cp's OEIS Frontend

Let M = n X n matrix with (i,j)-th entry a(n+1-j, n+1-i), e.g., if n = 3, M = [1 1 1; 3 1 0; 2 0 0]. Given a sequence s = [s(0)..s(n-1)], let b = [b(0)..b(n-1)] be its inverse binomial transform and let c = [c(0)..c(n-1)] = M^(-1)*transpose(b). Then s(k) = Sum_{i=0..n-1} b(i)*binomial(k,i) = Sum_{i=0..n-1} c(i)*k^i, k=0..n-1. - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 11 2001

From Gary W. Adamson, Aug 09 2008: (Start)

Julius Worpitzky's 1883 algorithm generates Bernoulli numbers.

By way of example [Wikipedia]:

B0 = 1;

B1 = 1/1 - 1/2;

B2 = 1/1 - 3/2 + 2/3;

B3 = 1/1 - 7/2 + 12/3 - 6/4;

B4 = 1/1 - 15/2 + 50/3 - 60/4 + 24/5;

B5 = 1/1 - 31/2 + 180/3 - 390/4 + 360/5 - 120/6;

B6 = 1/1 - 63/2 + 602/3 - 2100/4 + 3360/5 - 2520/6 + 720/7;

...

Note that in this algorithm, odd n's for the Bernoulli numbers sum to 0, not 1, and the sum for B1 = 1/2 = (1/1 - 1/2). B3 = 0 = (1 - 7/2 + 13/3 - 6/4) = 0. The summation for B4 = -1/30. (End)

Pursuant to Worpitzky's algorithm and given M = A028246 as an infinite lower triangular matrix, M * [1/1, -1/2, 1/3, ...] (i.e., the Harmonic series with alternate signs) = the Bernoulli numbers starting [1/1, 1/2, 1/6, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Mar 22 2012

From Tom Copeland, Oct 23 2008: (Start)

G(x,t) = 1/(1 + (1-exp(x*t))/t) = 1 + 1 x + (2 + t)*x^2/2! + (6 + 6t + t^2)*x^3/3! + ... gives row polynomials for A090582, the f-polynomials for the permutohedra (see A019538).

G(x,t-1) = 1 + 1*x + (1 + t)*x^2 / 2! + (1 + 4t + t^2)*x^3 / 3! + ... gives row polynomials for A008292, the h-polynomials for permutohedra.

G[(t+1)x,-1/(t+1)] = 1 + (1+ t) x + (1 + 3t + 2 t^2) x^2 / 2! + ... gives row polynomials for the present triangle. (End)

The Worpitzky triangle seems to be an apt name for this triangle. - Johannes W. Meijer, Jun 18 2009

If Pascal's triangle is written as a lower triangular matrix and multiplied by A028246 written as an upper triangular matrix, the product is a matrix where the (i,j)-th term is (i+1)^j. For example,

1,0,0,0 1,1,1, 1 1,1, 1, 1

1,1,0,0 * 0,1,3, 7 = 1,2, 4, 8

1,2,1,0 0,0,2,12 1,3, 9,27

1,3,3,1 0,0,0, 6 1,4,16,64

So, numbering all three matrices' rows and columns starting at 0, the (i,j) term of the product is (i+1)^j. - Jack A. Cohen (ProfCohen(AT)comcast.net), Aug 03 2010

The Fi1 and Fi2 triangle sums are both given by sequence A000670. For the definition of these triangle sums see A180662. The mirror image of the Worpitzky triangle is A130850. - Johannes W. Meijer, Apr 20 2011

Let S_n(m) = 1^m + 2^m + ... + n^m. Then, for n >= 0, we have the following representation of S_n(m) as a linear combination of the binomial coefficients:

S_n(m) = Sum_{i=1..n+1} a(i+n*(n+1)/2)*C(m,i). E.g., S_2(m) = a(4)*C(m,1) + a(5)*C(m,2) + a(6)*C(m,3) = C(m,1) + 3*C(m,2) + 2*C(m,3). - Vladimir Shevelev, Dec 21 2011

Given the set X = [1..n] and 1 <= k <= n, then a(n,k) is the number of sets T of size k of subset S of X such that S is either empty or else contains 1 and another element of X and such that any two elemements of T are either comparable or disjoint. - Michael Somos, Apr 20 2013

Working with the row and column indexing starting at -1, a(n,k) gives the number of k-dimensional faces in the first barycentric subdivision of the standard n-dimensional simplex (apply Brenti and Welker, Lemma 2.1). For example, the barycentric subdivision of the 2-simplex (a triangle) has 1 empty face, 7 vertices, 12 edges and 6 triangular faces giving row 4 of this triangle as (1,7,12,6). Cf. A053440. - Peter Bala, Jul 14 2014

See A074909 and above g.f.s for associations among this array and the Bernoulli polynomials and their umbral compositional inverses. - Tom Copeland, Nov 14 2014

An e.g.f. G(x,t) = exp[P(.,t)x] = 1/t - 1/[t+(1-t)(1-e^(-xt^2))] = (1-t) * x + (-2t + 3t^2 - t^3) * x^2/2! + (6t^2 - 12t^3 + 7t^4 - t^5) * x^3/3! + ... for the shifted, reverse, signed polynomials with the first element nulled, is generated by the infinitesimal generator g(u,t)d/du = [(1-u*t)(1-(1+u)t)]d/du, i.e., exp[x * g(u,t)d/du] u eval. at u=0 generates the polynomials. See A019538 and the G. Rzadkowski link below for connections to the Bernoulli and Eulerian numbers, a Ricatti differential equation, and a soliton solution to the KdV equation. The inverse in x of this e.g.f. is Ginv(x,t) = (-1/t^2)*log{[1-t(1+x)]/[(1-t)(1-tx)]} = [1/(1-t)]x + [(2t-t^2)/(1-t)^2]x^2/2 + [(3t^2-3t^3+t^4)/(1-t)^3]x^3/3 + [(4t^3-6t^4+4t^5-t^6)/(1-t)^4]x^4/4 + ... . The numerators are signed, shifted A135278 (reversed A074909), and the rational functions are the columns of A074909. Also, dG(x,t)/dx = g(G(x,t),t) (cf. A145271). (Analytic G(x,t) added, and Ginv corrected and expanded on Dec 28 2015.) - Tom Copeland, Nov 21 2014

The operator R = x + (1 + t) + t e^{-D} / [1 + t(1-e^(-D))] = x + (1+t) + t - (t+t^2) D + (t+3t^2+2t^3) D^2/2! - ... contains an e.g.f. of the reverse row polynomials of the present triangle, i.e., A123125 * A007318 (with row and column offset 1 and 1). Umbrally, R^n 1 = q_n(x;t) = (q.(0;t)+x)^n, with q_m(0;t) = (t+1)^(m+1) - t^(m+1), the row polynomials of A074909, and D = d/dx. In other words, R generates the Appell polynomials associated with the base sequence A074909. For example, R 1 = q_1(x;t) = (q.(0;t)+x) = q_1(0;t) + q__0(0;t)x = (1+2t) + x, and R^2 1 = q_2(x;t) = (q.(0;t)+x)^2 = q_2(0:t) + 2q_1(0;t)x + q_0(0;t)x^2 = 1+3t+3t^2 + 2(1+2t)x + x^2. Evaluating the polynomials at x=0 regenerates the base sequence. With a simple sign change in R, R generates the Appell polynomials associated with A248727. - Tom Copeland, Jan 23 2015

For a natural refinement of this array, see A263634. - Tom Copeland, Nov 06 2015

From Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 13 2017: (Start)

The e.g.f. E(n, x) for {S(n, m)}{m>=0} with S(n, m) = Sum{k=1..m} k^n, n >= 0, (with undefined sum put to 0) is exp(x)*R(n+1, x) with the exponential row polynomials R(n, x) = Sum_{k=1..n} a(n, k)*x^k/k!. E.g., e.g.f. for n = 2, A000330: exp(x)*(1*x/1!+3*x^2/2!+2*x^3/3!).

The o.g.f. G(n, x) for {S(n, m)}{m >=0} is then found by Laplace transform to be G(n, 1/p) = p*Sum{k=1..n} a(n+1, k)/(p-1)^(2+k).

Hence G(n, x) = x/(1 - x)^(n+2)*Sum_{k=1..n} A008292(n,k)*x^(k-1).

E.g., n=2: G(2, 1/p) = p*(1/(p-1)^2 + 3/(p-1)^3 + 2/(p-1)^4) = p^2*(1+p)/(p-1)^4; hence G(2, x) = x*(1+x)/(1-x)^4.

This works also backwards: from the o.g.f. to the e.g.f. of {S(n, m)}_{m>=0}. (End)

a(n,k) is the number of k-tuples of pairwise disjoint and nonempty subsets of a set of size n. - Dorian Guyot, May 21 2019

From Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra, Mar 16 2020: (Start)

a(n-1,k) is the number of chains of length k in a partially ordered set formed from subsets of an n-element set ordered by inclusion such that the first term of the chains is either the empty set or an n-element set.

Also, a(n-1,k) is the number of distinct k-level rooted fuzzy subsets of an n-set ordered by set inclusion. (End)

The relations on p. 34 of Hasan (also p. 17 of Franco and Hasan) agree with the relation between A019538 and this entry given in the formula section. - Tom Copeland, May 14 2020

T(n,k) is the size of the Green's L-classes in the D-classes of rank (k-1) in the semigroup of partial transformations on an (n-1)-set. - Geoffrey Critzer, Jan 09 2023

T(n,k) is the number of strongly connected binary relations on [n] that have period k (A367948) and index 1. See Theorem 5.4.25(6) in Ki Hang Kim reference. - Geoffrey Critzer, Dec 07 2023

The row polynomials s(n,x) := n!*L(n,2,x) = Sum_{m=0..n} a(n,m)*x^m have e.g.f. exp(-z*x/(1-z))/(1-z)^3. They are Sheffer polynomials satisfying the binomial convolution identity s(n,x+y) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n,k)*s(k,x)*p(n-k,y), with polynomials p(n,x) = Sum_{m=1..n} |A008297(n,m)|*(-x)^m, n >= 1 and p(0,x)=1 (for Sheffer polynomials see A048854 for S. Roman reference).

This unsigned matrix is embedded in the matrix for n!*L(n,-2,-x). Introduce 0,0 to each unsigned row and then add 1,-1,1 to the array as the first two rows to generate n!*L(n,-2,-x). - Tom Copeland, Apr 20 2014

The unsigned n-th row reverse polynomial equals the numerator polynomial of the finite continued fraction 1 - x/(1 + (n+1)*x/(1 + n*x/(1 + n*x/(1 + ... + 2*x/(1 + 2*x/(1 + x/(1 + x/(1)))))))). Cf. A089231. The denominator polynomial of the continued fraction is the (n+1)-th row polynomial of A144084. An example is given below. - Peter Bala, Oct 06 2019

Old name was: Triangle T(n,k), 0<=k<=n, read by rows given by [1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,...] DELTA [1,0,2,0,3,0,4,0,5,0,6,0,...] where DELTA is the operator defined in A084938.

Vandervelde (2018) refers to this as the Worpitzky number triangle - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 27 2018 [Named after the German mathematician Julius Daniel Theodor Worpitzky (1835-1895). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 24 2021]

Triangle given by A123125*A007318 (as infinite lower triangular matrices), A123125 = Euler's triangle, A007318 = Pascal's triangle; A007318*A123125 gives A046802.

Taylor coefficients of Eulerian polynomials centered at 1. - Louis Zulli, Nov 28 2015

A signed refinement is A263634. - Tom Copeland, Nov 14 2016

With all offsets 0, let A_n(x;y) = (y + E.(x))^n, an Appell sequence in y where E.(x)^k = E_k(x) are the Eulerian polynomials of A123125. Then the row polynomials of A046802 (the h-polynomials of the stellahedra) are given by h_n(x) = A_n(x;1); the row polynomials of A248727 (the face polynomials of the stellahedra), by f_n(x) = A_n(1 + x;1); the Swiss-knife polynomials of A119879, by Sw_n(x) = A_n(-1;1 + x); and the row polynomials of this entry (the Worpitsky triangle, A130850), by w_n(x) = A(1 + x;0). Other specializations of A_n(x;y) give A090582 (the f-polynomials of the permutohedra, cf. also A019538) and A028246 (another version of the Worpitsky triangle). - Tom Copeland, Jan 24 2020

A stretching pair of a permutation p in S_n is a pair (i,j) (1 <= i < j <= n) satisfying p(i) < i < j < p(j). For example, for the permutation 31254 in S_5 the pair (2,4) is stretching because p(2) = 1 < 2 < 4 < p(4) = 5.