A002658 -id:A002658 - cp's OEIS frontend

A001190 Wedderburn-Etherington numbers: unlabeled binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree 0 or 2) with n endpoints (and 2n-1 nodes in all).

0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 23, 46, 98, 207, 451, 983, 2179, 4850, 10905, 24631, 56011, 127912, 293547, 676157, 1563372, 3626149, 8436379, 19680277, 46026618, 107890609, 253450711, 596572387, 1406818759, 3323236238, 7862958391, 18632325319, 44214569100, 105061603969

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Also number of n-node binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree <= 2) where root has degree 0 (only for n=1) or 1.
a(n+1) is the number of rooted trees with n nodes where the outdegree of every node is <= 2, see example. These trees are obtained by removing the root of the trees in the comment above. - Joerg Arndt, Jun 29 2014
Number of interpretations of x^n (or number of ways to insert parentheses) when multiplication is commutative but not associative. E.g., a(4) = 2: x(x*x^2) and x^2*x^2. a(5) = 3: (x*x^2)x^2, x(x*x*x^2) and x(x^2*x^2). [If multiplication is non-commutative then the answer is A000108(n-1). - Jianing Song, Apr 29 2022]
Number of ways to place n stars in a single bound stable hierarchical multiple star system; i.e., taking only the configurations from A003214 where all stars are included in single outer parentheses. - Piet Hut, Nov 07 2003
Number of colorations of Kn (complete graph of order n) with n-1 colors such that no triangle is three-colored. Two edge-colorations C1 and C2 of G are isomorphic iff exists an automorphism f (isomorphism between G an G) such that: f sends same-colored edges of C1 on same-colored edges of C2 and f^(-1) sends same-colored edges of C2 on same-colored edges of C1. - Abraham Gutiérrez, Nov 12 2012
For n>1, a(n) is the number of (not necessarily distinct) unordered pairs of free unlabeled trees having a total of n nodes. See the first entry in formula section. - Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 09 2014
Named after the English mathematician Ivor Etherington (1908-1994) and the Scottish mathematician Joseph Wedderburn (1882-1948). - Amiram Eldar, May 29 2021

			G.f. = x + x^2 + x^3 + 2*x^4 + 3*x^5 + 6*x^6 + 11*x^7 + 23*x^8 + 46*x^9 + 98*x^10 + ...
From _Joerg Arndt_, Jun 29 2014: (Start)
The a(6+1) = 11 rooted trees with 6 nodes as described in the comment are:
:           level sequence       outdegrees (dots for zeros)
:     1:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 5 ]    [ 1 1 1 1 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o--o
:
:     2:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 4 ]    [ 1 1 1 2 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:           .--o
:
:     3:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 3 ]    [ 1 1 2 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:        .--o
:
:     4:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 2 ]    [ 1 2 1 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:     .--o
:
:     5:  [ 0 1 2 3 4 1 ]    [ 2 1 1 1 . . ]
:  O--o--o--o--o
:  .--o
:
:     6:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 2 ]    [ 1 2 2 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:     .--o
:
:     7:  [ 0 1 2 3 3 1 ]    [ 2 1 2 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:        .--o
:  .--o
:
:     8:  [ 0 1 2 3 2 3 ]    [ 1 2 1 . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:     .--o--o
:
:     9:  [ 0 1 2 3 2 1 ]    [ 2 2 1 . . . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o
:
:    10:  [ 0 1 2 3 1 2 ]    [ 2 1 1 . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o--o
:  .--o--o
:
:    11:  [ 0 1 2 2 1 2 ]    [ 2 2 . . 1 . ]
:  O--o--o
:     .--o
:  .--o--o
:
(End)

Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 307.
Louis Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 55.
Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 295-316.
A. Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Shen-colored tournaments, thesis, UNAM, 2012.
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N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Richard P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Cambridge, Vol. 2, 1999; see Problem 6.52.
Richard P. Stanley, Catalan Numbers, Cambridge, 2015, p. 133.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2545 (first 201 terms from T. D. Noe)
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Mayfawny Bergmann, Efficiency of Lossless Compression of a Binary Tree via its Minimal Directed Acyclic Graph Representation. Rose-Hulman Undergraduate Mathematics Journal: Vol. 15: Iss. 2, Article 1 (2014).
Sara Billey, Matjaz Konvalinka, and Frederick A Matsen IV, On the enumeration of tanglegrams and tangled chains, arXiv:1507.04976 [math.CO], 2015.
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Henry Bottomley, Illustration of initial terms.
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Nicolas Broutin and Philippe Flajolet, The distribution of height and diameter in random non-plane binary trees, Random Struct. Algorithms 41, No. 2, 215-252 (2012).
Peter J. Cameron, Sequences realized by oligomorphic permutation groups, J. Integ. Seqs. Vol. 3 (2000), #00.1.5.
Peter J. Cameron, Some treelike objects, Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2) 38 (1987), no. 150, 155-183. MR0891613 (89a:05009). See p. 155. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Apr 18 2014
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Sean Cleary, M. Fischer, R. C. Griffiths, and R. Sainudiin, Some distributions on finite rooted binary trees, UCDMS Research Report NO. UCDMS2015/2, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ, 2015.
S. J. Cyvin, J. Brunvoll, and B. N. Cyvin, Enumeration of constitutional isomers of polyenes, J. Molec. Struct. (Theochem) 357, no. 3 (1995) 255-261.
N. G. de Bruijn and D. A. Klarner, Multisets of aperiodic cycles, SIAM J. Algebraic Discrete Methods 3 (1982), no. 3, 359-368. MR0666861(84i:05008). See p. 367. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Mar 25 2014
Jimmy Devillet and Bruno Teheux, Associative, idempotent, symmetric, and order-preserving operations on chains, arXiv:1805.11936 [math.RA], 2018.
Luc Devroye, Michael R. Doboli, Noah A. Rosenberg, and Stephan Wagner, Tree height and the asymptotic mean of the Colijn-Plazzotta rank of unlabeled binary rooted trees, arXiv:2409.18956 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 21.
Filippo Disanto and Thomas Wiehe, Some combinatorial problems on binary rooted trees occurring in population genetics, arXiv preprint arXiv:1112.1295 [math.CO], 2011-2012.
Michael R. Doboli, Hsien-Kuei Hwang, and Noah A. Rosenberg, Periodic Behavior of the Minimal Colijn-Plazzotta Rank for Trees with a Fixed Number of Leaves, In 35th International Conference on Probabilistic, Combinatorial and Asymptotic Methods for the Analysis of Algorithms (AofA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 302, pp. 18:1-18:14, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024).
Vladimir Dotsenko and Irvin Roy Hentzel, On the conjecture of Kashuba and Mathieu about free Jordan algebras, arXiv:2507.00437 [math.RA], 2025. See p. 14.
I. M. H. Etherington, Non-associate powers and a functional equation, Math. Gaz. 21 (1937), 36-39 and 153.
I. M. H. Etherington, On non-associative combinations, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 59 (Part 2, 1938-39), 153-162. [Annotated scanned copy]
I. M. H. Etherington, On non-associative combinations, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 59 (Part 2, 1938-39), 153-162.
I. M. H. Etherington, Some problems of non-associative combinations (I), Edinburgh Math. Notes, 32 (1940), pp. i-vi.
A. Erdelyi and I. M. H. Etherington, Some problems of non-associative combinations (II), Edinburgh Math. Notes, 32 (1940), pp. vii-xiv.
V. Fack, S. Lievens and J. Van der Jeugt, On the diameter of the rotation graph of binary coupling trees. Discrete Math. 245 (2002), no. 1-3, 1--18. MR1887046 (2003i:05047).
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Steven R. Finch, Otter's Tree Enumeration Constants. [Wayback Machine]
Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 72
J. N. Franklin and S. W. Golomb, A Function-Theoretic Approach to the Study of Nonlinear Recurring Sequences, Pacific J. Math., Vol. 56, p. 467, 1975.
Ira M. Gessel, Counting tanglegrams with species, arXiv:1509.03867 [math.CO], 2020.
Piet Hut, Home Page
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 43
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 45
V. P. Johnson, Enumeration Results on Leaf Labeled Trees, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2012.
M. Konvalinka and S. Wagner, The shape of random tanglegrams, arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.01168 [math.CO], 2015.
A. Ledda, G. Achaz, T. Wiehe and L. Ferretti, Decomposing the site frequency spectrum: the impact of tree topology on neutrality tests, arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.06748 [q-bio.PE], 2015.
Eunjeong Lee, Mikiya Masuda, and Seonjeong Park, Toric Richardson varieties of Catalan type and Wedderburn-Etherington numbers, arXiv:2105.12274 [math.AG], 2021.
F. Murtagh, Counting dendrograms: a survey, Discrete Applied Mathematics, 7 (1984), 191-199.
C. D. Olds, Problem 4277, Amer. Math. Monthly, 56 (1949), 697-699.
C. D. Olds (Proposer) and H. W. Becker (Discussion), Problem 4277, Amer. Math. Monthly 56 (1949), 697-699. [Annotated scanned copy]
R. C. Read, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Oct. 29, 1976
J. Riordan, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Oct. 1970
David Serena and William J. Buchanan, Equivalence Classes Induced by Binary Tree Isomorphism -- Generating Functions, arXiv:2503.02663 [math.CO], 2025. See p. 5.
Chloe E. Shiff and Noah A. Rosenberg, Enumeration of rooted binary perfect phylogenies, arXiv:2410.14915 [q-bio.PE], 2024. See pp. 2, 5, 9.
F. Sievers, G. M. Hughes, and D. G. Higgins, Systematic Exploration of Guide-Tree Topology Effects for Small Protein Alignments, BMC Bioinformatics 2014, 15:338 (Mentions A001190).
J. H. M. Wedderburn, The functional equation g(x^2) = 2ax + [g(x)]^2, Ann. Math., 24 (1922-23), 121-140.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Weakly Binary Tree.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Strongly Binary Tree.
Wikipedia, Wedderburn-Etherington numbers.
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees
Index entries for sequences related to parenthesizing

Cf. A000108, A001699, A002658, A003214, A006894, A006961, A088325.
Cf. A086317, A086318, A240943.
Cf. A292553, A292554, A292555, A292556.
Column k=2 of A292085 and of A299038.
Column k=1 of A319539 and of A319541.

A001190 := proc(n) option remember; local s,k; if n<=1 then RETURN(n); elif n <=3 then RETURN(1); else s := 0; if n mod 2 = 0 then s := A001190(n/2)*(A001190(n/2)+1)/2; for k from 1 to n/2-1 do s := s+A001190(k)*A001190(n-k); od; RETURN(s); else for k from 1 to (n-1)/2 do s := s+A001190(k)*A001190(n-k); od; RETURN(s); fi; fi; end;
N := 40: G001190 := add(A001190(n)*x^n,n=0..N);
spec := [S,{S=Union(Z,Prod(Z,Set(S,card=2)))},unlabeled]: seq(combstruct[count](spec, size=n), n=0..20);
# alternative Maple program:
a:= proc(n) option remember; `if`(n<2, n, `if`(n::odd, 0,
      (t-> t*(1-t)/2)(a(n/2)))+add(a(i)*a(n-i), i=1..n/2))
    end:
seq(a(n), n=0..40);  # Alois P. Heinz, Aug 28 2017

terms = 35; A[] = 0; Do[A[x] = x + (1/2)*(A[x]^2 + A[x^2]) + O[x]^terms // Normal, terms]; CoefficientList[A[x], x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 22 2011, updated Jan 10 2018 *)
a[n_?OddQ] := a[n] = Sum[a[k]*a[n-k], {k, 1, (n-1)/2}]; a[n_?EvenQ] := a[n] = Sum[a[k]*a[n-k], {k, 1, n/2-1}] + (1/2)*a[n/2]*(1+a[n/2]); a[0]=0; a[1]=1; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 32}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 13 2012, after recurrence formula *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 0, 0, SeriesCoefficient[ Nest[ 1 - Sqrt[1 - 2 x - (# /. x -> x^2)] &, 0, BitLength @ n], {x, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Apr 25 2013 *)

{a(n) = local(A, m); if( n<0, 0, m=1; A = O(x); while( m<=n, m*=2; A = 1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x - subst(A, x, x^2))); polcoeff(A, n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003 */

{a(n) = local(A); if( n<4, n>0, A = vector(n, i, 1); for( i=4, n, A[i] = sum( j=1, (i-1)\2, A[j] * A[i-j]) + if( i%2, 0, A[i/2] * (A[i/2] + 1)/2)); A[n])}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 25 2006 */

from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A001190(n):
    if n <= 1: return n
    m = n//2 + n % 2
    return sum(A001190(i+1)*A001190(n-1-i) for i in range(m-1)) + (1 - n % 2)*A001190(m)*(A001190(m)+1)//2 # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 14 2022

G.f. satisfies A(x) = x + (1/2)*(A(x)^2 + A(x^2)) [de Bruijn and Klarner].
G.f. also satisfies A(x) = 1 - sqrt(1 - 2*x - A(x^2)). - Michael Somos, Sep 06 2003
a(2n-1) = a(1)a(2n-2) + a(2)a(2n-3) + ... + a(n-1)a(n), a(2n) = a(1)a(2n-1) + a(2)a(2n-2) + ... + a(n-1)a(n+1) + a(n)(a(n)+1)/2.
Given g.f. A(x), then B(x) = -1 + A(x) satisfies 0 = f(B(x), B(x^2), B(x^4)) where f(u, v, w) = (u^2 + v)^2 + 2*(v^2 + w). - Michael Somos, Oct 22 2006
The radius of convergence of the g.f. is A240943 = 1/A086317 ~ 0.4026975... - Jean-François Alcover, Jul 28 2014, after Steven R. Finch.
a(n) ~ A086318 * A086317^(n-1) / n^(3/2). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Apr 19 2016

A001699 Number of binary trees of height n; or products (ways to insert parentheses) of height n when multiplication is non-commutative and non-associative.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 21, 651, 457653, 210065930571, 44127887745696109598901, 1947270476915296449559659317606103024276803403, 3791862310265926082868235028027893277370233150300118107846437701158064808916492244872560821

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane and Jeffrey Shallit

Approaches 1.5028368...^(2^n), see A077496. Row sums of A065329 as square array. - Henry Bottomley, Oct 29 2001. Also row sum of square array A073345 (AK).

			G.f. = 1 + x + 3*x^2 + 21*x^3 + 651*x^4 + 457653*x^5 + ... - _Michael Somos_, Jun 02 2019

Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 307.
I. M. H. Etherington, On non-associative combinations, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 59 (Part 2, 1938-39), 153-162.
I. M. H. Etherington, Some problems of non-associative combinations (I), Edinburgh Math. Notes, 32 (1940), pp. i-vi. Part II is by A. Erdelyi and I. M. H. Etherington, and is on pages vii-xiv of the same issue.
T. K. Moon, Enumerations of binary trees, types of trees and the number of reversible variable length codes, submitted to Discrete Applied Mathematics, 2000.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).

David Wasserman, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..12 [Shortened file because terms grow rapidly: see Wasserman link below for an additional term]
A. V. Aho and N. J. A. Sloane, Some doubly exponential sequences, Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1973), pp. 429-437.
A. V. Aho and N. J. A. Sloane, Some doubly exponential sequences, Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1973), pp. 429-437 (original plus references that F.Q. forgot to include - see last page!)
Mayfawny Bergmann, Efficiency of Lossless Compression of a Binary Tree via its Minimal Directed Acyclic Graph Representation. Rose-Hulman Undergraduate Mathematics Journal: Vol. 15 : Iss. 2, Article 1. (2014).
Henry Bottomley, Illustration of initial terms
I. M. H. Etherington, Non-associate powers and a functional equation, Math. Gaz. 21 (1937), 36-39; addendum 21 (1937), 153.
I. M. H. Etherington, On non-associative combinations, Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh, 59 (Part 2, 1938-39), 153-162. [Annotated scanned copy]
Samuele Giraudo, The combinator M and the Mockingbird lattice, arXiv:2204.03586 [math.CO], 2022.
Claude Lenormand, Arbres et permutations II, see p. 6
David E. Narváez, Proof of polynomial recursive equation of order 2, Jun 05 2025.
David Wasserman, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..13
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Binary Tree
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees
Index entries for sequences related to parenthesizing
Index entries for sequences of form a(n+1)=a(n)^2 + ...

Row sums of A065329.
Column sums of A335919, A335920.
Cf. A002658, A056207, A002449, A003095.
Cf. A004019, A077496, A076949, A213437.

s := proc(n) local i,j,ans; ans := [ 1 ]; for i to n do ans := [ op(ans),2*(add(j,j=ans)-ans[ i ])*ans[ i ]+ans[ i ]^2 ] od; RETURN(ans); end; s(10);

a[0] = 1; a[n_] := a[n] = 2*a[n-1]*Sum[a[k], {k, 0, n-2}] + a[n-1]^2; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 9}] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 16 2012 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 2, Boole[n >= 0], With[{u = a[n - 1], v = a[n - 2]}, u (u + v + u/v)]]; (* Michael Somos, Jun 02 2019 *)

{a(n) = if( n<=1, n>=0, a(n-1) * (a(n-1) + a(n-2) + a(n-1) / a(n-2)))}; /* Michael Somos, 2000 */

from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def a(n): return 1 if n <= 1 else a(n-1) * (a(n-1) + a(n-2) + a(n-1)//a(n-2))
print([a(n) for n in range(10)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Nov 10 2022 after Michael Somos

a(n+1) = 2*a(n)*(a(0) + ... + a(n-1)) + a(n)^2.
a(n+1) = a(n)^2 + a(n) + a(n)*sqrt(4*a(n)-3), if n > 0.
a(n) = A003095(n+1) - A003095(n) = A003095(n)^2 - A003095(n) + 1. - Henry Bottomley, Apr 26 2001; offset of LHS corrected by Anindya Bhattacharyya, Jun 21 2013
a(n) = A059826(A003095(n-1)).
From Peter Bala, Feb 03 2017: (Start)
a(n) = Product_{k = 1..n} A213437(k).
a(n) + a(n-1) = A213437(n+1) - A213437(n). (End)
a(n) = -a(n-2)^3 + a(n-1)^2 + 3*a(n-1)*a(n-2) + 2*a(n-2)^2 + 2*a(n-1) - 4*a(n-2) (see Narváez link for proof). - Boštjan Gec, Oct 10 2024

Minor edits by Vaclav Kotesovec, Oct 04 2014

A006894 Number of planted 3-trees of height < n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 11, 67, 2279, 2598061, 3374961778892, 5695183504492614029263279, 16217557574922386301420536972254869595782763547561, 131504586847961235687181874578063117114329409897615188504091716162522225834932122128288032336298142

Offset: 1

Jeffrey Shallit and N. J. A. Sloane

Representation requires n triangular numbers with greedy algorithm.
Comment from Marc LeBrun: Maximum possible number of distinct values after applying a commuting operation from 0 to N times to a single initial value.
Divide the natural numbers in sets of consecutive numbers, starting with {1}, each set with number of elements equal to the sum of elements of the preceding set. The greatest element of the n-th set gives a(n). The sets begin {1}, {2}, {3,4}, {5,6,7,8,9,10,11}, ... - Floor van Lamoen, Jan 16 2002
a(n+1) = (a(n))-th triangular number + 1 = A000217(a(n)) + 1. a(n) = A072638(n-1) + 1. - Jaroslav Krizek, Sep 11 2009
Sergey Zimnitskiy, May 08 2013, provided an illustration for A006894 and A002658 in terms of packing circles inside circles. The following description of the figure was supplied by Allan Wilks. Label a blank page "1" and draw a black circle labeled "2". Subsequent circles are labeled "3", "4", ... . In the black circle put two red circles (numbered "3" and "4"); two because the label of the black circle is "2". Then in each of the red circles put blue circles in number equal to the labels of the red circles. So these get labeled "5", ..., "11". Then in each of the blue circles, starting with circle "5", place a set of green (say) circles, equal in number to the label of the enclosing blue circle. When all of the green circles have been drawn, they will be labeled "12", ..., "67". If you take the maximum circle label at each colored level, you get 1,2,4,11,67,2279,..., which is A006894, which itself is the partial sums of A002658. The picture is a visualization of Floor van Lamoen's comment above.

			x + 2*x^2 + 4*x^3 + 11*x^4 + 67*x^5 + 2279*x^6 + 2598061*x^7 + 3374961778892*x^8 + ...

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

David Wasserman, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..14
Luc Devroye, Michael R. Doboli, Noah A. Rosenberg, and Stephan Wagner, Tree height and the asymptotic mean of the Colijn-Plazzotta rank of unlabeled binary rooted trees, arXiv:2409.18956 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 5.
F. Harary et al., Counting free binary trees admitting a given height, J. Combin. Inform. System Sci. 17 (1992), no. 1-2, 175--181. MR1216977 (94c:05039)
Harary, Frank; Palmer, Edgar M.; Robinson, Robert W., Counting free binary trees admitting a given height, J. Combin. Inform. System Sci. 17 (1992), no. 1-2, 175-181. (Annotated scanned copy)
E. Lemoine, Note sur deux nouvelles décompositions des nombres entiers, Assoc. française pour l'avancement des sciences. Vol. 29, Tome 2, pp. 72-74, 1900.
Sergey Zimnitskiy, Illustration of initial terms of A006894 and A002658
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees

Row sums of A036602.

A006894 := proc(n) option remember; if n=1 then 1 else A006894(n-1)*(A006894(n-1)+1)/2+1 fi end; [ seq(A006894(i),i=1..11) ];
a[ -1]:=0:a[0]:=1:for n from 1 to 50 do a[n]:=binomial(a[n-1]+2,2) od: seq(a[n]+1, n=-1..9); # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 08 2007
a[1]:=1:for n from 2 to 10 do a[n]:=a[n-1]*(a[n-1]+1)/2+1 od: seq(a[n],n=1..10); # Miklos Kristof, Dec 11 2007

NestList[(#(#+1))/2+1&,1,12] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 24 2011 *)

v=vector(15);v[1]=1;for(i=2,#v,v[i]=binomial(v[i-1]+1,2)+1);v \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 11 2011

{a(n) = if( n<1, 0, 1 + binomial( 1 + a(n-1), 2))} /* Michael Somos, Jan 01 2013 */

from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def A006894(n): return ((m:=A006894(n-1))*(m+1)>>1)+1 if n else 0 # Chai Wah Wu, Feb 20 2023

Partial sums of A002658; a(n+1) = a(n)(a(n)+1)/2 + 1 (from Marc LeBrun).
Sequence arises from a self-recursive process: a(1)=1, a(n)=a(n-1)*(a(n-1) + 1)/2 + 1. E.g., a(1)=1, a(2) = 1*2/2 + 1 = 2, a(3) = 2*3/2 + 1 = 4, a(4) = 4*5/2 + 1 = 11, a(5) = 11*12/2 + 1 = 67, ... - Miklos Kristof, Dec 11 2007
a(n) ~ 2 * c^(2^n), where c = 1.11625303268733048891316684155278646623772830100986583494311015252450055518... . - Vaclav Kotesovec, May 21 2015

A001697 a(n+1) = a(n)(a(0) + ... + a(n)).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 8, 96, 10368, 108615168, 11798392572168192, 139202068568601556987554268864512, 19377215893777651167043206536157390321290709180447278572301746176

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of binary trees of height n where for each node the left subtree is at least as high as the right subtree. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Feb 08 2007
The next term (a(10)) has 129 digits. - Harvey P. Dale, Jan 24 2016
Number of plane trees where the root has exactly n children and the i-th child of any node has at most i-1 children. - David Eppstein, Dec 18 2021

N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

John Cerkan, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..12
A. V. Aho and N. J. A. Sloane, Some doubly exponential sequences, Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1973), pp. 429-437.
A. V. Aho and N. J. A. Sloane, Some doubly exponential sequences, Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4 (1973), pp. 429-437 (original plus references that F.Q. forgot to include - see last page!)
Daniel Duverney, Takeshi Kurosawa, Iekata Shiokawa, Transformation formulas of finite sums into continued fractions, arXiv:1912.12565 [math.NT], 2019.
Index entries for sequences of form a(n+1)=a(n)^2 + ...
Index to divisibility sequences

a(n) = A039941(2*n+1); first differences of A001696 give this sequence.
Cf. A002658, A001699.
Cf. A064847.

a001697 n = a001697_list !! n
a001697_list = 1 : 1 : f [1,1] where
   f xs@(x:_) = y : f (y : xs) where y = x * sum xs
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 29 2013

[n le 2 select 1 else Self(n-1)^2*(1+1/Self(n-2)): n in [1..12]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 25 2015

a[0] = 1; a[1] = 1; a[n_] := a[n] = a[n - 1]^2*(1 + 1/a[n - 2]); Table[a[n], {n, 0, 9}]  (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 02 2013 *)
nxt[{t_,a_}]:={t+t*a,t*a}; Transpose[NestList[nxt,{1,1},10]][[2]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 24 2016 *)

a(n)=if(n<2,n >= 0,a(n-1)^2*(1+1/a(n-2)))

a(n) ~ c^(2^n), where c = 1.3352454783981919948826893254756974184778316104856161827213437094446034867599... . - Vaclav Kotesovec, May 21 2015

Additional comments from Michael Somos, May 19 2000

A005588 Number of free binary trees admitting height n.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 7, 52, 2133, 2590407, 3374951541062, 5695183504479116640376509, 16217557574922386301420514191523784895639577710480, 131504586847961235687181874578063117114329409897550318273792033024340388219235081096658023517076950

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane; entry revised by N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 31 2012

a(n) is the number of free 3-trees which have a rooting as a binary tree of height n.

a(n) <= A002658(n+1) [Harary, et al.] "This is because any tree with a binary rooting of height h corresponds to a planted 3-tree of height h+1. [...] In general there are trees with more than one binary rooting of height h, so equality does not hold". - Michael Somos, Sep 02 2012

			+---------+
| o   o o | a(1) = 2
| |    \| |
| o     o |
+---------------------------------------------+
| o   o o     o   o o   o o   o o o   o o o o | a(2) = 7
| |    \|     |    \|   | |   |  \|    \| |/  |
| o     o   o o   o o   o o   o   o     o o   |
| |     |    \|    \|    \|    \ /       \|   |
| o     o     o     o     o     o         o   |
+---------------------------------------------+
a(3) = 52 while A002658(4) = 56 because there are 56 - 52 = 4 free binary trees admitting height 3 which have two rootings, while the rest have only one rooting. The four trees have degree sequences 32111, 322111, 3222111, 3321111. - _Michael Somos_, Sep 02 2012

N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

David Wassermann, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..12
Harary, Frank; Palmer, Edgar M.; Robinson, Robert W., Counting free binary trees admitting a given height, J. Combin. Inform. System Sci. 17 (1992), no. 1-2, 175--181. MR1216977 (94c:05039)
Harary, Frank; Palmer, Edgar M.; Robinson, Robert W., Counting free binary trees admitting a given height, J. Combin. Inform. System Sci. 17 (1992), no. 1-2, 175-181. (Annotated scanned copy)
Index entries for sequences related to rooted trees
Index entries for sequences related to trees
Index entries for "core" sequences

Cf. A002658, A006894.

bin2[n_] = Binomial[n, 2];
bin3[n_] = Binomial[n, 3];
p[0] = q[0] = 0;
p[1] = q[1] = 1;
q[h1_] := q[h1] = With[{h = h1-1}, q[h] + p[h]];
p[h1_] := p[h1] = With[{h = h1-1}, bin2[1 + p[h]] + p[h] q[h]];
a[h_] := a[h] = bin3[2 + p[h]] + bin2[1 + p[h]] q[h];
b[h_] := b[h] = bin2[1 + p[h]];
e[h_, i_] := e[h, i] = 1 + Sum[d[j, i], {j, h-1}];
d[h_, h_] := 0; d[h_, i_] := p[h] /; i > h;
d[h1_, i1_] := d[h1, i1] = With[{h = h1-1, i = i1-1}, bin2[1 + d[h, i]] + d[h, i] e[h, i]]; d[h_, 1] := d[h, 1] = p[h] - p[h-1];
e[h_, 1] := e[h, 1] = p[h-1];
t1[h_] := Sum[a[h-i] - bin3[2 + d[h-i, i]] - bin2[1 + d[h-i, i]] e[h-i, i], {i, Quotient[h, 2]}];
t2[h_] := Sum[b[h-i+1] - bin2[1 + d[h-i+1, i]], {i, Quotient[h+1, 2]}];
t[h_] := bin2[1 + p[h]] + t1[h] + t2[h];
Table[t[n], {n, 1, 12}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 22 2013, program corrected and improved by Michael Somos *)

Harary et al. give a complicated recurrence.

cp's OEIS Frontend

A001190 Wedderburn-Etherington numbers: unlabeled binary rooted trees (every node has outdegree 0 or 2) with n endpoints (and 2n-1 nodes in all).

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A001699 Number of binary trees of height n; or products (ways to insert parentheses) of height n when multiplication is non-commutative and non-associative.

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A006894 Number of planted 3-trees of height < n.

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A001697 a(n+1) = a(n)(a(0) + ... + a(n)).

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A005588 Number of free binary trees admitting height n.

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A108225 a(0) = 0, a(1) = 2; for n >= 2, a(n) = (a(n-1) + a(n-2))*(a(n-1) - a(n-2) + 1)/2.

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