A128235 -id:A128235 - cp's OEIS frontend

A002697 a(n) = n*4^(n-1).

0, 1, 8, 48, 256, 1280, 6144, 28672, 131072, 589824, 2621440, 11534336, 50331648, 218103808, 939524096, 4026531840, 17179869184, 73014444032, 309237645312, 1305670057984, 5497558138880, 23089744183296

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Coefficient of x^(2n-2) in Chebyshev polynomial T(2n) is -a(n).
Let M_n be the n X n matrix m_(i,j) = 1 + 2*abs(i-j); then det(M_n) = (-1)^(n-1)*a(n-1). - Benoit Cloitre, May 28 2002
Number of subsequences 00 in all words of length n+1 on the alphabet {0,1,2,3}. Example: a(2)=8 because we have 000,001,002,003,100,200,300 (the other 57=A125145(3) words of length 3 have no subsequences 00). a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} k*A128235(n+1, k). - Emeric Deutsch, Feb 27 2007
Let P(A) be the power set of an n-element set A. Then a(n) = the sum of the size of the symmetric difference of x and y for every subset {x,y} of P(A). - Ross La Haye, Dec 30 2007 (See the comment from Bernard Schott below.)
Let P(A) be the power set of an n-element set A and B be the Cartesian product of P(A) with itself. Then remove (y,x) from B when (x,y) is in B and x != y and call this R35. Then a(n) = the sum of the size of the symmetric difference of x and y for every (x,y) of R35. [proposed edit of comment just above; by Ross La Haye]
The numbers in this sequence are the Wiener indices of the graphs of n-cubes (Boolean hypercubes). For example, the 3-cube is the graph of the standard cube whose Wiener index is 48. - K.V.Iyer, Feb 26 2009
From Gary W. Adamson, Sep 06 2009: (Start)
Starting (1, 8, 48, ...) = 4th binomial transform of [1, 4, 0, 0, 0, ...].
Equals the sum of terms in 2^n X 2^n semi-magic square arrays in which each row and column is composed of a binomial frequency of terms in the set (1, 3, 5, 7, ...).
The first few such arrays = [1] [1,3; 3,1]; /Q.
  [1, 3, 5, 3;
   3, 1, 3, 5;
   5, 3, 1, 3;
   3, 5, 3, 1]
(sum of terms = 48, with a binomial frequency of (1, 2, 1) as to (1, 3, 5) in each row and column)
  [1, 3, 5, 3, 5, 7, 5, 3;
   3, 1, 3, 5, 7, 5, 3, 5;
   5, 3, 1, 3, 5, 3, 5, 7;
   3, 5, 3, 1, 3, 5, 7, 5;
   5, 7, 5, 3, 1, 3, 5, 3;
   7, 5, 3, 5, 3, 1, 3, 5;
   5, 3, 5, 7, 5, 3, 1, 3;
   3, 5, 7, 5, 3, 5, 3, 1]
(sum of terms = 256, with each row and column composed of one 1, three 3's, three 5's, and one 7)
... (End)
Let P(A) be the power set of an n-element set A and B be the Cartesian product of P(A) with itself. Then a(n) = the sum of the size of the intersection of x and y for every (x,y) of B. - Ross La Haye, Jan 05 2013
Following the last comment of Ross, A002699 is the similar sequence when "intersection" is replaced by "symmetric difference" and A212698 is the similar sequence when "intersection" is replaced by "union". - Bernard Schott, Jan 04 2013
Also, following the first comment of Ross, A082134 is the similar sequence when "symmetric difference" is replaced by "intersection" and A133224 is the similar sequence when "symmetric difference" is replaced by "union". - Bernard Schott, Jan 15 2013
Let [n] denote the set {1,2,3,...,n} and denote an n-permutation of the elements of [n] by p = p(1)p(2)p(3)...p(n), where p(i) is the i-th entry in the linear order given by p. Then (p(i),p(j)) is an inversion of p if i < j but p(i) > p(j). Denote the number of inversions of p by inv(p) and call a 2n-permutation p = p(1)p(2)...p(2n) 2-ordered if p(1) < p(3) < ... < p(2n-1) and p(2) < p(4) < ... < p(2n). Then Sum(inv(p)) = n*4^(n-1), where the sum is taken over all 2-ordered 2n-permutations of p. See Bona reference below. - Ross La Haye, Jan 21 2014
Sum over all peaks of Dyck paths of semilength n of the product of the x and y coordinates. - Alois P. Heinz, May 29 2015
Sum of the number of all edges over all j-dimensional subcubes of the boolean hypercube graph of dimension n, Q_n, for all j, so a(n) = Sum_{j=1..n} binomial(n,j)*2^(n-j) * j*2^(j-1). - Constantinos Kourouzides, Mar 24 2024

			From _Bernard Schott_, Jan 04 2013: (Start)
See the comment about intersection of X and Y.
If A={b,c}, then in P(A) we have:
{b}Inter{b}={b},
{b}Inter{b,c}={b},
{c}Inter{c}={c},
{c}Inter{b,c}={c},
{b,c}Inter{b}={b},
{b,c}Inter{c}={c},
{b,c}Inter{b,c}={b,c}
and : #{b}+ #{b}+ #{c}+ #{c}+ #{b}+ #{c}+ #{b,c} = 8 = 2*4^(2-1) = a(2).
The other intersections are empty.
(End)

Miklos Bona, Combinatorics of Permutations, Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2004, pp. 1, 43, 64.
C. Lanczos, Applied Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1956, p. 516.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Danny Rorabaugh, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
F. Ellermann, Illustration of binomial transforms
Samuele Giraudo, Pluriassociative algebras I: The pluriassociative operad, arXiv:1603.01040 [math.CO], 2016.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 414
Milan Janjić, Pascal Matrices and Restricted Words, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 21 (2018), Article 18.5.2.
Constantinos Kourouzides, A double counting argument on the hypercube graph
Ross La Haye, Binary Relations on the Power Set of an n-Element Set, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 12 (2009), Article 09.2.6.
C. Lanczos, Applied Analysis (Annotated scans of selected pages)
Aleksandar Petojević, A Note about the Pochhammer Symbol, Mathematica Moravica, Vol. 12-1 (2008), 37-42.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hypercube Graph
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Wiener Index
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (8,-16).

Cf. A000051, A000302, A000984, A001792, A002457, A002699, A027656, A038231, A082134, A083672, A125145, A128235, A133224, A212698.

A002697:=1/(4*z-1)**2; # conjectured by Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
A002697:=n->n*4^(n-1): seq(A002697(n), n=0..30); # Wesley Ivan Hurt, Mar 30 2014

Table[n 4^(n - 1), {n, 0, 30}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 18 2012 *)
LinearRecurrence[{8, -16}, {0, 1}, 30] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 18 2012 *)
CoefficientList[Series[x/(1 - 4 x)^2, {x, 0, 20}], x] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Sep 08 2017 *)

PARI
```
a(n)=if(n<0,0,n*4^(n-1))
```

[n*4^(n-1) for n in range(22)] # Danny Rorabaugh, Mar 27 2015

a(n) = n*4^(n-1).
G.f.: x/(1-4x)^2. a(n+1) is the convolution of powers of 4 (A000302). - Wolfdieter Lang, May 16 2003
Third binomial transform of n. E.g.f.: x*exp(4x). - Paul Barry, Jul 22 2003
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} k*binomial(2*n, 2*k). - Benoit Cloitre, Jul 30 2003
For n>=0, a(n+1) = Sum_{i+j+k+l=n} binomial(2i, i)*binomial(2j, j)*binomial(2k, k)*binomial(2l, l). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 22 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} 4^(n-k)*binomial(n-k+1, k)*binomial(1, (k+1)/2)*(1-(-1)^k)/2. - Paul Barry, Oct 15 2004
Sum_{n>0} 1/a(n) = 8*log(2) - 4*log(3). - Jaume Oliver Lafont, Sep 11 2009
a(0) = 0, a(n) = 4*a(n-1) + 4^(n-1). - Vincenzo Librandi, Dec 31 2010
a(n+1) is the convolution of A000984 with A002457. - Rui Duarte, Oct 08 2011
a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1, a(n) = 8*a(n-1) - 16*a(n-2). - Harvey P. Dale, Jan 18 2012
a(n) = A002699(n)/2 = A212698(n)/3. - Bernard Schott, Jan 04 2013
G.f.: W(0)*x/2 , where W(k) = 1 + 1/( 1 - 4*x*(k+2)/( 4*x*(k+2) + (k+1)/W(k+1) )); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 19 2013
Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = 4*log(5/4). - Amiram Eldar, Oct 28 2020
a(n) = (1/2)*Sum_{k=0..n} k*binomial(2*n, k). Compare this with the formula of Benoit Cloitre above. - Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 12 2021
a(n) = (-1)^(n-1)*det(M(n)) for n > 0, where M(n) is the n X n symmetric Toeplitz matrix whose first row consists of 1, 3, ..., 2*n-1. - Stefano Spezia, Aug 04 2022

A125145 a(n) = 3a(n-1) + 3a(n-2). a(0) = 1, a(1) = 4.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 15, 57, 216, 819, 3105, 11772, 44631, 169209, 641520, 2432187, 9221121, 34959924, 132543135, 502509177, 1905156936, 7222998339, 27384465825, 103822392492, 393620574951, 1492328902329, 5657848431840, 21450532002507

Offset: 0

Tanya Khovanova, Jan 11 2007

Number of aa-avoiding words of length n on the alphabet {a,b,c,d}.
Equals row 3 of the array shown in A180165, the INVERT transform of A028859 and the INVERTi transform of A086347. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 14 2010
From Tom Copeland, Nov 08 2014: (Start)
This array is one of a family related by compositions of C(x)= [1-sqrt(1-4x)]/2, an o.g.f. for A000108; its inverse Cinv(x) = x(1-x); and the special Mobius transformation P(x,t) = x / (1+t*x) with inverse P(x,-t) in x. Cf. A091867.
O.g.f.: G(x) = P[P[P[-Cinv(-x),-1],-1],-1] = P[-Cinv(-x),-3] = x*(1+x)/[1-3x(1-x)]= x*A125145(x).
Ginv(x) = -C[-P(x,3)] = [-1 + sqrt(1+4x/(1+3x))]/2 = x*A104455(-x).
G(-x) = -x(1-x) * [ 1 - 3*[x*(1+x)] + 3^2*[x*(1+x)]^2 - ...] , and so this array is related to finite differences in the row sums of A030528 * Diag((-3)^1,3^2,(-3)^3,..). (Cf. A146559.)
The inverse of -G(-x) is C[-P(-x,3)]= [1 - sqrt(1-4x/(1-3x))]/2 = x*A104455(x). (End)
Number of 3-compositions of n+1 restricted to parts 1 and 2 (and allowed zeros); see Hopkins & Ouvry reference. - Brian Hopkins, Aug 16 2020

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Jean-Paul Allouche, Jeffrey Shallit, and Manon Stipulanti, Combinatorics on words and generating Dirichlet series of automatic sequences, arXiv:2401.13524 [math.CO], 2025. See p. 14.
Joerg Arndt, Matters Computational (The Fxtbook)
D. Birmajer, J. B. Gil, and M. D. Weiner, On the Enumeration of Restricted Words over a Finite Alphabet, J. Int. Seq. 19 (2016) # 16.1.3, Example 7.
Martin Burtscher, Igor Szczyrba, and Rafał Szczyrba, Analytic Representations of the n-anacci Constants and Generalizations Thereof, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 18 (2015), Article 15.4.5.
Brian Hopkins and Stéphane Ouvry, Combinatorics of Multicompositions, arXiv:2008.04937 [math.CO], 2020.
Milan Janjic, On Linear Recurrence Equations Arising from Compositions of Positive Integers, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 18 (2015), Article 15.4.7.
Tanya Khovanova, Recursive Sequences
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,3).

Cf. A028859 = a(n+2) = 2 a(n+1) + 2 a(n); A086347 = On a 3 X 3 board, number of n-move routes of chess king ending at a given side cell. a(n) = 4a(n-1) + 4a(n-2).
Cf. A128235.
Cf. A180165, A028859, A086347. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 14 2010
Cf. A002605, A026150, A030195, A080040, A083337, A106435, A108898.
Cf. A000108, A091867, A125145, A104455, A030528, A146559.

a125145 n = a125145_list !! n
a125145_list =
   1 : 4 : map (* 3) (zipWith (+) a125145_list (tail a125145_list))
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 15 2011

I:=[1,4]; [n le 2 select I[n] else 3*Self(n-1)+3*Self(n-2): n in [1..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 10 2014

a[0]:=1: a[1]:=4: for n from 2 to 27 do a[n]:=3*a[n-1]+3*a[n-2] od: seq(a[n],n=0..27); # Emeric Deutsch, Feb 27 2007
A125145 := proc(n)
    option remember;
    if n <= 1 then
        op(n+1,[1,4]) ;
    else
        3*(procname(n-1)+procname(n-2)) ;
    end if;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Feb 13 2022

nn=23;CoefficientList[Series[(1+x)/(1-3x-3x^2),{x,0,nn}],x] (* Geoffrey Critzer, Feb 09 2014 *)
LinearRecurrence[{3,3},{1,4},30] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 01 2022 *)

G.f.: (1+z)/(1-3z-3z^2). - Emeric Deutsch, Feb 27 2007
a(n) = (5*sqrt(21)/42 + 1/2)*(3/2 + sqrt(21)/2)^n + (-5*sqrt(21)/42 + 1/2)*(3/2 - sqrt(21)/2)^n. - Antonio Alberto Olivares, Mar 20 2008
a(n) = A030195(n)+A030195(n+1). - R. J. Mathar, Feb 13 2022
E.g.f.: exp(3*x/2)*(21*cosh(sqrt(21)*x/2) + 5*sqrt(21)*sinh(sqrt(21)*x/2))/21. - Stefano Spezia, Aug 04 2022
a(n) = (((3 + sqrt(21)) / 2)^(n+2) - ((3 - sqrt(21)) / 2)^(n+2)) / (3 * sqrt(21)). - Werner Schulte, Dec 17 2024

cp's OEIS Frontend

A002697 a(n) = n*4^(n-1).

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