A071620 -id:A071620 - cp's OEIS frontend

A007908 Triangle of the gods: to get a(n), concatenate the decimal numbers 1,2,3,...,n.

1, 12, 123, 1234, 12345, 123456, 1234567, 12345678, 123456789, 12345678910, 1234567891011, 123456789101112, 12345678910111213, 1234567891011121314, 123456789101112131415, 12345678910111213141516, 1234567891011121314151617, 123456789101112131415161718

Offset: 1

R. Muller

For the name "triangle of the gods" see Pickover link. - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 15 2019
Number of digits: A058183(n) = A055642(a(n)); sums of digits: A037123(n) = A007953(a(n)). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 10 2010
Charles Nicol and John Selfridge ask if there are infinitely many primes in this sequence - see the Guy reference. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Dec 14 2011
Stephan finds no primes in the first 839 terms. I checked that there are no primes in the first 5000 terms. Heuristically there are infinitely many, about 0.5 log log n through the n-th term. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 19 2012 [Expanded search to 20000 without finding any primes. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 17 2014] [Independent search extended to 64000 terms without finding any primes. - Dana Jacobsen, Apr 25 2014]
Elementary congruence arguments show that primes can occur only at indices congruent to 1, 7, 13, or 19 mod 30. - Roderick MacPhee, Oct 05 2015
A note on heuristics: I wrote a quick program to count primes in sequences which are like A007908 but start at k instead of 1. I ran this for k = 1 to 100 and counted the primes up to 1000 (1000 possibilities for k = 1, 999 for k = 2, etc. up to 901 for k = 100). I then compared this to the expected count which is 0 if the number N is divisible by 2, 3, or 5 and 15/(4 log N) otherwise. (If N < 43 I counted the number as 1 instead.) k = 1 has 1.788 expected primes but only 0 actual (of course). k = 2 has 2.268 expected but 4 actual (see A262571, A089987). In total the expectation is 111.07 and the actual count is 110, well within the expected error of +/- 10.5. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 28 2015
Early bird numbers for n > 1: a(2) = A116700(1) = 12; a(3) = A116700(52) = 123; a(4) = A116700(725) = 1234; a(5) = A116700(8074) = 12345; a(6) = A116700(85846) = 123456. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 13 2012
For n < 10^6, a(n)/A000217(n) is an integer for n = 1, 2, and 5. The integers are 1, 4, and 823 (a prime), respectively. - Derek Orr, Sep 04 2014; Max Alekseyev, Sep 30 2015
In order to be a prime, a(n) must end in a digit 1, 3, 7 or 9, so only 4 among 10 consecutive values can be prime. (But a(64000) already has A058183(64000) > 300000 digits.) Also, a(64001) and a(64011) and more generally a(64001+10k) is divisible by 3 unless k == 2 (mod 3), but for k = 2, 5, 8, ... 23 these are divisible by small primes < 999. a(64261) is the first serious candidate in this subsequence. - M. F. Hasler, Sep 30 2015
There are no primes in the first 10^5 terms. - Max Alekseyev, Oct 03 2015; Oct 11 2015
There are no primes in the first 200000 terms. - Serge Batalov, Oct 24 2015
There is a distributed project for continued search, using PRPNet/PFGW software; see the Mersenne Forum link below. - Serge Batalov, Oct 18 2015
It appears that the Mersenne Forum search reached n = 344869 without finding a prime, and was then abandoned. It would be nice if someone could recover the final version of that link from the Wayback machine - the Great Smarandache PRPrime search, http://99.121.249.54:1200 - so that we have a record of how far they searched. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 09 2018
The web page https://www.mersenneforum.org/showthread.php?t=20527&page=9 has a comment from Serge Balatov that seems to say that the search reached 10^6 without finding a prime. It would be nice to have this confirmed, and to get more details about how it was done. - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 15 2019
The expected number of primes among the first million terms is about 0.6. - Ernst W. Mayer, Oct 09 2015
A few semiprimes exist among the early terms, but then become scarce: see A046461. For the base-2 analog of this sequence (A047778), there is a 15-decimal digit prime, but Hans Havermann has shown that the second prime would have more than 91000 digits. - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 08 2015

R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Section A3, page 15, of 3rd edition, Springer, 2010.

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..300 (first 100 terms from T. D. Noe)
Great Smarandache PRPrime search, Current status of search for a prime in this sequence [Broken link? It appears that this search reached n=344869 without finding a prime, and was then abandoned. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Apr 09 2018]
Y. Guo and M. Le, Smarandache concatenated power decimals and their irrationality, Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1-2. 1998, 100-102.
Brady Haran and N. J. A. Sloane, The Most Wanted Prime Number, Numberphile video (2021).
Ernst W. Mayer and others, Expected number of primes in OEIS A007908, Mersenne Forum, initial posting Oct 08 2015.
Mersenne Forum, Smarandache prime(s).
Clifford Pickover, Triangle of the Gods.
N. J. A. Sloane, Confessions of a Sequence Addict (AofA2017), slides of invited talk given at AofA 2017, Jun 19 2017, Princeton. Mentions this sequence.
N. J. A. Sloane, Exciting Number Sequences (video of talk), Mar 05 2021.
F. Smarandache, Only Problems, Not Solutions!, Xiquan Publ., Phoenix-Chicago, 1993.
R. W. Stephan, Factors and primes in two Smarandache sequences, viXra:1005.0104, 2011.
Bertrand Teguia Tabuguia, Explicit formulas for concatenations of arithmetic progressions, arXiv:2201.07127 [math.CO], 2022.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Consecutive Number Sequences.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Smarandache Prime.
Index entries for sequences related to Most Wanted Primes video

See A057137 for another version.
Cf. A033307, A053064, A000422 (left concatenations)
If we concatenate 1 through n but leave out k, we get sequences A262571 (leave out 1) through A262582 (leave out 12), etc., and again we can ask for the smallest prime in each sequence. See A262300 for a summary of these results. Primes seem to exist if we search far enough. - N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 29 2015
Concatenation of first n numbers in other bases: 2: A047778, 3: A048435, 4: A048436, 5: A048437, 6: A048438, 7: A048439, 8: A048440, 9: A048441, 10: this sequence, 11: A048442, 12: A048443, 13: A048444, 14: A048445, 15: A048446, 16: A048447. - Dylan Hamilton, Aug 11 2010
Entries that give the primes in sequences of this type: A089987, A262298, A262300, A262552, A262555.
For semiprimes see A046461.
See also A007376 (the almost-natural numbers), A071620 (primes in that sequence).
See also A033307 (the Champernowne constant) and A176942 (the Champernowne primes). A262043 is a variant of the present sequence.
A002782 is an amusing cousin of this sequence.
Least prime factor: A075019.

a007908 = read . concatMap show . enumFromTo 1 :: Integer -> Integer
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 13 2012

[Seqint(Reverse(&cat[Reverse(Intseq(k)): k in [1..n]])): n in [1..17]];  // Bruno Berselli, May 27 2011

A055642 := proc(n) max(1, ilog10(n)+1) ; end: A007908 := proc(n) if n = 1 then 1; else A007908(n-1)*10^A055642(n)+n ; fi ; end: seq(A007908(n),n=1..12) ; # R. J. Mathar, May 31 2008
# second Maple program:
a:= proc(n) a(n):= `if`(n=0, 0, parse(cat(a(n-1), n))) end:
seq(a(n), n=1..22);  # Alois P. Heinz, Jan 12 2021

Table[FromDigits[Flatten[IntegerDigits[Range[n]]]], {n, 20}] (* Alonso del Arte, Sep 19 2012 *)
FoldList[#2 + #1 10^IntegerLength[#2] &, Range[20]] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 06 2015 *)
FromDigits /@ Flatten /@ IntegerDigits /@ Flatten /@ Rest[FoldList[List, {}, Range[20]]] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 04 2015 *)
FromDigits /@ Flatten /@ IntegerDigits /@ Rest[FoldList[Append, {}, Range[20]]] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 04 2015 *)

a[1]:1$ a[n]:=a[n-1]*10^floor(log(10*n)/log(10))+n$ makelist(a[n],n,1,17);  /* Bruno Berselli, May 27 2011 */

a(n)=my(s="");for(k=1,n,s=Str(s,k));eval(s) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 19 2012

A007908(n,a=0)={for(d=1,#Str(n),my(t=10^d);for(k=t\10,min(t-1,n),a=a*t+k));a} \\ M. F. Hasler, Sep 30 2015

def a(n): return int("".join(map(str, range(1, n+1))))
print([a(n) for n in range(1, 18)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Jan 12 2021

from functools import reduce
def A007908(n): return reduce(lambda i,j:i*10**len(str(j))+j,range(1,n+1)) # Chai Wah Wu, Feb 27 2023

a(n) = n + a(n-1)*10^A055642(n). - R. J. Mathar, May 31 2008

a(n) = floor(C*10^(A058183(n))) with C = A033307. - José de Jesús Camacho Medina, Aug 19 2015

Name edited by N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 15 2019

A007376 The almost-natural numbers: write n in base 10 and juxtapose digits.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 1, 6, 1, 7, 1, 8, 1, 9, 2, 0, 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 5, 2, 6, 2, 7, 2, 8, 2, 9, 3, 0, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 6, 3, 7, 3, 8, 3, 9, 4, 0, 4, 1, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 7, 4, 8, 4, 9, 5, 0, 5, 1, 5, 2, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 7

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Robert G. Wilson v

Also called the Barbier infinite word.
This is an example of a non-morphic sequence.
a(n) = A162711(n,1); A136414(n) = 10*a(n) + a(n+1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 11 2009
a(A031287(n)) = 0, a(A031288(n)) = 1, a(A031289(n)) = 2, a(A031290(n)) = 3, a(A031291(n)) = 4, a(A031292(n)) = 5, a(A031293(n)) = 6, a(A031294(n)) = 7, a(A031295(n)) = 8, a(A031296(n)) = 9. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 28 2011
May be regarded as an irregular table in which the n-th row lists the digits of n. - Jason Kimberley, Dec 07 2012
The digits of the integer n start at index A117804(n). The digit a(n) at index n belongs to the number A100470(n). - M. F. Hasler, Oct 23 2019
See also the Copeland-Erdős constant A033308, equivalent using primes instead of all numbers. - M. F. Hasler, Oct 24 2019
Decimal expansion of Sum_{k>=1} k/10^(A058183(k) + 1). - Stefano Spezia, Nov 30 2022

J.-P. Allouche and J. Shallit, Automatic Sequences, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003, pp. 114, 336.
R. Honsberger, Mathematical Chestnuts from Around the World, MAA, 2001; see p. 163.
M. Kraitchik, Mathematical Recreations. Dover, NY, 2nd ed., 1953, p. 49.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Books, NY, 1986, Revised edition 1987, p. 26.

Robert G. Wilson v, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..100000 (a(0) = 0 added by _M. F. Hasler_, Oct 23 2019).
Putnam Competition No. 48, Problem A2, Math. Mag., 61 (1988), 131-134.
Robert G. Wilson v, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Oct. 1993

Considered as a sequence of digits, this is the same as the decimal expansion of the Champernowne constant, A033307. See that entry for a formula for a(n), further references, etc.
Cf. A054632 (partial sums), A023103.
For "decimations" see A127050 A127353 A127414 A127508 A127584 A127734 A127794 A127950 A128178 A128211 A128359 A128423 A128475 A128881.
Cf. A193428, A256100, A001477 (the nonnegative integers), A117804, A100470.
Tables in which the n-th row lists the base b digits of n: A030190 and A030302 (b=2), A003137 and A054635 (b=3), A030373 (b=4), A031219 (b=5), A030548 (b=6), A030998 (b=7), A031035 and A054634 (b=8), A031076 (b=9), this sequence and A033307 (b=10). - Jason Kimberley, Dec 06 2012
Row lengths in A055642.
For primes here see A071620. See A007908 for a very similar sequence.
Cf. A031287, A031288, A031289, A031290, A031291, A031292, A031293, A031294, A031295, A031296, A033308, A058183, A136414, A162711.

a007376 n = a007376_list !! (n-1)
a007376_list = concatMap (map (read . return) . show) [0..] :: [Int]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 11 2013, Dec 17 2011, Mar 28 2011

&cat[Reverse(IntegerToSequence(n)):n in[0..31]]; // Jason Kimberley, Dec 07 2012

c:=proc(x,y) local s: s:=proc(m) nops(convert(m,base,10)) end: if y=0 then 10*x else x*10^s(y)+y: fi end: b:=proc(n) local nn: nn:=convert(n,base,10):[seq(nn[nops(nn)+1-i],i=1..nops(nn))] end: A:=0: for n from 1 to 75 do A:=c(A,n) od: b(A); # c concatenates 2 numbers while b converts a number to the sequence of its digits - Emeric Deutsch, Jul 27 2006
#alternative
A007376 := proc(n) option remember ; local aprev, dOld,N ; if n <=9 then RETURN([n,n,1]) ; else aprev := A007376(n-1) ; dOld := op(3,aprev) ; N := op(2,aprev) ; if dOld < A055642(N) then RETURN([op(-dOld-1,convert(N,base,10)),N,dOld+1]) ; else RETURN([op(-1,convert(N+1,base,10)),N+1,1]) ; fi ; fi ; end: # R. J. Mathar, Jan 21 2008

Flatten[ IntegerDigits /@ Range@ 57] (* Or *)
almostNatural[n_, b_] := Block[{m = 0, d = n, i = 1, l, p}, While[m <= d, l = m; m = (b - 1) i*b^(i - 1) + l; i++]; i--; p = Mod[d - l, i]; q = Floor[(d - l)/i] + b^(i - 1); If[p != 0, IntegerDigits[q, b][[p]], Mod[q - 1, b]]]; Array[ almostNatural[#, 10] &, 105] (* updated Jun 29 2014 *)
With[{nn=120},RealDigits[N[ChampernowneNumber[],nn],10,nn]][[1]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Mar 13 2018 *)

for(n=0,90,v=digits(n);for(i=1,#v,print1(v[i]", "))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Nov 20 2012

apply( A007376(n)={for(k=1,n, k*10^k>n&& return(digits(n\k)[n%k+1]); n+=10^k)}, [0..200]) \\ M. F. Hasler, Nov 03 2019

A007376_list = [int(d) for n in range(10**2) for d in str(n)] # Chai Wah Wu, Feb 04 2015

Extended to a(0) = 0 by M. F. Hasler, Oct 23 2019

A176942 Champernowne primes.

Original entry on oeis.org

1234567891, 12345678910111, 123456789101112131415161

Offset: 1

Marco Ripà, Jan 27 2011

Primes formed from an initial portion 1234... of the infinite string 12345678910111213... of the concatenation of all positive integers (decimal digits of the Champernowne constant).
From Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 15 2013: (Start)
The next terms are too big to display:
a(4) = 123456789...1121131141 (235 digits)
a(5) = 123456789...6896997097 (2804 digits)
a(6) = 12345...13611362136313 (4347 digits)
a(7) = 123456789...9709971097 (37735 digits)
a(8) has more than 37800 digits. (End)
a(8) has more than 140000 digits. - Tyler Busby, Feb 12 2023

R. W. Stephan, Factors and primes in two Smarandache sequences.

Eric W. Weisstein, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..6
Eric W. Weisstein, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..7 (an a-file)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Champernowne Constant
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Constant Primes
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Integer Sequence Primes
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Smarandache Prime

Cf. A007908, A058183, A073175, A053546.
Cf. A007376 (infinite Barbier word = almost-natural numbers: write n in base 10 and juxtapose digits).
Cf. A033307 (decimal expansion of Champernowne constant).
Cf. A071620 (number of digits in the n-th Champernowne prime).
See A265043 for where to end the string of numbers that are being concatenated in order to get the n-th prime.

With[{no=500},FromDigits/@Select[Table[Take[Flatten[IntegerDigits/@Range[no]],n],{n,no}],PrimeQ[FromDigits[#]]&]]  (* Harvey P. Dale, Feb 06 2011 *)
Select[Table[Floor[N[ChampernowneNumber[10], n]*10^n], {n, 24}], PrimeQ] (* Arkadiusz Wesolowski, May 10 2012 *)

A071318 Lesser of 2 consecutive numbers which are cubefree and not squarefree, i.e., numbers k such that both k and k+1 are in A067259.

Original entry on oeis.org

44, 49, 75, 98, 99, 116, 147, 171, 244, 260, 275, 315, 332, 363, 387, 475, 476, 507, 524, 531, 548, 549, 603, 604, 636, 692, 724, 725, 747, 764, 774, 819, 844, 845, 846, 867, 908, 924, 931, 963, 980, 1035, 1075, 1083, 1179, 1196, 1251, 1274, 1275, 1324

Offset: 1

Labos Elemer, May 29 2002

nonn

The numbers of terms not exceeding 10^k, for k = 1, 2, ..., are 0, 5, 41, 407, 4125, 41215, 412331, 4123625, 41236308, ... . Apparently, the asymptotic density of this sequence exists and equals 0.041236... . - Amiram Eldar, Jan 18 2023

The asymptotic density of this sequence is Product_{p prime} (1 - 2/p^3) - 2 * Product_{p prime} (1 - 1/p^2 - 1/p^3) + Product_{p prime} (1 - 2/p^2) = 0.041236147082334172926... . - Amiram Eldar, Jan 05 2024

			75 is a term since 75 = 3*5^2 and 76 = 2^2*19.

Amiram Eldar, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (terms 1..1000 from T. D. Noe)

Subsequence of A067259, A340152.
Cf. A007674, A063528, A071619, A071620, A071621, A071622, A071623.
Cf. A008966, A051903, A212793.

a071318 n = a071318_list !! (n-1)
a071318_list = [x | x <- [1..],  a212793 x == 1, a008966 x == 0,
                    let y = x+1, a212793 y == 1, a008966 y == 0]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 27 2012

With[{s = Select[Range[1350], And[MemberQ[#, 2], FreeQ[#, k_ /; k > 2]] &@ FactorInteger[#][[All, -1]] &]}, Function[t, Part[s, #] &@ Position[t, 1][[All, 1]]]@ Differences@ s] (* Michael De Vlieger, Jul 30 2017 *)

isok(n) = (n>1) && (vecmax(factor(n)[, 2])==2) && (vecmax(factor(n+1)[, 2])==2); \\ Michel Marcus, Aug 02 2017

A051903(k) = A051903(k+1) = 2 when k is a term.

cp's OEIS Frontend

A007908 Triangle of the gods: to get a(n), concatenate the decimal numbers 1,2,3,...,n.

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A007376 The almost-natural numbers: write n in base 10 and juxtapose digits.

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A176942 Champernowne primes.

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A071318 Lesser of 2 consecutive numbers which are cubefree and not squarefree, i.e., numbers k such that both k and k+1 are in A067259.

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A265043 The n-th Champernowne prime (A176942) is found by concatenating the successive digits of the numbers 1,2,3,...,a(n) and possibly dropping some of final digits of a(n).

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