A008477 -id:A008477 - cp's OEIS frontend

A062307 Numbers n such that n = A008477(A008477(n)) and n is not A008478.

8, 9, 25, 32, 49, 121, 125, 128, 169, 200, 243, 288, 289, 343, 361, 392, 500, 529, 675, 841, 864, 961, 968, 972, 1125, 1152, 1323, 1331, 1352, 1369, 1372, 1568, 1681, 1849, 1944, 2000, 2048, 2187, 2197, 2209, 2312, 2809, 2888, 3087, 3200, 3267, 3456, 3481

Offset: 1

Naohiro Nomoto, Mar 28 2002

From Bernard Schott, Mar 29 2021: (Start)
If m is a term, then A008477(m) = q is another term and A008477(q) = m.
The first such pairs (m, q) in lexicographic order are (8, 9), (25, 32), (49, 128), (121, 2048), (125, 243), (169, 8192), (200, 288), (289, 131072), ...
If f = A008477, terms k of this sequence are precisely the ones for which the sequence k, f(k), f(f(k)), f(f(f(k))), ... is periodic with period = 2 (see 1st comment in A008477); example for k = 8, this periodic sequence is 8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, ...
Prime powers p^r, p, r primes, p <> r are terms. (End)

			8 = 2^3, A008477(8) = 3^2 = 9 and A008477(9) = 2^3 = 8, so 8 and 9 are terms.
200 = 2^3*5^2, A008477(200) = 3^2*2^5 = 288 and A008477(288) = 2^3*5^2 = 200, so 200 and 288 are terms.

Michel Marcus, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..4336

A114130 is a subsequence.

f(n) = factorback(factor(n)*[0, 1; 1, 0]); \\ A008477
isok(m) = my(nm = f(m)); (nm != m) && (f(nm) == m); \\ Michel Marcus, Mar 29 2021

A342973 Let f = A008477; nonsquarefree numbers m such that f(m) <> m or f(f(m)) <> m.

Original entry on oeis.org

12, 18, 20, 24, 28, 36, 40, 44, 45, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 63, 64, 68, 75, 76, 80, 81, 84, 88, 90, 92, 96, 98, 99, 100, 104, 112, 116, 117, 120, 124, 126, 132, 135, 136, 140, 144, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 160, 162, 164, 168, 171, 172, 175, 176, 180, 184, 188, 189, 192

Offset: 1

Bernard Schott, Apr 01 2021

nonn

Equivalently, with f = A008477, terms m of this sequence are precisely the nonsquarefree numbers for which the iterated sequence {m, f(m), f(f(m)), f(f(f(m))), ... } is not periodic.
The first sixteen terms are the same as A126706, then a(17) = 64 while A126706(17) = 68.
There exist only these 4 possibilities:
-> for every squarefree number m in A005117, f(m) = 1, and iterated sequence is for example:  (3, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...).
-> For m nonsquarefree fixed point of f in A008478, f(m) = m, iterated sequence has period = 1, as for example: (4, 4, 4, 4, 4, ...).
-> For m nonsquarefree in A062307, f(m) = q and f(q) = m, iterated sequence has period = 2, as for example: (8, 9, 8, 9, 8, 9, ...).
-> For m in this sequence, f(m) = k and m, k belong to an infinite iterated sequence, as for example: (..., 196, 512, 81, 64, ...) (see example).

			196 = 2^2*7^2 => A008477(196) = 2^2*2^7 = 2^9 = 512.
512 = 2^9 => A008477(512) = 9^2 = 81.
81 = 9^2 = 3^4 => A008477(81) = 4^3 = 64.
196, 512, 81, 64 are not terms of (A008478 U A062307), so they belong to this sequence.

Equals A013929 \ {A008478 U A062307}.

Cf. A008477, A342551.

fun[p_, e_] := e^p; f[n_] := Times @@ fun @@@ FactorInteger[n]; Select[Range[200], !SquareFreeQ[#] && f[#] != # && f[f[#]] != # &] (* Amiram Eldar, Apr 01 2021 *)

f(n) = factorback(factor(n)*[0, 1; 1, 0]); \\ A008477
isok(m) = if (!issquarefree(m), my(mm=f(m)); (mm != m) && (f(mm) != m)); \\ Michel Marcus, Apr 02 2021

A342551 a(n) is the smallest m such that A008477(m) is the n-th powerful number (A001694).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 9, 8, 16, 32, 27, 25, 64, 128, 81, 72, 512, 1024, 108, 2048, 243, 49, 4096, 8192, 16384, 288, 729, 32768, 125, 225, 200, 131072, 262144, 2187, 524288, 1152, 1048576, 432, 2097152, 4194304, 972, 196, 8388608, 648, 33554432, 4608, 864, 67108864, 19683, 268435456

Offset: 1

Bernard Schott, Mar 27 2021

nonn

As A008477 is not injective and terms A008477(n) are precisely the powerful numbers, this sequence lists the smallest preimage of each powerful number.
There are these three possibilities (see corresponding examples):
-> If A008477(q) = q is a fixed point in A008478 and if q = A001694(u) then a(u) = q.
-> If k and m are in A062307 and satisfy A008477(k) = m  and A008477(m) = k, if m = A001694(s) and k = A001694(t), then a(t) = m and a(s) = k;
-> If A008477(j) = v where v is a powerful number not in {A008478 U A062307} and j is the smallest preimage of v with v = A001694(z) then a(z) = j.

			-> A008477(16) = 16 is a fixed point and 16 is the 5th powerful number, so a(5) = 16.
-> 25 and 32 are in A062307 and satisfy A008477(25) = 32 and A008477(32) = 25, as 25 = A001694(6) and 32 = A001694(8), so a(6) = 32 and a(8) = 25.
-> A008477(81) = A008477(256) = 64 that is the 11th powerful number, since 81 is the smallest preimage of 64, so a(11) = 81.

Cf. A001694, A008477, A008478, A062307.

pwf(n) = my(k=1, nb=1); while (nb != n, k++; if (ispowerful(k), nb++)); k; \\ A001694
f(n) = factorback(factor(n)*[0, 1; 1, 0]); \\ A008477
a(n) = my(k=1, p=pwf(n)); while (f(k) != p, k++); k; \\ Michel Marcus, Mar 28 2021

More terms from Amiram Eldar, Mar 27 2021

A343293 a(n+1) is the smallest preimage k such that A008477(k) = a(n) with a(1) = 36.

Original entry on oeis.org

36, 64, 81, 512, 196, 16384, 1089, 8589934592, 3844, 4611686018427387904, 31329, 191561942608236107294793378393788647952342390272950272, 478864

Offset: 1

Bernard Schott, Apr 11 2021

Equivalently, when g is the reciprocal map of f = A008477 as defined in the Name, the terms of this sequence are the successive terms of the infinite iterated sequence {m, g(m), g(g(m)), g(g(g(m))), ...} that begins with m = a(1) = 36, hence f(a(n)) = a(n-1).
Why choose 36? Because it is the smallest integer for which there exists such an infinite iterated sequence, with g(36) = 64; then f(36) = 32 with the periodic sequence (32, 25, 32, 25, ...) (see A062307). Explanation: 36 is the first nonsquarefree number in A342973 that is also squareful. The nonsquarefree terms < 36: 12, 18, 20, 24, 28 in A342973 are not squareful (A332785), so they have no preimage by f.
When a(n-1) has several preimages by f, as a(n) is the smallest preimage, this sequence is well defined (see examples).
All the terms are nonsquarefree but also powerful, hence they are in A001694.
a(n) < a(n+2) (last comment in A008477) but a(n) < a(n+1) or a(n) > a(n+1).
Prime factorizations from a(1) to a(13): 2^2*3^2, 2^6, 3^4, 2^9, 2^2*7^2, 2^14, 3^2*11^2, 2^33, 2^2*31^2, 2^62, 3^2*59^2, 2^177, 2^4*173^2.
It appears that a(2m) = 2^q for some q>1 and a(2m+1) = r^2 for some r>1.
a(14) <= 2^692.

			a(1) = 36; 64 = 2^6 so f(64) = 6^2 = 36, also 192 = 2^6*3^1 and f(192) = 6^2*1^3 = 36 we have f(64) = f(192) = 36; but as 64 < 192, hence g(36) = 64 and a(2) = 64.
a(2) = 64 = f(81) = f(256), but as 81 < 256, g(64) = 81 and a(3) = 81.
a(4) = 512 = f(196) = f(400), but as 196 < 400, g(512) = 196 and a(5) = 196.

Annales Concours Général, Sujet Concours Général 2012 (in French, problems).
Annales Concours Général, Corrigé Concours Général 2012 (in French, solutions).

Cf. A001694, A008477, A062307, A332785, A342973.

a(10)-a(13) from Bert Dobbelaere, Apr 13 2021

A343294 a(n+1) is the smallest preimage k such that A008477(k) = a(n) with a(1) = 100.

Original entry on oeis.org

100, 1024, 625, 33554432, 2116, 70368744177664

Offset: 1

Bernard Schott, Apr 12 2021

Equivalently, when g is the reciprocal map of f = A008477 as defined in the Name, the terms of this sequence are the successive terms of the infinite iterated sequence {m, g(m), g(g(m)), g(g(g(m))), ...} that begins with m = a(1) = 100, hence f(a(n)) = a(n-1).
Why choose 100? Because it is the second integer, after 36, for which there exists a new infinite iterated sequence that begins with g(100) = 1024; then f(100) = 128 with the periodic sequence (128, 49, 128, 49, ...) (see A062307). Explanation: 100 is the 4th nonsquarefree number in A342973 that is also squareful, but the 3 previous such first integers 36, 64, 81 are yet terms of the infinite iterated sequence A343293. Remember that the nonsquarefree terms in A342973 that are not squareful (A332785) have no preimage by f.
When a(n-1) has several preimages by f, as a(n) is the smallest preimage, this sequence is well defined (see examples).
All the terms are nonsquarefree but also powerful, hence they are in A001694.
a(n) < a(n+2) (last comment in A008477) but a(n) < a(n+1) or a(n) > a(n+1).

			a(1) = 100; 1024 = 2^10 so f(1024) = 10^2 = 100: also 5120 = 2^10*5^1 and f(5120) = 10^2*1^5 = 100; we have f(1024) = f(5120) = 100, but as 1024 < 5120, hence g(100) = 1024 and a(2) = 1024.
a(2) = 1024 = f(625) = f(1250), but as 625 < 1250, g(1024) = 625 and a(3) = 625.

Cf. A001694, A008477, A062307, A332785, A342973, A343293.

A344714 Numbers k such that A008477(k) > k.

Original entry on oeis.org

8, 25, 49, 98, 100, 121, 125, 169, 196, 200, 216, 225, 242, 289, 338, 343, 361, 363, 392, 400, 441, 484, 500, 507, 529, 578, 605, 625, 675, 676, 686, 722, 726, 784, 841, 845, 847, 867, 882, 900, 961, 968, 1000, 1014, 1029, 1058, 1083, 1089, 1125, 1156, 1183, 1210

Offset: 1

Jianing Song, May 27 2021

nonn

Not closed under multiplication: 8, 100 are terms, but 800 = 8 * 100 is in A008478. Obviously, the product of two coprime terms is again a term.

For primes p, p^e is a term if and only if p^e = 8, or p > e >= 2 and p^e != 9.

			For primes p >= 5, p^2 is a term since 2^p >= p^2.
98 is a term since A008477(98) = A008477(2^1 * 7^2) = 1^2 * 2^7 = 128 > 98.

Jianing Song, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..15731 (All terms <= 10^6).

Cf. A008477, A008478 (numbers k such that A008477(k) = k).

isA344714(n) = (factorback(factor(n)*[0, 1; 1, 0])>n) \\ following program for A008477

A039783 phi(n) is equal to the product of the dual prime-power components of n-1 (i.e., A008477(n-1)).

Original entry on oeis.org

5, 17, 51, 73, 109, 433, 17408, 21601, 121501, 1350001, 3294173, 9376762501

Offset: 1

Olivier Gérard

nonn

a(13) > 3*10^10. - Donovan Johnson

			phi(17408) = 8192, 17407 = 13^2*103^1, (2^13)*(1^103) = 8192.

Cf. A000010, A008477.

More terms from Naohiro Nomoto, Jun 24 2001

a(12) from Donovan Johnson, Nov 14 2010

A343295 a(n) is the smallest k such that A008477(k) = a(n-1) with a(1) = 144.

Original entry on oeis.org

144, 4096, 1225, 34359738368, 549081

Offset: 1

Bernard Schott, May 10 2021

nonn

The next term is a(6) = 2^741 with 224 digits.
Equivalently, when g is the reciprocal map of f = A008477 as defined in the Name, the terms of this sequence are the successive terms of the infinite iterated sequence {m, g(m), g(g(m)), g(g(g(m))), ...} that begins with m = a(1) = 144, hence f(a(n)) = a(n-1).
Why choose 144? Because it is the third integer, after 36 and 100, for which there exists a new infinite iterated sequence that begins with g(144) = 4096; then f(144) = 128 with the periodic sequence (128, 49, 128, 49, ...) (see A062307). Explanation: 144 is the 5th nonsquarefree number in A342973 that is also squareful; the 3 such first integers 36, 64, 81 are terms of the infinite iterated sequence A343293, while 100 is a term of the infinite iterated sequence A343294.
Remember that the nonsquarefree terms in A342973 that are not squareful (A332785) have no preimage by f.
All the terms are nonsquarefree but also powerful, hence they are in A001694.
a(n) < a(n+2) (last comment in A008477) but a(n) < a(n+1) or a(n) > a(n+1).
Prime factorizations from a(1) to a(6): 2^4*3^2, 2^12, 5^2*7^2, 2^35, 3^2*13^2*19^2, 2^741.
It appears that a(2m) = 2^q for some q > 1, and a(2m+1) = r^2 for some r > 1.

			a(1) = 144; 4096 = 2^12 so f(4096) = 12^2 = 144: also 12288 = 2^12*3^1 and f(12288) = 12^2*1^3 = 144; we have f(4096) = f(12288) = 144, but as 4096 < 12288, hence g(144) = 4096 and a(2) = 4096.
a(2) = 4096 = f(1225) = f(2450), but as 1225 < 2450, g(4096) = 1225 and a(3) = 1225.

Cf. A001694, A008477, A062307, A332785, A342511, A342973, A343293, A343294.

A005117 Squarefree numbers: numbers that are not divisible by a square greater than 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

1 together with the numbers that are products of distinct primes.
Also smallest sequence with the property that a(m)*a(k) is never a square for k != m. - Ulrich Schimke (ulrschimke(AT)aol.com), Dec 12 2001
Numbers k such that there is only one Abelian group with k elements, the cyclic group of order k (the numbers such that A000688(k) = 1). - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), Apr 25 2001
Numbers k such that A007913(k) > phi(k). - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 10 2002
a(n) is the smallest m with exactly n squarefree numbers <= m. - Amarnath Murthy, May 21 2002
k is squarefree <=> k divides prime(k)# where prime(k)# = product of first k prime numbers. - Mohammed Bouayoun (bouyao(AT)wanadoo.fr), Mar 30 2004
Numbers k such that omega(k) = Omega(k) = A072047(k). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jul 11 2006
The LCM of any finite subset is in this sequence. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jul 11 2006
This sequence and the Beatty Pi^2/6 sequence (A059535) are "incestuous": the first 20000 terms are bounded within (-9, 14). - Ed Pegg Jr, Jul 22 2008
Let us introduce a function D(n) = sigma_0(n)/2^(alpha(1) + ... + alpha(r)), sigma_0(n) number of divisors of n (A000005), prime factorization of n = p(1)^alpha(1) * ... * p(r)^alpha(r), alpha(1) + ... + alpha(r) is sequence (A001222). Function D(n) splits the set of positive integers into subsets, according to the value of D(n). Squarefree numbers (A005117) has D(n)=1, other numbers are "deviated" from the squarefree ideal and have 0 < D(n) < 1. For D(n)=1/2 we have A048109, for D(n)=3/4 we have A060687. - Ctibor O. Zizka, Sep 21 2008
Numbers k such that gcd(k,k')=1 where k' is the arithmetic derivative (A003415) of k. - Giorgio Balzarotti, Apr 23 2011
Numbers k such that A007913(k) = core(k) = k. - Franz Vrabec, Aug 27 2011
Numbers k such that sqrt(k) cannot be simplified. - Sean Loughran, Sep 04 2011
Indices m where A057918(m)=0, i.e., positive integers m for which there are no integers k in {1,2,...,m-1} such that k*m is a square. - John W. Layman, Sep 08 2011
It appears that these are numbers j such that Product_{k=1..j} (prime(k) mod j) = 0 (see Maple code). - Gary Detlefs, Dec 07 2011. - This is the same claim as Mohammed Bouayoun's Mar 30 2004 comment above. To see why it holds: Primorial numbers, A002110, a subsequence of this sequence, are never divisible by any nonsquarefree number, A013929, and on the other hand, the index of the greatest prime dividing any n is less than n. Cf. A243291. - Antti Karttunen, Jun 03 2014
Conjecture: For each n=2,3,... there are infinitely many integers b > a(n) such that Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)*b^(k-1) is prime, and the smallest such an integer b does not exceed (n+3)*(n+4). - Zhi-Wei Sun, Mar 26 2013
The probability that a random natural number belongs to the sequence is 6/Pi^2, A059956 (see Cesàro reference). - Giorgio Balzarotti, Nov 21 2013
Booker, Hiary, & Keating give a subexponential algorithm for testing membership in this sequence without factoring. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 29 2014
Because in the factorizations into prime numbers these a(n) (n >= 2) have exponents which are either 0 or 1 one could call the a(n) 'numbers with a fermionic prime number decomposition'. The levels are the prime numbers prime(j), j >= 1, and the occupation numbers (exponents) e(j) are 0 or 1 (like in Pauli's exclusion principle). A 'fermionic state' is then denoted by a sequence with entries 0 or 1, where, except for the zero sequence, trailing zeros are omitted. The zero sequence stands for a(1) = 1. For example a(5) = 6 = 2^1*3^1 is denoted by the 'fermionic state' [1, 1], a(7) = 10 by [1, 0, 1]. Compare with 'fermionic partitions' counted in A000009. - Wolfdieter Lang, May 14 2014
From Vladimir Shevelev, Nov 20 2014: (Start)
The following is an Eratosthenes-type sieve for squarefree numbers. For integers > 1:
1) Remove even numbers, except for 2; the minimal non-removed number is 3.
2) Replace multiples of 3 removed in step 1, and remove multiples of 3 except for 3 itself; the minimal non-removed number is 5.
3) Replace multiples of 5 removed as a result of steps 1 and 2, and remove multiples of 5 except for 5 itself; the minimal non-removed number is 6.
4) Replace multiples of 6 removed as a result of steps 1, 2 and 3 and remove multiples of 6 except for 6 itself; the minimal non-removed number is 7.
5) Repeat using the last minimal non-removed number to sieve from the recovered multiples of previous steps.
Proof. We use induction. Suppose that as a result of the algorithm, we have found all squarefree numbers less than n and no other numbers. If n is squarefree, then the number of its proper divisors d > 1 is even (it is 2^k - 2, where k is the number of its prime divisors), and, by the algorithm, it remains in the sequence. Otherwise, n is removed, since the number of its squarefree divisors > 1 is odd (it is 2^k-1).
(End)
The lexicographically least sequence of integers > 1 such that each entry has an even number of proper divisors occurring in the sequence (that's the sieve restated). - Glen Whitney, Aug 30 2015
0 is nonsquarefree because it is divisible by any square. - Jon Perry, Nov 22 2014, edited by M. F. Hasler, Aug 13 2015
The Heinz numbers of partitions with distinct parts. We define the Heinz number of a partition p = [p_1, p_2, ..., p_r] as Product_{j=1..r} prime(j) (concept used by Alois P. Heinz in A215366 as an "encoding" of a partition). For example, for the partition [1, 1, 2, 4, 10] the Heinz number is 2*2*3*7*29 = 2436. The number 30 (= 2*3*5) is in the sequence because it is the Heinz number of the partition [1,2,3]. - Emeric Deutsch, May 21 2015
It is possible for 2 consecutive terms to be even; for example a(258)=422 and a(259)=426. - Thomas Ordowski, Jul 21 2015. [These form a subsequence of A077395 since their product is divisible by 4. - M. F. Hasler, Aug 13 2015]
There are never more than 3 consecutive terms. Runs of 3 terms start at 1, 5, 13, 21, 29, 33, ... (A007675). - Ivan Neretin, Nov 07 2015
a(n) = product of row n in A265668. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 13 2015
Numbers without excess, i.e., numbers k such that A001221(k) = A001222(k). - Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Sep 05 2016
Numbers k such that b^(phi(k)+1) == b (mod k) for every integer b. - Thomas Ordowski, Oct 09 2016
Boreico shows that the set of square roots of the terms of this sequence is linearly independent over the rationals. - Jason Kimberley, Nov 25 2016 (reference found by Michael Coons).
Numbers k such that A008836(k) = A008683(k). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Apr 04 2018
The prime zeta function P(s) "has singular points along the real axis for s=1/k where k runs through all positive integers without a square factor". See Wolfram link. - Maleval Francis, Jun 23 2018
Numbers k such that A007947(k) = k. - Kyle Wyonch, Jan 15 2021
The Schnirelmann density of the squarefree numbers is 53/88 (Rogers, 1964). - Amiram Eldar, Mar 12 2021
Comment from Isaac Saffold, Dec 21 2021: (Start)
Numbers k such that all groups of order k have a trivial Frattini subgroup [Dummit and Foote].
Let the group G have order n. If n is squarefree and n > 1, then G is solvable, and thus by Hall's Theorem contains a subgroup H_p of index p for all p | n. Each H_p is maximal in G by order considerations, and the intersection of all the H_p's is trivial. Thus G's Frattini subgroup Phi(G), being the intersection of G's maximal subgroups, must be trivial. If n is not squarefree, the cyclic group of order n has a nontrivial Frattini subgroup. (End)
Numbers for which the squarefree divisors (A206778) and the unitary divisors (A077610) are the same; moreover they are also the set of divisors (A027750). - Bernard Schott, Nov 04 2022
0 = A008683(a(n)) - A008836(a(n)) = A001615(a(n)) - A000203(a(n)). - Torlach Rush, Feb 08 2023
From Robert D. Rosales, May 20 2024: (Start)
Numbers n such that mu(n) != 0, where mu(n) is the Möbius function (A008683).
Solutions to the equation Sum_{d|n} mu(d)*sigma(d) = mu(n)*n, where sigma(n) is the sum of divisors function (A000203). (End)
a(n) is the smallest root of x = 1 + Sum_{k=1..n-1} floor(sqrt(x/a(k))) greater than a(n-1). - Yifan Xie, Jul 10 2024
Number k such that A001414(k) = A008472(k). - Torlach Rush, Apr 14 2025
To elaborate on the formula from Greathouse (2018), the maximum of a(n) - floor(n*Pi^2/6 + sqrt(n)/17) is 10 at indices n = 48715, 48716, 48721, and 48760. The maximum is 11, at the same indices, if floor is taken individually for the two addends and the square root. If the value is rounded instead, the maximum is 9 at 10 indices between 48714 and 48765. - M. F. Hasler, Aug 08 2025

Jean-Marie De Koninck, Ces nombres qui nous fascinent, Entry 165, p. 53, Ellipses, Paris, 2008.
David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote, Abstract algebra. Vol. 1999. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: David S.Prentice Hall, 1991.
Ivan M. Niven and Herbert S. Zuckerman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 2nd ed., Wiley, NY, 1966, p. 251.
Michael Pohst and Hans J. Zassenhaus, Algorithmic Algebraic Number Theory, Cambridge Univ. Press, page 432.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Daniel Forgues, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..60794 (first 10000 terms from T. D. Noe)
Zenon B. Batang, Squarefree integers and the abc conjecture, arXiv:2109.10226 [math.GM], 2021.
Andrew R. Booker, Ghaith A. Hiary and Jon P. Keating, Detecting squarefree numbers, Duke Mathematical Journal, Vol. 164, No. 2 (2015), pp. 235-275; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1304.6937 [math.NT], 2013-2015.
Iurie Boreico, Linear independence of radicals, The Harvard College Mathematics Review 2(1), 87-92, Spring 2008.
Ernesto Cesàro, La serie di Lambert in aritmetica assintotica, Rendiconto della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Napoli, Serie 2, Vol. 7 (1893), pp. 197-204.
Henri Cohen, Francois Dress, and Mohamed El Marraki, Explicit estimates for summatory functions linked to the Möbius μ-function, Functiones et Approximatio Commentarii Mathematici 37 (2007), part 1, pp. 51-63.
H. Gent, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 27 1975.
Andrew Granville, ABC means we can count squarefrees, International Mathematical Research Notices 19 (1998), 991-1009.
Pentti Haukkanen, Mika Mattila, Jorma K. Merikoski and Timo Tossavainen, Can the Arithmetic Derivative be Defined on a Non-Unique Factorization Domain?, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), Article 13.1.2.
Aaron Krowne, squarefree number, PlanetMath.org.
Louis Marmet, First occurrences of squarefree gaps and an algorithm for their computation.
Louis Marmet, First occurrences of square-free gaps and an algorithm for their computation, arXiv preprint arXiv:1210.3829 [math.NT], 2012.
Srinivasa Ramanujan, Irregular numbers, J. Indian Math. Soc., Vol. 5 (1913), pp. 105-106.
Kenneth Rogers, The Schnirelmann density of the squarefree integers, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 15, No. 4 (1964), pp. 515-516.
J. A. Scott, Square-freedom revisited, The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 90, No. 517 (2006), pp. 112-113.
Vladimir Shevelev, Set of all densities of exponentially S-numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.03860 [math.NT], 2015.
O. Trifonov, On the Squarefree Problem II, Math. Balkanica, Vol. 3 (1989), Fasc. 3-4.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Squarefree.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Prime Zeta Function.
Wikipedia, Squarefree integer.
Index entries for "core" sequences.

Complement of A013929. Subsequence of A072774 and A209061.
Characteristic function: A008966 (mu(n)^2, where mu = A008683).
Subsequences: A000040, A002110, A235488.
Cf. A001414, A008472, A076259 (first differences), A173143 (partial sums), A000688, A003277, A013928, A020753, A020754, A020755, A030059, A030229, A033197, A034444, A039956, A048672, A053797, A057918, A059956, A071403, A072284, A120992, A133466, A136742, A136743, A160764, A243289, A243347, A243348, A243351, A215366, A046660, A265668, A265675.
Cf. A027750, A077610, A206778.
Subsequences: numbers j such that j*a(k) is squarefree where k > 1: A056911 (k = 2), A261034 (k = 3), A274546 (k = 5), A276378 (k = 6).

a005117 n = a005117_list !! (n-1)
a005117_list = filter ((== 1) . a008966) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 15 2011, May 10 2011

[ n : n in [1..1000] | IsSquarefree(n) ];

with(numtheory); a := [ ]; for n from 1 to 200 do if issqrfree(n) then a := [ op(a), n ]; fi; od:
t:= n-> product(ithprime(k),k=1..n): for n from 1 to 113 do if(t(n) mod n = 0) then print(n) fi od; # Gary Detlefs, Dec 07 2011
A005117 := proc(n) option remember; if n = 1 then 1; else for a from procname(n-1)+1 do if numtheory[issqrfree](a) then return a; end if; end do: end if; end proc:  # R. J. Mathar, Jan 09 2013

Select[ Range[ 113], SquareFreeQ] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jan 31 2005 *)
Select[Range[150], Max[Last /@ FactorInteger[ # ]] < 2 &] (* Joseph Biberstine (jrbibers(AT)indiana.edu), Dec 26 2006 *)
NextSquareFree[n_, k_: 1] := Block[{c = 0, sgn = Sign[k]}, sf = n + sgn; While[c < Abs[k], While[ ! SquareFreeQ@ sf, If[sgn < 0, sf--, sf++]]; If[ sgn < 0, sf--, sf++]; c++]; sf + If[ sgn < 0, 1, -1]]; NestList[ NextSquareFree, 1, 70] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Apr 18 2014 *)
Select[Range[250], MoebiusMu[#] != 0 &] (* Robert D. Rosales, May 20 2024 *)

bnd = 1000; L = vector(bnd); j = 1; for (i=1,bnd, if(issquarefree(i),L[j]=i; j=j+1)); L

{a(n)= local(m,c); if(n<=1,n==1, c=1; m=1; while( cMichael Somos, Apr 29 2005 */

list(n)=my(v=vectorsmall(n,i,1),u,j); forprime(p=2,sqrtint(n), forstep(i=p^2, n, p^2, v[i]=0)); u=vector(sum(i=1,n,v[i])); for(i=1,n,if(v[i],u[j++]=i)); u \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 08 2012

for(n=1, 113, if(core(n)==n, print1(n, ", "))); \\ Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Aug 02 2016

S(n) = my(s); forsquarefree(k=1,sqrtint(n),s+=n\k[1]^2*moebius(k)); s;
a(n) = my(min=1, max=231, k=0, sc=0); if(n >= 144, min=floor(zeta(2)*n - 5*sqrt(n)); max=ceil(zeta(2)*n + 5*sqrt(n))); while(min <= max, k=(min+max)\2; sc=S(k); if(abs(sc-n) <= sqrtint(n), break); if(sc > n, max=k-1, if(sc < n, min=k+1, break))); while(!issquarefree(k), k-=1); while(sc != n, my(j=1); if(sc > n, j = -1); k += j; sc += j; while(!issquarefree(k), k += j)); k; \\ Daniel Suteu, Jul 07 2022

first(n)=my(v=vector(n),i); forsquarefree(k=1,if(n<268293,(33*n+30)\20,(n*Pi^2/6+0.058377*sqrt(n))\1), if(i++>n, return(v)); v[i]=k[1]); v \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 10 2023

A5117=[1..3]; A005117(n)={if(n>#A5117, my(N=#A5117); A5117=Vec(A5117, max(n+999, N*5\4)); iferr(forsquarefree(k=A5117[N]+1, #A5117*Pi^2\6+sqrtint(#A5117)\17+11, A5117[N++]=k[1]),E,)); A5117[n]} \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 08 2025

from sympy.ntheory.factor_ import core
def ok(n): return core(n, 2) == n
print(list(filter(ok, range(1, 114)))) # Michael S. Branicky, Jul 31 2021

from itertools import count, islice
from sympy import factorint
def A005117_gen(startvalue=1): # generator of terms >= startvalue
    return filter(lambda n:all(x == 1 for x in factorint(n).values()),count(max(startvalue,1)))
A005117_list = list(islice(A005117_gen(),20)) # Chai Wah Wu, May 09 2022

from math import isqrt
from sympy import mobius
def A005117(n):
    def f(x): return n+x-sum(mobius(k)*(x//k**2) for k in range(1, isqrt(x)+1))
    m, k = n, f(n)
    while m != k:
        m, k = k, f(k)
    return m # Chai Wah Wu, Jul 22 2024

Limit_{n->oo} a(n)/n = Pi^2/6 (see A013661). - Benoit Cloitre, May 23 2002
Equals A039956 UNION A056911. - R. J. Mathar, May 16 2008
A122840(a(n)) <= 1; A010888(a(n)) < 9. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 30 2010
a(n) = A055229(A062838(n)) and a(n) > A055229(m) for m < A062838(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 09 2010
A008477(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 17 2012
A055653(a(n)) = a(n); A055654(a(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 11 2012
A008966(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 26 2012
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n)^s = zeta(s)/zeta(2*s). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jul 07 2012
A056170(a(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 29 2012
A013928(a(n)+1) = n. - Antti Karttunen, Jun 03 2014
A046660(a(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 29 2015
Equals {1} UNION A000040 UNION A006881 UNION A007304 UNION A046386 UNION A046387 UNION A067885 UNION A123321 UNION A123322 UNION A115343 ... - R. J. Mathar, Nov 05 2016
|a(n) - n*Pi^2/6| < 0.058377*sqrt(n) for n >= 268293; this result can be derived from Cohen, Dress, & El Marraki, see links. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 18 2018
From Amiram Eldar, Jul 07 2021: (Start)
Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(a(n)+1)/a(n)^2 = 9/Pi^2.
Sum_{k=1..n} 1/a(k) ~ (6/Pi^2) * log(n).
Sum_{k=1..n} (-1)^(a(k)+1)/a(k) ~ (2/Pi^2) * log(n).
(all from Scott, 2006) (End)

A013929 Numbers that are not squarefree. Numbers that are divisible by a square greater than 1. The complement of A005117.

Original entry on oeis.org

4, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 63, 64, 68, 72, 75, 76, 80, 81, 84, 88, 90, 92, 96, 98, 99, 100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128, 132, 135, 136, 140, 144, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 160

Offset: 1

Henri Lifchitz

Sometimes misnamed squareful numbers, but officially those are given by A001694.
This is different from the sequence of numbers k such that A007913(k) < phi(k). The two sequences differ at the values: 420, 660, 780, 840, 1320, 1560, 4620, 5460, 7140, ..., which is essentially A070237. - Ant King, Dec 16 2005
Numbers k such that Sum_{d|k} (d/phi(d))*mu(k/d) = 0. - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 28 2002
Also, k with at least one x < k such that A007913(x) = A007913(k). - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 28 2002
Numbers k for which there exists a partition into two parts p and q such that p + q = k and p*q is a multiple of k. - Amarnath Murthy, May 30 2003
Numbers k such that there is a solution 0 < x < k to x^2 == 0 (mod k). - Franz Vrabec, Aug 13 2005
Numbers k such that moebius(k) = 0.
a(n) = k such that phi(k)/k = phi(m)/m for some m < k. - Artur Jasinski, Nov 05 2008
Appears to be numbers such that when a column with index equal to a(n) in A051731 is deleted, there is no impact on the result in the first column of A054525. - Mats Granvik, Feb 06 2009
Numbers k such that the number of prime divisors of (k+1) is less than the number of nonprime divisors of (k+1). - Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Nov 10 2009
Orders for which at least one non-cyclic finite abelian group exists: A000688(a(n)) > 1. This follows from the fact that not all exponents in the prime factorization of a(n) are 1 (moebius(a(n)) = 0). The number of such groups of order a(n) is A192005(n) = A000688(a(n)) - 1. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jul 29 2011
Subsequence of A193166; A192280(a(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 26 2011
It appears that terms are the numbers m such that Product_{k=1..m} (prime(k) mod m) <> 0. See Maple code. - Gary Detlefs, Dec 07 2011
A008477(a(n)) > 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 17 2012
A057918(a(n)) > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 27 2012
A056170(a(n)) > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 29 2012
Numbers k such that A001221(k) != A001222(k). - Felix Fröhlich, Aug 13 2014
Numbers k such that A001222(k) > A001221(k), since in this case at least one prime factor of k occurs more than once, which implies that k is divisible by at least one perfect square > 1. - Carlos Eduardo Olivieri, Aug 02 2015
Lexicographically least sequence such that each term has a positive even number of proper divisors not occurring in the sequence, cf. the sieve characterization of A005117. - Glen Whitney, Aug 30 2015
There are arbitrarily long runs of consecutive terms. Record runs start at 4, 8, 48, 242, ... (A045882). - Ivan Neretin, Nov 07 2015
A number k is a term if 0 < min(A000010(k) + A023900(k), A000010(k) - A023900(k)). - Torlach Rush, Feb 22 2018
Every squareful number > 1 is nonsquarefree, but the converse is false and the nonsquarefree numbers that are not squareful (see first comment) are in A332785. - Bernard Schott, Apr 11 2021
Integers m where at least one k < m exists such that m divides k^m. - Richard R. Forberg, Jul 31 2021
Consider the Diophantine equation S(x,y) = (x+y) + (x-y) + (x*y) + (x/y) = z, when x and y are both positive integers with y | x. Then, there is a solution (x,y) iff z is a term of this sequence; in this case, if x = K*y, then z = S(K*y,y) = K*(y+1)^2 (see A351381, link and references Perelman); example: S(12,4) = 75 = a(28). The number of solutions for S(x,y) = a(n) is A353282(n). - Bernard Schott, Mar 29 2022
For each positive integer m, the number of unitary divisors of m = the number of squarefree divisors of m (see A034444); but only for the terms of this sequence does the set of unitary divisors differ from the set of squarefree divisors. Example: the set of unitary divisors of 20 is {1, 4, 5, 20}, while the set of squarefree divisors of 20 is {1, 2, 5, 10}. - Bernard Schott, Oct 15 2022

			For the terms up to 20, we compute the squares of primes up to floor(sqrt(20)) = 4. Those squares are 4 and 9. For every such square s, put the terms s*k^2 for k = 1 to floor(20 / s). This gives after sorting and removing duplicates the list 4, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 20. - _David A. Corneth_, Oct 25 2017

I. Perelman, L'Algèbre récréative, Deux nombres et quatre opérations, Editions en langues étrangères, Moscou, 1959, pp. 101-102.
Ya. I. Perelman, Algebra can be fun, Two numbers and four operations, Mir Publishers Moscow, 1979, pp. 131-132.

David A. Corneth, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000 (first 1000 terms from T. D. Noe)
H. Gent, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 27 1975.
Louis Marmet, First occurrences of square-free gaps and an algorithm for their computation, arXiv:1210.3829 [math.NT], 2012.
Ya. I. Perelman, Algebra Can Be Fun, Chapter IV, Diophantine Equations, Two numbers and four operations, Mir Publishers Moscow, 1979, pp. 131-132.
Srinivasa Ramanujan, Irregular numbers, J. Indian Math. Soc. 5 (1913) 105-106.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Smarandache Near-to-Primorial Function, Squarefree, Squareful, Moebius Function.

Complement of A005117. Subsequences: A130897, A190641, A332785.
Cf. A001694, A008683, A034444, A038109, A351381, A353282.
Partitions into: A114374, A256012.

a013929 n = a013929_list !! (n-1)
a013929_list = filter ((== 0) . a008966) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 22 2012

[ n : n in [1..1000] | not IsSquarefree(n) ];

a := n -> `if`(numtheory[mobius](n)=0,n,NULL); seq(a(i),i=1..160); # Peter Luschny, May 04 2009
t:= n-> product(ithprime(k),k=1..n): for n from 1 to 160 do (if t(n) mod n <>0) then print(n) fi od; # Gary Detlefs, Dec 07 2011
with(NumberTheory): isQuadrateful := n -> irem(Radical(n), n) <> 0:
select(isQuadrateful, [`$`(1..160)]);  # Peter Luschny, Jul 12 2022

Union[ Flatten[ Table[ n i^2, {i, 2, 20}, {n, 1, 400/i^2} ] ] ]
Select[ Range[2, 160], (Union[Last /@ FactorInteger[ # ]][[ -1]] > 1) == True &] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Oct 11 2005 *)
Cases[Range[160], n_ /; !SquareFreeQ[n]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 21 2011 *)
Select[Range@160, ! SquareFreeQ[#] &] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jul 21 2012 *)
Select[Range@160, PrimeOmega[#] > PrimeNu[#] &] (* Carlos Eduardo Olivieri, Aug 02 2015 *)
Select[Range[200], MoebiusMu[#] == 0 &] (* Alonso del Arte, Nov 07 2015 *)

{a(n)= local(m,c); if(n<=1,4*(n==1), c=1; m=4; while( cMichael Somos, Apr 29 2005 */

for(n=1, 1e3, if(omega(n)!=bigomega(n), print1(n, ", "))) \\ Felix Fröhlich, Aug 13 2014

upto(n)=my(res = List()); forprime(p = 2, sqrtint(n), for(k = 1, n \ p^2, listput(res, k * p^2))); listsort(res, 1); res \\ David A. Corneth, Oct 25 2017

from sympy.ntheory.factor_ import core
def ok(n): return core(n, 2) != n
print(list(filter(ok, range(1, 161)))) # Michael S. Branicky, Apr 08 2021

from math import isqrt
from sympy import mobius
def A013929(n):
    def f(x): return n+sum(mobius(k)*(x//k**2) for k in range(1, isqrt(x)+1))
    m, k = n, f(n)
    while m != k:
        m, k = k, f(k)
    return m # Chai Wah Wu, Jul 20 2024

A008966(a(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 22 2012
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n)^s = (zeta(s)*(zeta(2*s)-1))/zeta(2*s). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jul 07 2012
a(n) ~ n/k, where k = 1 - 1/zeta(2) = 1 - 6/Pi^2 = A229099. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 13 2013
A001222(a(n)) > A001221(a(n)). - Carlos Eduardo Olivieri, Aug 02 2015
phi(a(n)) > A003958(a(n)). - Juri-Stepan Gerasimov, Apr 09 2019

More terms from Erich Friedman

More terms from Franz Vrabec, Aug 13 2005

cp's OEIS Frontend

A062307 Numbers n such that n = A008477(A008477(n)) and n is not A008478.

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A342973 Let f = A008477; nonsquarefree numbers m such that f(m) <> m or f(f(m)) <> m.

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A342551 a(n) is the smallest m such that A008477(m) is the n-th powerful number (A001694).

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A343293 a(n+1) is the smallest preimage k such that A008477(k) = a(n) with a(1) = 36.

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A343294 a(n+1) is the smallest preimage k such that A008477(k) = a(n) with a(1) = 100.

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A344714 Numbers k such that A008477(k) > k.

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A039783 phi(n) is equal to the product of the dual prime-power components of n-1 (i.e., A008477(n-1)).

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A343295 a(n) is the smallest k such that A008477(k) = a(n-1) with a(1) = 144.

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A005117 Squarefree numbers: numbers that are not divisible by a square greater than 1.

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