A088957 -id:A088957 - cp's OEIS frontend

A003024 Number of acyclic digraphs (or DAGs) with n labeled nodes.

1, 1, 3, 25, 543, 29281, 3781503, 1138779265, 783702329343, 1213442454842881, 4175098976430598143, 31603459396418917607425, 521939651343829405020504063, 18676600744432035186664816926721, 1439428141044398334941790719839535103, 237725265553410354992180218286376719253505

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Also the number of n X n real (0,1)-matrices with all eigenvalues positive. - Conjectured by Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 10 2003 and proved by McKay et al. 2003, 2004
Also the number of n X n real (0,1)-matrices with permanent equal to 1, up to permutation of rows/columns, cf. A089482. - Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 28 2009
Also the number of nilpotent elements in the semigroup of binary relations on [n]. - Geoffrey Critzer, May 26 2022
From Gus Wiseman, Jan 01 2024: (Start)
Also the number of sets of n nonempty subsets of {1..n} such that there is a unique way to choose a different element from each. For example, non-isomorphic representatives of the a(3) = 25 set-systems are:
  {{1},{2},{3}}
  {{1},{2},{1,3}}
  {{1},{2},{1,2,3}}
  {{1},{1,2},{1,3}}
  {{1},{1,2},{2,3}}
  {{1},{1,2},{1,2,3}}
These set-systems have ranks A367908, subset of A367906, for multisets A368101.
The version for no ways is A368600, any length A367903, ranks A367907.
The version for at least one way is A368601, any length A367902.
(End)

			For n = 2 the three (0,1)-matrices are {{{1, 0}, {0, 1}}, {{1, 0}, {1, 1}}, {{1, 1}, {0, 1}}}.

Archer, K., Gessel, I. M., Graves, C., & Liang, X. (2020). Counting acyclic and strong digraphs by descents. Discrete Mathematics, 343(11), 112041.
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, p. 310.
F. Harary and E. M. Palmer, Graphical Enumeration, Academic Press, NY, 1973, p. 19, Eq. (1.6.1).
R. W. Robinson, Counting labeled acyclic digraphs, pp. 239-273 of F. Harary, editor, New Directions in the Theory of Graphs. Academic Press, NY, 1973.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
R. P Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics I, 2nd. ed., p. 322.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..77 (first 41 terms from T. D. Noe)
T. E. Allen, J. Goldsmith, and N. Mattei, Counting, Ranking, and Randomly Generating CP-nets, 2014.
Huantian Cao, AutoGF: An Automated System to Calculate Coefficients of Generating Functions, thesis, 2002.
Huantian Cao, AutoGF: An Automated System to Calculate Coefficients of Generating Functions, thesis, 2002 [Local copy, with permission]
Eunice Y.-J. Chen, A. Choi, and A. Darwiche, On Pruning with the MDL Score, JMLR: Workshop and Conference Proceedings vol 52, 98-109, 2016.
S. Engstrom, Random acyclic orientations of graphs, Master's thesis written at the department of Mathematics at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Jan. 2013.
Zehao Jin, Mario Pasquato, Benjamin L. Davis, Tristan Deleu, Yu Luo, Changhyun Cho, Pablo Lemos, Laurence Perreault-Levasseur, Yoshua Bengio, Xi Kang, Andrea Valerio Maccio, and Yashar Hezaveh, A Data-driven Discovery of the Causal Connection between Galaxy and Black Hole Evolution, arXiv:2410.00965 [astro-ph.GA], 2024. See p. 33.
Zehao Jin, Mario Pasquato, Benjamin L. Davis, Andrea V. Macciò, and Yashar Hezaveh, Beyond Causal Discovery for Astronomy: Learning Meaningful Representations with Independent Component Analysis, arXiv:2410.14775 [astro-ph.GA], 2024. See pp. 2, 4, 10.
Zehao Jin, Mario Pasquato, Benjamin L. Davis, Tristan Deleu, Yu Luo, Changhyun Cho, Pablo Lemos, Laurence Perreault-Levasseur, Yoshua Bengio, and Xi Kang, Causal Discovery in Astrophysics: Unraveling Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Coevolution, Astrophys. J. (2025) Vol. 979, 212. See 4.1.
P. L. Krapivsky, Hiring Strategies, arXiv:2412.10490 [cs.GT], 2024. See p. 12.
Qipeng Kuang, Ondřej Kuželka, Yuanhong Wang, and Yuyi Wang, Bridging Weighted First Order Model Counting and Graph Polynomials, arXiv:2407.11877 [cs.LO], 2024. See p. 33.
Jack Kuipers and Giusi Moffa, Uniform generation of random acyclic digraphs, arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.6590 [stat.CO], 2012. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Sep 14 2012
Laphou Lao, Zecheng Li, Songlin Hou, Bin Xiao, Songtao Guo, and Yuanyuan Yang, A Survey of IoT Applications in Blockchain Systems: Architecture, Consensus and Traffic Modeling, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR, 2020) Vol. 53, No. 1, Article No. 18.
Tobias Ellegaard Larsen, Claus Thorn Ekstrøm, and Anne Helby Petersen, Score-Based Causal Discovery with Temporal Background Information, arXiv:2502.06232 [stat.ME], 2025. See p. 9.
Daniel Mallia, Towards an Unsupervised Bayesian Network Pipeline for Explainable Prediction, Decision Making and Discovery, Master's Thesis, CUNY Hunter College (2023).
B. D. McKay, F. E. Oggier, G. F. Royle, N. J. A. Sloane, I. M. Wanless and H. S. Wilf, Acyclic digraphs and eigenvalues of (0,1)-matrices, J. Integer Sequences, 7 (2004), #04.3.3.
B. D. McKay, F. E. Oggier, G. F. Royle, N. J. A. Sloane, I. M. Wanless and H. S. Wilf, Acyclic digraphs and eigenvalues of (0,1)-matrices, arXiv:math/0310423 [math.CO], Oct 28 2003.
A. Motzek and R. Möller, Exploiting Innocuousness in Bayesian Networks, Preprint 2015.
Yisu Peng, Y. Jiang, and P. Radivojac, Enumerating consistent subgraphs of directed acyclic graphs: an insight into biomedical ontologies, arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.09679 [cs.DS], 2017.
J. Peters, J. Mooij, D. Janzing, and B. Schölkopf, Causal Discovery with Continuous Additive Noise Models, arXiv preprint arXiv:1309.6779 [stat.ML], 2013.
R. W. Robinson, Enumeration of acyclic digraphs, Manuscript. (Annotated scanned copy)
V. I. Rodionov, On the number of labeled acyclic digraphs, Disc. Math. 105 (1-3) (1992) 319-321
I. Shpitser, T. S. Richardson, J. M. Robins and R. Evans, Parameter and Structure Learning in Nested Markov Models, arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.5058 [stat.ML], 2012.
I. Shpitser, R. J. Evans, T. S. Richardson, and J. M. Robins, Introduction to nested Markov models, Behaviormetrika, Behaviormetrika Vol. 41, No. 1, 2014, 3-39.
R. P. Stanley, Acyclic orientation of graphs, Discrete Math. 5 (1973), 171-178. North Holland Publishing Company.
Christian Toth, Christian Knoll, Franz Pernkopf, and Robert Peharz, Rao-Blackwellising Bayesian Causal Inference, arXiv:2402.14781 [cs.LG], 2024.
Sumanth Varambally, Yi-An Ma, and Rose Yu, Discovering Mixtures of Structural Causal Models from Time Series Data, arXiv:2310.06312 [cs.LG], 2023.
S. Wagner, Asymptotic enumeration of extensional acyclic digraphs, in Proceedings of the SIAM Meeting on Analytic Algorithmics and Combinatorics (ANALCO12).
Daniel Waxman, Kurt Butler, and Petar M. Djuric, Dagma-DCE: Interpretable, Non-Parametric Differentiable Causal Discovery, arXiv:2401.02930 [cs.LG], 2024.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, (0,1)-Matrix
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Acyclic Digraph
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Positive Eigenvalued Matrix
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Weisstein's Conjecture
Jun Wu and Mathias Drton, Partial Homoscedasticity in Causal Discovery with Linear Models, arXiv:2308.08959 [math.ST], 2023.
Chris Ying, Enumerating Unique Computational Graphs via an Iterative Graph Invariant, arXiv:1902.06192 [cs.DM], 2019.
Index entries for sequences related to binary matrices

Cf. A086510, A081064 (refined by # arcs), A307049 (by # descents).
Cf. A055165, which counts nonsingular {0, 1} matrices and A085656, which counts positive definite {0, 1} matrices.
Cf. A188457, A135079, A137435 (acyclic 3-multidigraphs), A188490.
For a unique sink we have A003025.
The unlabeled version is A003087.
These are the reverse-alternating sums of rows of A046860.
The weakly connected case is A082402.
A reciprocal version is A334282.
Row sums of A361718.
Cf. A003465, A058877, A058891, A059201, A088957, A133686, A323818.

p:=evalf(solve(sum((-1)^n*x^n/(n!*2^(n*(n-1)/2)), n=0..infinity) = 0, x), 50); M:=evalf(sum((-1)^(n+1)*p^n/((n-1)!*2^(n*(n-1)/2)), n=1..infinity), 40); # program for evaluation of constants p and M in the asymptotic formula, Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 09 2013

a[0] = a[1] = 1; a[n_] := a[n] = Sum[ -(-1)^k * Binomial[n, k] * 2^(k*(n-k)) * a[n-k], {k, 1, n}]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 13}](* Jean-François Alcover, May 21 2012, after PARI *)
Table[2^(n*(n-1)/2)*n! * SeriesCoefficient[1/Sum[(-1)^k*x^k/k!/2^(k*(k-1)/2),{k,0,n}],{x,0,n}],{n,0,20}] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, May 19 2015 *)
Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Subsets[Range[n]],{n}],Length[Select[Tuples[#],UnsameQ@@#&]]==1&]],{n,0,5}] (* Gus Wiseman, Jan 01 2024 *)

a(n)=if(n<1,n==0,sum(k=1,n,-(-1)^k*binomial(n,k)*2^(k*(n-k))*a(n-k)))

{a(n)=polcoeff(1-sum(k=0, n-1, a(k)*x^k/(1+2^k*x+x*O(x^n))^(k+1)), n)} \\ Paul D. Hanna, Oct 17 2009

a(0) = 1; for n > 0, a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} (-1)^(k+1)*C(n, k)*2^(k*(n-k))*a(n-k).
1 = Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*exp(-2^n*x)*x^n/n!. - Vladeta Jovovic, Jun 05 2005
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} (-1)^(n-k)*A046860(n,k) = Sum_{k=1..n} (-1)^(n-k)*k!*A058843(n,k). - Vladeta Jovovic, Jun 20 2008
1 = Sum_{n=>0} a(n)*x^n/(1 + 2^n*x)^(n+1). - Paul D. Hanna, Oct 17 2009
1 = Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*C(n+m-1,n)*x^n/(1 + 2^n*x)^(n+m) for m>=1. - Paul D. Hanna, Apr 01 2011
log(1+x) = Sum_{n>=1} a(n)*(x^n/n)/(1 + 2^n*x)^n. - Paul D. Hanna, Apr 01 2011
Let E(x) = Sum_{n >= 0} x^n/(n!*2^C(n,2)). Then a generating function for this sequence is 1/E(-x) = Sum_{n >= 0} a(n)*x^n/(n!*2^C(n,2)) = 1 + x + 3*x^2/(2!*2) + 25*x^3/(3!*2^3) + 543*x^4/(4!*2^6) + ... (Stanley). Cf. A188457. - Peter Bala, Apr 01 2013
a(n) ~ n!*2^(n*(n-1)/2)/(M*p^n), where p = 1.488078545599710294656246... is the root of the equation Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n*p^n/(n!*2^(n*(n-1)/2)) = 0, and M = Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)*p^n/((n-1)!*2^(n*(n-1)/2)) = 0.57436237330931147691667... Both references to the article "Acyclic digraphs and eigenvalues of (0,1)-matrices" give the wrong value M=0.474! - Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 09 2013 [Response from N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 11 2013: The value 0.474 has a typo, it should have been 0.574. The value was taken from Stanley's 1973 paper.]
exp( Sum_{n >= 1} a(n)*x^n/n ) = 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 10*x^3 + 146*x^4 + 6010*x^5 + ... appears to have integer coefficients (cf. A188490). - Peter Bala, Jan 14 2016

A088956 Triangle, read by rows, of coefficients of the hyperbinomial transform.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 16, 9, 3, 1, 125, 64, 18, 4, 1, 1296, 625, 160, 30, 5, 1, 16807, 7776, 1875, 320, 45, 6, 1, 262144, 117649, 27216, 4375, 560, 63, 7, 1, 4782969, 2097152, 470596, 72576, 8750, 896, 84, 8, 1, 100000000, 43046721, 9437184, 1411788, 163296, 15750

Offset: 0

Paul D. Hanna, Oct 26 2003

The hyperbinomial transform of a sequence {b} is defined to be the sequence {d} given by d(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*b(k), where T(n,k) = (n-k+1)^(n-k-1)*C(n,k).
Given a table in which the n-th row is the n-th binomial transform of the first row, then the hyperbinomial transform of any diagonal results in the next lower diagonal in the table.
The simplest example of a table of iterated binomial transforms is A009998, with a main diagonal of {1,2,9,64,625,...}; and the hyperbinomial transform of this diagonal gives the next lower diagonal, {1,3,16,125,1296,...}, since 1=(1)*1, 3=(1)*1+(1)*2, 16=(3)*1+(2)*2+(1)*9, 125=(16)*1+(9)*2+(3)*9+(1)*64, etc.
Another example: the hyperbinomial transform maps A065440 into A055541, since HYPERBINOMIAL([1,1,1,8,81,1024,15625]) = [1,2,6,36,320,3750,54432] where e.g.f.: A065440(x)+x = x-x/( LambertW(-x)*(1+LambertW(-x)) ), e.g.f.: A055541(x) = x-x*LambertW(-x).
The m-th iteration of the hyperbinomial transform is given by the triangle of coefficients defined by T_m(n,k) = m*(n-k+m)^(n-k-1)*binomial(n,k).
Example: PARI code for T_m: {a=[1,1,1,8,81,1024,15625]; m=1; b=vector(length(a)); for(n=0,length(a)-1, b[n+1]=sum(k=0,n, m*(n-k+m)^(n-k-1)*binomial(n,k)*a[k+1]); print1(b[n+1],","))} RETURNS b=[1,2,6,36,320,3750,54432].
The INVERSE hyperbinomial transform is thus given by m=-1: {a=[1,2,6,36,320,3750,54432]; m=-1; b=vector(length(a)); for(n=0,length(a)-1, b[n+1]=sum(k=0,n, m*(n-k+m)^(n-k-1)*binomial(n,k)*a[k+1]); print1(b[n+1],","))} RETURNS b=[1,1,1,8,81,1024,15625].
Simply stated, the HYPERBINOMIAL transform is to -LambertW(-x)/x as the BINOMIAL transform is to exp(x).
Let A[n] be the set of all forests of labeled rooted trees on n nodes. Build a superset B[n] of A[n] by designating "some" (possibly all or none) of the isolated nodes in each forest. T(n,k) is the number of elements in B[n] with exactly k designated nodes. See A219034. - Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 10 2012

			Rows begin:
       {1},
       {1,      1},
       {3,      2,     1},
      {16,      9,     3,    1},
     {125,     64,    18,    4,   1},
    {1296,    625,   160,   30,   5,  1},
   {16807,   7776,  1875,  320,  45,  6, 1},
  {262144, 117649, 27216, 4375, 560, 63, 7, 1}, ...

T. D. Noe, Rows n=0..50 of triangle, flattened
T. Copeland, Composition, Conjugation, and the Umbral Calculus-Part I, 2021.
G. Helms, Pascalmatrix tetrated
E. W. Weisstein, Abel Polynomial, From MathWorld - A Wolfram Web Resource.
Index entries for triangles and arrays related to Pascal's triangle

Cf. A088957 (row sums), A000272 (first column), A009998, A105599, A132440, A215534 (matrix inverse), A215652.
Cf. A227325 (central terms).
Cf. A007318, A059297, A137542.

a088956 n k =  a095890 (n + 1) (k + 1) * a007318' n k `div` (n - k + 1)
a088956_row n = map (a088956 n) [0..n]
a088956_tabl = map a088956_row [0..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 07 2013

nn=8; t=Sum[n^(n-1)x^n/n!, {n,1,nn}]; Range[0,nn]! CoefficientList[Series[Exp[t+y x] ,{x,0,nn}], {x,y}] //Grid (* Geoffrey Critzer, Nov 10 2012 *)

T(n, k) = (n-k+1)^(n-k-1)*C(n, k).
E.g.f.: -LambertW(-x)*exp(x*y)/x. - Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 27 2003
From Peter Bala, Sep 11 2012: (Start)
Let T(x) = Sum_{n >= 0} n^(n-1)*x^n/n! denote the tree function of A000169. The e.g.f. is (T(x)/x)*exp(t*x) = exp(T(x))*exp(t*x) = 1 + (1 + t)*x + (3 + 2*t + t^2)*x^2/2! + .... Hence the triangle is the exponential Riordan array [T(x)/x,x] belonging to the exponential Appell group.
The matrix power (A088956)^r has the e.g.f. exp(r*T(x))*exp(t*x) with triangle entries given by r*(n-k+r)^(n-k-1)*binomial(n,k) for n and k >= 0. See A215534 for the case r = -1.
Let A(n,x) = x*(x+n)^(n-1) be an Abel polynomial. The present triangle is the triangle of connection constants expressing A(n,x+1) as a linear combination of the basis polynomials A(k,x), 0 <= k <= n. For example, A(4,x+1) = 125*A(0,x) + 64*A(1,x) + 18*A(2,x) + 4*A(3,x) + A(4,x) gives row 4 as [125,64,18,4,1].
Let S be the array with the sequence [1,2,3,...] on the main subdiagonal and zeros elsewhere. S is the infinitesimal generator for Pascal's triangle (see A132440). Then the infinitesimal generator for this triangle is S*A088956; that is, A088956 = Exp(S*A088956), where Exp is the matrix exponential.
With T(x) the tree function as above, define E(x) = T(x)/x. Then A088956 = E(S) = Sum_{n>=0} (n+1)^(n-1)*S^n/n!.
For commuting lower unit triangular matrices A and B, we define A raised to the matrix power B, denoted A^^B, to be the matrix Exp(B*log(A)), where the matrix logarithm Log(A) is defined as Sum_{n >= 1} (-1)^(n+1)*(A-1)^n/n. Let P denote Pascal's triangle A007318. Then the present triangle, call it X, solves the matrix equation P^^X = X . See A215652 for the solution to X^^P = P. Furthermore, if we denote the inverse of X by Y then X^^Y = P. As an infinite tower of matrix powers, A088956 = P^^(P^^(P^^(...))).
A088956 augmented with the sequence (x,x,x,...) on the first superdiagonal is the production matrix for the row polynomials of A105599.
(End)
T(n,k) = A095890(n+1,k+1) * A007318(n,k) / (n-k+1), 0 <= k <= n. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 07 2013
Sum_{k = 0..n} T(n,n-k)*(x - k - 1)^(n-k) = x^n. Setting x = n + 1 gives Sum_{k = 0..n} T(n,k)*k^k = (n + 1)^n. - Peter Bala, Feb 17 2017
As lower triangular matrices, this entry, T, equals unsigned A137542 * A007318 * signed A059297. The Pascal matrix is sandwiched between a pair of inverse matrices, so this entry is conjugate to the Pascal matrix, allowing convergent analytic expressions of T, say f(T), to be computed as f(A007318) sandwiched between the inverse pair. - Tom Copeland, Dec 06 2021

A368927 Number of labeled loop-graphs covering a subset of {1..n} such that it is possible to choose a different vertex from each edge.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 7, 39, 314, 3374, 45630, 744917, 14245978, 312182262, 7708544246, 211688132465, 6397720048692, 210975024924386, 7537162523676076, 289952739051570639, 11949100971787370300, 525142845422124145682, 24515591201199758681892, 1211486045654016217202663

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Jan 15 2024

nonn

These are loop-graphs where every connected component has a number of edges less than or equal to the number of vertices. Also loop-graphs with at most one cycle (unicyclic) in each connected component.

			The a(0) = 1 through a(2) = 7 loop-graphs (loops shown as singletons):
  {}  {}     {}
      {{1}}  {{1}}
             {{2}}
             {{1,2}}
             {{1},{2}}
             {{1},{1,2}}
             {{2},{1,2}}

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..200

Without the choice condition we have A006125.
The case of a unique choice is A088957, unlabeled A087803.
The case without loops is A133686, complement A367867, covering A367869.
For exactly n edges and no loops we have A137916, unlabeled A137917.
For exactly n edges we have A333331 (maybe), complement A368596.
For edges of any positive size we have A367902, complement A367903.
The covering case is A369140, complement A369142.
The complement is counted by A369141.
The complement for n edges and no loops is A369143, covering A369144.
The unlabeled version is A369145, complement A369146.
A000085, A100861, A111924 count set partitions into singletons or pairs.
A006129 counts covering graphs, unlabeled A002494.
A322661 counts labeled covering loop-graphs, connected A062740.
Cf. A000169, A000272, A000666, A014068, A057500, A116508, A367863, A368601, A368924, A368984, A369200.

Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Subsets[Range[n],{1,2}]], Length[Select[Tuples[#],UnsameQ@@#&]]!=0&]],{n,0,5}]

seq(n)={my(t=-lambertw(-x + O(x*x^n))); Vec(serlaplace(exp(3*t/2 - 3*t^2/4)/sqrt(1-t) ))} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

Binomial transform of A369140.
Exponential transform of A369197 with A369197(1) = 2.
E.g.f.: exp(3*T(x)/2 - 3*T(x)^2/4)/sqrt(1-T(x)), where T(x) is the e.g.f. of A000169. - Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

a(7) onwards from Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

A369141 Number of labeled loop-graphs covering a subset of {1..n} such that it is not possible to choose a different vertex from each edge (non-choosable).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 25, 710, 29394, 2051522, 267690539, 68705230758, 35184059906570, 36028789310419722, 73786976083150073999, 302231454897259573627852, 2475880078570549574773324062, 40564819207303333310731978895956, 1329227995784915872613854321228773937

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2024

nonn

Also labeled loop-graphs having at least one connected component containing more edges than vertices.

			The a(0) = 0 through a(3) = 25 loop-graphs (loops shown as singletons):
  .  .  {{1},{2},{1,2}}  {{1},{2},{1,2}}
                         {{1},{3},{1,3}}
                         {{2},{3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,2}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{1,2},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{3},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{1},{3},{1,2},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{3},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3}}
                         {{2},{3},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{2},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..50

Without the choice condition we have A006125, unlabeled A000088.
The case of a unique choice is A088957, unlabeled A087803.
The case without loops is A367867, covering A367868.
For edges of any positive size we have A367903, complement A367902.
For exactly n edges we have A368596, complement A333331 (maybe).
The complement is counted by A368927, covering A369140.
The covering case is A369142.
For n edges and no loops we have A369143, covering A369144.
The unlabeled version is A369146 (covering A369147), complement A369145.
A000085, A100861, A111924 count set partitions into singletons or pairs.
A006129 counts covering graphs, unlabeled A002494.
A054548 counts graphs covering n vertices with k edges, with loops A369199.
A133686 counts choosable graphs, covering A367869.
A322661 counts labeled covering loop-graphs, unlabeled A322700.
Cf. A000272, A000666, A006649, A062740, A116508, A137916, A368924, A368984, A369194.

Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Subsets[Range[n], {1,2}]],Length[Select[Tuples[#],UnsameQ@@#&]]==0&]],{n,0,5}]

Binomial transform of A369142.

a(n) = A006125(n + 1) - A368927(n). - Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

a(6) onwards from Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

A003025 Number of n-node labeled acyclic digraphs with 1 out-point.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 15, 316, 16885, 2174586, 654313415, 450179768312, 696979588034313, 2398044825254021110, 18151895792052235541515, 299782788128536523836784628, 10727139906233315197412684689421

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

From Gus Wiseman, Jan 02 2024: (Start)
Also the number of n-element sets of finite nonempty subsets of {1..n}, including a unique singleton, such that there is exactly one way to choose a different element from each. For example, the a(0) = 0 through a(3) = 15 set-systems are:
  .  {{1}}  {{1},{1,2}}  {{1},{1,2},{1,3}}
            {{2},{1,2}}  {{1},{1,2},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{2},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{2},{1,2},{2,3}}
                         {{2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{3},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{3},{1,2},{2,3}}
                         {{3},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{1,2},{1,2,3}}
                         {{1},{1,3},{1,2,3}}
                         {{2},{1,2},{1,2,3}}
                         {{2},{2,3},{1,2,3}}
                         {{3},{1,3},{1,2,3}}
                         {{3},{2,3},{1,2,3}}
These set-systems are all connected.
The case of labeled graphs is A000169.
(End)

			a(2) = 2: o-->--o (2 ways)
a(3) = 15: o-->--o-->--o (6 ways) and
o ... o o-->--o
.\ . / . \ . /
. v v ... v v
.. o ..... o
(3 ways) (6 ways)

R. W. Robinson, Counting labeled acyclic digraphs, pp. 239-273 of F. Harary, editor, New Directions in the Theory of Graphs. Academic Press, NY, 1973.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..50
Marcel et al., Is there a formula for the number of st-dags (DAG with 1 source and 1 sink) with n vertices?, MathOverflow, 2021.

A diagonal of A058876.
Row sums of A350487.
The unlabeled version is A350415.
Column k=1 of A361718.
Cf. A003026, A003028, A345258.
For any number of sinks we have A003024, unlabeled A003087.
For n-1 sinks we have A058877.
For a fixed sink we have A134531 (up to sign), column k=1 of A368602.
Cf. A000169, A058891, A059201, A082402, A088957, A323818, A334282, A367904, A368600, A368601.

Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Subsets[Range[n]],{n}],Count[#,{}]==1&&Length[Select[Tuples[#],UnsameQ@@#&]]==1&]],{n,0,4}] (* _Gus Wiseman, Jan 02 2024 *)

\\ requires A058876.
my(T=A058876(20)); vector(#T, n, T[n][1]) \\ Andrew Howroyd, Dec 27 2021

\\ see Marcel et al. link (formula for a').
seq(n)={my(a=vector(n)); a[1]=1; for(n=2, #a, a[n]=sum(k=1, n-1, (-1)^(k-1) * binomial(n,k) * (2^(n-k)-1)^k * a[n-k])); a} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Jan 01 2022

a(n) = (-1)^(n-1) * n * A134531(n). - Gus Wiseman, Jan 02 2024

More terms from Vladeta Jovovic, Apr 10 2001

A368600 Number of ways to choose a set of n nonempty subsets of {1..n} such that it is not possible to choose a different element from each.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 0, 3, 164, 18625, 5491851, 4649088885, 12219849683346

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Jan 01 2024

The axiom of choice says that, given any set of nonempty sets Y, it is possible to choose a set containing an element from each. The strict version requires this set to have the same cardinality as Y, meaning no element is chosen more than once.

			The a(3) = 3 set-systems:
  {{1},{2},{1,2}}
  {{1},{3},{1,3}}
  {{2},{3},{2,3}}

Wikipedia, Axiom of choice.

For a unique choice we have A003024, any length A367904 (ranks A367908).
Sets of n nonempty subsets of {1..n} are counted by A136556.
For any length we have A367903, ranks A367907, no singletons A367769.
The complement is A368601, any length A367902 (see also A367770, A367906).
A000372 counts antichains, covering A006126, nonempty A014466.
A003465 counts covering set-systems, unlabeled A055621.
A058891 counts set-systems, unlabeled A000612.
A059201 counts covering T_0 set-systems.
A323818 counts covering connected set-systems, unlabeled A323819.
Cf. A003025, A088957, A133686, A334282, A355529, A355740, A367862, A367867, A367868, A367901, A368094, A368097.

Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Rest[Subsets[Range[n]]], {n}],Length[Select[Tuples[#], UnsameQ@@#&]]==0&]],{n,0,3}]

from itertools import combinations, product, chain
from scipy.special import comb
def v(c):
    for elements in product(*c):
        if len(set(elements)) == len(elements):
            return True
    return False
def a(n):
    if n == 0:
        return 1
    subsets = list(chain.from_iterable(combinations(range(1, n + 1), r) for r in range(1, n + 1)))
    cs = combinations(subsets, n)
    c = sum(1 for c in cs if v(c))
    return c
[print(int(comb(2**n-1,n) - a(n))) for n in range(7)] # Robert P. P. McKone, Jan 02 2024

a(n) = A136556(n) - A368601(n).

a(6) from Robert P. P. McKone, Jan 02 2024

a(7)-a(8) from Christian Sievers, Jul 25 2024

A368601 Number of ways to choose a set of n nonempty subsets of {1..n} such that it is possible to choose a different element from each.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 32, 1201, 151286, 62453670, 84707326890, 384641855115279

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Jan 01 2024

			The a(2) = 3 set-systems:
  {{1},{2}}
  {{1},{1,2}}
  {{2},{1,2}}
Non-isomorphic representatives of the a(3) = 32 set-systems:
  {{1},{2},{3}}
  {{1},{2},{1,3}}
  {{1},{2},{1,2,3}}
  {{1},{1,2},{1,3}}
  {{1},{1,2},{2,3}}
  {{1},{1,2},{1,2,3}}
  {{1},{2,3},{1,2,3}}
  {{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
  {{1,2},{1,3},{1,2,3}}

Wikipedia, Axiom of choice.

For a unique choice we have A003024, any length A367904 (ranks A367908).
Sets of n nonempty subsets of {1..n} are counted by A136556.
For any length we have A367902, ranks A367906, no singletons A367770.
The complement is A368600, any length A367903 (see also A367907, A367769).
A000372 counts antichains, covering A006126, nonempty A014466.
A003465 counts covering set-systems, unlabeled A055621.
A058891 counts set-systems, unlabeled A000612.
A059201 counts covering T_0 set-systems.
A323818 counts covering connected set-systems, unlabeled A323819.
Cf. A003025, A088957, A133686, A334282, A355529, A355740, A367862, A367867, A367901, A367905, A368094, A368097.

Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Rest[Subsets[Range[n]]], {n}],Length[Select[Tuples[#], UnsameQ@@#&]]>0&]],{n,0,3}]

from itertools import combinations, product, chain
def v(c):
    for elements in product(*c):
        if len(set(elements)) == len(elements):
            return True
    return False
def a(n):
    if n == 0:
        return 1
    subsets = list(chain.from_iterable(combinations(range(1, n + 1), r) for r in
range(1, n + 1)))
    cs = combinations(subsets, n)
    c = sum(1 for c in cs if v(c))
    return c
[print(a(n)) for n in range(7)] # Robert P. P. McKone, Jan 02 2024

a(n) + A368600(n) = A136556(n).

a(6) from Robert P. P. McKone, Jan 02 2024

a(7)-a(8) from Christian Sievers, Jul 25 2024

A369140 Number of labeled loop-graphs covering {1..n} such that it is possible to choose a different vertex from each edge (choosable).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 4, 23, 193, 2133, 29410, 486602, 9395315, 207341153, 5147194204, 141939786588, 4304047703755, 142317774817901, 5095781837539766, 196403997108015332, 8106948166404074281, 356781439557643998591, 16675999433772328981216, 824952192369049982670686

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Jan 20 2024

nonn

These are covering loop-graphs where every connected component has a number of edges less than or equal to the number of vertices in that component. Also covering loop-graphs with at most one cycle (unicyclic) in each connected component.

			The a(0) = 1 through a(3) = 23 loop-graphs (loops shown as singletons):
  {}  {{1}}  {{1,2}}      {{1},{2,3}}
             {{1},{2}}    {{2},{1,3}}
             {{1},{1,2}}  {{3},{1,2}}
             {{2},{1,2}}  {{1,2},{1,3}}
                          {{1,2},{2,3}}
                          {{1},{2},{3}}
                          {{1,3},{2,3}}
                          {{1},{2},{1,3}}
                          {{1},{2},{2,3}}
                          {{1},{3},{1,2}}
                          {{1},{3},{2,3}}
                          {{2},{3},{1,2}}
                          {{2},{3},{1,3}}
                          {{1},{1,2},{1,3}}
                          {{1},{1,2},{2,3}}
                          {{1},{1,3},{2,3}}
                          {{2},{1,2},{1,3}}
                          {{2},{1,2},{2,3}}
                          {{2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                          {{3},{1,2},{1,3}}
                          {{3},{1,2},{2,3}}
                          {{3},{1,3},{2,3}}
                          {{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..200

For a unique choice we have A000272, covering case of A088957.
Without the choice condition we have A322661, unlabeled A322700.
For exactly n edges we have A333331 (maybe), complement A368596.
The case without loops is A367869, covering case of A133686.
This is the covering case of A368927.
The complement is counted by A369142, covering case of A369141.
The unlabeled version is the first differences of A369145.
A000085, A100861, A111924 count set partitions into singletons or pairs.
A006125 counts simple graphs; also loop-graphs if shifted left.
A006129 counts covering graphs, unlabeled A002494.
A054548 counts graphs covering n vertices with k edges, with loops A369199.
A367862 counts graphs with n vertices and n edges, covering A367863.
Cf. A000169, A000666, A003465, A006649, A062740, A116508, A137916, A368924, A368984, A369194.

Table[Length[Select[Subsets[Subsets[Range[n], {1,2}]],Union@@#==Range[n]&&Length[Select[Tuples[#], UnsameQ@@#&]]!=0&]],{n,0,5}]

seq(n)={my(t=-lambertw(-x + O(x*x^n))); Vec(serlaplace(exp(-x + 3*t/2 - 3*t^2/4)/sqrt(1-t) ))} \\ Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

Inverse binomial transform of A368927.
Exponential transform of A369197.
E.g.f.: exp(-x)*exp(3*T(x)/2 - 3*T(x)^2/4)/sqrt(1-T(x)), where T(x) is the e.g.f. of A000169. - Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

a(6) onwards from Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

A369146 Number of unlabeled loop-graphs with up to n vertices such that it is not possible to choose a different vertex from each edge (non-choosable).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 8, 60, 471, 4911, 78797, 2207405, 113740613, 10926218807, 1956363413115, 652335084532025, 405402273420833338, 470568642161119515627, 1023063423471189429817807, 4178849203082023236054797465, 32168008290073542372004072630072, 468053896898117580623237189882068990

Offset: 0

Gus Wiseman, Jan 22 2024

nonn

			The a(0) = 0 through a(3) = 8 loop-graphs (loops shown as singletons):
  .  .  {{1},{2},{1,2}}  {{1},{2},{1,2}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,2}}
                         {{1},{2},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}
                         {{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3}}

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..50

Without the choice condition we have A000666, labeled A006125 (shifted).
For a unique choice we have A087803, labeled A088957.
The case without loops is A140637, labeled A367867 (covering A367868).
For exactly n edges we have A368835, labeled A368596.
The labeled complement is A368927, covering A369140.
The labeled version is A369141, covering A369142.
The complement is counted by A369145, covering A369200.
The covering case is A369147.
A000085, A100861, A111924 count set partitions into singletons or pairs.
A007716 counts non-isomorphic multiset partitions, connected A007718.
A129271 counts connected choosable simple graphs, unlabeled A005703.
A322661 counts labeled covering loop-graphs, unlabeled A322700.
Cf. A000088, A000612, A006649, A062740, A134964, A137917, A140638, A368600, A368984, A369199.

brute[m_]:=First[Sort[Table[Sort[Sort /@ (m/.Rule@@@Table[{(Union@@m)[[i]],p[[i]]}, {i,Length[p]}])], {p,Permutations[Range[Length[Union@@m]]]}]]];
Table[Length[Union[brute /@ Select[Subsets[Subsets[Range[n],{1,2}]], Select[Tuples[#],UnsameQ@@#&]=={}&]]],{n,0,4}]

Partial sums of A369147.

a(n) = A000666(n) - A369145(n). - Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

a(6) onwards from Andrew Howroyd, Feb 02 2024

cp's OEIS Frontend

A089461 Hyperbinomial transform of A088957. Also the row sums of triangle A089460, which lists the coefficients for the second hyperbinomial transform.

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A003024 Number of acyclic digraphs (or DAGs) with n labeled nodes.

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A088956 Triangle, read by rows, of coefficients of the hyperbinomial transform.

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A368927 Number of labeled loop-graphs covering a subset of {1..n} such that it is possible to choose a different vertex from each edge.

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A369141 Number of labeled loop-graphs covering a subset of {1..n} such that it is not possible to choose a different vertex from each edge (non-choosable).

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A003025 Number of n-node labeled acyclic digraphs with 1 out-point.

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