A022087 -id:A022087 - cp's OEIS frontend

A035513 Wythoff array read by falling antidiagonals.

1, 2, 4, 3, 7, 6, 5, 11, 10, 9, 8, 18, 16, 15, 12, 13, 29, 26, 24, 20, 14, 21, 47, 42, 39, 32, 23, 17, 34, 76, 68, 63, 52, 37, 28, 19, 55, 123, 110, 102, 84, 60, 45, 31, 22, 89, 199, 178, 165, 136, 97, 73, 50, 36, 25, 144, 322, 288, 267, 220, 157, 118, 81, 58, 41, 27, 233, 521

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

T(0,0)=1, T(0,1)=2,...; y^2-x^2-xy

Inverse of sequence A064274 considered as a permutation of the nonnegative integers. - Howard A. Landman, Sep 25 2001

The Wythoff array W consists of all the Wythoff pairs (x(n),y(n)), where x=A000201 and y=A001950, so that W contains every positive integer exactly once. The differences T(i,2j+1)-T(i,2j) form the Wythoff difference array, A080164, which also contains every positive integer exactly once. - Clark Kimberling, Feb 08 2003

For n>2 the determinant of any n X n contiguous subarray of A035513 (as a square array) is 0. - Gerald McGarvey, Sep 18 2004

From Clark Kimberling, Nov 14 2007: (Start)

Except for initial terms in some cases:

(Row 1) = A000045

(Row 2) = A000032

(Row 3) = A006355

(Row 4) = A022086

(Row 5) = A022087

(Row 6) = A000285

(Row 7) = A022095

(Row 8) = A013655 (sum of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers)

(Row 9) = A022112

(Row 10-19) = A022113, A022120, A022121, A022379, A022130, A022382, A022088, A022136, A022137, A022089

(Row 20-28) = A022388, A022096, A022090, A022389, A022097, A022091, A022390, A022098, A022092

(Column 1) = A003622 = AA Wythoff sequence

(Column 2) = A035336 = BA Wythoff sequence

(Column 3) = A035337 = ABA Wythoff sequence

(Column 4) = A035338 = BBA Wythoff sequence

(Column 5) = A035339 = ABBA Wythoff sequence

(Column 6) = A035340 = BBBA Wythoff sequence

Main diagonal = A020941. (End)

The Wythoff array is the dispersion of the sequence given by floor(n*x+x-1), where x=(golden ratio). See A191426 for a discussion of dispersions. - Clark Kimberling, Jun 03 2011

If u and v are finite sets of numbers in a row of the Wythoff array such that (product of all the numbers in u) = (product of all the numbers in v), then u = v. See A160009 (row 1 products), A274286 (row 2), A274287 (row 3), A274288 (row 4). - Clark Kimberling, Jun 17 2016

All columns of the Wythoff array are compound Wythoff sequences. This follows from the main theorem in the 1972 paper by Carlitz, Scoville and Hoggatt. For an explicit expression see Theorem 10 in Kimberling's paper from 2008 in JIS. - Michel Dekking, Aug 31 2017

The Wythoff array can be viewed as an infinite graph over the set of nonnegative integers, built as follows: start with an empty graph; for all n = 0, 1, ..., create an edge between n and the sum of the degrees of all i < n. Finally, remove vertex 0. In the resulting graph, the connected components are chains and correspond to the rows of the Wythoff array. - Luc Rousseau, Sep 28 2017

Suppose that h < k are consecutive terms in a row of the Wythoff array. If k is in an even numbered column, then h = floor(k/tau); otherwise, h = -1 + floor(k/tau). - Clark Kimberling, Mar 05 2020

From Clark Kimberling, May 26 2020: (Start)

For k > = 0, column k shows the numbers m having F(k+1) as least term in the Zeckendorf representation of m. For n >= 1, let r(n,k) be the number of terms in column k that are <= n. Then n/r(n,k) = n/(F(k+1)*tau + F(k)*(n-1)), by Bottomley's formula, so that the limiting ratio is 1/(F(k+1)*tau + F(k)). Summing over all k gives Sum_{k>=0} 1/(F(k+1)*tau + F(k)) = 1. Thus, in the limiting sense:

38.19...% of the numbers m have least term 1;

23.60...% have least term 2;

14.58...% have least term 3;

9.01...% have least term 5, etc. (End)

Named after the Dutch mathematician Willem Abraham Wythoff (1865-1939). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 11 2021

From Clark Kimberling, Jun 04 2025: (Start)

Let u(n) = (T(n,1),T(n,2)) mod 2. The positive integers (A000027) are partitioned into 4 sets (sequences):

{n : u(n) = (0,0)} = (3, 5, 9, 15, 19, 25, 29,...) = 1 + 2*A190429

{n: u(n) = (0,1)} = (2, 6, 12, 16, 18, 22, 28,...) = A191331

{n : u(n) = (1,0)} = (1, 7, 11, 13, 17, 21, 23,...) = A086843

{n: u(n) = (1,1)} = (4, 8, 10, 14, 20, 24, 26,...) = A191330.

Let v(n) = (T(n,1),T(n,2)) mod 3. The positive integers are partitioned into 9 sets (sequences):

{n : v(n) = (0,0)} = (4, 13, 19, 28, 43, 52,...) = 1 + 3*A190434

{n: v(n) = (0,1)} = (3, 12, 27, 36, 42, 51,...) = 3*A140399

{n : v(n) = (0,2)} = (5, 11, 20, 35, 44, 50,...) = 2 + 3*A190439

{n: v(n) = (1,0)} = (9, 18, 24, 33, 48, 57,...) = 3*A140400

{n: v(n) = (1,1)} = (2, 8, 17, 26, 32, 41,...) = A384601

{n : v(n) = (1,2)} = (1, 10, 16, 25, 34, 40,...) = A384602

{n: v(n) = (2,0)} = (14, 23, 29, 38, 47, 53,...) = 2 + 3*A190438

{n: v(n) = (2,1)} = (7, 22, 31, 37, 46, 61,...) = 1 + 3*A190433

{n : v(n) = (2,2)} = (6, 15, 21, 30, 39, 45,...) = 3*A140398.

Conjecture: If m >= 2, then {(T(n,1), T(n,2)) mod m} has cardinality m^2. (End)

			The Wythoff array begins:
   1    2    3    5    8   13   21   34   55   89  144 ...
   4    7   11   18   29   47   76  123  199  322  521 ...
   6   10   16   26   42   68  110  178  288  466  754 ...
   9   15   24   39   63  102  165  267  432  699 1131 ...
  12   20   32   52   84  136  220  356  576  932 1508 ...
  14   23   37   60   97  157  254  411  665 1076 1741 ...
  17   28   45   73  118  191  309  500  809 1309 2118 ...
  19   31   50   81  131  212  343  555  898 1453 2351 ...
  22   36   58   94  152  246  398  644 1042 1686 2728 ...
  25   41   66  107  173  280  453  733 1186 1919 3105 ...
  27   44   71  115  186  301  487  788 1275 2063 3338 ...
  ...
The extended Wythoff array has two extra columns, giving the row number n and A000201(n), separated from the main array by a vertical bar:
0     1  |   1    2    3    5    8   13   21   34   55   89  144   ...
1     3  |   4    7   11   18   29   47   76  123  199  322  521   ...
2     4  |   6   10   16   26   42   68  110  178  288  466  754   ...
3     6  |   9   15   24   39   63  102  165  267  432  699 1131   ...
4     8  |  12   20   32   52   84  136  220  356  576  932 1508   ...
5     9  |  14   23   37   60   97  157  254  411  665 1076 1741   ...
6    11  |  17   28   45   73  118  191  309  500  809 1309 2118   ...
7    12  |  19   31   50   81  131  212  343  555  898 1453 2351   ...
8    14  |  22   36   58   94  152  246  398  644 1042 1686 2728   ...
9    16  |  25   41   66  107  173  280  453  733 1186 1919 3105   ...
10   17  |  27   44   71  115  186  301  487  788 1275 2063 3338   ...
11   19  |  30   49   79   ...
12   21  |  33   54   87   ...
13   22  |  35   57   92   ...
14   24  |  38   62   ...
15   25  |  40   65   ...
16   27  |  43   70   ...
17   29  |  46   75   ...
18   30  |  48   78   ...
19   32  |  51   83   ...
20   33  |  53   86   ...
21   35  |  56   91   ...
22   37  |  59   96   ...
23   38  |  61   99   ...
24   40  |  64   ...
25   42  |  67   ...
26   43  |  69   ...
27   45  |  72   ...
28   46  |  74   ...
29   48  |  77   ...
30   50  |  80   ...
31   51  |  82   ...
32   53  |  85   ...
33   55  |  88   ...
34   56  |  90   ...
35   58  |  93   ...
36   59  |  95   ...
37   61  |  98   ...
38   63  |     ...
   ...
Each row of the extended Wythoff array also satisfies the Fibonacci recurrence, and may be extended to the left using this recurrence backwards.
From _Peter Munn_, Jun 11 2021: (Start)
The Wythoff array appears to have the following relationship to the traditional Fibonacci rabbit breeding story, modified for simplicity to be a story of asexual reproduction.
Give each rabbit a number, 0 for the initial rabbit.
When a new round of rabbits is born, allocate consecutive numbers according to 2 rules (the opposite of many cultural rules for inheritance precedence): (1) newly born child of Rabbit 0 gets the next available number; (2) the descendants of a younger child of any given rabbit precede the descendants of an older child of the same rabbit.
Row n of the Wythoff array lists the children of Rabbit n (so Rabbit 0's children have the Fibonacci numbers: 1, 2, 3, 5, ...). The generation tree below shows rabbits 0 to 20. It is modified so that each round of births appears on a row.
                                                                 0
                                                                 :
                                       ,-------------------------:
                                       :                         :
                       ,---------------:                         1
                       :               :                         :
              ,--------:               2               ,---------:
              :        :               :               :         :
        ,-----:        3         ,-----:         ,-----:         4
        :     :        :         :     :         :     :         :
     ,--:     5     ,--:     ,---:     6     ,---:     7     ,---:
     :  :     :     :  :     :   :     :     :   :     :     :   :
  ,--:  8  ,--:  ,--:  9  ,--:  10  ,--:  ,--:  11  ,--:  ,--:  12
  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  :   :  :  :  :  :   :  :  :  :  :   :
  : 13  :  : 14  : 15  :  : 16   :  : 17  : 18   :  : 19  : 20   :
The extended array's nontrivial extra column (A000201) gives the number that would have been allocated to the first child of Rabbit n, if Rabbit n (and only Rabbit n) had started breeding one round early.
(End)

John H. Conway, Posting to Math Fun Mailing List, Nov 25 1996.
Clark Kimberling, "Stolarsky interspersions," Ars Combinatoria 39 (1995) 129-138.

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..5151
Peter G. Anderson, More Properties of the Zeckendorf Array, Fib. Quart. 52-5 (2014), 15-21.
L. Carlitz, Richard Scoville, and V. E. Hoggatt, Jr., Fibonacci representations, Fib. Quart., Vol. 10, No. 1 (1972), pp. 1-28.
Code Golf Stack Exchange, New Order #5: where Fibonacci and Beatty meet at Wythoff.
J. H. Conway, Allan Wechsler, Marc LeBrun, Dan Hoey, and N. J. A. Sloane, On Kimberling Sums and Para-Fibonacci Sequences, Correspondence and Postings to Math-Fun Mailing List, Nov 1996 to Jan 1997.
John Conway and Alex Ryba, The extra Fibonacci series and the Empire State Building, Math. Intelligencer, Vol. 38, No. 1 (2016), pp. 41-48.
Larry Ericksen and Peter G. Anderson, Patterns in differences between rows in k-Zeckendorf arrays, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 11-18. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Jun 10 2012
Clark Kimberling, Interspersions.
Clark Kimberling, The Zeckendorf array equals the Wythoff array, Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1995), pp. 3-8.
Clark Kimberling, Complementary equations and Wythoff Sequences, JIS, Vol. 11 (2008), Article 08.3.3.
Clark Kimberling, Lucas Representations of Positive Integers, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 23 (2020), Article 20.9.5.
Clark Kimberling and Kenneth B. Stolarsky, Slow Beatty sequences, devious convergence, and partitional divergence, Amer. Math. Monthly, 123, No. 2 (2016), pp. 267-273.
Stéphane Legendre, Labeled Fibonacci Trees, Fibonacci Quart. 53 (2015), no. 2, 152-167.
A. J. Macfarlane, On the fibbinary numbers and the Wythoff array, arXiv:2405.18128 [math.CO], 2024. See pages 1-2.
Casey Mongoven, Sonification of multiple Fibonacci-related sequences, Annales Mathematicae et Informaticae, Vol. 41 (2013), pp. 175-192.
N. J. A. Sloane, My favorite integer sequences, in Sequences and their Applications (Proceedings of SETA '98).
N. J. A. Sloane, Classic Sequences
Sam Vandervelde, On the divisibility of Fibonacci sequences by primes of index two, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 3 (2012), pp. 207-216. See Figure 1.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Wythoff Array.
Wikipedia, Wythoff array.
Pedro Zanetti, C++ code snippet, for generating this sequence.
Index entries for sequences that are permutations of the natural numbers

See comments above for more cross-references.
Cf. A003622, A064274 (inverse), A083412 (transpose), A000201, A001950, A080164, A003603, A265650, A019586 (row that contains n).
For two versions of the extended Wythoff array, see A287869, A287870.

W:= proc(n,k) Digits:= 100; (Matrix([n, floor((1+sqrt(5))/2* (n+1))]). Matrix([[0,1], [1,1]])^(k+1))[1,2] end: seq(seq(W(n, d-n), n=0..d), d=0..10); # Alois P. Heinz, Aug 18 2008
A035513 := proc(r, c)
    option remember;
    if c = 1 then
        A003622(r) ;
    else
        A022342(1+procname(r, c-1)) ;
    end if;
end proc:
seq(seq(A035513(r,d-r),r=1..d-1),d=2..15) ; # R. J. Mathar, Jan 25 2015

W[n_, k_] := Fibonacci[k + 1] Floor[n*GoldenRatio] + (n - 1) Fibonacci[k]; Table[ W[n - k + 1, k], {n, 12}, {k, n, 1, -1}] // Flatten

T(n,k)=(n+sqrtint(5*n^2))\2*fibonacci(k+1) + (n-1)*fibonacci(k)
for(k=0,9,for(n=1,k, print1(T(n,k+1-n)", "))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 09 2016

from sympy import fibonacci as F, sqrt
import math
tau = (sqrt(5) + 1)/2
def T(n, k): return F(k + 1)*int(math.floor(n*tau)) + F(k)*(n - 1)
for n in range(1, 11): print([T(k, n - k + 1) for k in range(1, n + 1)]) # Indranil Ghosh, Apr 23 2017

from math import isqrt, comb
from gmpy2 import fib2
def A035513(n):
    a = (m:=isqrt(k:=n<<1))+(k>m*(m+1))
    x = n-comb(a,2)
    b, c = fib2(a-x+2)
    return b*(x+isqrt(5*x*x)>>1)+c*(x-1) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 26 2025

T(n, k) = Fib(k+1)*floor[n*tau]+Fib(k)*(n-1) where tau = (sqrt(5)+1)/2 = A001622 and Fib(n) = A000045(n). - Henry Bottomley, Dec 10 2001

T(n,-1) = n-1. T(n,0) = floor(n*tau). T(n,k) = T(n,k-1) + T(n,k-2) for k>=1. - R. J. Mathar, Sep 03 2016

Comments about the extended Wythoff array added by N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 07 2016

A022086 Fibonacci sequence beginning 0, 3.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 3, 3, 6, 9, 15, 24, 39, 63, 102, 165, 267, 432, 699, 1131, 1830, 2961, 4791, 7752, 12543, 20295, 32838, 53133, 85971, 139104, 225075, 364179, 589254, 953433, 1542687, 2496120, 4038807, 6534927, 10573734, 17108661, 27682395, 44791056, 72473451, 117264507

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

First differences of A111314. - Ross La Haye, May 31 2006
Pisano period lengths: 1, 3, 1, 6, 20, 3, 16, 12, 8, 60, 10, 6, 28, 48, 20, 24, 36, 24, 18, 60, ... . - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012
For n>=6, a(n) is the number of edge covers of the union of two cycles C_r and C_s, r+s=n, with a single common vertex. - Feryal Alayont, Oct 17 2024

A. T. Benjamin and J. J. Quinn, Proofs that really count: the art of combinatorial proof, M.A.A. 2003, id. 7,17.

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Tanya Khovanova, Recursive Sequences
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (1,1).

Essentially the same as A097135.
Cf. A026390, A036999, A111314, A119457, A187893.
Sequences of the form Fibonacci(n+k) + Fibonacci(n-k) are listed in A280154.
Sequences of the form m*Fibonacci: A000045 (m=1), A006355 (m=2), this sequence (m=3), A022087 (m=4), A022088 (m=5), A022089 (m=6), A022090 (m=7), A022091 (m=8), A022092 (m=8), A022093 (m=10), A022345...A022366 (m=11...32).

[3*Fibonacci(n): n in [0..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Dec 31 2016

BB := n->if n=0 then 3; > elif n=1 then 0; > else BB(n-2)+BB(n-1); > fi: > L:=[]: for k from 1 to 34 do L:=[op(L),BB(k)]: od: L; # Zerinvary Lajos, Mar 19 2007
with (combinat):seq(sum((fibonacci(n,1)),m=1..3),n=0..32); # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 19 2008

LinearRecurrence[{1, 1}, {0, 3}, 40] (* Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Aug 17 2012 *)
Table[Fibonacci[n + 4] + Fibonacci[n - 4] - 4 Fibonacci[n], {n, 0, 40}] (* Bruno Berselli, Dec 30 2016 *)
Table[3 Fibonacci[n], {n, 0, 40}] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Dec 31 2016 *)

a(n)=3*fibonacci(n) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Nov 06 2014

def A022086(n): return 3*fibonacci(n)
print([A022086(n) for n in range(41)]) # G. C. Greubel, Apr 10 2025

a(n) = 3*Fibonacci(n).
a(n) = F(n-2) + F(n+2) for n>1, with F=A000045.
a(n) = round( ((6*phi-3)/5) * phi^n ) for n>2. - Thomas Baruchel, Sep 08 2004
a(n) = A119457(n+1,n-1) for n>1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 20 2006
G.f.: 3*x/(1-x-x^2). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 19 2008
a(n) = A187893(n) - 1. - Filip Zaludek, Oct 29 2016
E.g.f.: 6*sinh(sqrt(5)*x/2)*exp(x/2)/sqrt(5). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Oct 29 2016
a(n) = F(n+4) + F(n-4) - 4*F(n), F = A000045. - Bruno Berselli, Dec 29 2016

A119457 Triangle read by rows: T(n, 1) = n, T(n, 2) = 2*(n-1) for n>1 and T(n, k) = T(n-1, k-1) + T(n-2, k-2) for 2 < k <= n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 8, 9, 10, 8, 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 13, 7, 12, 15, 20, 24, 26, 21, 8, 14, 18, 25, 32, 39, 42, 34, 9, 16, 21, 30, 40, 52, 63, 68, 55, 10, 18, 24, 35, 48, 65, 84, 102, 110, 89, 11, 20, 27, 40, 56, 78, 105, 136, 165, 178, 144, 12, 22, 30, 45, 64, 91, 126, 170, 220, 267, 288, 233

Offset: 1

Reinhard Zumkeller, May 20 2006

			Triangle begins as:
   1;
   2,  2;
   3,  4,  3;
   4,  6,  6,  5;
   5,  8,  9, 10,  8;
   6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 13;
   7, 12, 15, 20, 24, 26,  21;
   8, 14, 18, 25, 32, 39,  42,  34;
   9, 16, 21, 30, 40, 52,  63,  68,  55;
  10, 18, 24, 35, 48, 65,  84, 102, 110,  89;
  11, 20, 27, 40, 56, 78, 105, 136, 165, 178, 144;
  12, 22, 30, 45, 64, 91, 126, 170, 220, 267, 288, 233;

G. C. Greubel, Rows n = 1..50 of the triangle, flattened
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Fibonacci Number

Main diagonal: A023607(n).
Sums: A001891 (row), A355020 (signed row).
Columns: A000027(n) (k=1), A005843(n-1) (k=2), A008585(n-2) (k=3), A008587(n-3) (k=4), A008590(n-4) (k=5), A008595(n-5) (k=6), A008603(n-6) (k=7).
Diagonals: A000045(n+1) (k=n), A006355(n+1) (k=n-1), A022086(n-1) (k=n-2), A022087(n-2) (k=n-3), A022088(n-3) (k=n-4), A022089(n-4) (k=n-5), A022090(n-5) (k=n-6).
Cf. A023652, A112469.

A119457:= func< n,k | (n-k+1)*Fibonacci(k+1) >;
[A119457(n,k): k in [1..n], n in [1..12]]; // G. C. Greubel, Apr 16 2025

(* First program *)
T[n_, 1] := n;
T[n_ /; n > 1, 2] := 2 n - 2;
T[n_, k_] /; 2 < k <= n := T[n, k] = T[n - 1, k - 1] + T[n - 2, k - 2];
Table[T[n, k], {n, 1, 12}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 01 2021 *)
(* Second program *)
A119457[n_,k_]:= (n-k+1)*Fibonacci[k+1];
Table[A119457[n,k], {n,13}, {k,n}]//Flatten (* G. C. Greubel, Apr 16 2025 *)

def A119457(n,k): return (n-k+1)*fibonacci(k+1)
print(flatten([[A119457(n,k) for k in range(1,n+1)] for n in range(1,13)])) # G. C. Greubel, Apr 16 2025

T(n, k) = (n-k+1)*T(k,k) for 1 <= k < n, with T(n, n) = A000045(n+1).
From G. C. Greubel, Apr 15 2025: (Start)
T(n, k) = (n-k+1)*Fibonacci(k+1).
Sum_{k=1..floor((n+1)/2)} T(n-k+1, k) = (1/2)*(1-(-1)^n)*A023652(floor((n+1)/2)) + (1+(-1)^n)*A001891(floor(n/2)).
Sum_{k=1..floor((n+1)/2)} (-1)^(k-1)*T(n-k+1, k) = (1/2)*(1-(-1)^n)*A112469(floor((n-1)/2)) + (1+(-1)^n)*A355020(floor((n-2)/2)). (End)

A374439 Triangle read by rows: the coefficients of the Lucas-Fibonacci polynomials. T(n, k) = T(n - 1, k) + T(n - 2, k - 2) with initial values T(n, k) = k + 1 for k < 2.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1, 2, 4, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 5, 8, 6, 6, 1, 1, 2, 6, 10, 10, 12, 4, 2, 1, 2, 7, 12, 15, 20, 10, 8, 1, 1, 2, 8, 14, 21, 30, 20, 20, 5, 2, 1, 2, 9, 16, 28, 42, 35, 40, 15, 10, 1, 1, 2, 10, 18, 36, 56, 56, 70, 35, 30, 6, 2

Offset: 0

Peter Luschny, Jul 22 2024

There are several versions of Lucas and Fibonacci polynomials in this database. Our naming follows the convention of calling polynomials after the values of the polynomials at x = 1. This assumes a regular sequence of polynomials, that is, a sequence of polynomials where degree(p(n)) = n. This view makes the coefficients of the polynomials (the terms of a row) a refinement of the values at the unity.
A remarkable property of the polynomials under consideration is that they are dual in this respect. This means they give the Lucas numbers at x = 1 and the Fibonacci numbers at x = -1 (except for the sign). See the example section.
The Pell numbers and the dual Pell numbers are also values of the polynomials, at the points x = -1/2 and x = 1/2 (up to the normalization factor 2^n). This suggests a harmonized terminology: To call 2^n*P(n, -1/2) = 1, 0, 1, 2, 5, ... the Pell numbers (A000129) and 2^n*P(n, 1/2) = 1, 4, 9, 22, ... the dual Pell numbers (A048654).
Based on our naming convention one could call A162515 (without the prepended 0) the Fibonacci polynomials. In the definition above only the initial values would change to: T(n, k) = k + 1 for k < 1. To extend this line of thought we introduce A374438 as the third triangle of this family.
The triangle is closely related to the qStirling2 numbers at q = -1. For the definition of these numbers see A333143. This relates the triangle to A065941 and A103631.

			Triangle starts:
  [ 0] [1]
  [ 1] [1, 2]
  [ 2] [1, 2, 1]
  [ 3] [1, 2, 2,  2]
  [ 4] [1, 2, 3,  4,  1]
  [ 5] [1, 2, 4,  6,  3,  2]
  [ 6] [1, 2, 5,  8,  6,  6,  1]
  [ 7] [1, 2, 6, 10, 10, 12,  4,  2]
  [ 8] [1, 2, 7, 12, 15, 20, 10,  8,  1]
  [ 9] [1, 2, 8, 14, 21, 30, 20, 20,  5,  2]
  [10] [1, 2, 9, 16, 28, 42, 35, 40, 15, 10, 1]
.
Table of interpolated sequences:
  |  n | A039834 & A000045 | A000032 |   A000129   |   A048654  |
  |  n |     -P(n,-1)      | P(n,1)  |2^n*P(n,-1/2)|2^n*P(n,1/2)|
  |    |     Fibonacci     |  Lucas  |     Pell    |    Pell*   |
  |  0 |        -1         |     1   |       1     |       1    |
  |  1 |         1         |     3   |       0     |       4    |
  |  2 |         0         |     4   |       1     |       9    |
  |  3 |         1         |     7   |       2     |      22    |
  |  4 |         1         |    11   |       5     |      53    |
  |  5 |         2         |    18   |      12     |     128    |
  |  6 |         3         |    29   |      29     |     309    |
  |  7 |         5         |    47   |      70     |     746    |
  |  8 |         8         |    76   |     169     |    1801    |
  |  9 |        13         |   123   |     408     |    4348    |

Paolo Xausa, Rows n = 0..150 of the triangle, flattened
Peter Luschny, Illustrating the polynomials.

Triangles related to Lucas polynomials: A034807, A114525, A122075, A061896, A352362.
Triangles related to Fibonacci polynomials: A162515, A053119, A168561, A049310, A374441.
Sums include: A000204 (Lucas numbers, row), A000045 & A212804 (even sums, Fibonacci numbers), A006355 (odd sums), A039834 (alternating sign row).
Type m^n*P(n, 1/m): A000129 & A048654 (Pell, m=2), A108300 & A003688 (m=3), A001077 & A048875 (m=4).
Adding and subtracting the values in a row of the table (plus halving the values obtained in this way): A022087, A055389, A118658, A052542, A163271, A371596, A324969, A212804, A077985, A069306, A215928.
Columns include: A040000 (k=1), A000027 (k=2), A005843 (k=3), A000217 (k=4), A002378 (k=5).
Diagonals include: A000034 (k=n), A029578 (k=n-1), abs(A131259) (k=n-2).
Cf. A029578 (subdiagonal), A124038 (row reversed triangle, signed).
Cf. A039961, A065941 (qStirling2), A103631, A108299, A131259. A133607, A194005, A333143, A374438 (m=3).

function T(n,k) // T = A374439
  if k lt 0 or k gt n then return 0;
  elif k le 1 then return k+1;
  else return T(n-1,k) + T(n-2,k-2);
  end if;
end function;
[T(n,k): k in [0..n], n in [0..12]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jan 23 2025

A374439 := (n, k) -> ifelse(k::odd, 2, 1)*binomial(n - irem(k, 2) - iquo(k, 2), iquo(k, 2)):
# Alternative, using the function qStirling2 from A333143:
T := (n, k) -> 2^irem(k, 2)*qStirling2(n, k, -1):
seq(seq(T(n, k), k = 0..n), n = 0..10);

A374439[n_, k_] := (# + 1)*Binomial[n - (k + #)/2, (k - #)/2] & [Mod[k, 2]];
Table[A374439[n, k], {n, 0, 10}, {k, 0, n}]//Flatten (* Paolo Xausa, Jul 24 2024 *)

from functools import cache
@cache
def T(n: int, k: int) -> int:
    if k > n: return 0
    if k < 2: return k + 1
    return T(n - 1, k) + T(n - 2, k - 2)

from math import comb as binomial
def T(n: int, k: int) -> int:
    o = k & 1
    return binomial(n - o - (k - o) // 2, (k - o) // 2) << o

def P(n, x):
    if n < 0: return P(n, x)
    return sum(T(n, k)*x**k for k in range(n + 1))
def sgn(x: int) -> int: return (x > 0) - (x < 0)
# Table of interpolated sequences
print("|  n | A039834 & A000045 | A000032 |   A000129   |   A048654  |")
print("|  n |     -P(n,-1)      | P(n,1)  |2^n*P(n,-1/2)|2^n*P(n,1/2)|")
print("|    |     Fibonacci     |  Lucas  |     Pell    |    Pell*   |")
f = "| {0:2d} | {1:9d}         |  {2:4d}   |   {3:5d}     |    {4:4d}    |"
for n in range(10): print(f.format(n, -P(n, -1), P(n, 1), int(2**n*P(n, -1/2)), int(2**n*P(n, 1/2))))

from sage.combinat.q_analogues import q_stirling_number2
def A374439(n,k): return (-1)^((k+1)//2)*2^(k%2)*q_stirling_number2(n+1, k+1, -1)
print(flatten([[A374439(n, k) for k in range(n+1)] for n in range(13)])) # G. C. Greubel, Jan 23 2025

T(n, k) = 2^k' * binomial(n - k' - (k - k') / 2, (k - k') / 2) where k' = 1 if k is odd and otherwise 0.
T(n, k) = (1 + (k mod 2))*qStirling2(n, k, -1), see A333143.
2^n*P(n, -1/2) = A000129(n - 1), Pell numbers, P(-1) = 1.
2^n*P(n, 1/2) = A048654(n), dual Pell numbers.
T(2*n, n) = (1/2)*(-1)^n*( (1+(-1)^n)*A005809(n/2) - 2*(1-(-1)^n)*A045721((n-1)/2) ). - G. C. Greubel, Jan 23 2025

A356991 a(n) = b(n) + b(n - b(n)) for n >= 2, where b(n) = A356998(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 29, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 47, 47, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 76, 76, 76, 76, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80

Offset: 2

Peter Bala, Sep 08 2022

The sequence is slow, that is, for n >= 2, a(n+1) - a(n) is either 0 or 1. The sequence is unbounded.
The line graph of the sequence {a(n)} thus consists of a series of plateaus (where the value of the ordinate a(n) is unchanged with increasing values of the abscissa n) joined by lines of slope 1.
The sequence of plateau heights begins 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199, ..., the Lucas sequence {A000032(k): k >= 3}. The plateaus start at absiccsa values n = 4, 8, 12, 20, 32, 52, 84, 136, ..., the sequence {A022087(k): k >= 2}, and end at abscissa values n = 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ..., the Fibonacci sequence {A000045(k): k >= 5}.
Compare with A356992 and A356993.
Other sequences defined in terms of b(n) = A356998(n) that are similarly related to the Lucas numbers include {n - b(b(b(2*n - b(n)))): n >= 1} beginning 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 17, 18, 19, ... and {2*n - b(2*n - b(2*n - b(n))) : n >= 1} beginning 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7, 9, 11, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 18, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 31, .... Neither sequence is slow.

Cf. A000032, A000045, A022087, A356988, A356992 - A356999.

b := proc(n) option remember; if n = 1 then 1 else n - b(b(n - b(b(b(n-1))))) end if; end proc:
seq( b(n) + b(n - b(n) ), n = 2..100);

The sequence is completely determined by the initial values a(2) = 2, a(3) = 3 and the pair of formulas:
1) for k >= 3, a(4*F(k-1) + j) = L(k) for 0 <= j <= F(k-4), where F(-1) = 1 and
2) for k >= 3, a(F(k+2) + j) = L(k) + j for 0 <= j <= L(k-1).

A258160 a(n) = 8*Lucas(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

16, 8, 24, 32, 56, 88, 144, 232, 376, 608, 984, 1592, 2576, 4168, 6744, 10912, 17656, 28568, 46224, 74792, 121016, 195808, 316824, 512632, 829456, 1342088, 2171544, 3513632, 5685176, 9198808, 14883984, 24082792, 38966776, 63049568, 102016344, 165065912

Offset: 0

Bruno Berselli, May 22 2015

Bruno Berselli, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..300
Tanya Khovanova, Recursive Sequences: a(n) = a(n-1)+a(n-2).
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (1,1).

Cf. A022112, A039834, A156279.
Cf. A022091: 8*Fibonacci(n).
Cf. A022352: Fibonacci(n+6) + Fibonacci(n-6).
Cf. sequences with the formula Fibonacci(n+k)-Fibonacci(n-k): A000045 (k=1); A000032 (k=2); A022087 (k=3); A022379 (k=4, without initial 6); A022345 (k=5); this sequence (k=6); A022363 (k=7).

Magma
```
[8*Lucas(n): n in [0..40]];
```

Table[8 LucasL[n], {n, 0, 40}]
CoefficientList[Series[8*(2 - x)/(1 - x - x^2), {x, 0, 50}], x] (* G. C. Greubel, Dec 21 2017 *)

a(n)=([0,1; 1,1]^n*[16;8])[1,1] \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Oct 07 2015

[8*lucas_number2(n, 1, -1) for n in (0..40)]

G.f.: 8*(2 - x)/(1 - x - x^2).
a(n)   = Fibonacci(n+6) - Fibonacci(n-6), where Fibonacci(-6..-1) = -8, 5, -3, 2, -1, 1 (see similar sequences listed in Crossrefs).
a(n)   = Lucas(n+4) + Lucas(n) + Lucas(n-4), where Lucas(-4..-1) = 7, -4, 3, -1.
a(n)   = a(n-1) + a(n-2) for n>1, a(0)=16, a(1)=8.
a(n)   = 2*A156279(n).
a(n+1) = 4*A022112(n).

A208085 T(n,k)=Number of (n+1)X(k+1) 0..1 arrays with every 2X2 subblock having the same number of equal edges as its horizontal neighbors and a different number from its vertical neighbors, and new values 0..1 introduced in row major order.

Original entry on oeis.org

8, 20, 12, 56, 20, 24, 164, 32, 56, 36, 488, 52, 134, 60, 72, 1460, 84, 344, 96, 168, 108, 4376, 136, 888, 156, 402, 180, 216, 13124, 220, 2318, 252, 1032, 288, 504, 324, 39368, 356, 6056, 408, 2664, 468, 1206, 540, 648, 118100, 576, 15848, 660, 6954, 756, 3096

Offset: 1

R. H. Hardin Feb 23 2012

Table starts
...8..20...56..164..488..1460..4376..13124..39368.118100..354296.1062884
..12..20...32...52...84...136...220....356....576....932....1508....2440
..24..56..134..344..888..2318..6056..15848..41478.108584..284264..744206
..36..60...96..156..252...408...660...1068...1728...2796....4524....7320
..72.168..402.1032.2664..6954.18168..47544.124434.325752..852792.2232618
.108.180..288..468..756..1224..1980...3204...5184...8388...13572...21960
.216.504.1206.3096.7992.20862.54504.142632.373302.977256.2558376.6697854
.324.540..864.1404.2268..3672..5940...9612..15552..25164...40716...65880

			Some solutions for n=4 k=3
..0..1..0..0....0..1..0..1....0..0..0..0....0..1..1..1....0..0..0..0
..0..1..0..1....0..0..0..0....1..1..1..1....0..1..0..1....1..0..1..0
..1..0..1..0....0..0..0..0....1..1..1..1....1..0..1..0....0..1..0..1
..1..0..1..0....1..0..1..0....1..0..1..0....1..0..1..0....0..0..0..0
..0..1..0..1....0..1..0..1....0..1..0..1....0..1..0..1....0..0..0..0

R. H. Hardin, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..5596

Column 1 is A153339(n+2).
Row 1 is A115099.
Row 2 is A022087(n+3).
Row 4 is A022346(n+3).

Empirical for column k:
k=1: a(n) = 3*a(n-2)
k=2..7: a(n) = 3*a(n-2) for n>3
Empirical for row n:
n=1: a(k)=4*a(k-1)-3*a(k-2)
n=2,4,6: a(k)=a(k-1)+a(k-2)
n=3,5,7: a(k)=3*a(k-1)-3*a(k-3)+a(k-4)

A126714 Dual Wythoff array read along antidiagonals.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 7, 5, 10, 11, 9, 8, 16, 18, 14, 12, 13, 26, 29, 23, 19, 15, 21, 42, 47, 37, 31, 24, 17, 34, 68, 76, 60, 50, 39, 27, 20, 55, 110, 123, 97, 81, 63, 44, 32, 22, 89, 178, 199, 157, 131, 102, 71, 52, 35, 25, 144, 288, 322, 254, 212, 165, 115, 84, 57, 40, 28

Offset: 1

R. J. Mathar, Feb 12 2007

The dual Wythoff array is the dispersion of the sequence w given by w(n)=2+floor(n*x), where x=(golden ratio), so that w=2+A000201(n). For a discussion of dispersions, see A191426. - Clark Kimberling, Jun 03 2011

			Array starts
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144
4 6 10 16 26 42 68 110 178 288 466
7 11 18 29 47 76 123 199 322 521 843
9 14 23 37 60 97 157 254 411 665 1076
12 19 31 50 81 131 212 343 555 898 1453
15 24 39 63 102 165 267 432 699 1131 1830
17 27 44 71 115 186 301 487 788 1275 2063
20 32 52 84 136 220 356 576 932 1508 2440
22 35 57 92 149 241 390 631 1021 1652 2673
25 40 65 105 170 275 445 720 1165 1885 3050
28 45 73 118 191 309 500 809 1309 2118 3427

Clark Kimberling, "Stolarsky Interspersions," Ars Combinatoria 39 (1995) 129-138. See page 135 for the dual Wythoff array and other dual arrays. - Clark Kimberling, Oct 29 2009

P. Hegarty, U. Larsson, Permutations of the natural numbers with prescribed difference multisets, Electr. J. Combin. Numb. Theory 6 (2006) #A03.

First three rows identical to A035506. First column is A007066. First row is A000045. 2nd row is essentially A006355. 3rd row is essentially A000032. 4th row essentially A000285. 5th row essentially A013655 or A001060. 6th row essentially A022086 or A097135. 7th row essentially A022120. 8th row essentially A022087. 9th row essentially A022130. 10th row essentially A022088. 11th row essentially A022095. 12th row essentially A022089 etc.

Cf. A035513 (Wythoff array).

Tn1 := proc(T,nmax,row) local n,r,c,fnd; n := 1; while true do fnd := false; for r from 1 to row do for c from 1 to nmax do if T[r,c] = n then fnd := true; fi; od; if T[r,nmax] < n then RETURN(-1); fi; od; if fnd then n := n+1; else RETURN(n); fi; od; end; Tn2 := proc(T,nmax,row,ai1) local n,r,c,fnd; for r from 1 to row do for c from 1 to nmax do if T[r,c]+1 = ai1 then RETURN(T[r,c+1]+1); fi; od; od; RETURN(-1); end; T := proc(nmax) local a,col,row; a := array(1..nmax,1..nmax); for col from 1 to nmax do a[1,col] := combinat[fibonacci](col+1); od; for row from 2 to nmax do a[row,1] := Tn1(a,nmax,row-1); a[row,2] := Tn2(a,nmax,row-1,a[row,1]); for col from 3 to nmax do a[row,col] := a[row,col-2]+a[row,col-1]; od; od; RETURN(a); end; nmax := 12; a := T(nmax); for d from 1 to nmax do for row from 1 to d do printf("%d, ",a[row,d-row+1]); od; od;

(* program generates the dispersion array T of the complement of increasing sequence f[n] *)
r = 40; r1 = 12;  (* r=# rows of T, r1=# rows to show *)
c = 40; c1 = 12;   (* c=# cols of T, c1=# cols to show *)
x = GoldenRatio; f[n_] := Floor[n*x + 2]
(* f(n) is complement of column 1 *)
mex[list_] := NestWhile[#1 + 1 &, 1, Union[list][[#1]] <= #1 &, 1, Length[Union[list]]]
rows = {NestList[f, 1, c]};
Do[rows = Append[rows, NestList[f, mex[Flatten[rows]], r]], {r}];
t[i_, j_] := rows[[i, j]];  (* the array T *)
TableForm[Table[t[i, j], {i, 1, 10}, {j, 1,10}]]
(* Dual Wythoff array, A126714 *)
Flatten[Table[t[k, n - k + 1], {n, 1, c1}, {k, 1, n}]] (* array as a sequence *)
(* Program by Peter J. C. Moses, Jun 01 2011; added here by Clark Kimberling, Jun 03 2011 *)

A192746 Constant term of the reduction by x^2 -> x+1 of the polynomial p(n,x) defined below in Comments.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 5, 9, 17, 29, 49, 81, 133, 217, 353, 573, 929, 1505, 2437, 3945, 6385, 10333, 16721, 27057, 43781, 70841, 114625, 185469, 300097, 485569, 785669, 1271241, 2056913, 3328157, 5385073, 8713233, 14098309, 22811545, 36909857, 59721405, 96631265

Offset: 0

Clark Kimberling, Jul 09 2011

nonn

The titular polynomial is defined recursively by p(n,x)=x*(n-1,x)+3n+1 for n>0, where p(0,x)=1. For discussions of polynomial reduction, see A192232 and A192744.

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Feng-Zhen Zhao, The log-behavior of some sequences related to the generalized Leonardo numbers, Integers (2024) Vol. 24, Art. No. A82.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (2,0,-1).

Cf. A000045, A192232, A192744.

List([0..30], n-> 4*Fibonacci(n+2)-3); # G. C. Greubel, Jul 24 2019

[4*Fibonacci(n+2)-3: n in [0..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jul 24 2019

(* First program *)
q = x^2; s = x + 1; z = 40;
p[0, n_]:= 1; p[n_, x_]:= x*p[n-1, x] +3n +2;
Table[Expand[p[n, x]], {n, 0, 7}]
reduce[{p1_, q_, s_, x_}]:= FixedPoint[(s PolynomialQuotient @@ #1 + PolynomialRemainder @@ #1 &)[{#1, q, x}] &, p1]
t = Table[reduce[{p[n, x], q, s, x}], {n, 0, z}];
u1 = Table[Coefficient[Part[t, n], x, 0], {n, 1, z}] (* A192746 *)
u2 = Table[Coefficient[Part[t, n], x, 1], {n, 1, z}] (* A192747 *) (* Clark Kimberling, Jul 09 2011 *)
(* Additional programs *)
a[0]=1;a[1]=5;a[n_]:=a[n]=a[n-1]+a[n-2]+3;Table[a[n],{n,0,36}] (* Gerry Martens, Jul 04 2015 *)
4*Fibonacci[Range[0,40]+2]-3 (* G. C. Greubel, Jul 24 2019 *)

vector(30, n, n--; 4*fibonacci(n+2)-3) \\ G. C. Greubel, Jul 24 2019

[4*fibonacci(n+2)-3 for n in (0..30)] # G. C. Greubel, Jul 24 2019

G.f.: (1+3*x-x^2)/((1-x)*(1-x-x^2)), so the first differences are (essentially) A022087. - R. J. Mathar, May 04 2014

a(n) = 4*Fibonacci(n+2)-3. - Gerry Martens, Jul 04 2015

A230127 Number of binary strings of length n avoiding "squares" (that is, repeated blocks of the form xx) with |x| > 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 20, 26, 38, 42, 52, 56, 56, 48, 42, 32, 22, 10, 4, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

Offset: 0

Nathaniel Johnston, Oct 10 2013

Entringer et al. showed that a(n) = 0 for all n >= 19.

			a(4) = 12 because there are 16 binary strings of length 4, but 4 of these strings (namely 0000, 0101, 1010, and 1111) repeat a substring of length 2. Thus a(4) = 16 - 4 = 12.
a(18) = 2 because there are 2 strings of length 18 not containing any "squares" of length greater than 1: 010011000111001101 and 101100111000110010.

Nathaniel Johnston, C code for computing this sequence
R. C. Entringer, D. E. Jackson and J. A. Schatz, On nonrepetitive sequences, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A. 16 (1974), 159-164.

Cf. A022087, A229614, A230177.

a[n_] := a[n] = Select[PadLeft[#, n]& /@ IntegerDigits[Range[0, 2^n-1], 2], {} == SequencePosition[#, {b__, b__} /; Length[{b}]>1, 1]&] // Length;
Table[Print[n, " ", a[n]]; a[n], {n, 0, 20}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 10 2021 *)

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A035513 Wythoff array read by falling antidiagonals.

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A022086 Fibonacci sequence beginning 0, 3.

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A119457 Triangle read by rows: T(n, 1) = n, T(n, 2) = 2*(n-1) for n>1 and T(n, k) = T(n-1, k-1) + T(n-2, k-2) for 2 < k <= n.

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A374439 Triangle read by rows: the coefficients of the Lucas-Fibonacci polynomials. T(n, k) = T(n - 1, k) + T(n - 2, k - 2) with initial values T(n, k) = k + 1 for k < 2.

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SageMath

Formula

A356991 a(n) = b(n) + b(n - b(n)) for n >= 2, where b(n) = A356998(n).

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Programs

Maple

Formula

A258160 a(n) = 8*Lucas(n).

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Programs

Magma

Mathematica