2)
        +4*(4*r-lambda-2)*procname(r-1,1)
        +2*(lambda*(phi+1)-2*(r-1)*phi-4*r)*procname(r-1,0)
        -4*(mu-2*lambda*(r-1)+4*(r-1)^2)*procname(r-2,0) ;
        return %/(phi+1) ;
    elif s = 1 then
        # eq (45)
        # note that the 2nd index of the last p is wrong in the publication
        4*(phi+2)*procname(r,2) -24*procname(r,3) # unreadable index is 3
        +8*(4*r-lambda-2)*procname(r-1,2)
        -8*procname(r-1,1)+2*(phi+2)*procname(r-1,0)
        +2*(lambda*(phi+1)-2*(r-1)*phi-4*r)*procname(r-1,1)
        -4*(lambda-4*r+4)*procname(r-2,0)
        -4*(mu-2*lambda*(r-1)+4*(r-1)^2)*procname(r-2,1) ;
        return %/(phi+1) ;
    elif s= r-1 then
        # eq (43)
        2*(phi+2)*r*procname(r,r) -8*(r-1)*procname(r-1,r-1)
        +2*(phi+2)*procname(r-1,r-2)+2*(lambda*(phi+1)-2*(r-1)*phi-4*r)*procname(r-1,r-1)
        -4*procname(r-2,r-3)-4*(lambda-4*r+4)*procname(r-2,r-2) ;
        return %/(phi+1) ;
    else
        # eq (44)
        2*(s+1)*(phi+2)*procname(r,s+1) -4*(s+1)*(s+2)*procname(r,s+2)
        +4*(4*r-lambda-2)*(s+1)*procname(r-1,s+1)-8*s*procname(r-1,s)
        +2*(phi+2)*procname(r-1,s-1)+2*(lambda*(phi+1)-2*(r-1)*phi-4*r)*procname(r-1,s)
        -4*procname(r-2,s-2)-4*(lambda-4*r+4)*procname(r-2,s-1)
        -4*(mu-2*lambda*(r-1)+4*(r-1)^2)*procname(r-2,s) ;
        return %/(phi+1) ;
    end if;
end proc:
A001664 := proc(n)
    p(n,2) ;
end proc:
seq(A001664(n),n=2..30) ; # R. J. Mathar, Jan 13 2025

A274447 Numerators in expansion of W(exp(x)) about x=1, where W is the Lambert function.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, -1, -1, 13, -47, -73, 2447, -16811, -15551, 1726511, -18994849, 10979677, 2983409137, -48421103257, 135002366063, 778870772857, -232033147779359, 1305952009204319, 58740282660173759, -1862057132555380307, 16905219421196907793, 527257187244811805207

Offset: 0

Paolo Bonzini, Jun 23 2016

a(17) is the first term that differs from A001662.

			W(exp(x)) = 1 + (x-1)/2 + (x-1)^2/16 - (x-1)^3/192 - ...

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..446 (first 151 terms from G. C. Greubel)
R. M. Corless, G. H. Gonnet, D. E. G. Hare, D. J. Jeffrey, and D. E. Knuth, On the Lambert W Function, Advances in Computational Mathematics, (5), 1996, pp. 329-359.
R. M. Corless, D. J. Jeffrey and D. E. Knuth, A sequence of series for the Lambert W Function (section 2.2).

Cf. A001662, A051711, A274448.

a:= n-> numer(coeftayl(LambertW(exp(x)), x=1, n)):
seq(a(n), n=0..30);  # Alois P. Heinz, Nov 08 2012
# For large n much faster is:
q := proc(n) if n=0 then 1 else add((-1)^k*combinat[eulerian2](n-1, k), k=0..n-1) fi end: A001662 := n -> numer(q(n)/n!):
seq(A001662(n), n=0..100):  # Peter Luschny, Nov 13 2012

CoefficientList[ Series[ ProductLog[ Exp[1+x] ], {x, 0, 22}], x] // Numerator (* Jean-François Alcover, Oct 15 2012 *)
a[0] = 1; a[n_] := 1/n!*Sum[(n+k-1)!*Sum[(-1)^(j)/(k-j)!*Sum[1/i!* StirlingS1[n-i+j-1, j-i]/(n-i+j-1)!, {i, 0, j}]*2^(n-j-1), {j, 0, k}], {k, 0, n-1}] // Numerator; Array[a, 30, 0] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 13 2016, after Vladimir Kruchinin *)

a(n):=num(if n=0 then 1 else 1/n!*(sum((n+k-1)!*sum(((-1)^(j)/(k-j)!*sum((1/i!*stirling1(n-i+j-1, j-i))/(n-i+j-1)!, i, 0, j))*2^(n-j-1), j, 0, k), k, 0, n-1))); /* Vladimir Kruchinin, Nov 11 2012 */

@CachedFunction
def eulerian2(n, k):
    if k==0: return 1
    if k==n: return 0
    return eulerian2(n-1, k)*(k+1)+eulerian2(n-1, k-1)*(2*n-k-1)
def q(n):
    return add((-1)^k*eulerian2(n-1, k) for k in (0..n-1)) if n>0 else 1
A001662 = lambda n: (q(n)/factorial(n)).numerator()
[A001662(n) for n in (0..22)]  # Peter Luschny, Nov 13 2012

a(n) = A001662(n)/gcd(A001662(n),A051711(n)).
From Vladimir Kruchinin, Nov 11 2012: (Start)
a(n) = numerator(1/n!*(Sum_{u=2..n} stirling2(n,u)*(Sum_{k=1..u-1} ((u+k-1)!*Sum_{j=1..k} 2^(-u-j)/(k-j)!*Sum_{l=1..j} (-1)^(l)/((j-l)!)*Sum_{i=0..l} (l^(u+j-i-1))/((l-i)!*i!*(u+j-i-1)!)))+1/2)).
a(n) = numerator((1/n!)*Sum_{k=0..n-1} (n+k-1)!*Sum_{j=0..k} ((-1)^j/(k-j)!)*2^(n-j-1)*Sum_{i=0..j} (1/i!)*Stirling1(n-i+j-1,j-i)/(n-i+j-1)!), n>0, a(0)=1. (End)
a(n) = numerator(q(n)/n!) where q(n) = add_{k=0..n-1}(-1)^k*E2(n-1,k) if n>0 and 1 otherwise, E2 the second-order Eulerian numbers. - Peter Luschny, Nov 13 2012
a(n) := numerator(1/n!*Sum_{i=1..n} Stirling2(n,i)*A013703(i)/2^(2*i+1)). - Paolo Bonzini, Jun 23 2016

A001663 Linear coefficient of the n-th converging polynomial of Weber functions (Erroneous version).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, -3, 7, -5, -93, 637, -1425, -22341

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

sign

The term -93 is a typo in Wynn's table VII and should read -83, see A380170. - R. J. Mathar, Jan 13 2025

N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

P. Wynn, Converging factors for the Weber parabolic cylinder functions of complex argument, part Ia, part Ib, Proc. Konin. Ned. Akad. Weten., Series A, 66 (1963), 721-754, Table VII (two parts).
P. Wynn, Converging factors for the Weber parabolic cylinder functions ... [Annotated scan of part 2 only]

Cf. A001664, A001662 (absolute coefficient), A380170 (correct terms).

A190015 Triangle T(n,k) for solving differential equation A'(x)=G(A(x)), G(0)!=0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 6, 8, 1, 24, 42, 16, 22, 1, 120, 264, 180, 192, 136, 52, 1, 720, 1920, 1248, 540, 1824, 2304, 272, 732, 720, 114, 1, 5040, 15840, 10080, 8064, 18720, 22752, 9612, 7056, 10224, 17928, 3968, 2538, 3072, 240, 1, 40320, 146160, 92160, 70560, 32256, 207360, 249120, 193536, 73728, 61560, 144720, 246816, 101844, 142704, 7936, 51048, 110448, 34304, 8334, 11616, 494, 1

Offset: 0

Vladimir Kruchinin, May 04 2011

For solving the differential equation A'(x)=G(A(x)), where G(0)!=0,
a(n) = 1/n!*sum(pi(i) in P(2*n-1,n), T(n,i)*prod(j=1..n, g(k_j-1))),
where pi(i) is the partition of 2*n-1 into n parts in lexicographic order P(2*n-1,n).
G(x) = g(0)+g(1)*x+g(2)*x^2+...
Examples
A003422  A'(x)=A(x)+1/(1-x)
A000108  A'(x)=1/(1-2*A(x)),
A001147  A'(x)=1/(1-A(x))
A007489  A'(x)=A(x)+x/(1-x)^2+1.
A006351  B'(x)=(1+B(x))/(1-B(x))
A029768  A'(x)=log(1/(1-A(x)))+1.
A001662  B'(x)=1/(1+B(x))
A180254  A'(x)=(1-sqrt(1-4*A(x)))/2
Compare with A145271. There (j')^k = [(d/dx)^j g(x)]^k evaluated at x=0 gives formulas expressed in terms of the coefficients of the Taylor series g(x). If, instead, we express the formulas in terms of the coefficients of the power series of g(x), we obtain a row reversed array for A190015 since the partitions there are in reverse order to the ones here. Simply exchange (j!)^k * (j")^k for (j')^k, where (j")^k = [(d/dx)^j g(x) / j!]^k, to transform from one array to the other. E.g., R^3 g(x) = 1 (0')^1 (1')^3 + 4 (0')^2 (1')^1 (2')^1 + 1 (0')^3 (3')^1 = 1 (O")^1 (1")^3 + 4 (0")^2 (1")^1 2*(2")^1 + 1 (0")^1 3!*(3")^1 = 1 (O")^1 (1")^3 + 8 (0")^2 (1")^1 (2")^1 + 6 (0")^1 (3")^1, the fourth partition polynomial here. - Tom Copeland, Oct 17 2014

			Triangle begins:
1;
1;
2,1;
6,8,1;
24,42,16,22,1;
120,264,180,192,136,52,1;
720,1920,1248,540,1824,2304,272,732,720,114,1;
5040,15840,10080,8064,18720,22752,9612,7056,10224,17928,3968,2538,3072,240,1;
40320,146160,92160,70560,32256,207360,249120,193536,73728,61560,144720,246816, 101844,142704,7936,51048,110448,34304,8334,11616,494,1;
Example for n=5:
partitions of number 9 into  5 parts in lexicographic order:
[1,1,1,1,5]
[1,1,1,2,4]
[1,1,1,3,3]
[1,1,2,2,3]
[1,2,2,2,2]
a(5) = (24*g(0)^4*g(4) +42*g(0)^3*g(1)*g(3) +16*g(0)^3*g(2)^2 +22*g(0)^2*g(1)^2*g(2) +g(0)*g(1)^4)/5!.

/* array of triangle */
M:[1,1,2,1,6,8,1,24,42,16,22,1,120,264,180,192,136,52,1,720,1920,1248,540,1824,2304,272,732,720,114,1,5040,15840,10080,8064,18720,22752,9612,7056,10224,17928,3968,2538,3072,240,1,40320,146160,92160,70560,32256,207360,249120,193536,73728,61560,144720,246816,101844,142704,7936,51048,110448,34304,8334,11616,494,1];
/* function of triangle */
T(n,k):=M[sum(num_partitions(i),i,0,n-1)+k+1];
/* count number of partitions of n into m parts */
b(n,m):=if n

/* Find triangle */
Co(n,k):=if k=1  then a(n) else sum(a(i+1)*Co(n-i-1,k-1),i,0,n-k);
a(n):=if n=1 then 1 else 1/n*sum(Co(n-1,k)*x(k),k,1,n-1);
makelist(ratsimp(n!*a(n)),n,1,5);
/* Vladimir Kruchinin, Jun 15 2012 */

serlaplace( serreverse( intformal( 1 / sum(n=0, 9, eval(Str("g"n)) * x^n, x * O(x^9))))) /* Michael Somos, Oct 22 2014 */

cp's OEIS Frontend

A008517 Second-order Eulerian triangle T(n,k), 1 <= k <= n.

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A340556 E2(n, k), the second-order Eulerian numbers with E2(0, k) = δ_{0, k}. Triangle read by rows, E2(n, k) for 0 <= k <= n.

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A051711 a(0) = 1; for n > 0, a(n) = n!*4^n/2.

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A001664 Quadratic coefficient of the n-th converging polynomial of Weber functions.

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A274447 Numerators in expansion of W(exp(x)) about x=1, where W is the Lambert function.

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A001663 Linear coefficient of the n-th converging polynomial of Weber functions (Erroneous version).

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A190015 Triangle T(n,k) for solving differential equation A'(x)=G(A(x)), G(0)!=0.

A201636 Triangle read by rows, n>=0, k>=0, T(0,0) = 1, T(n,k) = Sum_{j=0..k} (C(n+k,k-j)(-1)^(k-j)2^(n-j)Sum_{i=0..j} (C(n+j,i)|S(n+j-i,j-i)|)), S = Stirling number of first kind.