A059250 -id:A059250 - cp's OEIS frontend

A014206 a(n) = n^2 + n + 2.

2, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 44, 58, 74, 92, 112, 134, 158, 184, 212, 242, 274, 308, 344, 382, 422, 464, 508, 554, 602, 652, 704, 758, 814, 872, 932, 994, 1058, 1124, 1192, 1262, 1334, 1408, 1484, 1562, 1642, 1724, 1808, 1894, 1982, 2072, 2164, 2258, 2354, 2452, 2552

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Draw n + 1 circles in the plane; sequence gives maximal number of regions into which the plane is divided. Cf. A051890, A386480.
Number of binary (zero-one) bitonic sequences of length n + 1. - Johan Gade (jgade(AT)diku.dk), Oct 15 2003
Also the number of permutations of n + 1 which avoid the patterns 213, 312, 13452 and 34521. Example: the permutations of 4 which avoid 213, 312 (and implicitly 13452 and 34521) are 1234, 1243, 1342, 1432, 2341, 2431, 3421, 4321. - Mike Zabrocki, Jul 09 2007
If Y is a 2-subset of an n-set X then, for n >= 3, a(n-3) is equal to the number of (n-3)-subsets and (n-1)-subsets of X having exactly one element in common with Y. - Milan Janjic, Dec 28 2007
With a different offset, competition number of the complete tripartite graph K_{n, n, n}. [Kim, Sano] - Jonathan Vos Post, May 14 2009. Cf. A160450, A160457.
A related sequence is A241119. - Avi Friedlich, Apr 28 2015
From Avi Friedlich, Apr 28 2015: (Start)
This sequence, which also represents the number of Hamiltonian paths in K_2 X P_n (A200182), may be represented by interlacing recursive polynomials in arithmetic progression (discriminant =-63). For example:
a(3*k-3) = 9*k^2 - 15*k + 8,
a(3*k-2) = 9*k^2 - 9*k  + 4,
a(3*k-1) = 9*k^2 - 3*k  + 2,
a(3*k)   = 3*(k+1)^2  - 1. (End)
a(n+1) is the area of a triangle with vertices at (n+3, n+4), ((n-1)*n/2, n*(n+1)/2),((n+1)^2, (n+2)^2) with n >= -1. - J. M. Bergot, Feb 02 2018
For prime p and any integer k, k^a(p-1) == k^2 (mod p^2). - Jianing Song, Apr 20 2019
From Bernard Schott, Jan 01 2021: (Start)
For n >= 1, a(n-1) is the number of solutions x in the interval 0 <= x <= n of the equation x^2 - [x^2] = (x - [x])^2, where [x] = floor(x). For n = 3, the a(2) = 8 solutions in the interval [0, 3] are 0, 1, 3/2, 2, 9/4, 5/2, 11/4 and 3.
This is a variant of the 4th problem proposed during the 20th British Mathematical Olympiad in 1984 (see A002061). The interval [1, n] of the Olympiad problem becomes here [0, n], and only the new solution x = 0 is added. (End)
See A386480 for the almost identical sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, 44, 58, 74, 92, 112, 134, ... which is the maximum number of regions that can be formed in the plane by drawing n circles, and the maximum number of regions that can be formed on the sphere by drawing n great circles. - N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 01 2025

			a(0) = 0^2 + 0 + 2 = 2.
a(1) = 1^2 + 1 + 2 = 4.
a(2) = 2^2 + 2 + 2 = 8.
a(6) = 4*5/5 + 5*6/5 + 6*7/5 + 7*8/5 + 8*9/5 = 44. - _Bruno Berselli_, Oct 20 2016

K. E. Batcher, Sorting Networks and their Applications. Proc. AFIPS Spring Joint Comput. Conf., Vol. 32, pp. 307-314 (1968). [for bitonic sequences]
L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 73, Problem 3.
T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson and R. L. Rivest, Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press / McGraw-Hill (1990) [for bitonic sequences]
Indiana School Mathematics Journal, vol. 14, no. 4, 1979, p. 4.
D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, vol3: Sorting and Searching, Addison-Wesley (1973) [for bitonic sequences]
J. D. E. Konhauser et al., Which Way Did the Bicycle Go?, MAA 1996, p. 177.
Derrick Niederman, Number Freak, From 1 to 200 The Hidden Language of Numbers Revealed, A Perigee Book, NY, 2009, p. 83.
A. M. Yaglom and I. M. Yaglom, Challenging Mathematical Problems with Elementary Solutions. Vol. I. Combinatorial Analysis and Probability Theory. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1987, p. 13, #44 (First published: San Francisco: Holden-Day, Inc., 1964)

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
A. Burstein, S. Kitaev, and T. Mansour, Partially ordered patterns and their combinatorial interpretations, PU. M. A. Vol. 19 (2008), No. 2-3, pp. 27-38.
Guo-Niu Han, Enumeration of Standard Puzzles, 2011. [Cached copy]
Guo-Niu Han, Enumeration of Standard Puzzles, arXiv:2006.14070 [math.CO], 2020.
S.-R. Kim and Y. Sano, The competition numbers of complete tripartite graphs, Discrete Appl. Math., 156 (2008) 3522-3524.
Hans Werner Lang, Bitonic sequences.
Daniel Q. Naiman and Edward R. Scheinerman, Arbitrage and Geometry, arXiv:1709.07446 [q-fin.MF], 2017.
Jean-Christoph Novelli and Anne Schilling, The Forgotten Monoid, arXiv 0706.2996 [math.CO], 2007.
Parabola, Problem #Q736, 24(1) (1988), p. 22.
Franck Ramaharo, Enumerating the states of the twist knot, arXiv:1712.06543 [math.CO], 2017.
Franck Ramaharo, Statistics on some classes of knot shadows, arXiv:1802.07701 [math.CO], 2018.
Franck Ramaharo, A generating polynomial for the two-bridge knot with Conway's notation C(n,r), arXiv:1902.08989 [math.CO], 2019.
Yoshio Sano, The competition numbers of regular polyhedra, arXiv:0905.1763 [math.CO], 2009.
Jeffrey Shallit, Recursivity: An Interesting but Little-Known Function, 2012. [Mentions this function in a blog post as the solution for small n to a problem involving Boolean matrices whose values for larger n are unknown.]
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Plane Division by Circles.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,-3,1).

Cf. A014206 (dim 2), A046127 (dim 3), A059173 (dim 4), A059174 (dim 5).
A row of A059250.
Cf. A000124, A051890, A002522, A241119, A033547 (partial sums).
Cf. A002061 (central polygonal numbers).
Cf. A003682, A160450, A160457, A200182, A386480.
Column 4 of A347570.

[n^2+n+2: n in [0..50]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Apr 29 2015

Maple
```
A014206 := n->n^2+n+2;
```

Table[n^2 + n + 2, {n, 0, 50}] (* Stefan Steinerberger, Apr 08 2006 *)
LinearRecurrence[{3, -3, 1}, {2, 4, 8}, 50] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 14 2011 *)
CoefficientList[Series[2 (x^2 - x + 1)/(1 - x)^3, {x, 0, 50}], x] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Apr 29 2015 *)

a(n)=n^2+n+2 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 31 2011

x='x+O('x^100); Vec(2*x*(x^2-x+1)/(1-x)^3) \\ Altug Alkan, Nov 01 2015

G.f.: 2*(x^2 - x + 1)/(1 - x)^3.
n hyperspheres divide R^k into at most C(n-1, k) + Sum_{i = 0..k} C(n, i) regions.
a(n) = A002061(n+1) + 1 for n >= 0. - Rick L. Shepherd, May 30 2005
Equals binomial transform of [2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 18 2008
a(n) = A003682(n+1), n > 0. - R. J. Mathar, Oct 28 2008
a(n) = a(n-1) + 2*n (with a(0) = 2). - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 20 2010
a(0) = 2, a(1) = 4, a(2) = 8, a(n) = 3*a(n-1) - 3*a(n-2) + a(n-3) for n >= 3. - Harvey P. Dale, May 14 2011
a(n + 1) = n^2 + 3*n + 4. - Alonso del Arte, Apr 12 2015
a(n) = Sum_{i=n-2..n+2} i*(i + 1)/5. - Bruno Berselli, Oct 20 2016
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = Pi*tanh(Pi*sqrt(7)/2)/sqrt(7). - Amiram Eldar, Jan 09 2021
From Amiram Eldar, Jan 29 2021: (Start)
Product_{n>=0} (1 + 1/a(n)) = cosh(sqrt(11)*Pi/2)*sech(sqrt(7)*Pi/2).
Product_{n>=0} (1 - 1/a(n)) = cosh(sqrt(3)*Pi/2)*sech(sqrt(7)*Pi/2). (End)
a(n) = 2*A000124(n). - R. J. Mathar, Mar 14 2021
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(2 + 2*x + x^2). - Stefano Spezia, Apr 30 2022

More terms from Stefan Steinerberger, Apr 08 2006

A046127 Maximal number of regions into which space can be divided by n spheres.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 30, 52, 84, 128, 186, 260, 352, 464, 598, 756, 940, 1152, 1394, 1668, 1976, 2320, 2702, 3124, 3588, 4096, 4650, 5252, 5904, 6608, 7366, 8180, 9052, 9984, 10978, 12036, 13160, 14352, 15614, 16948, 18356, 19840, 21402, 23044

Offset: 0

Eric W. Weisstein

If Y is a 2-subset of an n-set X then, for n >= 2, a(n-2) is equal to the number of 2-subsets and 4-subsets of X having exactly one element in common with Y. - Milan Janjic, Dec 28 2007

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 73, Problem 4.
A. M. Yaglom and I. M. Yaglom: Challenging Mathematical Problems with Elementary Solutions. Vol. I. Combinatorial Analysis and Probability Theory. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1987, p. 13, #45 (First published: San Francisco: Holden-Day, Inc., 1964).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Mark de Rooij, Dion Woestenburg, and Frank Busing, Supervised and Unsupervised Mapping of Binary Variables: A proximity perspective, arXiv:2402.07624 [stat.CO], 2024. See p. 33.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Space Division by Spheres.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (4,-6,4,-1).

Cf. A014206 (dim 2), this sequence (dim 3), A059173 (dim 4), A059174 (dim 5). See also A000124, A000125. A row of A059250.

Cf. A033547.

Join[{0},Table[n (n^2-3n+8)/3,{n,50}]]  (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 21 2011 *)

def a(n): return n*(n**2 - 3*n + 8)//3 # Philip C. Ritchey, Dec 10 2017

a(n) = f(n,3) where f(n,k) = C(n-1, k) + Sum_{i=0..k} C(n, i) for hyperspheres in R^k.
a(n) = n*(n^2 - 3*n + 8)/3.
From Philip C. Ritchey, Dec 09 2017: (Start)
The above identity proved as closed form of the following summation and its corresponding recurrence relation:
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} (i*(i-3) + 4).
a(n) = a(n-1) + n*(n-3) + 4, a(0) = 0. (End)
From Colin Barker, Jan 28 2012: (Start)
a(n) = 4*a(n-1) - 6*a(n-2) + 4*a(n-3) - a(n-4).
G.f.: 2*x*(1 - 2*x + 2*x^2)/(1 - x)^4. (End)
a(n) = A033547(n-1) + 2 for n >= 1. - Jianing Song, Feb 03 2024
E.g.f.: exp(x)*x*(6 + x^2)/3. - Stefano Spezia, Feb 15 2024

A059173 Maximal number of regions into which 4-space can be divided by n hyperspheres.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 62, 114, 198, 326, 512, 772, 1124, 1588, 2186, 2942, 3882, 5034, 6428, 8096, 10072, 12392, 15094, 18218, 21806, 25902, 30552, 35804, 41708, 48316, 55682, 63862, 72914, 82898, 93876, 105912, 119072, 133424, 149038

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 15 2001

n hyperspheres divide R^k into at most C(n-1, k) + Sum_{i=0..k} C(n, i) regions.
From Raphie Frank Nov 24 2012: (Start)
Define the gross polygonal sum, GPS(n), of an n-gon as the maximal number of combined points (p), intersections (i), connections (c = edges (e) + diagonals (d)) and areas (a) of a fully connected n-gon, plus the area outside the n-gon. The gross polygonal sum (p + i + c + a + 1) is equal to this sequence and, for all n > 0, then individual components of this sum can be calculated from the first 5 entries in row (n-1) of Pascal's triangle.
For example, the gross polygonal sum of a 7-gon (the heptagon):
Let row 6 of Pascal's triangle = {1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1} = A B C D E F G.
Points = 1 + 6 = A + B = 7 [A000027(n)].
Intersections = 20 + 15 = D + E = 35 [A000332(n+2)].
Connections = 6 + 15 = B + C = 21 [A000217(n)].
Areas inside = 15 + 20 + 15 = C + D + E = 50 [A006522(n+1)].
Areas outside = 1 = A = 1 [A000012(n)].
Then, GPS(7) = 7 + 35 + 21 + 50 + 1 = 2(A + B + C + D + E) = 114 = a(7). In general, a(n) = GPS(n). (End)

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 73, Problem 4.

Paolo Xausa, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (5,-10,10,-5,1).

Cf. A014206 (dim 2), A046127 (dim 3), A059173 (dim 4), A059174 (dim 5).
A row of A059250.
Cf. A000012, A000027, A000217, A000332, A006522.

LinearRecurrence[{5,-10,10,-5,1},2^Range[0,5],50] (* Paolo Xausa, Dec 29 2023 *)

a(0) = 1; a(n) = 2 * A000127(n), for n >= 1.
G.f.: -(x^5 + x^4 - 2*x^3 + 4*x^2 - 3*x + 1)/(x-1)^5. - Colin Barker, Oct 06 2012
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(2 + x^2 + x^4/12) - 1. - Stefano Spezia, May 19 2024

A059174 Maximal number of regions into which 5-space can be divided by n hyperspheres.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 126, 240, 438, 764, 1276, 2048, 3172, 4760, 6946, 9888, 13770, 18804, 25232, 33328, 43400, 55792, 70886, 89104, 110910, 136812, 167364, 203168, 244876, 293192, 348874, 412736, 485650, 568548, 662424, 768336, 887408, 1020832, 1169870

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 15 2001

n hyperspheres divide R^k into at most binomial(n-1, k) + Sum_{i=0..k} binomial(n, i) regions.

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 73, Problem 4.

Muniru A Asiru, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (6,-15,20,-15,6,-1).

Cf. A014206 (dim 2), A046127 (dim 3), A059173 (dim 4), this sequence (dim 5).
Fifth row (k=5) of A059250.
Cf. A006261.

Concatenation([1], List([1..40], n-> Binomial(n-1,5) + Sum([0..5], i-> Binomial(n,i)))); # Muniru A Asiru, Dec 18 2018

[1] cat [(n^5-5*n^4+25*n^3+5*n^2+94*n+120)/60: n in [0..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Dec 21 2018

seq(coeff(series((x^6+3*x^4-6*x^3+7*x^2-4*x+1)/(1-x)^6,x,n+1), x, n), n = 0 .. 40); # Muniru A Asiru, Dec 18 2018

Join[{1}, Table[((n^5 - 5 n^4 + 25 n^3 + 5 n^2 + 94 n + 120) / 60), {n, 0, 50}]] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Dec 21 2018 *)

a(n) = binomial(n-1, 5) + sum(i=0, 5, binomial(n, i)); \\ Michel Marcus, Jan 29 2016

a(n) = binomial(n-1, 5) + Sum_{i=0..5} binomial(n, i).
G.f.: (x^6 + 3*x^4 - 6*x^3 + 7*x^2 - 4*x + 1)/(x - 1)^6. - Colin Barker, Oct 06 2012
a(n) = 2*A006261(n-1), for n > 0. - Günter Rote, Dec 18 2018, by elementary manipulations.
E.g.f.: 1 + (1/60)*(120*x + 20*x^3 + x^5)*exp(x). - Franck Maminirina Ramaharo, Dec 21 2018

A178522 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of nodes at level k in the Fibonacci tree of order n (n>=0, 0<=k<=n-1).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 4, 2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 8, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 10, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 22, 12, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 30, 32, 14, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 52, 44, 16, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 62, 84, 58, 18, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 114, 128, 74, 20, 2, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 126

Offset: 0

Emeric Deutsch, Jun 15 2010

A Fibonacci tree of order n (n>=2) is a complete binary tree whose left subtree is the Fibonacci tree of order n-1 and whose right subtree is the Fibonacci tree of order n-2; each of the Fibonacci trees of order 0 and 1 is defined as a single node.
Sum of entries in row n is A001595(n).
Sum_{k=0..n-1} k*T(n,k) = A178523(n).

			Triangle starts:
1,
1,
1,2,
1,2,2,
1,2,4,2,
1,2,4,6,2,
1,2,4,8,8,2,
1,2,4,8,14,10,2,
1,2,4,8,16,22,12,2,
1,2,4,8,16,30,32,14,2,
...

D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 3, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1998, p. 417.

Y. Horibe, An entropy view of Fibonacci trees, Fibonacci Quarterly, 20, No. 2, 1982, 168-178.

Cf. A001595, A059214, A178523, A067331, A002940. See A059250 for another version.

G := (1-t*z+t*z^2)/((1-z)*(1-t*z-t*z^2)): Gser := simplify(series(G, z = 0, 17)): for n from 0 to 15 do P[n] := sort(coeff(Gser, z, n)) end do: 1; for n to 13 do seq(coeff(P[n], t, k), k = 0 .. n-1) end do; # yields sequence in triangular form

G.f.: G(t,z)=(1-tz+tz^2)/[(1-z)(1-tz-tz^2)].

T(k,n) = T(k-1,n-1)+T(k-1,n) with T(0,0)=1, T(k,0)=1 for k>0, T(0,n)=2 for n>0. - Frank M Jackson, Aug 30 2011

A059214 Square array T(k,n) = C(n-1,k) + Sum_{i=0..k} C(n,i) read by antidiagonals (k >= 1, n >= 1).

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 4, 8, 8, 2, 4, 8, 14, 10, 2, 4, 8, 16, 22, 12, 2, 4, 8, 16, 30, 32, 14, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 52, 44, 16, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 62, 84, 58, 18, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 114, 128, 74, 20, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 126, 198, 186, 92, 22, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 15 2001

For k > 1, gives maximal number of regions into which k-space can be divided by n hyperspheres.

The maximum number of subsets of a set of n points in k-space that can be formed by intersecting it with a hyperplane. - Günter Rote, Dec 18 2018

			Array begins
   2 4 6  8 10 12 ...
   2 4 8 14 22 32 ...
   2 4 8 16 30 52 ...

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 73, Problem 4.

Paolo Xausa, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..11325 (antidiagonals 1..150 of the array, flattened).
E. F. Harding, The number of partitions of a set of n points in k dimensions induced by hyperplanes, Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc., 15 (1967), 285-289.

Cf. A014206 (dim 2), A046127 (dim 3), A059173 (dim 4), A059174 (dim 5).
Equals twice A216274.
Apart from left border, same as A059250. A178522 is probably the best version.

A059214[k_,n_]:=Binomial[n-1,k]+Sum[Binomial[n,i],{i,0,k}];
Table[A059214[k-n+1,n],{k,10},{n,k}] (* Paolo Xausa, Dec 29 2023 *)

T(k,n) = C(n-1, k) + Sum_{i=0..k} C(n, i).

cp's OEIS Frontend

A014206 a(n) = n^2 + n + 2.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Magma

Maple

Mathematica

PARI

PARI

Formula

Extensions

A046127 Maximal number of regions into which space can be divided by n spheres.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

Python

Formula

A059173 Maximal number of regions into which 4-space can be divided by n hyperspheres.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

Formula

A059174 Maximal number of regions into which 5-space can be divided by n hyperspheres.

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

GAP

Magma

Maple

Mathematica

PARI

Formula

A178522 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of nodes at level k in the Fibonacci tree of order n (n>=0, 0<=k<=n-1).

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Maple

Formula

A059214 Square array T(k,n) = C(n-1,k) + Sum_{i=0..k} C(n,i) read by antidiagonals (k >= 1, n >= 1).

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Examples

References

Links

Crossrefs

Programs

Mathematica

Formula