A093875 -id:A093875 - cp's OEIS frontend

A011782 Coefficients of expansion of (1-x)/(1-2*x) in powers of x.

1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384, 32768, 65536, 131072, 262144, 524288, 1048576, 2097152, 4194304, 8388608, 16777216, 33554432, 67108864, 134217728, 268435456, 536870912, 1073741824, 2147483648, 4294967296, 8589934592

Offset: 0

Lee D. Killough (killough(AT)wagner.convex.com)

Apart from initial term, same as A000079 (powers of 2).
Number of compositions (ordered partitions) of n. - Toby Bartels, Aug 27 2003
Number of ways of putting n unlabeled items into (any number of) labeled boxes where every box contains at least one item. Also "unimodal permutations of n items", i.e., those which rise then fall. (E.g., for three items: ABC, ACB, BCA and CBA are unimodal.) - Henry Bottomley, Jan 17 2001
Number of permutations in S_n avoiding the patterns 213 and 312. - Tuwani Albert Tshifhumulo, Apr 20 2001. More generally (see Simion and Schmidt), the number of permutations in S_n avoiding (i) the 123 and 132 patterns; (ii) the 123 and 213 patterns; (iii) the 132 and 213 patterns; (iv) the 132 and 231 patterns; (v) the 132 and 312 patterns; (vi) the 213 and 231 patterns; (vii) the 213 and 312 patterns; (viii) the 231 and 312 patterns; (ix) the 231 and 321 patterns; (x) the 312 and 321 patterns.
a(n+2) is the number of distinct Boolean functions of n variables under action of symmetric group.
Number of unlabeled (1+2)-free posets. - Detlef Pauly, May 25 2003
Image of the central binomial coefficients A000984 under the Riordan array ((1-x), x*(1-x)). - Paul Barry, Mar 18 2005
Binomial transform of (1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, ...); inverse binomial transform of A007051. - Philippe Deléham, Jul 04 2005
Also, number of rationals in [0, 1) whose binary expansions terminate after n bits. - Brad Chalfan, May 29 2006
Equals row sums of triangle A144157. - Gary W. Adamson, Sep 12 2008
Prepend A089067 with a 1, getting (1, 1, 3, 5, 13, 23, 51, ...) as polcoeff A(x); then (1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...) = A(x)/A(x^2). - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 18 2010
An elephant sequence, see A175655. For the central square four A[5] vectors, with decimal values 2, 8, 32 and 128, lead to this sequence. For the corner squares these vectors lead to the companion sequence A094373. - Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 15 2010
From Paul Curtz, Jul 20 2011: (Start)
Array T(m,n) = 2*T(m,n-1) + T(m-1,n):
  1, 1,  2,   4,   8,   16, ... = a(n)
  1, 3,  8,  20,  48,  112, ... = A001792,
  1, 5, 18,  56, 160,  432, ... = A001793,
  1, 7, 32, 120, 400, 1232, ... = A001794,
  1, 9, 50, 220, 840, 2912, ... = A006974, followed with A006975, A006976, gives nonzero coefficients of Chebyshev polynomials of first kind A039991 =
  1,
  1, 0,
  2, 0, -1,
  4, 0, -3, 0,
  8, 0, -8, 0, 1.
T(m,n) third vertical: 2*n^2, n positive (A001105).
Fourth vertical appears in Janet table even rows, last vertical (A168342 array, A138509, rank 3, 13, = A166911)). (End)
A131577(n) and differences are:
  0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
  1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,  = a(n),
  0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
  1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
Number of 2-color necklaces of length 2n equal to their complemented reversal. For length 2n+1, the number is 0. - David W. Wilson, Jan 01 2012
Edges and also central terms of triangle A198069: a(0) = A198069(0,0) and for n > 0: a(n) = A198069(n,0) = A198069(n,2^n) = A198069(n,2^(n-1)). - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 26 2013
These could be called the composition numbers (see the second comment) since the equivalent sequence for partitions is A000041, the partition numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 28 2013
Number of self conjugate integer partitions with exactly n parts for n>=1. - David Christopher, Aug 18 2014
The sequence is the INVERT transform of (1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 16 2015
Number of threshold graphs on n nodes [Hougardy]. - Falk Hüffner, Dec 03 2015
Number of ternary words of length n in which binary subwords appear in the form 10...0. - Milan Janjic, Jan 25 2017
a(n) is the number of words of length n over an alphabet of two letters, of which one letter appears an even number of times (the empty word of length 0 is included). See the analogous odd number case in A131577, and the Balakrishnan reference in A006516 (the 4-letter odd case), pp. 68-69, problems 2.66, 2.67 and 2.68. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jul 17 2017
Number of D-equivalence classes of Łukasiewicz paths. Łukasiewicz paths are D-equivalent iff the positions of pattern D are identical in these paths. - Sergey Kirgizov, Apr 08 2018
Number of color patterns (set partitions) for an oriented row of length n using two or fewer colors (subsets). Two color patterns are equivalent if we permute the colors. For a(4)=8, the 4 achiral patterns are AAAA, AABB, ABAB, and ABBA; the 4 chiral patterns are the 2 pairs AAAB-ABBB and AABA-ABAA. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 30 2018
The determinant of the symmetric n X n matrix M defined by M(i,j) = (-1)^max(i,j) for 1 <= i,j <= n is equal to a(n) * (-1)^(n*(n+1)/2). - Bernard Schott, Dec 29 2018
For n>=1, a(n) is the number of permutations of length n whose cyclic representations can be written in such a way that when the cycle parentheses are removed what remains is 1 through n in natural order. For example, a(4)=8 since there are exactly 8 permutations of this form, namely, (1 2 3 4), (1)(2 3 4), (1 2)(3 4), (1 2 3)(4), (1)(2)(3 4), (1)(2 3)(4), (1 2)(3)(4), and (1)(2)(3)(4). Our result follows readily by conditioning on k, the number of parentheses pairs of the form ")(" in the cyclic representation. Since there are C(n-1,k) ways to insert these in the cyclic representation and since k runs from 0 to n-1, we obtain a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} C(n-1,k) = 2^(n-1). - Dennis P. Walsh, May 23 2020
Maximum number of preimages that a permutation of length n + 1 can have under the consecutive-231-avoiding stack-sorting map. - Colin Defant, Aug 28 2020
a(n) is the number of occurrences of the empty set {} in the von Neumann ordinals from 0 up to n. Each ordinal k is defined as the set of all smaller ordinals: 0 = {}, 1 = {0}, 2 = {0,1}, etc. Since {} is the foundational element of all ordinals, the total number of times it appears grows as powers of 2. - Kyle Wyonch, Mar 30 2025

			G.f. = 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 4*x^3 + 8*x^4 + 16*x^5 + 32*x^6 + 64*x^7 + 128*x^8 + ...
    ( -1   1  -1)
det (  1   1   1)  = 4
    ( -1  -1  -1)

Mohammad K. Azarian, A Generalization of the Climbing Stairs Problem, Mathematics and Computer Education Journal, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 24-28, Winter 1997.
S. Kitaev, Patterns in Permutations and Words, Springer-Verlag, 2011. see p. 399 Table A.7
Xavier Merlin, Methodix Algèbre, Ellipses, 1995, p. 153.

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Michael A. Allen, On a Two-Parameter Family of Generalizations of Pascal's Triangle, arXiv:2209.01377 [math.CO], 2022.
Christopher Bao, Yunseo Choi, Katelyn Gan, and Owen Zhang, On a Conjecture by Baril, Cerbai, Khalil, and Vajnovszki on Two Restricted Stacks, arXiv:2308.09344 [math.CO], 2023.
Jean-Luc Baril, Sergey Kirgizov and Armen Petrossian, Enumeration of Łukasiewicz paths modulo some patterns, arXiv:1804.01293 [math.CO], 2018.
Jean-Luc Baril, Sergey Kirgizov, and Vincent Vajnovszki, Descent distribution on Catalan words avoiding a pattern of length at most three, arXiv:1803.06706 [math.CO], 2018.
Jean-Luc Baril and José Luis Ramírez, Descent distribution on Catalan words avoiding ordered pairs of Relations, arXiv:2302.12741 [math.CO], 2023.
Paul Barry, A Catalan Transform and Related Transformations on Integer Sequences, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 8 (2005), Article 05.4.5.
Christian Bean, Bjarki Gudmundsson, and Henning Ulfarsson, Automatic discovery of structural rules of permutation classes, arXiv:1705.04109 [math.CO], 2017.
Daniel Birmajer, Juan B. Gil, Jordan O. Tirrell, and Michael D. Weiner, Pattern-avoiding stabilized-interval-free permutations, arXiv:2306.03155 [math.CO], 2023.
Joshua P. Bowman, Compositions with an Odd Number of Parts, and Other Congruences, J. Int. Seq (2024) Vol. 27, Art. 24.3.6. See p. 14.
Giulio Cerbai, Anders Claesson, and Luca Ferrari, Stack sorting with restricted stacks, arXiv:1907.08142 [cs.DS], 2019.
Johann Cigler, Some remarks and conjectures related to lattice paths in strips along the x-axis, arXiv:1501.04750 [math.CO], 2015.
Johann Cigler, Recurrences for certain sequences of binomial sums in terms of (generalized) Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials, arXiv:2212.02118 [math.NT], 2022.
Bishal Deb, Cyclic sieving phenomena via combinatorics of continued fractions, arXiv:2508.13709 [math.CO], 2025. See p. 42.
Colin Defant and Kai Zheng, Stack-sorting with consecutive-pattern-avoiding stacks, arXiv:2008.12297 [math.CO], 2020.
John B. Dobson, A matrix variation on Ramus's identity for lacunary sums of binomial coefficients, arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.09361 [math.NT], 2016.
Mareike Fischer, Extremal Values of the Sackin Tree Balance Index, Ann. Comb. (2021) Vol. 25, 515-541, Remark 10.
Juan B. Gil and Jessica A. Tomasko, Fibonacci colored compositions and applications, arXiv:2108.06462 [math.CO], 2021.
Hannah Golab, Pattern avoidance in Cayley permutations, Master's Thesis, Northern Arizona Univ. (2024). See p. 25.
Ricardo Gómez Aíza, Trees with flowers: A catalog of integer partition and integer composition trees with their asymptotic analysis, arXiv:2402.16111 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 23.
Mats Granvik, Alternating powers of 2 as convoluted divisor recurrence
Nickolas Hein and Jia Huang, Variations of the Catalan numbers from some nonassociative binary operations, arXiv:1807.04623 [math.CO], 2018.
Nickolas Hein and Jia Huang, Modular Catalan Numbers, arXiv:1508.01688 [math.CO], 2015-2016. See Table 1.1 p. 2.
S. Heubach and T. Mansour, Counting rises, levels and drops in compositions, arXiv:math/0310197 [math.CO], 2003.
S. Hougardy, Classes of perfect graphs, Discr. Math. 306 (2006), 2529-2571.
Sergey Kitaev, Jeffrey Remmel and Mark Tiefenbruck, Marked mesh patterns in 132-avoiding permutations I, arXiv:1201.6243v1 [math.CO], 2012 (Corollary 3, case k=2, pages 10-11). - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, May 09 2012
Sergey Kitaev, Jeffrey Remmel, and Mark Tiefenbruck, Quadrant Marked Mesh Patterns in 132-Avoiding Permutations II, Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory, Volume 15 #A16. Also on arXiv, arXiv:1302.2274 [math.CO], 2013.
Olivia Nabawanda and Fanja Rakotondrajao, The sets of flattened partitions with forbidden patterns, arXiv:2011.07304 [math.CO], 2020.
R. A. Proctor, Let's Expand Rota's Twelvefold Way for Counting Partitions!, arXiv:math/0606404 [math.CO], 2006-2007.
L. Pudwell, Pattern avoidance in trees (slides from a talk, mentions many sequences), 2012. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Jan 03 2013
Santiago Rojas-Rojas, Camila Muñoz, Edgar Barriga, Pablo Solano, Aldo Delgado, and Carla Hermann-Avigliano, Analytic Evolution for Complex Coupled Tight-Binding Models: Applications to Quantum Light Manipulation, arXiv:2310.12366 [quant-ph], 2023. See p. 12.
R. Simion and F. W. Schmidt, Restricted permutations, European J. Combin., 6, 383-406, 1985, see pp. 392-393.
Christoph Wernhard and Wolfgang Bibel, Learning from Łukasiewicz and Meredith: Investigations into Proof Structures (Extended Version), arXiv:2104.13645 [cs.AI], 2021.
Yan X. Zhang, Four Variations on Graded Posets, arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.00318 [math.CO], 2015.
Index entries for sequences related to Boolean functions
Index to divisibility sequences
Index entries for related partition-counting sequences
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (2).
Index entries for sequences related to Chebyshev polynomials.

Cf. A000670, A051486, A053120, A057711, A080929, A080961, A082138.
Cf. A082139, A082140, A082141, A089067, A144157, A131577, A211216.
Sequences with g.f.'s of the form ((1-x)/(1-2*x))^k: this sequence (k=1), A045623 (k=2), A058396 (k=3), A062109 (k=4), A169792 (k=5), A169793 (k=6), A169794 (k=7), A169795 (k=8), A169796 (k=9), A169797 (k=10).
Cf. A005418 (unoriented), A122746(n-3) (chiral), A016116 (achiral).
Row sums of triangle A100257.
A row of A160232.
Row 2 of A278984.

a011782 n = a011782_list !! n
a011782_list = 1 : scanl1 (+) a011782_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 21 2013

[Floor((1+2^n)/2): n in [0..35]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 21 2011

A011782:= n-> ceil(2^(n-1)): seq(A011782(n), n=0..50); # Wesley Ivan Hurt, Feb 21 2015
with(PolynomialTools):  A011782:=seq(coeftayl((1-x)/(1-2*x), x = 0, k),k=0..10^2); # Muniru A Asiru, Sep 26 2017

f[s_] := Append[s, Ceiling[Plus @@ s]]; Nest[f, {1}, 32] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jul 07 2006 *)
CoefficientList[ Series[(1-x)/(1-2x), {x, 0, 32}], x] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jul 07 2006 *)
Table[Sum[StirlingS2[n, k], {k,0,2}], {n, 0, 30}] (* Robert A. Russell, Apr 25 2018 *)
Join[{1},NestList[2#&,1,40]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 06 2018 *)

PARI
```
{a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, 2^(n-1))};
```

Vec((1-x)/(1-2*x) + O(x^30)) \\ Altug Alkan, Oct 31 2015

def A011782(n): return 1 if n == 0 else 2**(n-1) # Chai Wah Wu, May 11 2022

[sum(stirling_number2(n,j) for j in (0..2)) for n in (0..35)] # G. C. Greubel, Jun 02 2020

a(0) = 1, a(n) = 2^(n-1).
G.f.: (1 - x) / (1 - 2*x) = 1 / (1 - x / (1 - x)). - Michael Somos, Apr 18 2012
E.g.f.: cosh(z)*exp(z) = (exp(2*z) + 1)/2.
a(0) = 1 and for n>0, a(n) = sum of all previous terms.
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n, 2*k). - Paul Barry, Feb 25 2003
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n,k)*(1+(-1)^k)/2. - Paul Barry, May 27 2003
a(n) = floor((1+2^n)/2). - Toby Bartels (toby+sloane(AT)math.ucr.edu), Aug 27 2003
G.f.: Sum_{i>=0} x^i/(1-x)^i. - Jon Perry, Jul 10 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^(n-k)*binomial(k+1, n-k)*binomial(2*k, k). - Paul Barry, Mar 18 2005
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} A055830(n-k, k). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 22 2006
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A098158(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Dec 04 2006
G.f.: 1/(1 - (x + x^2 + x^3 + ...)). - Geoffrey Critzer, Aug 30 2008
a(n) = A000079(n) - A131577(n).
a(n) = A173921(A000079(n)). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 04 2010
a(n) = Sum_{k=2^n..2^(n+1)-1} A093873(k)/A093875(k), sums of rows of the full tree of Kepler's harmonic fractions. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 17 2010
E.g.f.: (exp(2*x)+1)/2 = (G(0) + 1)/2; G(k) = 1 + 2*x/(2*k+1 - x*(2*k+1)/(x + (k+1)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 03 2011
A051049(n) = p(n+1) where p(x) is the unique degree-n polynomial such that p(k) = a(k) for k = 0, 1, ..., n. - Michael Somos, Apr 18 2012
A008619(n) = p(-1) where p(x) is the unique degree-n polynomial such that p(k) = a(k) for k = 0, 1, ..., n. - Michael Somos, Apr 18 2012
INVERT transform is A122367. MOBIUS transform is A123707. EULER transform of A059966. PSUM transform is A000079. PSUMSIGN transform is A078008. BINOMIAL transform is A007051. REVERT transform is A105523. A002866(n) = a(n)*n!. - Michael Somos, Apr 18 2012
G.f.: U(0), where U(k) = 1 + x*(k+3) - x*(k+2)/U(k+1); (continued fraction, 1-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Oct 10 2012
a(n) = A000041(n) + A056823(n). - Omar E. Pol, Aug 31 2013
E.g.f.: E(0), where E(k) = 1 + x/( 2*k+1 - x/E(k+1) ); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 25 2013
G.f.: 1 + x/(1 + x)*( 1 + 3*x/(1 + 3*x)*( 1 + 5*x/(1 + 5*x)*( 1 + 7*x/(1 + 7*x)*( 1 + ... )))). - Peter Bala, May 27 2017
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..2} stirling2(n, k).
G.f.: Sum_{j=0..k} A248925(k,j)*x^j / Product_{j=1..k} 1-j*x with k=2. - Robert A. Russell, Apr 25 2018
a(n) = A053120(n, n), n >= 0, (main diagonal of triangle of Chebyshev's T polynomials). - Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 26 2019

Additional comments from Emeric Deutsch, May 14 2001

Typo corrected by Philippe Deléham, Oct 25 2008

A020651 Denominators in recursive bijection from positive integers to positive rationals (the bijection is f(1) = 1, f(2n) = f(n)+1, f(2n+1) = 1/(f(n)+1)).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 5, 1, 5, 4, 5, 3, 7, 4, 7, 2, 7, 5, 7, 3, 8, 5, 8, 1, 6, 5, 6, 4, 9, 5, 9, 3, 10, 7, 10, 4, 11, 7, 11, 2, 9, 7, 9, 5, 12, 7, 12, 3, 11, 8, 11, 5, 13, 8, 13, 1, 7, 6, 7, 5, 11, 6, 11, 4, 13, 9, 13, 5, 14, 9, 14, 3, 13, 10, 13, 7, 17, 10, 17, 4, 15, 11, 15, 7, 18, 11

Offset: 1

David W. Wilson

If we insert an initial 1, this is the sequence of numerators in left-hand half of Kepler's tree of fractions. Form a tree of fractions by beginning with 1/1 and then giving every node i/j two descendants labeled i/(i+j) and j/(i+j). See A086592 for denominators. See A294442 for the Kepler tree itself.
Level n of the tree consists of 2^n nodes: 1/2; 1/3, 2/3; 1/4, 3/4, 2/5, 3/5; 1 /5, 4/5, 3/7, 4/7, 2/7, 5/7, 3/8, 5/8; ... Fibonacci numbers occur at the right edge this tree, i.e., a(A000225(n)) = A000045(n+1). The fractions are given in their reduced form, thus gcd(A020650(n), A020651(n)) = 1 and gcd(A020651(n), A086592(n)) = 1 for all n. - Antti Karttunen, May 26 2004
A generalization which includes the "rabbit tree" (A226080) and "all rationals tree" (A226130) follows. Suppose that a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h are complex numbers. Let S be the set of numbers defined by these rules: (1) 1 is in S; (2) if x is in S and cx+d is not 0, then U(x) = (ax+b)/(cx+d) is in S; (3) if x is in S and gx+h is not 0, then D(x) = (ex+f)/(gx+h) is in S. If an infinite path in the resulting tree has convergent nodes, then there is some node after which the path is "updown zigzag" ((UoD)o(UoD)o ...) or "downup zigzag" (DoU)o(DoU)o ...). If ag+ch is not 0, then the updown zigzag limit is invariant of x and equals [ae + cf - bg - dh + sqrt(X)]/(2(ag + ch)), where X = (ae + cf - bg - dh)^2 + 4(be + df + ag + ch). If ce + dg is not 0, then the downup zigzag limit is invariant of x and equals [ae + bg - cf - dh + sqrt(Y)]/(2(ce + dg)), where Y = (ae + bg - cf - dh)^2 + 4(af + bh)(ce + dg)) = X. Thus, for the tree A020651, the updown zigzag limit is -1 + sqrt(2) and the downup zigzag limit, sqrt(2). - Clark Kimberling, Nov 10 2013
From Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 13 2014: (Start)
If the terms (n > 0) are written as an array (left-aligned fashion) with rows of length 2^m, m = 0,1,2,3,...
   1,
   1,2,
   1,3,2,3,
   1,4,3,4,2,5,3,5,
   1,5,4,5,3,7,4,7,2, 7,5, 7,3, 8,5, 8,
   1,6,5,6,4,9,5,9,3,10,7,10,4,11,7,11,2,9,7,9,5,12,7,12,3,11,8,11,5,13,8,13,
then the sum of the m-th row is 3^m (m = 0,1,2,), and each column is an arithmetic sequence. The differences of the arithmetic sequences, except the first on the left, give the sequence A093873 (Numerators in Kepler's tree of harmonic fractions) (a(2^(m+1)-1-k) - a(2^m-1-k) = A093873(k), m = 0,1,2,..., k = 0,1,2,...,2^m-1).
If the rows are written in a right-aligned fashion:
                                                                          1,
                                                                       1, 2,
                                                                  1, 3,2, 3,
                                                        1, 4,3, 4,2, 5,3, 5,
                                      1,5,4,5,3, 7,4, 7,2, 7,5, 7,3, 8,5, 8,
  1,6,5,6,4,9,5,9,3,10,7,10,4,11,7,11,2,9,7,9,5,12,7,12,3,11,8,11,5,13,8,13,
then each column k is a Fibonacci sequence. (End)
For m >= 0, a(2^m) = 1 and a(3*2^m) = 2. For n >= 0, a(A070875(n)) = 3 (for m >= 0, a(5*2^m) = 3 and a(7*2^m) = 3). - Yosu Yurramendi, Jun 02 2016

			1, 2, 1/2, 3, 1/3, 3/2, 2/3, 4, 1/4, 4/3, ...

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
D. N. Andreev, On a Wonderful Numbering of Positive Rational Numbers, Matematicheskoe Prosveshchenie, Series 3, volume 1, 1997, pages 126-134 (in Russian). a(n) = denominator of r(n).
Godofredo Iommi and Mario Ponce, Odometers in non-compact spaces, arXiv:2404.03768 [math.DS], 2024. See p. 19.
Johannes Kepler, Excerpt from the Chapter II of the Book III of the Harmony of the World: On the seven harmonic divisions of the string (illustrates the A020651/A086592-tree).
Pelegrí Viader, Jaume Paradís and Lluís Bibiloni, A New Light on Minkowski's ?(x) Function, J. Number Theory, 73 (2) (1998), 212-227. See p. 215.
Shen Yu-Ting, A Natural Enumeration of Non-Negative Rational Numbers -- An Informal Discussion, American Mathematical Monthly, volume 87, number 1, January 1980, pages 25-29. a(n) = denominator of gamma_n.
Index entries for fraction trees
Index entries for sequences related to music

See A294442 and A093873/A093875 for two different versions of the Kepler tree.

Cf. A020650, A086592.

import Data.List (transpose); import Data.Ratio (denominator)
a020651_list = map denominator ks where
   ks = 1 : concat (transpose [map (+ 1) ks, map (recip . (+ 1)) ks])
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 22 2014

A020651 := n -> `if`((n < 2),n,`if`(type(n,even), A020651(n/2), A020650(n-1)));

f[1] = 1; f[n_?EvenQ] := f[n] = f[n/2]+1; f[n_?OddQ] := f[n] = 1/(f[(n-1)/2]+1); a[n_] := Denominator[f[n]]; Table[a[n], {n, 1, 94}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 22 2011 *)

N <- 25 # arbitrary
a <- c(1,1,2)
for(n in 1:N){
  a[4*n]   <- a[2*n]
  a[4*n+1] <- a[2*n] + a[2*n+1]
  a[4*n+2] <-          a[2*n+1]
  a[4*n+3] <- a[2*n] + a[2*n+1]
}
a
# Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 13 2014

a(1) = 1, a(2n) = a(n), a(2n+1) = A020650(2n). - Antti Karttunen, May 26 2004
a(2n) = A020650(2n+1). - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 17 2014
a(2^m + k) = A093873(2^(m+1) + k) = A093873(2^(m+1) + 2^m + k), m >= 0, 0 <= k < 2^m. - Yosu Yurramendi, May 18 2016
a(2^m + 2^r + k) = A093873(2^r + k)*(m-(r-1)) + A093873(k), m >= 0, r <= m-1, 0 <= k < 2^r. For k=0 A093873(0) = 0 is needed. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 30 2016
a((2n+1)*2^m) = A086592(n), m >= 0, n > 0. For n = 0 A086592(0) = 1 is needed. - Yosu Yurramendi, Feb 14 2017
a(4n+2) = a(4n+1) - a(4n) = a(2n+1) = a(4n+1) - a(n), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, May 08 2018
a(1) = 1, a(n+1) = 2*floor(1/a(n))+1-1/a(n). - Jan Malý, Jul 30 2019
a(n) = A002487(A231551(n)), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 15 2021

Entry revised by N. J. A. Sloane, May 24 2004

A071585 Numerator of the continued fraction expansion whose terms are the first-order differences of exponents in the binary representation of 4*n, with the exponents of 2 being listed in descending order.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 5, 7, 7, 8, 6, 9, 10, 11, 9, 12, 11, 13, 6, 9, 10, 11, 9, 12, 11, 13, 7, 11, 13, 14, 13, 17, 15, 18, 11, 16, 17, 19, 14, 19, 18, 21, 7, 11, 13, 14, 13, 17, 15, 18, 11, 16, 17, 19, 14, 19, 18, 21, 8, 13, 16, 17, 17, 22, 19, 23, 16, 23, 24, 27, 19

Offset: 0

Paul D. Hanna, Jun 01 2002

Thus a(n)/a(m) = d_1 + 1/(d_2 + 1/(d_3 + ... + 1/d_k)) where m = n - 2^floor(log_2(n)) + 1 and where d_j = b_j - b_(j+1) are the differences of the binary exponents b_j > b_(j+1) defined by: 4*n = 2^b_1 + 2^b_2 + 2^b_3 + ... 2^b_k.
All the rationals are uniquely represented by this sequence - compare Stern's diatomic sequence A002487.
This sequence lists the rationals >= 1 in order by the sum of the terms of their continued fraction expansions. For example, the numerators generated from partitions of 5 that do not end with 1 are listed together as 5, 7, 7, 8, 5, 7, 7, 8, since: 5/1 = [5]; 7/2 = [3;2]; 7/3 = [2;3]; 8/3 = [2;1,2]; 5/4 = [1;4]; 7/5 = [1;2,2]; 7/4 = [1;1,3]; 8/5 = [1;1,1,2].
From Yosu Yurramendi, Jun 23 2014: (Start)
If the terms (n>0) are written as an array:
  1,
  2,
  3, 3,
  4, 5, 4, 5,
  5, 7, 7, 8, 5, 7, 7, 8,
  6, 9,10,11, 9,12,11,13, 6, 9,10,11, 9,12,11,13,
  7,11,13,14,13,17,15,18,11,16,17,19,14,19,18,21,7,11,13,14,13,17,15,18,11, ...
then the sum of the k-th row is 2*3^(k-2) for k>1, each column is an arithmetic progression. The differences of the arithmetic sequences give the sequence A071585 itself: a(2^(p+1)+k) - a(2^p+k) = a(k). A002487 and A007306 also have these properties. The first terms of columns, excluding a(0), give A086593.
If the rows (n>0) are written on right:
                                                         1;
                                                         2;
                                                     3,  3;
                                             4,  5,  4,  5;
                               5, 7,  7,  8, 5,  7,  7,  8;
  6, 9, 10, 11, 9, 12, 11, 13, 6, 9, 10, 11, 9, 12, 11, 13;
then each column is a Fibonacci sequence: a(2^(p+2)+k) = a(2^(p+1)+k) + a(2^p+k). The first terms of columns, excluding a(0), give A086593. (End)
n>1 occurs in this sequence phi(n) = A000010(n) times, as it occurs in A007306 (Franklin T. Adams-Watters's comment), that is the sequence obtained by adding numerator and denominator in the Calkin-Wilf enumeration system of positive rationals. A229742(n)/A071766(n) is also an enumeration system of all positive rationals (HCS system), and in each level m >= 0 (ranks between 2^m and 2^(m+1)-1) rationals are the same in both systems. Thus a(n) (A229742(n)+A071766(n)) has the same terms in each level as A007306. The same property occurs in all numerator+denominator sequences of enumeration systems of positive rationals, as, for example, A007306 (A007305+A047679), A086592 (A020650+A020651), and A268087 (A162909+A162910). - Yosu Yurramendi, Apr 06 2016
a(n) = A086592(A059893(n)), a(A059893(n)) = A086592(n), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, May 30 2017

			a(37)=17 as it is the numerator of 17/5 = 3 + 1/(2 + 1/2), which is a continued fraction that can be derived from the binary expansion of 4*37 = 2^7 + 2^4 + 2^2; the binary exponents are {7, 4, 2}, thus the differences of these exponents are {3, 2, 2}; giving the continued fraction expansion of 17/5=[3,2,2].
Illustration of Sum_{m=0..2^(k-1)-1} a(2^k + m) = 3^k:
k=2: 3^2 = a(2^2) + a(2^2 + 1) = 4 + 5;
k=3: 3^3 = a(2^3) + a(2^3 + 1) + a(2^3 + 2) + a(2^3 + 3) = 5 + 7 + 7 + 8;
k=4: 3^4 = a(2^4) + a(2^4+1) + a(2^4+2) + a(2^4+3) + a(2^4+4) + a(2^4+5) + a(2^4+6) + a(2^4+7) = 6 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 9 + 12 + 11 + 13.
1, 2, 3, 3/2, 4, 5/2, 4/3, 5/3, 5, 7/2, 7/3, 8/3, 5/4, 7/5, 7/4, 8/5, 6, ...
From _Yosu Yurramendi_, Jun 27 2014: (Start)
a(0) =             = 1;
a(1) = a(0) + a(0) = 2;
a(2) = a(0) + a(1) = 3;
a(3) = a(1) + a(0) = 3;
a(4) = a(0) + a(2) = 4;
a(5) = a(1) + a(3) = 5;
a(6) = a(2) + a(0) = 4;
a(7) = a(3) + a(1) = 5;
a(8) = a(0) + a(4) = 5;
a(9) = a(1) + a(5) = 7;
a(10) = a(2) + a(6) = 7;
a(11) = a(3) + a(7) = 8;
a(12) = a(4) + a(0) = 5;
a(13) = a(5) + a(1) = 7;
a(14) = a(6) + a(2) = 7;
a(15) = a(7) + a(3) = 8. (End)

Paul D. Hanna, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Index entries for fraction trees

Cf. A071766.

ncf[n_]:=Module[{br=Reverse[Flatten[Position[Reverse[IntegerDigits[4 n,2]],1]-1]]}, Numerator[FromContinuedFraction[Flatten[Join[{Abs[ Differences[ br]],Last[br]}]]]]]; Join[{1},Array[ncf,80]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 01 2012 *)
{1}~Join~Table[Numerator@ FromContinuedFraction@ Append[Abs@ Differences@ #, Last@ #] &@ Log2[NumberExpand[4 n, 2] /. 0 -> Nothing], {n, 120}] (* Version 11, or *)
{1}~Join~Table[Numerator@ FromContinuedFraction@ Append[Abs@ Differences@ #, Last@ #] &@ Log2@ DeleteCases[# Reverse[2^Range[0, Length@ # - 1]] &@ IntegerDigits[4 n, 2], k_ /; k == 0], {n, 120}] (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 15 2016 *)

blocklevel <- 7  # arbitrary
a <- c(1,2)
for(k in 1:blocklevel)
a <- c(a, a + c(a[((length(a)/2)+1):length(a)],a[1:(length(a)/2)]))
a
# Yosu Yurramendi, Jun 26 2014

blocklevel <- 7  # arbitrary
a <- c(1,2)
for(p in 0:blocklevel)
  for(k in 1:2^(p+1)){
    if (k <=  2^p) a[k + 2^(p+1)] = a[k] + a[k + 2^p]
    else           a[k + 2^(p+1)] = a[k] + a[k - 2^p]
}
a
# Yosu Yurramendi, Jun 27 2014

a(2^k + 2^j + m) = (k-j)*a(2^j + m) + a(m) when 2^k > 2^j > m >= 0.
a(0) = 1, a(2^k) = k + 2,
a(2^k + 1) = 2*k + 1 (k>0),
a(2^k + 2) = 3*k - 2 (k>1),
a(2^k + 3) = 3*k - 1 (k>1),
a(2^k + 4) = 4*k - 7 (k>2).
a(2^k - 1) = Fibonacci(k+2) = A000045(k+2).
Sum_{m=0..2^(k-1)-1} a(2^k + m) = 3^k (k>0).
From Yosu Yurramendi, Jun 27 2014: (Start)
Write n = k + 2^(m+1), k = 0,1,2,...,2^(m+1)-1, m = 0,1,2,...
if 0 <= k < 2^m, a(k + 2^(m+1)) = a(k) + a(k + 2^m).
if 2^m <= k < 2^(m+1), a(k + 2^(m+1)) = a(k) + a(k - 2^m).
with a(0)=1, a(1)=2. (End)
a(n) = A059893(A086592(n)), n>0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Apr 09 2016
a(n) = A093873(n) + A093875(n), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 22 2016
a(n) = A093873(2n) + A093873(2n+1), n > 0; a(n) = A093875(2n) = A093875(2n+1), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 25 2016
a(n) = sqrt(A071766(2^(m+1)+n)*A229742(2^(m+1)+n) - A071766(2^m+n)*A229742(2^m+n)), for n > 0, where m = floor(log_2(n)+1). - Yosu Yurramendi, Jun 10 2019
a(n) = A007306(A059893(A233279(n))), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Aug 07 2021
a(n) = A007306(A059894(A006068(n))), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Sep 29 2021
Conjecture: a(n) = a(floor(n/2)) + Sum_{k=1..A000120(n)} a(b(n, k))*(-1)^(k-1) for n > 0 with a(0) = 1 where b(n, k) = A025480(b(n, k-1) - 1) for n > 0, k > 0 with b(n, 0) = n. - Mikhail Kurkov, Feb 20 2023

A093873 Numerators in Kepler's tree of harmonic fractions.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 5, 1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 5, 1, 5, 4, 5, 3, 7, 4, 7, 2, 7, 5, 7, 3, 8, 5, 8, 1, 5, 4, 5, 3, 7, 4, 7, 2, 7, 5, 7, 3, 8, 5, 8, 1, 6, 5, 6, 4, 9, 5, 9, 3, 10, 7, 10, 4, 11, 7, 11, 2, 9, 7, 9, 5, 12, 7, 12, 3, 11, 8, 11, 5, 13, 8, 13, 1, 6

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane and Reinhard Zumkeller, May 24 2004

Form a tree of fractions by beginning with 1/1 and then giving every node i/j two descendants labeled i/(i+j) and j/(i+j).

			The first few fractions are:
1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 5 3 5 1 4 3 4 2 5 3 5
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ...
1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 8 8 5 5 7 7 7 7 8 8

R. Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Johannes Kepler, Harmonices Mundi, Liber III, see p. 27.
Index entries for fraction trees
Index entries for sequences related to music

The denominators are in A093875. Usually one only considers the left-hand half of the tree, which gives the fractions A020651/A086592. See A086592 for more information, references to Kepler, etc.

See A294442 for another version of Kepler's tree of fractions.

{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
import Data.Ratio((%), numerator, denominator)
rat :: Rational -> (Integer,Integer)
rat r = (numerator r, denominator r)
data Harmony = Harmony Harmony Rational Harmony
rows :: Harmony -> [[Rational]]
rows (Harmony hL r hR) = [r] : zipWith (++) (rows hL) (rows hR)
kepler :: Rational -> Harmony
kepler r = Harmony (kepler (i%(i+j))) r (kepler (j%(i+j)))
           where (rat -> (i,j)) = r
-- Full tree of Kepler's harmonic fractions:
k = rows $ kepler 1 :: [[Rational]] -- as list of lists
h = concat k :: [Rational] -- flattened
a093873 n = numerator $ h !! (n - 1)
a093875 n = denominator $ h !! (n - 1)
a011782 n = numerator $ (map sum k) !! n -- denominator == 1
-- length (k !! n) == 2^n
-- numerator $ (map last k) !! n == fibonacci (n + 1)
-- denominator $ (map last k) !! n == fibonacci (n + 2)
-- numerator $ (map maximum k) !! n == n
-- denominator $ (map maximum k) !! n == n + 1
-- eop.
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 17 2010

M:= 8: # to get a(1) .. a(2^M-1)
gen[1]:= [1];
for n from 2 to M do
  gen[n]:= map(t -> (numer(t)/(numer(t)+denom(t)),
      denom(t)/(numer(t)+denom(t))), gen[n-1]);
od:
seq(op(map(numer,gen[i])),i=1..M): # Robert Israel, Jan 11 2016

num[1] = num[2] = 1; den[1] = 1; den[2] = 2; num[n_?EvenQ] := num[n] = num[n/2]; den[n_?EvenQ] := den[n] = num[n/2] + den[n/2]; num[n_?OddQ] := num[n] = den[(n-1)/2]; den[n_?OddQ] := den[n] = num[(n-1)/2] + den[(n-1)/2]; A093873 = Table[num[n], {n, 1, 97}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 16 2011 *)

a(n) = a([n/2])*(1 - n mod 2) + A093875([n/2])*(n mod 2).
a(A029744(n-1)) = 1; a(A070875(n-1)) = 2; a(A123760(n-1)) = 3. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 13 2006
A011782(k) = SUM(a(n)/A093875(n): 2^k<=n<2^(k+1)), k>=0. [Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 17 2010]
a(1) =  1. For all n>0  a(2n) =  a(n), a(2n+1) =  A093875(n). - Yosu Yurramendi, Jan 09 2016
a(4n+3) = a(4n+1), a(4n+2) = a(4n+1) - a(4n), a(4n+1) = A071585(n). - Yosu Yurramendi, Jan 11 2016
G.f. G(x) satisfies G(x) = x + (1+x) G(x^2) + Sum_{k>=2} x (1+x^(2^(k-1))) G(x^(2^k)). - Robert Israel, Jan 11 2016
a(2^(m+1)+k) = a(2^(m+1)+2^m+k) = A020651(2^m+k), m>=0, 0<=k<2^m. - Yosu Yurramendi, May 18 2016
a(k) = A020651(2^(m+1)+k) - A020651(2^m+k), m>0, 0Yosu Yurramendi, Jun 01 2016
a(2^(m+1)+k) - a(2^m+k) = a(k) , m >=0, 0 <= k < 2^m. For k=0 a(0)=0 is needed. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 22 2016
a(2^(m+2)-1-k) = a(2^(m+1)-1-k) + a(2^m-1-k), m >= 1, 0 <= k < 2^m. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 22 2016
a(2^m-1-(2^r -1)) = A000045(m-r), m >= 1, 0 <= r <= m-1. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 22 2016
a(2^m+2^r) = m-r, , m >= 1, 0 <= r <= m-1 ; a(2^m+2^r+2^(r-1)) = m-(r-1), m >= 2, 0 <= r <= m-1. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 22 2016
A093875(2n) - a(2n) = A093875(n), n > 0; A093875(2n+1) - a(2n+1) = a(n), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Jul 23 2016

A086592 Denominators in left-hand half of Kepler's tree of fractions.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 6, 6, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 9, 9, 12, 12, 11, 11, 13, 13, 7, 7, 11, 11, 13, 13, 14, 14, 13, 13, 17, 17, 15, 15, 18, 18, 11, 11, 16, 16, 17, 17, 19, 19, 14, 14, 19, 19, 18, 18, 21, 21, 8, 8, 13, 13, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17, 17, 22, 22, 19, 19, 23

Offset: 1

Antti Karttunen, Aug 28 2003

Form a tree of fractions by beginning with 1/1 and then giving every node i/j two descendants labeled i/(i+j) and j/(i+j).
Level n of the left-hand half of the tree consists of 2^(n-1) nodes: 1/2; 1/3, 2/3; 1/4, 3/4, 2/5, 3/5; 1/5, 4/5, 3/7, 4/7, 2/7, 5/7, 3/8, 5/8; ... .
The right-hand half is identical to the left-hand half. - Michel Dekking, Oct 05 2017
n>1 occurs in this sequence phi(n) = A000010(n) times, as it occurs in A007306 (Franklin T. Adams-Watters' comment), that is the sequence obtained by adding numerator and denominator in the Calkin-Wilf enumeration system of positive rationals. A020650(n)/A020651(n) is also an enumeration system of all positive rationals (Yu-Ting system), and in each level m >= 0 (ranks between 2^m and 2^(m+1)-1) rationals are the same in both systems. Thus a(n) has the same terms in each level as A007306. The same property occurs in all numerator+denominator sequences of enumeration systems of positive rationals, as, for example, A007306 (A007305+A047679), A071585 (A229742+A071766), and A268087 (A162909+A162910). - Yosu Yurramendi, Apr 06 2016

Johannes Kepler, Mysterium cosmographicum, Tuebingen, 1596, 1621, Caput XII.
Johannes Kepler, Harmonice Mundi, Linz, 1619, Liber III, Caput II.
Johannes Kepler, The Harmony of the World [1619], trans. E. J. Aiton, A. M. Duncan and J. V. Field, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1997, p. 163.

Johannes Kepler, Harmonices mundi libri V ... (A Latin original scanned in Internet Archive. The fraction-tree is illustrated on the page 27 of the third book (Liber III), which is on the page 117 of the PDF-document.)
Johannes Kepler, Excerpt from the Chapter II of the Book III of the Harmony of the World: On the seven harmonic divisions of the string (Illustrates the A020651/A086592-tree).
OEIS Wiki, Historical sequences
Pelegrí Viader, Jaume Paradís and Lluís Bibiloni, A New Light on Minkowski's ?(x) Function, J. Number Theory, 73 (2) (1998), 212-227. See p. 215.
Index entries for fraction trees
Index entries for sequences related to music

Bisection of A020650.
See A093873/A093875 for the full tree.
A020651 gives the numerators. Bisection: A086593. Cf. A002487, A004169.

(* b = A020650 *) b[1] = 1; b[2] = 2; b[3] = 1; b[n_] := b[n] = Switch[ Mod[n, 4], 0, b[n/2 + 1] + b[n/2], 1, b[(n - 1)/2 + 1], 2, b[(n - 2)/2 + 1] + b[(n - 2)/2], 3, b[(n - 3)/2]]; a[n_] := b[2n]; Array[a, 100] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 22 2016 *)

maxlevel <- 15
d <- c(1,2)
for(m in 0:maxlevel)
for(k in 1:2^m) {
   d[2^(m+1)    +k] <- d[k] + d[2^m+k]
   d[2^(m+1)+2^m+k] <- d[2^(m+1)+k]
}
b <- vector()
for(m in 0:maxlevel) for(k in 0:(2^m-1)) b[2^m+k] <- d[2^(m+1)+k]
a <- vector()
for(n in 1:2^maxlevel) {a[2*n-1] <- b[n]; a[2*n] <- b[n+1]}
a[1:128]
# Yosu Yurramendi, May 16 2018

a(n) = A020650(n) + A020651(n) = A020650(2n).
a(n) = A071585(A059893(n)), a(A059893(n)) = A071585(n), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, May 30 2017
a(2*n-1) = A086593(n); a(2*n) = A086593(n+1), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, May 16 2018
a(n) = A007306(A231551(n)), n > 0. - Yosu Yurramendi, Aug 07 2021

Entry revised by N. J. A. Sloane, May 24 2004

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A011782 Coefficients of expansion of (1-x)/(1-2*x) in powers of x.

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A020651 Denominators in recursive bijection from positive integers to positive rationals (the bijection is f(1) = 1, f(2n) = f(n)+1, f(2n+1) = 1/(f(n)+1)).

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A071585 Numerator of the continued fraction expansion whose terms are the first-order differences of exponents in the binary representation of 4*n, with the exponents of 2 being listed in descending order.

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A093873 Numerators in Kepler's tree of harmonic fractions.

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A086592 Denominators in left-hand half of Kepler's tree of fractions.

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A095726 Location of records in denominators of Kepler's tree of harmonic fractions.

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