A002313 -id:A002313 - cp's OEIS frontend

A002314 Minimal integer square root of -1 modulo p, where p is the n-th prime of the form 4k+1.

2, 5, 4, 12, 6, 9, 23, 11, 27, 34, 22, 10, 33, 15, 37, 44, 28, 80, 19, 81, 14, 107, 89, 64, 16, 82, 60, 53, 138, 25, 114, 148, 136, 42, 104, 115, 63, 20, 143, 29, 179, 67, 109, 48, 208, 235, 52, 118, 86, 24, 77, 125, 35, 194, 154, 149, 106, 58, 26, 135, 96, 353, 87, 39

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

In other words, if p is the n-th prime == 1 (mod 4), a(n) is the smallest positive integer k such that k^2 + 1 == 0 (mod p).
The 4th roots of unity mod p, where p = n-th prime == 1 (mod 4), are +1, -1, a(n) and p-a(n).
Related to Stormer numbers.
Comment from Igor Shparlinski, Mar 12 2007 (writing to the Number Theory List): Results about the distribution of roots (for arbitrary quadratic polynomials) are given by W. Duke, J. B. Friedlander and H. Iwaniec and A. Toth.
Comment from Emmanuel Kowalski, Mar 12 2007 (writing to the Number Theory List): It is known (Duke, Friedlander, Iwaniec, Annals of Math. 141 (1995)) that the fractional part of a(n)/p(n) is equidistributed in [0,1/2] for p(n)From Artur Jasinski, Dec 10 2008: (Start)
If we take the four numbers 1, A002314(n), A152676(n), and A152680(n), then their multiplication table modulo A002144(n) is isomorphic to the Latin square
    1 2 3 4
    2 4 1 3
    3 1 4 2
    4 3 2 1
and isomorphic to the multiplication table of {1, i, -i, -1} where i=sqrt(-1), A152680(n) is isomorphic to -1, A002314(n) with i or -i and A152676(n) vice versa -i or i.
1, A002314(n), A152676(n), A152680(n) are subfield of Galois Field [A002144(n)]. (End)
It is found empirically that the solutions of the Diophantine equation X^4 + Y^2 == 0 (mod P) (where P is a prime of the form P=4k+1) are integer points on parabolas Y = (+-(X^2 - P*X) + P*i)/C(P) where C(P) is the term corresponding to a prime P in this sequence. - Seppo Mustonen, Sep 22 2020

N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Jon E. Schoenfield, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (first 1000 terms from T. D. Noe)
A. J. C. Cunningham, Binomial Factorisations, Vols. 1-9, Hodgson, London, 1923-1929. See Vol. 1, pp. 1-21.
W. Duke, J. B. Friedlander and H. Iwaniec, Equidistribution of roots of a quadratic congruence to prime moduli, Annals of Math, 141 (1995), 423-441.
Jorma K. Merikoski, Pentti Haukkanen, and Timo Tossavainen, The congruence x^n = -a^n (mod m): Solvability and related OEIS sequences, Notes. Num. Theor. Disc. Math. (2024) Vol. 30, No. 3, 516-529. See p. 521.
Seppo Mustonen, Roots of Diophantine equations mod(X^4+Y^2,P)=0, 2020
Seppo Mustonen, Roots of Diophantine equations mod(X^4+Y^2,P)=0, Youtube video, 2020
J. Todd, A problem on arc tangent relations, Amer. Math. Monthly, 56 (1949), 517-528.
A. Toth, Roots of quadratic congruences, Intern. Math. Research Notices, 2000 (2000), 719-739.

Cf. A002313, A005528, A047818, A002144, A152676, A152680. Subsequence of A057756.

f:=proc(n) local i,j,k; for i from 1 to (n-1)/2 do if i^2 +1 mod n = 0 then RETURN(i); fi od: -1; end;
t1:=[]; M:=40; for n from 1 to M do q:=ithprime(n); if q mod 4 = 1 then t1:=[op(t1),f(q)]; fi; od: t1;

aa = {}; Do[If[Mod[Prime[n], 4] == 1, k = 1; While[ ! Mod[k^2 + 1, Prime[n]] == 0, k++ ]; AppendTo[aa, k]], {n, 1, 100}]; aa (* Artur Jasinski, Dec 10 2008 *)

first_N_terms(N) = my(v=vector(N), i=0); forprime(p=5, oo, if(p%4==1, i++; v[i] = lift(sqrt(Mod(-1,p)))); if(i==N, break())); v \\ Jianing Song, Apr 17 2021

Better description from Tony Davie (ad(AT)dcs.st-and.ac.uk), Feb 07 2001

More terms from Jud McCranie, Mar 18 2001

A233346 Primes of the form p(k)^2 + q(m)^2 with k > 0 and m > 0, where p(.) is the partition function (A000041), and q(.) is the strict partition function (A000009).

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 5, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 53, 61, 73, 89, 101, 109, 113, 137, 149, 157, 193, 229, 241, 349, 373, 509, 709, 733, 1033, 1049, 1213, 1249, 1453, 1493, 1669, 1789, 2141, 2237, 2341, 2917, 3037, 3137, 3361, 4217, 5801, 5897, 6029, 6073, 8821, 10301, 10937, 11057, 18229, 18289, 19249, 20173, 20341, 20389, 21017, 24001, 30977, 36913, 42793

Offset: 1

Zhi-Wei Sun, Dec 07 2013

nonn

Conjecture: The sequence contains infinitely many terms.

This follows from part (i) of the conjecture in A233307. Similarly, the conjecture in A232504 implies that there are infinitely many primes of the form p(k) + q(m) with k and m positive integers.

			a(1) = 2 since p(1)^2 + q(1)^2 = 1^2 + 1^2 = 2.
a(2) = 5 since p(1)^2 + q(3)^2 = 1^2 + 2^2 = 5.

Zhi-Wei Sun, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..176
Z.-W. Sun, On a^n+ bn modulo m, arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.1166 [math.NT], 2013-2014.

Cf. A000009, A000040, A000041, A002313, A232504, A233307.

SQ[n_]:=SQ[n]=IntegerQ[Sqrt[n]]
n=0
Do[If[Mod[Prime[m]+1,4]>0,Do[If[PartitionsP[j]>=Sqrt[Prime[m]],Goto[aa],
If[SQ[Prime[m]-PartitionsP[j]^2]==False,Goto[bb],Do[If[PartitionsQ[k]^2==Prime[m]-PartitionsP[j]^2,
n=n+1;Print[n," ",Prime[m]];Goto[aa]];If[PartitionsQ[k]^2>Prime[m]-PartitionsP[j]^2,Goto[bb]];Continue,{k,1,2*Sqrt[Prime[m]]}]]];
Label[bb];Continue,{j,1,Sqrt[Prime[m]]}]];
Label[aa];Continue,{m,1,4475}]

A002366 Numbers x such that x^2 + y^2 = p^2 = A002144(n)^2, x < y.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 5, 8, 20, 12, 9, 28, 11, 48, 39, 65, 20, 60, 15, 88, 51, 85, 52, 19, 95, 28, 60, 105, 120, 32, 69, 115, 160, 68, 25, 75, 175, 180, 225, 252, 189, 228, 40, 120, 29, 145, 280, 168, 261, 220, 279, 341, 165, 231, 48, 368, 240, 35, 105, 200, 315, 300, 385, 52, 260, 259

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

			The following table shows the relationship
between several closely related sequences:
Here p = A002144 = primes == 1 mod 4, p = a^2+b^2 with a < b;
a = A002331, b = A002330, t_1 = ab/2 = A070151;
p^2 = c^2+d^2 with c < d; c = A002366, d = A002365,
t_2 = 2ab = A145046, t_3 = b^2-a^2 = A070079,
with {c,d} = {t_2, t_3}, t_4 = cd/2 = ab(b^2-a^2).
---------------------------------
.p..a..b..t_1..c...d.t_2.t_3..t_4
---------------------------------
.5..1..2...1...3...4...4...3....6
13..2..3...3...5..12..12...5...30
17..1..4...2...8..15...8..15...60
29..2..5...5..20..21..20..21..210
37..1..6...3..12..35..12..35..210
41..4..5..10...9..40..40...9..180
53..2..7...7..28..45..28..45..630
.................................

A. J. C. Cunningham, Quadratic and Linear Tables. Hodgson, London, 1927, pp. 77-79.
D. H. Lehmer, Guide to Tables in the Theory of Numbers. Bulletin No. 105, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1941, p. 60.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Hugo Pfoertner, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (terms 1..1000 from T. D. Noe)
A. J. C. Cunningham, Quadratic and Linear Tables, Hodgson, London, 1927 [Annotated scanned copy of selected pages]
Hugo Pfoertner, Plot of log(a(n)) vs log(A002144(n)) using Plot 2.

Cf. A002313, A002330, A002331, A376428.

More terms from Ray Chandler, Jun 23 2004

Corrected definition to require p=A002144(n), which defines the order of the terms. - M. F. Hasler, Feb 24 2009

A103739 Primes which are half the sum of 2 squares of primes.

Original entry on oeis.org

17, 29, 37, 73, 89, 97, 109, 149, 157, 193, 229, 241, 269, 277, 349, 409, 433, 541, 601, 661, 709, 769, 829, 853, 929, 937, 1009, 1021, 1069, 1109, 1117, 1129, 1249, 1321, 1409, 1429, 1489, 1549, 1609, 1669, 1753, 1789, 1801, 1873, 2029, 2089, 2161, 2221

Offset: 1

Giovanni Teofilatto, Mar 28 2005

Primes of the form x^2 + y^2, where x > y > 0, such that x-y = p and x+y = q are primes. Proof: (p^2+q^2)/2 = ((x-y)^2+(x+y)^2)/2 = x^2+y^2 so we have x = (p+q)/2 and y = (q-p)/2. - Thomas Ordowski, Sep 24 2012
All terms == 1 or 5 (mod 12). - Thomas Ordowski, Jun 28 2013
Or, primes in A143850. - Zak Seidov, Jun 06 2015

			17 is in the sequence because (3^2 + 5^2) / 2 = 17.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000

Intersection of A143850 and A000040.

Cf. A001248, A002313.

Primes:= select(isprime,[seq(2*i+1,i=1..400)]):
Psq:= map(`^`,Primes,2):
M:= max(Psq):
S:= select(t -> t <= M/2 and isprime(t),{seq(seq((Psq[i]+Psq[j])/2, j=1..i-1),i=1..nops(Psq))}):
sort(convert(S,list)); # Robert Israel, Jun 08 2015

list(lim)=my(v=List(), p2, t); lim\=1; if(lim<9, lim=9); forprime(p=3, sqrtint(2*lim-9), p2=p^2; forprime(q=3, min(sqrtint(2*lim-p2), p), if(isprime(t=(p2+q^2)/2), listput(v, t)))); Set(v) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 14 2017

Corrected and extended by Walter Nissen, Jul 19 2005

A100266 Primes of the form x^16 + y^16.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 65537, 4338014017, 2973697798081, 36054040477057, 314707907280257, 184884411482927041, 665698084159890497, 675416609183179841, 2177953490397261761, 8746361693522261761, 18492693803573123777

Offset: 1

T. D. Noe, Nov 11 2004

nonn

The Mathematica program generates numbers of the form x^16 + y^16 in order of increasing magnitude; it accepts a number when it is prime.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Generalized Fermat Number.

Cf. A100267 (primes of the form x^32 + y^32), A006686 (primes of the form x^8 + y^8), A002645 (primes of the form x^4 + y^4), A002313 (primes of the form x^2 + y^2).

n=4; pwr=2^n; xmax=2; r=Range[xmax]; num=r^pwr+r^pwr; Table[While[p=Min[num]; x=Position[num, p][[1, 1]]; y=r[[x]]; r[[x]]++; num[[x]]=x^pwr+r[[x]]^pwr; If[x==xmax, xmax++; AppendTo[r, xmax+1]; AppendTo[num, xmax^pwr+(xmax+1)^pwr]]; !PrimeQ[p]]; p, {15}]
q=16;lst={};Do[Do[p=n^q+m^q;If[PrimeQ[p],AppendTo[lst,p]],{n,0,5!}],{m,0,5!}];lst;Length[lst];Take[Union[lst],55] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Feb 21 2009 *)
Union[Select[Total[#^16]&/@Tuples[Range[20],2],PrimeQ]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 03 2013 *)

A045331 Primes congruent to {1, 2, 3} mod 6; or, -3 is a square mod p.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 7, 13, 19, 31, 37, 43, 61, 67, 73, 79, 97, 103, 109, 127, 139, 151, 157, 163, 181, 193, 199, 211, 223, 229, 241, 271, 277, 283, 307, 313, 331, 337, 349, 367, 373, 379, 397, 409, 421, 433, 439, 457, 463, 487, 499, 523, 541, 547, 571, 577, 601, 607, 613

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

-3 is a quadratic residue mod a prime p iff p is in this sequence.

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000

Apart from initial term, same as A007645; apart from initial two terms, same as A002476.
Cf. A002313, A033203, A038873, A038874, A057128.
Subsequence of A047246.

a045331 n = a045331_list !! (n-1)
a045331_list = filter ((< 4) . (`mod` 6)) a000040_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 15 2013

[p: p in PrimesUpTo(700) | p mod 6 in [1, 2, 3]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 08 2012

Select[Prime[Range[200]],MemberQ[{1,2,3},Mod[#,6]]&]  (* Harvey P. Dale, Mar 31 2011 *)
Join[{2,3},Select[Range[7,10^3,6],PrimeQ]] (* Zak Seidov, May 20 2011 *)

select(n->n%6<5,primes(100)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, May 20 2011

More terms from Henry Bottomley, Aug 10 2000

A100267 Primes of the form x^32 + y^32.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3512911982806776822251393039617, 2211377674535255285545615254209921, 476961452964007550415682034114910337, 14748002492224459115975467901357427939457

Offset: 1

T. D. Noe, Nov 11 2004

nonn

The Mathematica program generates numbers of the form x^32 + y^32 in order of increasing magnitude; it accepts a number when it is prime.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Generalized Fermat Number.

Cf. A100266 (primes of the form x^16 + y^16), A006686 (primes of the form x^8 + y^8), A002645 (primes of the form x^4 + y^4), A002313 (primes of the form x^2 + y^2).

n=5; pwr=2^n; xmax=2; r=Range[xmax]; num=r^pwr+r^pwr; Table[While[p=Min[num]; x=Position[num, p][[1, 1]]; y=r[[x]]; r[[x]]++; num[[x]]=x^pwr+r[[x]]^pwr; If[x==xmax, xmax++; AppendTo[r, xmax+1]; AppendTo[num, xmax^pwr+(xmax+1)^pwr]]; !PrimeQ[p]]; p, {10}]

A020893 Squarefree sums of two squares; or squarefree numbers with no prime factors of the form 4k+3.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 5, 10, 13, 17, 26, 29, 34, 37, 41, 53, 58, 61, 65, 73, 74, 82, 85, 89, 97, 101, 106, 109, 113, 122, 130, 137, 145, 146, 149, 157, 170, 173, 178, 181, 185, 193, 194, 197, 202, 205, 218, 221, 226, 229, 233, 241, 257, 265, 269, 274, 277, 281, 290, 293, 298, 305, 313, 314, 317, 337, 346, 349

Offset: 1

Steven Finch

nonn

Primitively but not imprimitively represented by x^2 + y^2.
The disjoint union of {1}, A003654, and A031398. - Max Alekseyev, Mar 09 2010
Squarefree members of A202057. - Artur Jasinski, Dec 10 2011
Union of A231754 and 2*A231754. Squarefree numbers whose prime factors are in A002313. - Robert Israel, Aug 23 2017
It appears that a(n) is the n-th index, k, such that f(k) = 2, where f(k) = 3*(Sum_{i=1..k} floor(i^2/k)) - k^2 (see A175908). - John W. Layman, May 16 2011

Srinivasa Ramanujan, The Lost Notebook and Other Unpublished Papers, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 1988; see page 123.

Charles R Greathouse IV, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Steven R. Finch, On a Generalized Fermat-Wiles Equation [broken link]
Steven R. Finch, On a Generalized Fermat-Wiles Equation [From the Wayback Machine]
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Cf. A001481, A008784, A022544, A034023, A175908.

Cf. also A000290, A010052, A005117, A084349, A002313, A231754.

a020893 n = a020893_list !! (n-1)
a020893_list = filter (\x -> any (== 1) $ map (a010052 . (x -)) $
                             takeWhile (<= x) a000290_list) a005117_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 28 2015

N:= 1000: # to get all terms <= N
R:= {1,2}:
p:= 2:
do
p:= nextprime(p);
if p > N then break fi;
if p mod 4 <> 1 then next fi;
R:= R union select(`<=`,map(`*`,R,p),N);
od:
sort(convert(R,list)); # Robert Israel, Aug 23 2017

lim = 17; t = Join[{1}, Select[Union[Flatten[Table[x^2 + y^2, {x, lim}, {y, x}]]], # < lim^2 && SquareFreeQ[#] &]]
Select[Union[Total/@Tuples[Range[0,20]^2,2]],SquareFreeQ] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 26 2017 *)
Block[{nn = 350, p}, p = {1, 2}~Join~Select[Prime@ Range@ PrimePi@ nn, Mod[#, 4] == 1 &]; Select[Range@ nn, And[SquareFreeQ@ #, SubsetQ[p, FactorInteger[#][[All, 1]]]] &]] (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 23 2017 *)
(* or *)
Select[Range[350], SquareFreeQ@ # && ! MemberQ[Mod[First /@ FactorInteger@ #, 4], 3] &] (* Giovanni Resta, Aug 25 2017 *)

is(n)=my(f=factor(n)); for(i=1,#f~,if(f[i,2]>1 || f[i,1]%4==3, return(0))); 1 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 20 2015

from itertools import count, islice
from sympy import factorint
def A020893_gen(): # generator of terms
    return filter(lambda n:all(p & 3 != 3 and e == 1 for p, e in factorint(n).items()),count(1))
A020893_list = list(islice(A020893_gen(),30)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 28 2022

a(n) ~ k*n*sqrt(log n), where k = 2.1524249... = A013661/A064533. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 20 2015

Edited by N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 30 2017

Previous Showing 31-40 of 130 results. Next

The largest known quartan prime is currently the largest known generalized Fermat prime: The 1353265-digit 145310^262144 + 1 = (145310^65536)^4 + 1^4, found by Ricky L Hubbard. - Jens Kruse Andersen, Mar 20 2011

Primes of the form (a^2 + b^2)/2 such that |a^2 - b^2| is a square. - Thomas Ordowski, Feb 22 2017

Starting from a(27410) = 316064952537 the sequence includes the 8th sign-changing zone predicted by C. Bays et al back in 2001. The sequence with the first 8 sign-changing zones contains 419467 terms (see a-file) with a(419467) = 330797040309 as its last term. - Sergei D. Shchebetov, Oct 16 2017

cp's OEIS Frontend

A002645 Quartan primes: primes of the form x^4 + y^4, x > 0, y > 0.

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A038691 Indices of primes at which the prime race 4k-1 vs. 4k+1 is tied.

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A002314 Minimal integer square root of -1 modulo p, where p is the n-th prime of the form 4k+1.

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A233346 Primes of the form p(k)^2 + q(m)^2 with k > 0 and m > 0, where p(.) is the partition function (A000041), and q(.) is the strict partition function (A000009).

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A002366 Numbers x such that x^2 + y^2 = p^2 = A002144(n)^2, x < y.

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A103739 Primes which are half the sum of 2 squares of primes.

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A100266 Primes of the form x^16 + y^16.

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