cp's OEIS Frontend

Partial sums of row sums of triangle of coefficients of Laguerre polynomials L_n(x).

Through a(46) the only number whose absolute value is a prime is a(4) = -19.

In absolute values, this sequence also gives the lower triangular readout of the exponential of a matrix whose entry {j+1,j} equals (j-1)^2 (and all other entries are zero). - Joseph Biberstine (jrbibers(AT)indiana.edu), May 26 2006

A partial permutation on a set X is a bijection between two subsets of X. |T(n,n-k)| equals the numbers of partial permutations of an n-set having domain cardinality equal to k. Let E denote the operator D*x*D, where D is the derivative operator d/dx. Then E^n = Sum_{k = 0..n} |T(n,k)|*x^k*D^(n+k). - Peter Bala, Oct 28 2008

The unsigned triangle is the generalized Riordan array (exp(x), x) with respect to the sequence n!^2 as defined by Wang and Wang (the generalized Riordan array (exp(x), x) with respect to the sequence n! is Pascal's triangle A007318, and with respect to the sequence n!*(n+1)! is A105278). - Peter Bala, Aug 15 2013

The unsigned triangle appears on page 83 of Ser (1933). - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 16 2020

abs(T(n,k)) = k!*binomial(n,k)^2 = number of k-matchings of the complete bipartite graph K_{n,n}. Example: abs(T(2,2))=2 because in the bipartite graph K_{2,2} with vertex sets {A,B},{A',B'} we have the 2-matchings {AA',BB'} and {AB',BA'}. Row sums of the absolute values yield A002720. - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 25 2004

Coefficients may be generated from a modified Riordan array (MRA) formed from Rgf(z,t) = (t/(1+z))/(exp(-z/(1+z))-t) with each row of the array acting to generate the succeeding polynomial P(n,t) from the preceding n polynomials.

The MRA is constructed by appending an n! to the left of the n-th row of the Riordan array A129652 and removing the unit diagonal.

The MRA is partially

1;

1, 1;

2, 3, 2;

6, 13, 9, 3;

24, 73, 52, 18, 4;

120, 501, 365, 130, 30, 5;

720, 4051, 3006, 1095, 260, 45, 6;

For the MRA:

1) First column is the n!'s.

2) Second column is A000262.

Then, e.g., from the terms in the MRA,

P(0,t) = 0!*(t-1)^0 = 1 from the n=0 row,

P(1,t) = 1!*(t-1)^1 + 1*P(0,t) = t from the n=1 row,

P(2,t) = 2!*(t-1)^2 + 3*P(0,t)*(t-1)^1 + 2*P(1,t)

P(3,t) = 3!*(t-1)^3 + 13*P(0,t)*(t-1)^2 + 9*P(1,t)*(t-1)^1 + 3*P(2,t)

generating

P(0,t) = (1)

P(1,t) = (0, 1)

P(2,t) = (-1, 1, 2)

P(3,t) = (4, -14, 10, 6) = 4 + -14 t + 10 t^2 + 6 t^3

P(4,t) = (-15, 83, -157, 89, 24)

P(5,t) = (56, -424, 1266, -1724, 826, 120)

P(6,t) = (-185, 1887, -8038, 17642, -19593, 8287, 720)

P(7,t) = (204, -4976, 36226, -126944, 239576, -234688, 90602, 5040)

For the polynomial array:

1) The first column is A009940 = (-1)^n * n!*Lag(n,1) =(-1)^n* n!* Lag(n,-1,-1).

2) Row sums are n!.

3) Highest order coefficient is n!.

4) Alternating row sum is below.

Then, with Rf(n,t) = [ t/(1-t)^(n+1) ] * P(n,t)/n!, the polylogs are given umbrally by

Li(-n,t)/n! = [ 1 + Rf(.,t) ]^n for n = 0,1,2,... so conversely

Rf(n,t) = {[ Li(-(.),t))/(.)! ]-1}^n.

Note umbrally [ Rf(.,t) ]^n = Rf(n,t) and

(1+Rf)^0 = 1^0 * [ Rf(.,t) ]^0 = Rf(0,t) = t/(1-t) = Li(0,t).

More generally, Newton interpolation holds and for Re(s) >= 0,

Li(-s,t)/(s)! = [ 1 + Rf(.,t) ]^s, when convergent in t.

Alternatively, the Rf's may be formed through differentiation of their o.g.f., the Rgf(z,t) above, which may also be written as

Rgf(z,t) = Sum_{k>=1} [ t^k ] * exp[ k * z/(z+1) ]/(z+1)

= Sum_{n>=0} [ (-z)^n ] * Sum_{k>=1} [ (t^k * Lag(n,k) ]

= Sum_{k>=0} [ (-z)^k ] * Lag(k,Li(-(.),t))

= Sum_{k>=0} [ z^k ] * {[ Li(-(.),t))/(.)! ]-1}^k

= exp[ Li(-(.),t)*z/(1+z) ]/(1+z),

and operationally as

Rgf(z,t) = {Sum_{k>=0} (-z)^k * Lag(k,tD)} [ t/(1-t) ]

= {Sum_{k>=0} (-z)^k * Lag(k,T(.,:tD:))} [ t/(1-t) ]

= {Sum_{k>=0} (-z)^k * Sum_{j>=0} Lag(k,j) (tD)^j /j!} [ x/(1-x) ]

where D is w.r.t. x at 0

= {Sum_{k>=0} (-z)^k*Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^j*[ 1-Lag(k,.) ]^j*(:tD:)^j/ j!} [ t/(1-t) ]

= {Sum_{k>=0} (-z)^k * exp[ -[ 1-Lag(k,.) ]* :tD: ]} [ t/(1-t) ]

where (:tD:)^n = t^n * D^n, D is the derivative w.r.t. t unless otherwise stated, Lag(n,x) is a Laguerre polynomial and T(n,t) is a Touchard / Bell / exponential polynomial.

Hence [ t/(1-t)^(n+1) ] * P(n,t)/n! = Rf(n,t)

= {Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^n-k)*[ C(m,k)/k! ]*(tD)^k} [ t/(1-t) ]

= {Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^(n-k)*[ C(m,k)/k! ]*Sum_{j=0..k} S2(k,j)*(:tD:)^j} [ t/(1-t) ]

= {Sum_{k>=0} (-1)^(n-k) * Lag(n,k) * (tD)^k/k!} [ x/(1-x) ] where D is w.r.t. x at 0

= {Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^(n-k)* [ 1-Lag(n,.) ]^k *(:tD:)^k/k!}[ t/(1-t) ],

where S2(k,j) are the Stirling numbers of the second kind and C(m,k), binomial coefficients.

The P(n,t) are related to the Laguerre polynomials through

P(n,t) = (-1)^n n! [ (1-t)^(n+1)} ] Sum_{k>=0} [ (t^k*Lag(n,k+1) ] = Sum_{m=0..n} a(n,m) * t^m

where a(n,m) = (-1)^n n! [ Sum_{k=0..m} (-1)^k * C(n+1,k) *Lag(n,m-k+1) ] .

Conjecture for the polynomial array:

The greatest common divisor of the coefficients of each polynomial is given by A060872(n)/n or, equivalently, by A038548(n).

Some e.g.f.'s for the Rf's are

exp[ -Rf(.,t)*z ] = exp{[ 1-Li(-(.),t)/(.)! ]*z}

= Sum_{n>=0} { (z^n/n!) * Sum_{k>=1} [ t^k * Lag(n,k) ] }

= Sum_{k>=1} { t^k * (e^z) * J_0[ 2*sqrt(k*z)}

= Sum_{n>=0} {(-1)^n*(z^n/n!)*(z^/j!)*Lag(n,-1)*Sum_{k>=1} [ t^k*k^n*(k+1)^j ]}

where J_0(x) is the zeroth Bessel function of the first kind.

The expressions (:tD:)^j}[ t/(1-t) ] and the Laguerre polynomials are intimately connected to Lah numbers and rook polynomials.

Some interesting relations to physics, probability and number theory are, for abs(t) < 1 and abs(z) < 1 at least,

BE(t,z) = Sum_{k>=0} [ (-z)^k ] *[ 1 + Rf(.,t) ]^k

= Rgf(-z/(1+z),t)/(1+z) = t/{exp(z)-t}, a Bose-Einstein distribution,

FD(t,z) = Sum_{k>=0} [ (-z)^k+1 ] *[ 1 + Rf(.,-t) ]^k

= -Rgf(-z/(1+z),-t)/(1+z) = t/{exp(z)+t}, a Fermi-Dirac distribution

and as t tends to 1 from below, z*BE(t,z) tends to the Bernoulli e.g.f., which is related by the Mellin transform to (s-1)!*Zeta(s). Taking Mellin transforms of BE and FD w.r.t. z gives the polylogarithm over different domains.

Since BE(2,z) is essentially the e.g.f. for the ordered Bell numbers, it follows that umbrally

n! * Lag(n,OB(.)) = P(n,2) and

n! * Lag(n,P(.,2)) = OB(n)

where OB(n) are the signed ordered Bell/Fubini numbers A000670.

I.e., P(n,2) and the ordered Bell numbers form a reciprocal Laguerre combinatorial transform pair,

or, equivalently, P(n,2)/n! and OB(n)/n! form a reciprocal finite difference pair, so

P(n,2)/n! = (-1)^(n+1) * Rf(n,2) = -{1-[ Li(-(.),2))/(.)! ]}^n and

OB(n) = -Li(-n,2).

Note that n!*Lag(n,(.)!*Lag(.,x)) = x^n is a true identity for general Laguerre polynomials Lag(n,x,a) with a = -1,0,1,..., so one could look at analogous higher-order reciprocal pairs containing OB(n).

In addition, a mixed-order iterated Laguerre transform gives

n!*Lag{n,(.)!*Lag[ .,P(.,2),0 ],-1}

= P(n,2) - n*P(n-1,2)

= n!*Lag[ n,OB(.),-1 ] = A084358(n), lists of sets of lists.

For Eulerian polynomials, E(n,t), given by A173018 (A008292),

E(n,t)/n! = [ 1-t+P(.,t)/(.)! ]^n

P(n,t)/n! = [ E(.,t)/(.)!-(1-t) ]^n, or equivalently

[ E(.,t)/(1-t) ]^n = n!*Lag[ n,-P(.,t)/(1-t) ]

[ -P(.,t)/(1-t) ]^n = n!*Lag[ n,E(.,t)/(1-t) ], a Laguerre transform pair.

Then from known relations for the Eulerian polynomials, the alternating row sum of the polynomial array is

P(n,-1) = (-2)^(n+1) * n! * Lag[ n,c(.)*Zeta(-(.)) ]

where c(n) = [ 2^(n+1) - 1 ] and Zeta is the Riemann zeta function. And so

Zeta(-n) = n! * Lag[ n,-P(.,-1)/2 ] / [ 2 - 2^(n+2) ],

which also holds, with the summation limit of Lag extended to infinity, for n = s, any complex number with Re(s) > 0.

Then from standard formulas for the signed Euler numbers EN(n), the Bernoulli numbers Ber(n), the Genocchi numbers GN(n), the Euler polynomials EP(n,t), the Eulerian polynomials E(n,t), the Touchard / Bell polynomials T(n,t) and the binomial C(x,y) = x!/[ (x-y)!*y! ]

2^(n+1) * (1-2^(n+1)) * (-1)^n * Zeta(-n)

= 2^(n+1) * (1-2^(n+1)) * Ber(n+1)/(n+1)

= [ -(1+EN(.)) ]^n

= 2^n * GN(n+1)/(n+1)

= 2^n * EP(n,0)

= (-1)^n * E(n,-1)

= (-2)^n * n! * Lag[ n,-P(.,-1)/2 ]

= (-2)^n * n! * C{T[ .,P(.,-1)/2 ] + n, n}

= an integer = Q(n)

These are related to the zag numbers A000182 by Zag(n) = abs[ Q(2*n-1) ]. And, abs[ Q(2*n-1) ] / 2^q(n) = Zag(n) / 2^q(n) = A002425(n) with q(n) = A101921.

These may be generalized by letting n = s, a complex number, (or interpolating) to obtain generalized Laguerre functions or confluent hypergeometric functions of the first kind, M(a,b,x), or second kind, U(a,b,x), whose arguments are P(.,-1)/2, such as

E(s,-1)/[ 2^s*s! ] = -2*Li(-s,-1)/s! = (2-2^(s+2)) * Zeta(-s)/s!

= C{T[ .,P(.,-1)/2 ] + s, s} = Lag[ s,-P(.,-1)/2 ] = M[ -s,1,-P(.,-1)/2 ] or,

GN(s+1)/(s+1)! = EP(s,0)/s! = C{-T[ .,P(.,-1)/2 ]-1, n} = U[ -s,1,-P(.,-1)/2 ]/(s)!

And even more generally

E(s,t)/(1-t)^s = [ (1-t)/t ] Li(-s,t) = s!*Lag[ s,-P(.,t)/(1-t) ]

= s! * C{T[ .,P(.,t)/(1-t) ] + s, s} = s! * M[ -s,1,-P(.,t)/(1-t) ] .

The Laguerre polynomial expressions are fundamental as they can be interpolated to form general M[ a,b,-P(.,t)/(1-t) ] or U[ a,b,-P(.,t)/(1-t) ] which can then be related either directly or by binomial transforms to many important Sheffer sequences, not to mention group theory and Riemann surfaces.

Note for frequently occurring expressions above: The Laguerre polynomials of order -1 and 0 are intimately connected to Lah numbers and rook polynomials and (tD)^n [t/(1-t)] = T(n,:tD:) [t/(1-t)] generates an Eulerian polynomial in the numerator of a rational function. - Tom Copeland, Sep 09 2008

The deformed Todd operator on p. 12 of Gunnells and Villegas is Td(a,D) = -D / (a*exp(-D) - 1) = [-D/(1-D)] * Rgf(D/(1-D), 1/a) = -D * BE(1/a,-D) = D * FD(-1/a,-D), where BE and FD are the Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distributions given above. See also connections among the Eulerian polynomials, Ehrhart polynomials, and the Todd operator in Beck and Robins, especially pages 31 and 37. - Tom Copeland, Jun 20 2017

a(n) = abs(product( (p!)^2,p=0..n )*(n+1)!*LaguerreL(n+1,0,1)), n=0,1..., where LaguerreL(n,lambda,x) are generalized Laguerre polynomial.