A324201 -id:A324201 - cp's OEIS frontend

A000396 Perfect numbers k: k is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of k.

6, 28, 496, 8128, 33550336, 8589869056, 137438691328, 2305843008139952128, 2658455991569831744654692615953842176, 191561942608236107294793378084303638130997321548169216

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

A number k is abundant if sigma(k) > 2k (cf. A005101), perfect if sigma(k) = 2k (this sequence), or deficient if sigma(k) < 2k (cf. A005100), where sigma(k) is the sum of the divisors of k (A000203).
The numbers 2^(p-1)*(2^p - 1) are perfect, where p is a prime such that 2^p - 1 is also prime (for the list of p's see A000043). There are no other even perfect numbers and it is believed that there are no odd perfect numbers.
Numbers k such that Sum_{d|k} 1/d = 2. - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 07 2002
For number of divisors of a(n) see A061645(n). Number of digits in a(n) is A061193(n). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 04 2004
All terms other than the first have digital root 1 (since 4^2 == 4 (mod 6), we have, by induction, 4^k == 4 (mod 6), or 2*2^(2*k) = 8 == 2 (mod 6), implying that Mersenne primes M = 2^p - 1, for odd p, are of the form 6*t+1). Thus perfect numbers N, being M-th triangular, have the form (6*t+1)*(3*t+1), whence the property N mod 9 = 1 for all N after the first. - Lekraj Beedassy, Aug 21 2004
The earliest recorded mention of this sequence is in Euclid's Elements, IX 36, about 300 BC. - Artur Jasinski, Jan 25 2006
Theorem (Euclid, Euler). An even number m is a perfect number if and only if m = 2^(k-1)*(2^k-1), where 2^k-1 is prime. Euler's idea came from Euclid's Proposition 36 of Book IX (see Weil). It follows that every even perfect number is also a triangular number. - Mohammad K. Azarian, Apr 16 2008
Triangular numbers (also generalized hexagonal numbers) A000217 whose indices are Mersenne primes A000668, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008, Sep 15 2013
If a(n) is even, then 2*a(n) is in A181595. - Vladimir Shevelev, Nov 07 2010
Except for a(1) = 6, all even terms are of the form 30*k - 2 or 45*k + 1. - Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Mar 11 2012
a(4) = A229381(1) = 8128 is the "Simpsons's perfect number". - Jonathan Sondow, Jan 02 2015
Theorem (Farideh Firoozbakht): If m is an integer and both p and p^k-m-1 are prime numbers then x = p^(k-1)*(p^k-m-1) is a solution to the equation sigma(x) = (p*x+m)/(p-1). For example, if we take m=0 and p=2 we get Euclid's result about perfect numbers. - Farideh Firoozbakht, Mar 01 2015
The cototient of the even perfect numbers is a square; in particular, if 2^p - 1 is a Mersenne prime, cototient(2^(p-1) * (2^p - 1)) = (2^(p-1))^2 (see A152921). So, this sequence is a subsequence of A063752. - Bernard Schott, Jan 11 2019
Euler's (1747) proof that all the even perfect number are of the form 2^(p-1)*(2^p-1) implies that their asymptotic density is 0. Kanold (1954) proved that the asymptotic density of odd perfect numbers is 0. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 13 2021
If k is perfect and semiprime, then k = 6. - Alexandra Hercilia Pereira Silva, Aug 30 2021
This sequence lists the fixed points of A001065. - Alois P. Heinz, Mar 10 2024

			6 is perfect because 6 = 1+2+3, the sum of all divisors of 6 less than 6; 28 is perfect because 28 = 1+2+4+7+14.

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David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, pp. 107-110, Penguin Books, 1987.

E-Hern Lee, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..15 (terms 1-14 from David Wasserman)
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Chris Bispels, Matthew Cohen, Joshua Harrington, Joshua Lowrance, Kaelyn Pontes, Leif Schaumann, and Tony W. H. Wong, A further investigation on covering systems with odd moduli, arXiv:2507.16135 [math.NT], 2025. See p. 3.
Richard P. Brent and Graeme L. Cohen, A new lower bound for odd perfect numbers, Math. Comp., Vol. 53, No. 187 (1989), pp. 431-437, S7; alternative link.
Richard P. Brent, Graeme L. Cohen and Herman J. J. te Riele, A new approach to lower bounds for odd perfect numbers, Report TR-CS-88-08, CSL, ANU, August 1988, 71 pp.
Richard P. Brent, Graeme L. Cohen and Herman J. J. te Riele, Improved Techniques For Lower Bounds For Odd Perfect Numbers, Math. Comp., Vol. 57, No. 196 (1991), pp. 857-868.
J. Britton, Perfect Number Analyser.
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Chris K. Caldwell, Mersenne Primes, etc.
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Jason Earls, The Smarandache sum of composites between factors function, in Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004), p. 243.
Roger B. Eggleston, Equisum Partitions of Sets of Positive Integers, Algorithms, Vol. 12, No. 8 (2019), Article 164.
Leonhard Euler, De numeris amicibilibus>, Commentationes arithmeticae collectae, Vol. 2 (1849), pp. 627-636. Written in 1747.
Bakir Farhi, On the representation of an even perfect number as the sum of a limited number of cubes, arXiv:1504.07322 [math.NT], 2015.
Steven Finch, Amicable Pairs and Aliquot Sequences, 2013. [Cached copy, with permission of the author]
Farideh Firoozbakht and Maximilian F. Hasler, Variations on Euclid's formula for Perfect Numbers, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 13 (2010), Article 10.3.1.
S. Flora Jeba, Anirban Roy, and Manjil P. Saikia, On k-Facile Perfect Numbers, Algebra and Its Applications (ICAA-2023) Springer Proc. Math. Stat., Vol. 474, 111-121. See p. 111.
J. W. Gaberdiel, A Study of Perfect Numbers and Related Topics.
Takeshi Goto and Yasuo Ohno, Largest prime factor of an odd perfect number, 2006.
Kevin G. Hare, New techniques for bounds on the total number of prime factors of an odd perfect number, Math. Comp., Vol. 76, No. 260 (2007), pp. 2241-2248; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/0501070 [math.NT], 2005-2006.
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C.-E. Jean, "Recreomath" Online Dictionary, Nombre parfait.
Hans-Joachim Kanold, Über die Dichten der Mengen der vollkommenen und der befreundeten Zahlen, Mathematische Zeitschrift, Vol. 61 (1954), pp. 180-185.
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Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, Complete determination of the zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, The Ramanujan Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3 (2018), pp. 633-655; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1610.07793 [math.NT], 2016.
Pedro Laborde, A Note on the Even Perfect Numbers, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 62, No. 5 (May, 1955), pp. 348-349 (2 pages).
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A. V. Lelechenko, The Quest for the Generalized Perfect Numbers, in Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Cybernetics, TAAC 2014, Kiev.
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T. Masiwa, T. Shonhiwa & G. Hitchcock, Perfect Numbers & Mersenne Primes.
Mathforum, Perfect Numbers.
Mathforum, List of Perfect Numbers.
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David Moews, Perfect, amicable and sociable numbers.
Derek Muller, The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math, Veritasium, YouTube video, 2024.
Pace P. Nielsen, Odd perfect numbers have at least nine distinct prime factors, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 76, No. 260 (2007), pp. 2109-2126; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/0602485 [math.NT], 2006.
Walter Nissen, Abundancy : Some Resources , 2008-2010.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, Perfect Numbers.
J. O. M. Pedersen, Perfect numbers. [Via Internet Archive Wayback-Machine]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Broken link]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Via Internet Archive Wayback-Machine]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Cached copy, pdf file only]
Ivars Peterson, Cubes of Perfection, MathTrek, 1998.
Omar E. Pol, Determinacion geometrica de los numeros primos y perfectos.
Paul Pollack, Quasi-Amicable Numbers are Rare, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 14 (2011), Article # 11.5.2.
D. Romagnoli, Perfect Numbers (Text in Italian). [From _Lekraj Beedassy_, Jun 26 2009]
Tyler Ross, A Perfect Number Generalization and Some Euclid-Euler Type Results, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 27 (2024), Article 24.7.5. See p. 3.
D. Scheffler and R. Ondrejka, The numerical evaluation of the eighteenth perfect number, Math. Comp., Vol. 14, No. 70 (1960), pp. 199-200.
K. Schneider, perfect number, PlanetMath.org.
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G. Villemin's Almanach of Numbers, Nombres Parfaits.
J. Voight, Perfect Numbers:An Elementary Introduction.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Perfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Odd Perfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Multiperfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hyperperfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundance.
Wikipedia, Perfect number.
Tomohiro Yamada, On the divisibility of odd perfect numbers by a high power of a prime, arXiv:math/0511410 [math.NT], 2005-2007.
Joshua Zelinsky, The Sum of the Reciprocals of the Prime Divisors of an Odd Perfect or Odd Primitive Non-deficient Number, Integers (2025) Vol. 25, Art. No. A59. See p. 1.
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences where any odd perfect numbers must occur

See A000043 for the current state of knowledge about Mersenne primes.
Cf. A007539, A005820, A027687, A046060, A046061, A000668, A090748, A133033, A000217, A000384, A019279, A061652, A006516, A144912, A153800, A007593, A220290, A028499-A028502, A034916, A065549, A275496, A063752, A156552, A152921, A324201.
Cf. A228058 for Euler's criterion for odd terms.
Positions of 0's in A033879 and in A033880.
Subsequence of following sequences: A005835, A006039, A007691, A023196, A043305, A065997, A083207, A109510, A118372, A216782, A246282, A263837, A294900, A333646, A334410, A335267, A336702, A341622, A342922, A344755, A352739, A357462, and (the even terms), of: A005153, A063752, A174973, A336547, A338520.
Cf. A001065.

a000396 n = a000396_list !! (n-1)
a000396_list = [x | x <- [1..], a000203 x == 2 * x]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 20 2012

Select[Range[9000], DivisorSigma[1,#]== 2*# &] (* G. C. Greubel, Oct 03 2017 *)
PerfectNumber[Range[15]] (* Requires Mathematica version 10 or later *) (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 10 2018 *)

PARI
```
isA000396(n) = (sigma(n) == 2*n);
```

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def ok(n): return n > 0 and divisor_sigma(n) == 2*n
print([k for k in range(9999) if ok(k)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Mar 12 2022

The perfect number N = 2^(p-1)*(2^p - 1) is also multiplicatively p-perfect (i.e., A007955(N) = N^p), since tau(N) = 2*p. - Lekraj Beedassy, Sep 21 2004
a(n) = 2^A133033(n) - 2^A090748(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Feb 28 2008
a(n) = A000668(n)*(A000668(n)+1)/2, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Apr 23 2008
a(n) = A000217(A000668(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008
a(n) = Sum of the first A000668(n) positive integers, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008
a(n) = A000384(A019279(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers and no odd superperfect numbers. a(n) = A000384(A061652(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 17 2008
a(n) = A006516(A000043(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 30 2008
From Reikku Kulon, Oct 14 2008: (Start)
A144912(2, a(n)) = 1;
A144912(4, a(n)) = -1 for n > 1;
A144912(8, a(n)) = 5 or -5 for all n except 2;
A144912(16, a(n)) = -4 or -13 for n > 1. (End)
a(n) = A019279(n)*A000668(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers and odd superperfect numbers. a(n) = A061652(n)*A000668(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 09 2009
a(n) = A007691(A153800(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 14 2009
Even perfect numbers N = K*A000203(K), where K = A019279(n) = 2^(p-1), A000203(A019279(n)) = A000668(n) = 2^p - 1 = M(p), p = A000043(n). - Lekraj Beedassy, May 02 2009
a(n) = A060286(A016027(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Dec 13 2012
For n >= 2, a(n) = Sum_{k=1..A065549(n)} (2*k-1)^3, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Derek Orr, Sep 28 2013
a(n) = A275496(2^((A000043(n) - 1)/2)) - 2^A000043(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Daniel Poveda Parrilla, Aug 16 2016
a(n) = A156552(A324201(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Antti Karttunen, Mar 28 2019
a(n) = ((2^(A000043(n)))^3 - (2^(A000043(n)) - 1)^3 - 1)/6, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Jules Beauchamp, Jun 06 2025

I removed a large number of comments that assumed there are no odd perfect numbers. There were so many it was getting hard to tell which comments were true and which were conjectures. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 16 2023

Reference to Albert H. Beiler's book updated by Harvey P. Dale, Jan 13 2025

A156552 Unary-encoded compressed factorization of natural numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 7, 6, 9, 16, 11, 32, 17, 10, 15, 64, 13, 128, 19, 18, 33, 256, 23, 12, 65, 14, 35, 512, 21, 1024, 31, 34, 129, 20, 27, 2048, 257, 66, 39, 4096, 37, 8192, 67, 22, 513, 16384, 47, 24, 25, 130, 131, 32768, 29, 36, 71, 258, 1025, 65536, 43, 131072, 2049, 38, 63, 68, 69, 262144

Offset: 1

Leonid Broukhis, Feb 09 2009

The primes become the powers of 2 (2 -> 1, 3 -> 2, 5 -> 4, 7 -> 8); the composite numbers are formed by taking the values for the factors in the increasing order, multiplying them by the consecutive powers of 2, and summing. See the Example section.
From Antti Karttunen, Jun 27 2014: (Start)
The odd bisection (containing even terms) halved gives A244153.
The even bisection (containing odd terms), when one is subtracted from each and halved, gives this sequence back.
(End)
Question: Are there any other solutions that would satisfy the recurrence r(1) = 0; and for n > 1, r(n) = Sum_{d|n, d>1} 2^A033265(r(d)), apart from simple variants 2^k * A156552(n)? See also A297112, A297113. - Antti Karttunen, Dec 30 2017

			For 84 = 2*2*3*7 -> 1*1 + 1*2 + 2*4 + 8*8 =  75.
For 105 = 3*5*7 -> 2*1 + 4*2 + 8*4 = 42.
For 137 = p_33 -> 2^32 = 4294967296.
For 420 = 2*2*3*5*7 -> 1*1 + 1*2 + 2*4 + 4*8 + 8*16 = 171.
For 147 = 3*7*7 = p_2 * p_4 * p_4 -> 2*1 + 8*2 + 8*4 = 50.

David A. Corneth, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (first 1024 terms from Antti Karttunen)
Hans Havermann, Factorization of the first 10000 terms, in format [[primes], [exponents]]
A puzzle by Sergey Orlov (in Russian)
Index entries for sequences related to binary expansion of n
Index entries for sequences that are permutations of the natural numbers
Index entries for sequences computed from indices in prime factorization

One less than A005941.
Inverse permutation: A005940 with starting offset 0 instead of 1.
Cf. A000079, A000120, A001222, A052126, A054429, A061395, A064216, A064989, A003188, A243071, A243065-A243066, A244153, A243354, A112798, A125106, A056239, A161511.
Cf. also A297106, A297112 (Möbius transform), A297113, A153013, A290308, A300827, A323243, A323244, A323247, A324201, A324812 (n for which a(n) is a square), A324813, A324822, A324823, A324398, A324713, A324815, A324819, A324865, A324866, A324867.
Other related permutations: A253551, A253792, A253564, A253791, A277195, A297163, A297164, A297165, A297166, A302023, A305418, A322863, A322864.

Table[Floor@ Total@ Flatten@ MapIndexed[#1 2^(#2 - 1) &, Flatten[ Table[2^(PrimePi@ #1 - 1), {#2}] & @@@ FactorInteger@ n]], {n, 67}] (* Michael De Vlieger, Sep 08 2016 *)

a(n) = {my(f = factor(n), p2 = 1, res = 0); for(i = 1, #f~, p = 1 << (primepi(f[i, 1]) - 1); res += (p * p2 * (2^(f[i, 2]) - 1)); p2 <<= f[i, 2]); res}; \\ David A. Corneth, Mar 08 2019

A064989(n) = {my(f); f = factor(n); if((n>1 && f[1,1]==2), f[1,2] = 0); for (i=1, #f~, f[i,1] = precprime(f[i,1]-1)); factorback(f)};
A156552(n) = if(1==n, 0, if(!(n%2), 1+(2*A156552(n/2)), 2*A156552(A064989(n)))); \\ (based on the given recurrence) - Antti Karttunen, Mar 08 2019

# Program corrected per instructions from Leonid Broukhis. - Antti Karttunen, Jun 26 2014
# However, it gives correct answers only up to n=136, before corruption by a wrap-around effect.
# Note that the correct answer for n=137 is A156552(137) = 4294967296.
$max = $ARGV[0];
$pow = 0;
foreach $i (2..$max) {
@a = split(/ /, `factor $i`);
shift @a;
$shift = 0;
$cur = 0;
while ($n = int shift @a) {
$prime{$n} = 1 << $pow++ if !defined($prime{$n});
$cur |= $prime{$n} << $shift++;
}
print "$cur, ";
}
print "\n";
(Scheme, with memoization-macro definec from Antti Karttunen's IntSeq-library, two different implementations)
(definec (A156552 n) (cond ((= n 1) 0) (else (+ (A000079 (+ -2 (A001222 n) (A061395 n))) (A156552 (A052126 n))))))
(definec (A156552 n) (cond ((= 1 n) (- n 1)) ((even? n) (+ 1 (* 2 (A156552 (/ n 2))))) (else (* 2 (A156552 (A064989 n))))))
;; Antti Karttunen, Jun 26 2014

from sympy import primepi, factorint
def A156552(n): return sum((1<Chai Wah Wu, Mar 10 2023

From Antti Karttunen, Jun 26 2014: (Start)
a(1) = 0, a(n) = A000079(A001222(n)+A061395(n)-2) + a(A052126(n)).
a(1) = 0, a(2n) = 1+2*a(n), a(2n+1) = 2*a(A064989(2n+1)). [Compare to the entanglement recurrence A243071].
For n >= 0, a(2n+1) = 2*A244153(n+1). [Follows from the latter clause of the above formula.]
a(n) = A005941(n) - 1.
As a composition of related permutations:
a(n) = A003188(A243354(n)).
a(n) = A054429(A243071(n)).
For all n >= 1, A005940(1+a(n)) = n and for all n >= 0, a(A005940(n+1)) = n. [The offset-0 version of A005940 works as an inverse for this permutation.]
This permutations also maps between the partition-lists A112798 and A125106:
A056239(n) = A161511(a(n)). [The sums of parts of each partition (the total sizes).]
A003963(n) = A243499(a(n)). [And also the products of those parts.]
(End)
From Antti Karttunen, Oct 09 2016: (Start)
A161511(a(n)) = A056239(n).
A029837(1+a(n)) = A252464(n). [Binary width of terms.]
A080791(a(n)) = A252735(n). [Number of nonleading 0-bits.]
A000120(a(n)) = A001222(n). [Binary weight.]
For all n >= 2, A001511(a(n)) = A055396(n).
For all n >= 2, A000120(a(n))-1 = A252736(n). [Binary weight minus one.]
A252750(a(n)) = A252748(n).
a(A250246(n)) = A252754(n).
a(A005117(n)) = A277010(n). [Maps squarefree numbers to a permutation of A003714, fibbinary numbers.]
A085357(a(n)) = A008966(n). [Ditto for their characteristic functions.]
For all n >= 0:
a(A276076(n)) = A277012(n).
a(A276086(n)) = A277022(n).
a(A260443(n)) = A277020(n).
(End)
From Antti Karttunen, Dec 30 2017: (Start)
For n > 1, a(n) = Sum_{d|n, d>1} 2^A033265(a(d)). [See comments.]
More linking formulas:
A106737(a(n)) = A000005(n).
A290077(a(n)) = A000010(n).
A069010(a(n)) = A001221(n).
A136277(a(n)) = A181591(n).
A132971(a(n)) = A008683(n).
A106400(a(n)) = A008836(n).
A268411(a(n)) = A092248(n).
A037011(a(n)) = A010052(n) [conjectured, depends on the exact definition of A037011].
A278161(a(n)) = A046951(n).
A001316(a(n)) = A061142(n).
A277561(a(n)) = A034444(n).
A286575(a(n)) = A037445(n).
A246029(a(n)) = A181819(n).
A278159(a(n)) = A124859(n).
A246660(a(n)) = A112624(n).
A246596(a(n)) = A069739(n).
A295896(a(n)) = A053866(n).
A295875(a(n)) = A295297(n).
A284569(a(n)) = A072411(n).
A286574(a(n)) = A064547(n).
A048735(a(n)) = A292380(n).
A292272(a(n)) = A292382(n).
A244154(a(n)) = A048673(n), a(A064216(n)) = A244153(n).
A279344(a(n)) = A279339(n), a(A279338(n)) = A279343(n).
a(A277324(n)) = A277189(n).
A037800(a(n)) = A297155(n).
For n > 1, A033265(a(n)) = 1+A297113(n).
(End)
From Antti Karttunen, Mar 08 2019: (Start)
a(n) = A048675(n) + A323905(n).
a(A324201(n)) = A000396(n), provided there are no odd perfect numbers.
The following sequences are derived from or related to the base-2 expansion of a(n):
A000265(a(n)) = A322993(n).
A002487(a(n)) = A323902(n).
A005187(a(n)) = A323247(n).
A324288(a(n)) = A324116(n).
A323505(a(n)) = A323508(n).
A079559(a(n)) = A323512(n).
A085405(a(n)) = A323239(n).
The following sequences are obtained by applying to a(n) a function that depends on the prime factorization of its argument, which goes "against the grain" because a(n) is the binary code of the factorization of n, which in these cases is then factored again:
A000203(a(n)) = A323243(n).
A033879(a(n)) = A323244(n) = 2*a(n) - A323243(n),
A294898(a(n)) = A323248(n).
A000005(a(n)) = A324105(n).
A000010(a(n)) = A324104(n).
A083254(a(n)) = A324103(n).
A001227(a(n)) = A324117(n).
A000593(a(n)) = A324118(n).
A001221(a(n)) = A324119(n).
A009194(a(n)) = A324396(n).
A318458(a(n)) = A324398(n).
A192895(a(n)) = A324100(n).
A106315(a(n)) = A324051(n).
A010052(a(n)) = A324822(n).
A053866(a(n)) = A324823(n).
A001065(a(n)) = A324865(n) = A323243(n) - a(n),
A318456(a(n)) = A324866(n) = A324865(n) OR a(n),
A318457(a(n)) = A324867(n) = A324865(n) XOR a(n),
A318458(a(n)) = A324398(n) = A324865(n) AND a(n),
A318466(a(n)) = A324819(n) = A323243(n) OR 2*a(n),
A318467(a(n)) = A324713(n) = A323243(n) XOR 2*a(n),
A318468(a(n)) = A324815(n) = A323243(n) AND 2*a(n).
(End)

More terms from Antti Karttunen, Jun 28 2014

A323244 a(1) = 0; and for n > 1, a(n) = A033879(A156552(n)).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 4, 1, 6, 0, 5, 1, 10, 1, 16, 2, 6, 1, 12, 1, 18, -3, 18, 1, 22, -4, 46, 4, 22, 1, 10, 1, 30, 14, 82, -2, 14, 1, 256, -12, 22, 1, 36, 1, 66, 8, 226, 1, 46, -12, 19, 8, 130, 1, 28, -19, 70, -12, 748, 1, 42, 1, 1362, 16, 22, 10, 42, 1, 214, 254, 40, 1, 38, 1, 3838, 10, 406, -10, 106, 1, 78, -12, 5458, 1, 26, -72, 12250, -348, 30, 1, 12

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Jan 10 2019

sign

After a(1) = 0, the other zeros occur for k >= 1, at A005940(1+A000396(k)), which, provided no odd perfect numbers exist, is equal to A324201(k) = A062457(A000043(k)): 9, 125, 161051, 410338673, ..., etc.

There are 2321 negative terms among the first 10000 terms.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (based on Hans Havermann's factorization of A156552)
Index entries for sequences related to binary expansion of n
Index entries for sequences computed from indices in prime factorization
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n)

Cf. A000043, A000396, A033879, A064989, A156552, A297112, A323240, A323243, A323245, A323248, A324115, A324051, A324103, A324396, A324398, A324543, A324713.
Cf. A324201 (positions of zeros, conjectured), A324551 (of negative terms), A324720 (of nonnegative terms), A324721 (of positive terms), A324731, A324732.
Cf. A329644 (Möbius transform).
Cf. A323174, A324055, A324185, A324546 for other permutations of deficiency, and also A324574, A324575, A324654.

Array[2 # - If[# == 0, 0, DivisorSigma[1, #]] &@ Floor@ Total@ Flatten@ MapIndexed[#1 2^(#2 - 1) &, Flatten[Table[2^(PrimePi@ #1 - 1), {#2}] & @@@ FactorInteger@ #]] &, 90] (* Michael De Vlieger, Apr 21 2019 *)

A064989(n) = {my(f); f = factor(n); if((n>1 && f[1,1]==2), f[1,2] = 0); for (i=1, #f~, f[i,1] = precprime(f[i,1]-1)); factorback(f)};
A156552(n) = if(1==n, 0, if(!(n%2), 1+(2*A156552(n/2)), 2*A156552(A064989(n))));
A323244(n) = if(1==n, 0, my(k=A156552(n)); (2*k)-sigma(k));

from sympy import divisor_sigma, primepi, factorint
def A323244(n): return (lambda n: (n<<1)-divisor_sigma(n))(sum((1< 1 else 0 # Chai Wah Wu, Mar 10 2023

a(n) = 2*A156552(n) - A323243(n).
a(1) = 0; and for n > 1, a(n) = A033879(A156552(n)).
a(n) = A323248(n) + A001222(n) = (A323247(n) - A323243(n)) + A001222(n).
From Antti Karttunen, Mar 12 2019 & Nov 23 2019: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} (2*A297112(d) - A324543(d)) = Sum_{d|n} A329644(d).
A002487(a(n)) = A324115(n).
a(n) = A329638(n) - A329639(n).
a(n) = A329645(n) - A329646(n).
(End)

A324543 Möbius transform of A323243, where A323243(n) = sigma(A156552(n)).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 3, 7, 2, 15, 4, 9, 5, 31, 3, 63, 2, 8, 16, 127, -1, 255, 4, 21, 16, 511, 8, 21, 20, 12, 27, 1023, 6, 2047, 8, 20, 48, 20, 20, 4095, 2, 78, 32, 8191, -6, 16383, 17, 9, 288, 32767, 8, 45, -3, 122, 45, 65535, 4, 53, 20, 270, 278, 131071, 2, 262143, 688, 12, 72, 56, 23, 524287, 125, 260, -8, 1048575, 20, 2097151, 260, 3, 363, 44, -7, 4194303

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Mar 07 2019

sign

The first four zeros after a(1) occur at n = 192, 288, 3645, 6075.
There are 1562 negative terms among the first 10000 terms.
Applying this function to the divisors of the first four terms of A324201 reveals the following pattern:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  A324201  divisors                             a(n) applied to each:         Sum
        9: [1, 3, 9]                         -> [0, 3, 9]                      12 = 2*6
      125: [1, 5, 25, 125]                   -> [0, 7, 21, 28]                 56 = 2*28
   161051: [1, 11, 121, 1331, 14641, 161051] -> [0, 31, 93, 124, 496, 248]    992 = 2*496
410338673: [1, 17, 289, 4913, 83521, 1419857, 24137569, 410338673]
                             -> [0, 127, 381, 508, 2032, 1016, 9144, 3048]  16256 = 2*8128
The second term (the first nonzero) of the latter list = A000668(n), and the sum is always twice the corresponding perfect number, which forces either it or at least many of its divisors to be present. For example, in the fourth case, although 8128 = A000396(4) itself is not present, we still have 127, 508, 1016 and 2032 in the list. See also A329644.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (based on Hans Havermann's factorization of A156552)
Index entries for sequences computed from indices in prime factorization
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n)

Cf. A000040, A000043, A000668, A000203, A000225, A000396, A008683, A068156, A156552, A173033, A297112, A297113, A323243, A323244, A324201, A324542, A324547, A324548, A324549, A324712, A329644.

Table[DivisorSum[n, MoebiusMu[n/#] If[# == 1, 0, DivisorSigma[1, Floor@ Total@ Flatten@ MapIndexed[#1 2^(#2 - 1) &, Flatten[Table[2^(PrimePi@ #1 - 1), {#2}] & @@@ FactorInteger@ #]]]] &], {n, 79}] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 11 2019 *)

A064989(n) = {my(f); f = factor(n); if((n>1 && f[1,1]==2), f[1,2] = 0); for (i=1, #f~, f[i,1] = precprime(f[i,1]-1)); factorback(f)};
A156552(n) = if(1==n, 0, if(!(n%2), 1+(2*A156552(n/2)), 2*A156552(A064989(n))));
memoA323243 = Map();
A323243(n) = if(1==n, 0, my(v); if(mapisdefined(memoA323243,n,&v),v, v=sigma(A156552(n)); mapput(memoA323243,n,v); (v)));
A324543(n) = sumdiv(n,d,moebius(n/d)*A323243(d));

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A008683(n/d) * A323243(d).
a(A000040(n)) = A000225(n).
a(A001248(n)) = A173033(n) - A000225(n) = A068156(n) = 3*(2^n - 1).
a(2*A000040(n)) = A324549(n).
a(A002110(n)) = A324547(n).
a(n) = 2*A297112(n) - A329644(n), and for n > 1, a(n) = 2^A297113(n) - A329644(n). - Antti Karttunen, Dec 08 2019

A329644 Möbius transform of A323244, the deficiency of A156552(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 4, -1, 3, 1, 5, 1, 14, 0, 0, 1, 9, 1, 12, -5, 16, 1, 8, -5, 44, 4, 5, 1, 2, 1, 24, 12, 80, -4, -4, 1, 254, -14, 0, 1, 22, 1, 47, 7, 224, 1, 24, -13, 19, 6, 83, 1, 12, -21, 44, -14, 746, 1, 14, 1, 1360, 20, -8, 8, 9, 1, 131, 252, 24, 1, 12, 1, 3836, 13, 149, -12, 71, 1, 56, -16, 5456, 1, -21, -74, 12248, -350, -40, 1

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Nov 21 2019

sign

The first eleven zeros occur at n = 1, 15, 16, 40, 96, 119, 120, 160, 893, 2464, 6731. There are 3091 negative terms among the first 10000 terms.
Applying this function to the divisors of the first four terms of A324201 reveals the following pattern:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A324201(n) divisors                             a(n) applied       Sum of positive
                                                 to each:          terms, A329610
        9: [1, 3, 9]                         -> [0, 1, -1]                     1
      125: [1, 5, 25, 125]                   -> [0, 1, -5, 4]                  5
   161051: [1, 11, 121, 1331, 14641, 161051] -> [0, 1, -29, 4, -240, 264]    269
410338673: [1, 17, 289, 4913, 83521, 1419857, 24137569, 410338673]
                             -> [0, 1, -125, 4, -1008, 1032, -5048, 5144]   6181
The positive and negative terms seem to alternate, and the fourth term (from case n=125 onward) is always 4. See also array A329637.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (based on Hans Havermann's factorization of A156552)
Index entries for sequences related to binary expansion of n
Index entries for sequences computed from indices in prime factorization
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n)

Cf. A000203, A008683, A036563, A156552, A297112, A297113, A323243, A323244, A324543, A329610, A329637, A329638, A329639, A329645, A329646.

A156552(n) = {my(f = factor(n), p2 = 1, res = 0); for(i = 1, #f~, p = 1 << (primepi(f[i, 1]) - 1); res += (p * p2 * (2^(f[i, 2]) - 1)); p2 <<= f[i, 2]); res}; \\ From A156552
A323244(n) = if(1==n, 0, my(k=A156552(n)); (2*k)-sigma(k));
A329644(n) = sumdiv(n,d,moebius(n/d)*A323244(d));

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A008683(n/d) * A323244(d).
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A008683(n/d) * (2*A156552(d) - A323243(d)).
a(1) = 0; for n > 1, a(n) = 2*A297112(n) - A324543(n) = 2^A297113(n) - A324543(n).
a(n) = A329642(n) - A329643(n).
For all n >= 1, a(A000040(n)^2) = A323244(A000040(n)^2)-1 = -A036563(n).
For all primes p, a(p^3) = A323244(p^3) - A323244(p^2) = 4.

A300827 Lexicographically earliest sequence such that a(i) = a(j) => A324193(i) = A324193(j) for all i, j >= 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 4, 5, 6, 2, 7, 2, 8, 9, 10, 2, 11, 2, 12, 13, 14, 2, 15, 16, 17, 9, 18, 2, 19, 2, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 2, 25, 26, 27, 2, 28, 2, 29, 30, 31, 2, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 2, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 2, 42, 2, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 2, 48, 49, 50, 2, 51, 2, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 2, 57, 58, 59, 2, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 2, 65, 66, 67

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Mar 13 2018

nonn

Apart from primes, the sequence contains duplicate values at points p*q and p^3, where p*q are the product of two successive primes, with p < q (sequences A006094, A030078). Question: are there any other cases where a(x) = a(y), with x < y ?
The reason why this is not equal to A297169: Even though A297112 contains only powers of two after the initial zero, as A297112(n) = 2^A033265(A156552(d)) for n > 1, and A297168(n) is computed as Sum_{d|n, dA297112(d), still a single 1-bit in binary expansion of A297168(n) might be formed as a sum of several terms of A297112(d), i.e., could be born of carries.
From Antti Karttunen, Feb 28 2019: (Start)
  A297168(n) = Sum_{d|n, dA297112(d) will not produce any carries (in base-2) if and only if n is a power of prime. Only in that case the number of summands (A000005(n)-1) is equal to the number of prime factors counted with multiplicity, A001222(n) = A000120(A156552(n)). (A notable subset of such numbers is A324201, numbers that are mapped to even perfect numbers by A156552). Precisely because there are so few points with duplicate values (apart from primes), this sequence is not particularly good for filtering other sequences, because the number of false positives is high. Any of the related sequences like A324203, A324196, A324197 or A324181 might work better in that respect. In any case, the following implications hold (see formula section of A324193 for the latter): (End)
For all i, j:
  a(i) = a(j) => A297168(i) = A297168(j). (The same holds for A297169).
  a(i) = a(j) => A324181(i) = A324181(j) => A324120(i) = A324120(j).

			For n = 15, with proper divisors 3 and 5, we have f(n) = prime(1+A297167(3)) * prime(1+A297167(5)) = prime(2)*prime(3) = 3*5 = 15.
For n = 27, with proper divisors 3 and 9, we have f(n) = prime(1+A297167(3)) * prime(1+A297167(9)) = prime(2)*prime(3) = 3*5 = 15.
Because f(15) = f(27), the restricted growth sequence transform allots the same number (in this case 9) for both, so a(15) = a(27) = 9.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..65537
Index entries for sequences computed from indices in prime factorization

Cf. A000120, A000961, A006094, A030078, A046660, A061395, A101296, A156552, A297112, A297167, A297168, A297169, A324193, A324120, A324201.

Cf. also A324181, A323914, A324196, A324197, A324203.

up_to = 65537;
rgs_transform(invec) = { my(om = Map(), outvec = vector(length(invec)), u=1); for(i=1, length(invec), if(mapisdefined(om,invec[i]), my(pp = mapget(om, invec[i])); outvec[i] = outvec[pp] , mapput(om,invec[i],i); outvec[i] = u; u++ )); outvec; };
write_to_bfile(start_offset,vec,bfilename) = { for(n=1, length(vec), write(bfilename, (n+start_offset)-1, " ", vec[n])); }
A061395(n) = if(1==n, 0, primepi(vecmax(factor(n)[, 1]))); \\ After M. F. Hasler's code for A006530.
A297167(n) = if(1==n, 0, (A061395(n) + (bigomega(n)-omega(n)) -1));
Aux300827(n) = { my(m=1); if(n<=2, n-1, fordiv(n,d,if((d>1)&(dA297167(d)))); (m)); };
write_to_bfile(1,rgs_transform(vector(up_to,n,Aux300827(n))),"b300827.txt");

Restricted growth sequence transform of sequence f, defined as f(1) = 0, f(2) = 1, and for n > 2, f(n) = Product_{d|n, 1A297167(d)).
a(p) = 2 for all primes p.
a(A006094(n)) = a(A030078(n)), for all n >= 1.

Name changed by Antti Karttunen, Feb 21 2019

A332223 a(1) = 1, and for n > 1, a(n) = A005940(1+sigma(A156552(n))).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 16, 7, 25, 18, 32, 25, 64, 21, 21, 49, 128, 27, 256, 35, 40, 121, 512, 49, 125, 385, 49, 121, 1024, 13, 2048, 13, 225, 1573, 105, 77, 4096, 57, 187, 343, 8192, 63, 16384, 65, 55, 4693, 32768, 121, 625, 32, 15625, 85, 65536, 81, 180, 91, 253, 9945, 131072, 175, 262144, 508079, 625, 847, 729, 169, 524288, 2057, 2601, 105, 1048576

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Feb 12 2020

nonn

From Antti Karttunen, Jul 31 - Aug 06 2020: (Start)
As a curiosity, like with sigma, also here a(14) = a(15). [Cf. also A003973 and A341512]
Question: is it possible that a(k) = 2*k for any k? If not, then the deficiency (A033879) cannot be -1, and there are no quasiperfect numbers. If there were such cases, then A156552(k) = q would be an instance of quasiperfect number, which should also be an odd square, thus k would need to be of the form 4u+2.
In range n <= 10000, a(n) is a nontrivial multiple of n only at n = [25, 35, 343, 539, 847, 3315] with a(n) = [125, 105, 2401, 2695, 2541, 9945]. The quotients are thus also odd: 5, 3, 7, 5, 3, 3.
This rather meager empirical evidence motivates a conjecture that no quotient a(n)/n may be an even integer, and particularly, never a power of 2 larger than one, which (when translated back to the ordinary, unconjugated sigma) claims that it is not possible that sigma(n) = 2^k * n + 2^k - 1, for any n > 1, k > 0. See also A336700 and A336701, where this leads to a rather surprising empirical observation.
(End)

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (computed using Hans Havermann's factorization of A156552)
P. Hagis and G. L. Cohen, Some Results Concerning Quasiperfect Numbers, J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. A 33, 275-286, 1982.
V. Siva Rama Prasad and C. Sunitha, On quasiperfect numbers, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 23, 2017, No. 3, 73-78.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Quasiperfect Number
Index entries for sequences computed from indices in prime factorization
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n)

Cf. A000203, A005940, A027687, A156552, A246277, A323243, A324201, A324899, A324909, A332224, A332225, A332463 (Möbius transform).
Cf. A003961, A332449, A332450, A332451, A332460 (for other functions similarly conjugated).
Cf. also A003973, A033879, A326042, A332222, A336700, A336701, A341512.

A005940(n) = { my(p=2, t=1); n--; until(!n\=2, if((n%2), (t*=p), p=nextprime(p+1))); t }; \\ From A005940
A156552(n) = {my(f = factor(n), p2 = 1, res = 0); for(i = 1, #f~, p = 1 << (primepi(f[i, 1]) - 1); res += (p * p2 * (2^(f[i, 2]) - 1)); p2 <<= f[i, 2]); res}; \\ From A156552
A332223(n) = if(1==n,n,A005940(1+sigma(A156552(n))));

A332223(n) = if(1==n,n,A005940(1+sumdiv(A156552(n),d,d))); \\ Antti Karttunen, Aug 04 2020

For n > 1, a(n) = A005940(1+A000203(A156552(n))) = A005940(1+A323243(n)).
a(A324201(n)) = A003961(A324201(n)). [It's an open problem whether A324201 gives all such solutions]
For n > 1, a(n) = A005940(1 + (Sum_{d|A156552(n)} d)). - Antti Karttunen, Aug 04 2020

cp's OEIS Frontend

A329610 a(n) = A329638(A324201(n)).

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A000396 Perfect numbers k: k is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of k.

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A156552 Unary-encoded compressed factorization of natural numbers.

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A323244 a(1) = 0; and for n > 1, a(n) = A033879(A156552(n)).

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A324543 Möbius transform of A323243, where A323243(n) = sigma(A156552(n)).

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A329644 Möbius transform of A323244, the deficiency of A156552(n).

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A300827 Lexicographically earliest sequence such that a(i) = a(j) => A324193(i) = A324193(j) for all i, j >= 1.

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