A319574 -id:A319574 - cp's OEIS frontend

A000118 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 4 squares; also theta series of four-dimensional cubic lattice Z^4.

1, 8, 24, 32, 24, 48, 96, 64, 24, 104, 144, 96, 96, 112, 192, 192, 24, 144, 312, 160, 144, 256, 288, 192, 96, 248, 336, 320, 192, 240, 576, 256, 24, 384, 432, 384, 312, 304, 480, 448, 144, 336, 768, 352, 288, 624, 576, 384, 96, 456, 744, 576, 336, 432, 960, 576, 192

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 is one of Ramanujan's 54 universal quaternary quadratic forms. - Michael Somos, Apr 01 2008
a(n) is also the number of quaternions q = a + bi + cj + dk, where a, b, c, d are integers, such that a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + d^2 = n (i.e., so that n is the norm of q). These are Lipschitz integer quaternions. - Rick L. Shepherd, Mar 27 2009
Number 5 and 35 of the 126 eta-quotients listed in Table 1 of Williams 2012. - Michael Somos, Nov 10 2018
This is the convolution square of A004018. - Pierre Abbat, May 15 2023

			G.f. = 1 + 8*q + 24*q^2 + 32*q^3 + 24*q^4 + 48*q^5 + 96*q^6 + 64*q^7 + 24*q^8 + ...
a(1)=8 counts 1 = 1^2 + 0^2 + 0^2 + 0^2 = 0^2 + 1^2 + 0^2 + 0^2 = 0^2 + 0^2 + 1^2 + 0^2 = 0^2 + 0^2 + 0^2 + 1^2 and 4 more sums where 1^2 is replaced by (-1)^2. - _R. J. Mathar_, May 16 2023

J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996, ch. 8, pp. 231-2.
J. H. Conway and N. J. A. Sloane, Sphere Packing, Lattices and Groups, Springer-Verlag, p. 108, Eq. (49).
N. J. Fine, Basic Hypergeometric Series and Applications, Amer. Math. Soc., 1988; p. 78, Eq. (32.28). See also top of p. 94.
E. Freitag and R. Busam, Funktionentheorie 1, 4. Auflage, Springer, 2006, p. 392.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 314, Theorem 386.
Carlos J. Moreno and Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr., Sums of Squares of integers, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2006, p. 29.
S. Ramanujan, Collected Papers, Chap. 20, Cambridge Univ. Press 1927 (Proceedings of the Camb. Phil. Soc., 19 (1917) 11-21).

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..50000 (first 10000 terms from T. D. Noe)
George E. Andrews, S. B. Ekhad, and D. Zeilberger A Short Proof of Jacobi's Formula for the Number of Representations of an Integer as a Sum of Four Squares, arXiv:math/9206203 [math.CO], 1992.
George E. Andrews, S. B. Ekhad, and D. Zeilberger, A Short Proof of Jacobi's Formula for the Number of Representations of an Integer as a sum of Four Squares
George E. Andrews, Sumit Kumar Jha, and J. López-Bonilla, Sums of Squares, Triangular Numbers, and Divisor Sums, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 26 (2023), Article 23.2.5.
Michael Ball and Dario Alejandro Alpern, Every positive integer is a sum of four integer squares
Cristina Ballantine and Mircea Merca, Jacobi's four and eight squares theorems and partitions into distinct parts, Mediterr. J. Math 16 (2009) 26.
R. T. Bumby, Sums of four squares, in Number theory (New York, 1991-1995), 1-8, Springer, New York, 1996.
R. T. Bumby, Sums of four squares [Cached copy]
H. H. Chan and C. Krattenthaler, Recent progress in the study of representations of integers as sums of squares, arXiv:math/0407061 [math.NT], 2004.
Peter L. Clark, A theorem of Minkowski; the four squares theorem (no date).
Fern Gossow, Lyndon-like cyclic sieving and Gauss congruence, arXiv:2410.05678 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 26.
E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of an Even Number of Squares, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 121.
M. D. Hirschhorn, A Simple Proof of Jacobi's Four-Square Theorem, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 101, No. 3 (Nov., 1987), pp. 436-438
Masao Koike, Modular forms on non-compact arithmetic triangle groups, Unpublished manuscript [Extensively annotated with OEIS A-numbers by N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 14 2021. I wrote 2005 on the first page but the internal evidence suggests 1997.]
G. Nebe and N. J. A. Sloane, The lattice Z4
S. C. Milne, Infinite families of exact sums of squares formulas, Jacobi elliptic functions, continued fractions and Schur functions, Ramanujan J., 6 (2002), 7-149.
Y. Mimura, Almost Universal Quadratic Forms.
Simon Plouffe, Table of n, a(n) for n=0..105817
B. K. Spearman and K. S. Williams, The simplest arithmetic proof of Jacobi's four squares theorem, Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences 2.3 (2000): 433-440.
Eric van Fossen Conrad, Jacobi's Four Square Theorem
Min Wang and Zhi-Hong Sun, On the number of representations of n as a linear combination of four triangular numbers II, arXiv:1511.00478 [math.NT], 2015.
Eric W. Weisstein, Quaternion Norm.
Wikipedia, Hurwitz quaternion
K. S. Williams, Fourier series of a class of eta quotients, Int. J. Number Theory 8 (2012), no. 4, 993-1004.
K. S. Williams, The parents of Jacobi's four squares theorem are unique, Amer. Math. Monthly, 120 (2013), 329-345.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=4 of A122141 and of A319574, 4th column of A286815.
Cf. A000122, A000203, A000265, A004011, A005879, A046897, A096727.
For number of solutions to a^2+b^2+c^2+k*d^2=n for k=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, see A000118, A236928, A236926, A236923, A236930, A236931, A236932, A236927, A236933.

a000118 0 = 1
a000118 n = 8 * a046897 n  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 12 2015

# JacobiTheta3 is defined in A000122.
A000118List(len) = JacobiTheta3(len, 4)
A000118List(57) |> println # Peter Luschny, Mar 12 2018

a(n) = 8 * sum(find(mod(n,1:n)==0 & mod(1:n,4))) + (n==0) % David Mellinger, Aug 04 2025

A := Basis( ModularForms( Gamma0(4), 2), 57); A[1] + 8*A[2]; /* Michael Somos, Aug 21 2014 */

(add(q^(m^2),m=-10..10))^4; seq(coeff(%,q,n), n=0..50);
# Alternative:
A000118list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^4, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end: A000118list(57); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

Table[SquaresR[4, n], {n, 0, 46}]
a[ n_] :=  SeriesCoefficient[ EllipticTheta[ 3, 0, q]^4, {q, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Jun 12 2014 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 1, Boole[ n == 0], 8 Sum[ If[ Mod[ d, 4] > 0, d, 0], {d, Divisors @ n }]]; (* Michael Somos, Feb 20 2015 *)
QP = QPochhammer; CoefficientList[QP[-q]^8/QP[q^2]^4 + O[q]^60, q] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 24 2015 *)

{a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, 8 * sumdiv( n, d, if( d%4, d)))}; /* Michael Somos, Apr 01 2003 */

{a(n) = local(A); if( n<0, 0, A = x * O(x^n); polcoeff( (eta(x^2 + A)^5 / (eta(x + A)^2 * eta(x^4 + A)^2))^4, n))}; /* Michael Somos, Apr 01 2008 */

q='q+O('q^66); Vec((eta(q^2)^5/(eta(q)^2*eta(q^4)^2))^4) /* Joerg Arndt, Apr 08 2013 */

a(n) = 8*sigma(n) - if (n % 4, 0, 32*sigma(n/4)); \\ Michel Marcus, Jul 13 2016

from sympy import divisors
def a(n): return 1 if n==0 else 8*sum(d for d in divisors(n) if d%4 != 0)
print([a(n) for n in range(57)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Jan 08 2021

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def A000118(n): return 1 if n == 0 else 8*divisor_sigma(n) if n % 2 else 24*divisor_sigma(int(bin(n)[2:].rstrip('0'),2)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 27 2022

A = ModularForms( Gamma0(4), 2, prec=57) . basis(); A[0] + 8*A[1]; # Michael Somos, Jun 12 2014

Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1]*4)
Q.representation_number_list(60) # Peter Luschny, Jun 20 2014

G.f.: theta_3(q)^4 = (Product_{n>=1} (1-q^(2n))*(1+q^(2n-1))^2)^4 = eta(-q)^8/eta(q^2)^4; eta = Dedekind's function.
a(n) = 8*sigma(n) - 32*sigma(n/4) for n > 0, where the latter term is 0 if n is not a multiple of 4.
Euler transform of period 4 sequence [8, -12, 8, -4, ...]. - Michael Somos, Dec 16 2002
G.f. A(x) satisfies 0 = f(A(x), A(x^3), A(x^9)) where f(u, v, w) = v^4 - 30*u*v^2*w + 12*u*v*w*(u + 9*w) - u*w*(u^2 + 9*w*u + 81*w^2). - Michael Somos, Nov 02 2006
G.f. is a period 1 Fourier series which satisfies f(-1/(4*t)) = 4*(t/i)^2*f(t) where q = exp(2*Pi*i*t). - Michael Somos, Jan 25 2008
For n > 0, a(n)/8 is multiplicative and a(p^n)/8 = 1 + p + p^2 + ... + p^n for p an odd prime, a(2^n)/8 = 1 + 2 for n > 0.
a(n) = 8*A000203(n/A006519(n))*(2 + (-1)^n). - Benoit Cloitre, May 16 2002
G.f.: 1 + 8*Sum_{k>0} x^k / (1 + (-x)^k)^2 = 1 + 8*Sum_{k>0} k * x^k / (1 + (-x)^k).
G.f. = s(2)^20/(s(1)*s(4))^8, where s(k) := subs(q=q^k, eta(q)), where eta(q) is Dedekind's function, cf. A010815. [Fine]
Fine gives another explicit formula for a(n) in terms of the divisors of n.
a(n) = 8*A046897(n), n > 0. - Ralf Stephan, Apr 02 2003
A096727(n) = (-1)^n * a(n). a(2*n) = A004011(n). a(2*n + 1) = A005879(n).
Dirichlet g.f.: Sum_{n>=1} a(n)/n^s = 8*(1-4^(1-s))*zeta(s)*zeta(s-1). [Ramanu. J. 7 (2003) 95-127, eq (3.2)]. - R. J. Mathar, Jul 02 2012
Average value is (Pi^2/2)*n + O(sqrt(n)). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 17 2015
From Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 14 2016: (Start)
For n >= 1: a(n) = 8*Sum_{d | n} b(d)*d, with b(d) = 1 if d/4 is not an integer else 0. See, e.g., the Freitag-Busam reference, p. 392.
For n >= 1: a(n) = 8*sigma(n) if n is odd else 24*sigma(m(n)), where m(n) is the largest odd divisor of n (see A000265), and sigma is given in A000203. See the Moreno-Wagstaff reference, Theorem 2. 6 (Jacobi), p. 29. (End)
a(n) = (8/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017

A004018 Theta series of square lattice (or number of ways of writing n as a sum of 2 squares). Often denoted by r(n) or r_2(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 4, 4, 0, 4, 8, 0, 0, 4, 4, 8, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 4, 8, 4, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12, 8, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 4, 0, 8, 0, 4, 8, 0, 0, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 4, 12, 0, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 4, 16, 0, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0, 4, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 4, 8, 0, 0, 16, 0, 0, 0, 8, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 4, 0, 12, 8

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of points in square lattice on the circle of radius sqrt(n). Equivalently, number of Gaussian integers of norm n (cf. Conway-Sloane, p. 106).
Let b(n)=A004403(n), then Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)*b(n-k) = 1. - John W. Layman
Theta series of D_2 lattice.
Number 6 of the 74 eta-quotients listed in Table I of Martin (1996).
Ramanujan theta functions: f(q) (see A121373), phi(q) (A000122), psi(q) (A010054), chi(q) (A000700).
The zeros in this sequence correspond to those integers with an equal number of 4k+1 and 4k+3 divisors, or equivalently to those that have at least one 4k+3 prime factor with an odd exponent (A022544). - Ant King, Mar 12 2013
If A(q) = 1 + 4*q + 4*q^2 + 4*q^4 + 8*q^5 + ... denotes the o.g.f. of this sequence then the function F(q) := 1/4*(A(q^2) - A(q^4)) = ( Sum_{n >= 0} q^(2*n+1)^2 )^2 is the o.g.f. for counting the ways a positive integer n can be written as the sum of two positive odd squares. - Peter Bala, Dec 13 2013
Expansion coefficients of (2/Pi)*K, with the real quarter period K of elliptic functions, as series of the Jacobi nome q, due to (2/Pi)*K = theta_3(0,q)^2. See, e.g., Whittaker-Watson, p. 486. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jul 15 2016
Sum_{k=0..n} a(n) = A057655(n). Robert G. Wilson v, Dec 22 2016
Limit_{n->oo} (a(n)/n - Pi*log(n)) = A062089: Sierpinski's constant. - Robert G. Wilson v, Dec 22 2016
The mean value of a(n) is Pi, see A057655 for more details. - M. F. Hasler, Mar 20 2017

			G.f. = 1 + 4*q + 4*q^2 + 4*q^4 + 8*q^5 + 4*q^8 + 4*q^9 + 8*q^10 + 8*q^13 + 4*q^16 + 8*q^17 + 4*q^18 + 8*q^20 + 12*q^25 + 8*q^26 + ... . - _John Cannon_, Dec 30 2006

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 162, #16 (7), r(n).
J. H. Conway and N. J. A. Sloane, "Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups", Springer-Verlag, p. 106.
N. J. Fine, Basic Hypergeometric Series and Applications, Amer. Math. Soc., 1988; p. 78, Eq. (32.23).
E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 15, p. 32, Lemma 2 (with the proof), p. 116, (9.10) first formula.
G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan: twelve lectures on subjects suggested by his life and work, Cambridge, University Press, 1940, p. 133.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 240, r(n).
W. König and J. Sprekels, Karl Weierstraß (1815-1897), Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden, 2016, p. 186-187 and p. 280-281.
C. D. Olds, A. Lax and G. P. Davidoff, The Geometry of Numbers, Math. Assoc. Amer., 2000, p. 51.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 244-245.
E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, fourth edition, reprinted, 1958, Cambridge at the University Press.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
G. E. Andrews, R. Lewis and Z.-G. Liu, An identity relating a theta series to a sum of Lambert series, Bull. London Math. Soc., 33 (2001), 25-31.
H. H. Chan and C. Krattenthaler, Recent progress in the study of representations of integers as sums of squares, arXiv:math/0407061 [math.NT], 2004.
S. Cooper and M. Hirschhorn, A combinatorial proof of a result from number theory, Integers 4 (2004), #A09.
Michael Gilleland, Some Self-Similar Integer Sequences
J. W. L. Glaisher, On the representations of a number as the sum of two, four, six, eight, ten, and twelve squares, Quart. J. Math. 38 (1907), 1-62. (This sequence is called rho, see page 6)
M. D. Hirschhorn, Jacobi's Two-Square Theorem and Related Identities
M. D. Hirschhorn, Arithmetic Consequences of Jacobi's Two-Squares Theorem
M. D. Hirschhorn, The number of representations of a number by various forms, Discrete Mathematics 298 (2005), 205-211.
Jacobi-Legendre letters, Correspondance mathématique entre Legendre et Jacobi, J. Reine Angew. Math. 80 (1875) 205-279, letter of September 9, 1828, p. 240-243, formula for 2K/Pi on p. 242.
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, The zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1505.07229v3 [math.AG], 2015. [Note that a later version of this paper has a different title and different contents, and the number-theoretical part of the paper was moved to the publication which is next in this list.]
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, Complete determination of the zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1610.07793 [math.NT], 2016.
Christian Kassel, Christophe Reutenauer, The Fourier expansion of eta(z)eta(2z)eta(3z)/eta(6z), arXiv:1603.06357 [math.NT], 2016.
M. Kontsevich and D. Zagier, Periods, Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques 2001 IHES/M/01/22. Published in B. Engquist and W. Schmid, editors, Mathematics Unlimited - 2001 and Beyond, 2 vols., Springer-Verlag, 2001, pp. 771-808, section 2.3. Example 3.
Y. Martin, Multiplicative eta-quotients, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 348 (1996), no. 12, 4825-4856, see page 4852 Table I.
G. Nebe and N. J. A. Sloane, Home page for this lattice
F. Richman, Counting Gaussian integers in a disk
Grant Sanderson, Pi hiding in prime regularities, 3Blue1Brown video (2017).
N. J. A. Sloane et al., Binary Quadratic Forms and OEIS (Index to related sequences, programs, references)
Michael Somos, Index to Yves Martin's list of 74 multiplicative eta-quotients and their A-numbers
Michael Somos, Introduction to Ramanujan theta functions
G. Villemin, Sommes de 2 carrés
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Barnes-Wall Lattice
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Moebius Transform
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Ramanujan Theta Functions
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Sum of Squares Function
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Theta Series
Zach Wissner-Gross a.k.a. The Riddler, Riddler Express: Can You Climb Your Way To Victory?, FiveThirtyEight, Sep 24 2021.
G. Xiao, Two squares
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares
Index entries for sequences mentioned by Glaisher
Index entries for "core" sequences

Row d=2 of A122141 and of A319574, 2nd column of A286815.
Partial sums - 1 give A014198.
A071385 gives records; A071383 gives where records occur.
Cf. A001481, A004020, A005883, A057655 (partial sums), A057961, A057962, A002654,
A104271, A105673.

# JacobiTheta3 is defined in A000122.
A004018List(len) = JacobiTheta3(len, 2)
A004018List(102) |> println # Peter Luschny, Mar 12 2018

Basis( ModularForms( Gamma1(4), 1), 100) [1]; /* Michael Somos, Jun 10 2014 */

(sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^2;
# Alternative:
A004018list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^2, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end:
t1 := A004018list(102);
r2 := n -> t1[n+1]; # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

SquaresR[2,Range[0,110]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 10 2011 *)
a[ n_] := SquaresR[ 2, n]; (* Michael Somos, Nov 15 2011 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ EllipticTheta[ 3, 0, q]^2, {q, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Nov 15 2011 *)
a[ n_] := With[{m = InverseEllipticNomeQ @ q}, SeriesCoefficient[ EllipticK[ m] / (Pi/2), {q, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Jun 10 2014 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 1, Boole[n == 0], 4 Sum[ KroneckerSymbol[-4, d], {d, Divisors@n}]]; (* or *) a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ QPochhammer[ q^2]^10/(QPochhammer[ q] QPochhammer[ q^4])^4, {q, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, May 17 2015 *)

{a(n) = polcoeff( 1 + 4 * sum( k=1, n, x^k / (1 + x^(2*k)), x * O(x^n)), n)}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 14 2003 */

{a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, 4 * sumdiv( n, d, (d%4==1) - (d%4==3)))}; /* Michael Somos, Jul 19 2004 */

{a(n) = if( n<1, n==0, 2 * qfrep([ 1, 0; 0, 1], n)[n])}; /* Michael Somos, May 13 2005 */

a(n)=if(n==0,return(1)); my(f=factor(n)); 4*prod(i=1,#f~, if(f[i,1]%4==1, f[i,2]+1, if(f[i,2]%2 && f[i,1]>2, 0, 1))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 02 2015

from sympy import factorint
def a(n):
    if n == 0: return 1
    an = 4
    for pi, ei in factorint(n).items():
       if pi%4 == 1: an *= ei+1
       elif pi%4 == 3 and ei%2: return 0
    return an
print([a(n) for n in range(102)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Sep 24 2021

from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A004018(n): return prod(1 if p==2 else (e+1 if p&3==1 else (e+1)&1) for p, e in factorint(n).items())<<2 if n else 1 # Chai Wah Wu, Jul 07 2022, corrected Jun 21 2024.

Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1]*2)
Q.representation_number_list(102) # Peter Luschny, Jun 20 2014

Expansion of theta_3(q)^2 = (Sum_{n=-oo..+oo} q^(n^2))^2 = Product_{m>=1} (1-q^(2*m))^2 * (1+q^(2*m-1))^4; convolution square of A000122.
Factor n as n = p1^a1 * p2^a2 * ... * q1^b1 * q2^b2 * ... * 2^c, where the p's are primes == 1 (mod 4) and the q's are primes == 3 (mod 4). Then a(n) = 0 if any b is odd, otherwise a(n) = 4*(1 + a1)*(1 + a2)*...
G.f. = s(2)^10/(s(1)^4*s(4)^4), where s(k) := subs(q=q^k, eta(q)) and eta(q) is Dedekind's function, cf. A010815. [Fine]
a(n) = 4*A002654(n), n > 0.
Expansion of eta(q^2)^10 / (eta(q) * eta(q^4))^4 in powers of q. - Michael Somos, Jul 19 2004
Expansion of ( phi(q)^2 + phi(-q)^2 ) / 2 in powers of q^2 where phi() is a Ramanujan theta function.
G.f. A(x) satisfies 0 = f(A(x), A(x^2), A(x^4)) where f(u, v, w) = (u - v)^2 - (v - w) * 4 * w. - Michael Somos, Jul 19 2004
Euler transform of period 4 sequence [4, -6, 4, -2, ...]. - Michael Somos, Jul 19 2004
Moebius transform is period 4 sequence [4, 0, -4, 0, ...]. - Michael Somos, Sep 17 2007
G.f. is a period 1 Fourier series which satisfies f(-1 / (4 t)) = 2 (t/i) f(t) where q = exp(2 Pi i t).
The constant sqrt(Pi)/Gamma(3/4)^2 produces the first 324 terms of the sequence when expanded in base exp(Pi), 450 digits of the constant are necessary. - Simon Plouffe, Mar 03 2011
a(n) = A004531(4*n). a(n) = 2*A105673(n), if n>0.
Let s = 16*q*(E1*E4^2/E2^3)^8 where Ek = Product_{n>=1} (1-q^(k*n)) (s=k^2 where k is elliptic k), then the g.f. is hypergeom([+1/2, +1/2], [+1], s) (expansion of 2/Pi*ellipticK(k) in powers of q). - Joerg Arndt, Aug 15 2011
Dirichlet g.f. Sum_{n>=1} a(n)/n^s = 4*zeta(s)*L_(-4)(s), where L is the D.g.f. of the (shifted) A056594. [Raman. J. 7 (2003) 95-127]. - R. J. Mathar, Jul 02 2012
a(n) = floor(1/(n+1)) + 4*floor(cos(Pi*sqrt(n))^2) - 4*floor(cos(Pi*sqrt(n/2))^2) + 8*Sum_{i=1..floor(n/2)} floor(cos(Pi*sqrt(i))^2)*floor(cos(Pi*sqrt(n-i))^2). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jan 09 2013
From Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 01 2016: (Start)
A Jacobi identity: theta_3(0, q)^2 = 1 + 4*Sum_{r>=0} (-1)^r*q^(2*r+1)/(1 - q^(2*r+1)). See, e.g., the Grosswald reference (p. 15, p. 116, but p. 32, Lemma 2 with the proof, has the typo r >= 1 instead of r >= 0 in the sum, also in the proof). See the link with the Jacobi-Legendre letter.
Identity used by Weierstraß (see the König-Sprekels book, p. 187, eq. (5.12) and p. 281, with references, but there F(x) from (5.11) on p. 186 should start with nu =1 not 0): theta_3(0, q)^2 = 1 + 4*Sum_{n>=1} q^n/(1 + q^(2*n)). Proof: similar to the one of the preceding Jacobi identity. (End)
a(n) = (4/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017
G.f.: Theta_3(q)^2 = hypergeometric([1/2, 1/2],[1],lambda(q)), with lambda(q) = Sum_{j>=1} A115977(j)*q^j. See the Kontsevich and Zagier link, with Theta -> Theta_3, z -> 2*z and q -> q^2. - Wolfdieter Lang, May 27 2018

A005875 Theta series of simple cubic lattice; also number of ways of writing a nonnegative integer n as a sum of 3 squares (zero being allowed).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 6, 12, 8, 6, 24, 24, 0, 12, 30, 24, 24, 8, 24, 48, 0, 6, 48, 36, 24, 24, 48, 24, 0, 24, 30, 72, 32, 0, 72, 48, 0, 12, 48, 48, 48, 30, 24, 72, 0, 24, 96, 48, 24, 24, 72, 48, 0, 8, 54, 84, 48, 24, 72, 96, 0, 48, 48, 24, 72, 0, 72, 96, 0, 6, 96, 96, 24, 48, 96, 48, 0, 36, 48, 120

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of ordered triples (i, j, k) of integers such that n = i^2 + j^2 + k^2.
The Madelung Coulomb energy for alternating unit charges in the simple cubic lattice is Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^n*a(n)/sqrt(n) = -A085469. - R. J. Mathar, Apr 29 2006
a(A004215(k))=0 for k=1,2,3,... but no other elements of {a(n)} are zero. - Graeme McRae, Jan 15 2007

			Order and signs are taken into account: a(1) = 6 from 1 = (+-1)^2 + 0^2 + 0^2, a(2) = 12 from 2 = (+-1)^2 + (+-1)^2 + 0^2; a(3) = 8 from 3 = (+-1)^2 + (+-1)^2 + (+-1)^2, etc.
G.f. =  1 + 6*q + 12*q^2 + 8*q^3 + 6*q^4 + 24*q^5 + 24*q^6 + 12*q^8 + 30*q^9 + 24*q^10 + ...

H. Cohen, Number Theory, Vol. 1: Tools and Diophantine Equations, Springer-Verlag, 2007, p. 317.
J. H. Conway and N. J. A. Sloane, "Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups", Springer-Verlag, p. 107.
H. Davenport, The Higher Arithmetic. Cambridge Univ. Press, 7th ed., 1999, Chapter V.
L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers. Carnegie Institute Public. 256, Washington, DC, Vol. 1, 1919; Vol. 2, 1920; Vol. 3, 1923, see vol. 3, p. 109.
E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 54.
L. Kronecker, Crelle, Vol. LVII (1860), p. 248; Werke, Vol. IV, p. 188.
C. J. Moreno and S. S. Wagstaff, Jr., Sums of Squares of Integers, Chapman and Hall, 2006, p. 43.
T. Nagell, Introduction to Number Theory, Wiley, 1951, p. 194.
W. Sierpiński, 1925. Teorja Liczb. pp. 1-410 (p.61).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
H. J. S. Smith, Report on the Theory of Numbers, reprinted in Vol. 1 of his Collected Math. Papers, Chelsea, NY, 1979, see p. 338, Eq. (B').

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
George E. Andrews, The Bhargava-Adiga Summation and Partitions, 2016. See Lemma 2.1.
P. T. Bateman, On the representations of a number as the sum of three squares, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 71 (1951), 70-101.
S. Bhargava and C. Adiga, A basic bilateral series summation formula and its applications, Integral Transforms and Special Functions, 2 (1994), 165-184.
J. M. Borwein, K-K S. Choi, On Dirichlet series for sums of squares, Raman. J. 7 (2003) 95-127
S. K. K. Choi, A. V. Kumchev, and R. Osburn, On sums of three squares, arXiv:math/0502007 [math.NT], 2005.
M. Doring, J. Haidenbauer, U.-G. Meissner, and A. Rusetsky, Dynamical coupled-channel approaches on a momentum lattice, arXiv:1108.0676 [hep-lat], 2011.
J. A. Ewell, Recursive determination of the enumerator for sums of three squares, Internat. J. Math. and Math. Sci, 24 (2000), 529-532.
O. Fraser and B. Gordon, On representing a square as the sum of three squares, Amer. Math. Monthly, 76 (1969), 922-923.
M. D. Hirschhorn and J. A. Sellers, On Representations of a Number as a Sum of Three Squares, Discrete Mathematics 199 (1999), 85-101.
M. D. Hirschhorn and J. A. Sellers, On Representations Of A Number As A Sum Of Three Squares
A. Martinez Torres, L. R. Dai, C. Koren, D. Jido, and E. Oset, The KD, eta D_s interaction in finite volume and the D_{s^*0}(2317) resonance, arXiv:1109.0396 [hep-lat], 2011.
R. J. Mathar, Hierarchical Subdivision of the Simple Cubic Lattice, arXiv:1309.3705 [math.MG], 2013.
S. C. Milne, Infinite families of exact sums of squares formulas, Jacobi elliptic functions, continued fractions and Schur functions, Ramanujan J., 6 (2002), 7-149.
J. L. Mordell, The Representation Of Integers By Three Positive Squares, Michigan Math. J. 7(3): 289-290 (1960).
Eric T. Mortenson, A Kronecker-type identity and the representations of a number as a sum of three squares, arXiv:1702.01627 [math.NT], 2017.
G. Nebe and N. J. A. Sloane, Home page for this lattice
Michael Somos, Introduction to Ramanujan theta functions
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Theta Series
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Ramanujan Theta Functions
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=3 of A122141 and of A319574, 3rd column of A286815.
Cf. A074590 (primitive solutions), A117609 (partial sums), A004215 (positions of zeros).
Analog for 4 squares: A000118.
x^2+y^2+k*z^2: A005875, A014455, A034933, A169783, A169784.
Cf. A000164, A004013, A004015, A008443, A045828, A045831, A045834, A213384.
Ramanujan theta functions: f(q) (see A121373), phi(q) (A000122), psi(q) (A010054), chi(q) (A000700).

# JacobiTheta3 is defined in A000122.
A005875List(len) = JacobiTheta3(len, 3)
A005875List(75) |> println # Peter Luschny, Mar 12 2018

Basis( ModularForms( Gamma1(4), 3/2), 75) [1]; /* Michael Somos, Jun 25 2014 */

(sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^3; seq(coeff(%,x,n), n=0..50);
Alternative:
A005875list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^3, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end: A005875list(75); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

SquaresR[3,Range[0,80]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 21 2011 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ EllipticTheta[ 3, 0, q]^3, {q, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Jun 25 2014 *)
a[ n_] := Length @ FindInstance[ n == x^2 + y^2 + z^2, {x, y, z}, Integers, 10^9]; (* Michael Somos, May 21 2015 *)
QP = QPochhammer; CoefficientList[(QP[q^2]^5/(QP[q]*QP[q^4])^2)^3 + O[q]^80, q] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 24 2015 *)

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, polcoeff( sum( k=1, sqrtint(n), 2 * x^k^2, 1 + x * O(x^n))^3, n))};

{a(n) = my(A); if( n<0, 0, A = x * O(x^n); polcoeff( (eta(x^2 + A)^5 / (eta(x + A) * eta(x^4 + A))^2)^3, n))}; /* Michael Somos, Jun 03 2012 */

{a(n) = my(G); if( n<0, 0, G = [ 1, 0, 0; 0, 1, 0; 0, 0, 1]; polcoeff( 1 + 2 * x * Ser( qfrep( G, n)), n))}; /* Michael Somos, May 21 2015 */

# uses Python code for A004018
from math import isqrt
def A005875(n): return A004018(n)+(sum(A004018(n-k**2) for k in range(1,isqrt(n)+1))<<1) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 21 2024

Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1]*3)
Q.representation_number_list(75) # Peter Luschny, Jun 20 2014

A number n is representable as the sum of 3 squares iff n is not of the form 4^a (8k+7) (cf. A000378).
There is a classical formula (essentially due to Gauss):
For sums of 3 squares r_3(n): write (uniquely) -n=D(2^vf)^2, with D<0 fundamental discriminant, f odd, v>=-1. Then r_3(n) = 12L((D/.),0)(1-(D/2)) Sum_{d | f} mu(d)(D/d)sigma(f/d).
Here mu is the Moebius function, (D/2) and (D/d) are Kronecker-Legendre symbols, sigma is the sum of divisors function, L((D/.),0)=h(D)/(w(D)/2) is the value at 0 of the L function of the quadratic character (D/.), equal to the class number h(D) divided by 2 or 3 in the special cases D=-4 and -3. - Henri Cohen (Henri.Cohen(AT)math.u-bordeaux1.fr), May 12 2010
a(n) = 3*T(n) if n == 1,2,5,6 mod 8, = 2*T(n) if n == 3 mod 8, = 0 if n == 7 mod 8 and = a(n/4) if n == 0 mod 4, where T(n) = A117726(n). [Moreno-Wagstaff].
"If 12E(n) is the number of representations of n as a sum of three squares, then E(n) = 2F(n) - G(n) where G(n) = number of classes of determinant -n, F(n) = number of uneven classes." - Dickson, quoting Kronecker. [Cf. A117726.]
a(n) = Sum_{d^2|n} b(n/d^2), where b() = A074590() gives the number of primitive solutions.
Expansion of phi(q)^3 in powers of q where phi() is a Ramanujan theta function. - Michael Somos, Oct 25 2006.
Euler transform of period 4 sequence [ 6, -9, 6, -3, ...]. - Michael Somos, Oct 25 2006
G.f.: (Sum_{k in Z} x^(k^2))^3.
a(8*n + 7) = 0. a(4*n) = a(n).
a(n) = A004015(2*n) = A014455(2*n) = A004013(4*n) = A169783(4*n). a(4*n + 1) = 6 * A045834(n). a(8*n + 3) = 8 * A008443(n). a(8*n + 5) = 24 * A045831(n). - Michael Somos, Jun 03 2012
a(4*n + 2) = 12 * A045828(n). - Michael Somos, Sep 03 2014
a(n) = (-1)^n * A213384(n). - Michael Somos, May 21 2015
a(n) = (6/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017
a(n) = A004018(n) + 2*Sum_{k=1..floor(sqrt(n))} A004018(n - k^2). - Daniel Suteu, Aug 27 2021
Convolution cube of A000122. Convolution of A004018 and A000122. - R. J. Mathar, Aug 03 2025

More terms from James Sellers, Aug 22 2000

A000141 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 6 squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 12, 60, 160, 252, 312, 544, 960, 1020, 876, 1560, 2400, 2080, 2040, 3264, 4160, 4092, 3480, 4380, 7200, 6552, 4608, 8160, 10560, 8224, 7812, 10200, 13120, 12480, 10104, 14144, 19200, 16380, 11520, 17400, 24960, 18396, 16440, 24480, 27200

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

The relevant identity for the o.g.f. is theta_3(x)^6 = 1 + 16*Sum_{j>=1} j^2*x^j/(1 + x^(2*j)) - 4*Sum_{j >=0} (-1)^j*(2*j+1)^2 *x^(2*j+1)/(1 - x^(2*j+1)), See the Hardy-Wright reference, p. 315, first equation. - Wolfdieter Lang, Dec 08 2016

E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 121.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 314.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
L. Carlitz, Note on sums of four and six squares, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 (1957), 120-124
S. H. Chan, An elementary proof of Jacobi's six squares theorem, Amer. Math. Monthly, 111 (2004), 806-811.
H. H. Chan and C. Krattenthaler, Recent progress in the study of representations of integers as sums of squares, arXiv:math/0407061 [math.NT], 2004.
Shi-Chao Chen, Congruences for rs(n), Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 2028-2032.
Philippe A. J. G. Chevalier, On the discrete geometry of physical quantities, 2013, Preprint submitted to Journal of Geometry and Physics.
S. C. Milne, Infinite families of exact sums of squares formulas, Jacobi elliptic functions, continued fractions and Schur functions, Ramanujan J., 6 (2002), 7-149.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=6 of A122141 and of A319574, 6th column of A286815.

Cf. A050470, A002173.

a000141 0 = 1
a000141 n = 16 * a050470 n - 4 * a002173 n
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 17 2013

(sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^6;
# Alternative:
A000141list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^6, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end: A000141list(40); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

Table[SquaresR[6, n], {n, 0, 40}] (* Ray Chandler, Dec 06 2006 *)
SquaresR[6,Range[0,50]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Aug 26 2011 *)
EllipticTheta[3, 0, z]^6 + O[z]^40 // CoefficientList[#, z]& (* Jean-François Alcover, Dec 05 2019 *)

from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A000141(n):
    if n == 0: return 1
    f = [(p,e,(0,1,0,-1)[p&3]) for p,e in factorint(n).items()]
    return (prod((p**(e+1<<1)-c)//(p**2-c) for p, e, c in f)<<2)-prod(((k:=p**2*c)**(e+1)-1)//(k-1) for p, e, c in f)<<2 # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 21 2024

Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1]*6)
Q.representation_number_list(40) # Peter Luschny, Jun 20 2014

Expansion of theta_3(z)^6.
a(n) = 4( Sum_{ d|n, d ==3 mod 4} d^2 - Sum_{ d|n, d ==1 mod 4} d^2 ) + 16( Sum_{ d|n, n/d ==1 mod 4} d^2 - Sum_{ d|n, n/d ==3 mod 4} d^2 ) [Jacobi]. [corrected by Sean A. Irvine, Oct 01 2009]
a(n) = 16*A050470(n) - 4*A002173(n). - Michel Marcus, Dec 15 2012
a(n) = (12/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017

Extended by Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006

A008451 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 7 squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 14, 84, 280, 574, 840, 1288, 2368, 3444, 3542, 4424, 7560, 9240, 8456, 11088, 16576, 18494, 17808, 19740, 27720, 34440, 29456, 31304, 49728, 52808, 43414, 52248, 68320, 74048, 68376, 71120, 99456, 110964, 89936, 94864, 136080, 145222

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 121.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 314.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Philippe A. J. G. Chevalier, On the discrete geometry of physical quantities, 2013
P. A. J. G. Chevalier, A "table of Mendeleev" for physical quantities?, Slides from a talk, May 14 2014, Leuven, Belgium.
Shi-Chao Chen, Congruences for rs(n), Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 2028-2032.
S. C. Milne, Infinite families of exact sums of squares formulas, Jacobi elliptic functions, continued fractions and Schur functions, Ramanujan J., 6 (2002), 7-149.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=7 of A122141 and of A319574, 7th column of A286815.

series((sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^7, x, 101);
# Alternative
#(requires at least Maple 17, and only works as long as a(n) <= 10^16 or so):
N:= 1000: # to get a(0) to a(N)
with(SignalProcessing):
A:= Vector(N+1,datatype=float[8],i-> piecewise(i=1,1,issqr(i-1),2,0)):
A2:= Convolution(A,A)[1..N+1]:
A4:= Convolution(A2,A2)[1..N+1]:
A5:= Convolution(A,A4)[1..N+1];
A7:= Convolution(A2,A5)[1..N+1];
map(round,convert(A7,list)); # Robert Israel, Jul 16 2014
# Alternative
A008451list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^7, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%,x,j), j=0..len-1) end: A008451list(37); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

Table[SquaresR[7, n], {n, 0, 36}] (* Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006 *)
SquaresR[7,Range[0,50]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Aug 26 2011 *)

# uses Python code from A000141
from math import isqrt
def A008451(n): return A000141(n)+(sum(A000141(n-k**2) for k in range(1,isqrt(n)+1))<<1) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 23 2024

Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1]*7)
Q.representation_number_list(37) # Peter Luschny, Jun 20 2014

G.f.: theta_3(0,x)^7, where theta_3 is the third Jacobi theta function. - Robert Israel, Jul 16 2014

a(n) = (14/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017

Extended by Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006

A000152 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 16 squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 32, 480, 4480, 29152, 140736, 525952, 1580800, 3994080, 8945824, 18626112, 36714624, 67978880, 118156480, 197120256, 321692928, 509145568, 772845120, 1143441760, 1681379200, 2428524096, 3392205824, 4658843520, 6411152640

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 314.
E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 107.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Shi-Chao Chen, Congruences for rs(n), Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 2028-2032.
S. C. Milne, Infinite families of exact sums of squares formulas, Jacobi elliptic functions, continued fractions and Schur functions, Ramanujan J., 6 (2002), 7-149.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=16 of A122141 and of A319574, 16th column of A286815.

Cf. A022047(n) = A000152(2*n).

(sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^16;
# Alternative:
A000152list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^16, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end: A000152list(24); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

Table[SquaresR[16, n], {n, 0, 23}] (* Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006 *)
CoefficientList[EllipticTheta[3, 0, x]^16 + O[x]^24, x] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 06 2017 *)

first(n)=my(x='x); x+=O(x^(n+1)); Vec((2*sum(k=1,sqrtint(n),x^k^2) + 1)^16) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 29 2016

G.f.: theta_3(0,q)^16, where theta_3 is the 3rd Jacobi theta function. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jan 13 2017

a(n) = (32/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017

Extended by Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006

A008452 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 9 squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 18, 144, 672, 2034, 4320, 7392, 12672, 22608, 34802, 44640, 60768, 93984, 125280, 141120, 182400, 262386, 317376, 343536, 421344, 557280, 665280, 703584, 800640, 1068384, 1256562, 1234080, 1421184, 1851264, 2034720, 2057280, 2338560

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 121.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 314.
Lomadze, G.A.: On the representations of natural numbers by sums of nine squares. Acta. Arith. 68(3), 245-253 (1994). (Russian). See Equation (3.6).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Shi-Chao Chen, Congruences for rs(n), Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 2028-2032.
S. C. Milne, Infinite families of exact sums of squares formulas, Jacobi elliptic functions, continued fractions and Schur functions, Ramanujan J., 6 (2002), 7-149.
M. Peters, Sums of nine squares, Acta Arith., 102 (2002), 131-135.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=9 of A122141 and of A319574, 9th column of A286815.

Cf. A008431.

(sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^9;
# Alternative
A008452list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^9, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end: A008452list(32); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

Table[SquaresR[9, n], {n, 0, 32}] (* Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006 *)

# uses Python code from A000143
from math import isqrt
def A008452(n): return A000143(n)+(sum(A000143(n-k**2) for k in range(1,isqrt(n)+1))<<1) # Chai Wah Wu, Jun 23 2024

Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1]*9)
Q.representation_number_list(37) # Peter Luschny, Jun 20 2014

G.f.: theta_3(0,q)^9, where theta_3 is the 3rd Jacobi theta function. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jan 13 2017

a(n) = (18/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017

Extended by Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006

A000144 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 10 squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 20, 180, 960, 3380, 8424, 16320, 28800, 52020, 88660, 129064, 175680, 262080, 386920, 489600, 600960, 840500, 1137960, 1330420, 1563840, 2050344, 2611200, 2986560, 3358080, 4194240, 5318268, 5878440, 6299520, 7862400, 9619560

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

			G.f. = 1 + 20*x + 180*x^2 + 960*x^3 + 3380*x^4 + 8424*x^5 + 16320*x^6 + ...

E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 121.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 314.
G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan: twelve lectures on subjects suggested by his life and work, Chelsea Publishing Company, New York 1959, p. 135 section 9.3. MR0106147 (21 #4881)

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
H. H. Chan and C. Krattenthaler, Recent progress in the study of representations of integers as sums of squares, arXiv:math/0407061 [math.NT], 2004.
Shi-Chao Chen, Congruences for rs(n), Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 2028-2032.
J. Liouville, Nombre des représentations d’un entier quelconque sous la forme d’une somme de dix carrés, Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées 2e série, tome 11 (1866), p. 1-8.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=10 of A122141 and of A319574, 10th column of A286815.

(sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^10;
# Alternative:
A000144list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^10, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end: A000144list(30); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

Table[SquaresR[10, n], {n, 0, 30}] (* Ray Chandler, Jun 29 2008; updated by T. D. Noe, Jan 23 2012 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ EllipticTheta[ 3, 0, q]^10, {q, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Aug 26 2015 *)
nmax = 50; CoefficientList[Series[Product[(1 - x^k)^10 * (1 + x^k)^30 / (1 + x^(2*k))^20, {k, 1, nmax}], {x, 0, nmax}], x] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Jun 24 2017 *)

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, polcoeff( sum(k=1, sqrtint(n), 2 * x^k^2, 1 + x * O(x^n))^10, n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 12 2005 */

Q = DiagonalQuadraticForm(ZZ, [1]*10)
Q.representation_number_list(37) # Peter Luschny, Jun 20 2014

Euler transform of period 4 sequence [ 20, -30, 20, -10, ...]. - Michael Somos, Sep 12 2005
Expansion of eta(q^2)^50 / (eta(q) * eta(q^4))^20 in powers of q. - Michael Somos, Sep 12 2005
a(n) = 4/5 * (A050456(n) + 16*A050468(n) + 8*A030212(n)) if n>0. - Michael Somos, Sep 12 2005
a(n) = (20/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017

Extended by Ray Chandler, Nov 28 2006

A000145 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 12 squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 24, 264, 1760, 7944, 25872, 64416, 133056, 253704, 472760, 825264, 1297056, 1938336, 2963664, 4437312, 6091584, 8118024, 11368368, 15653352, 19822176, 24832944, 32826112, 42517728, 51425088, 61903776, 78146664, 98021616

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Apparently 8 | a(n). - Alexander R. Povolotsky, Oct 01 2011

			G.f. = 1 + 24*x + 264*x^2 + 1760*x^3 + 7944*x^4 + 25872*x^5 + 64416*x^6 + 133056*x^7 + ...

E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares. Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 121.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 314.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Shi-Chao Chen, Congruences for rs(n), Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 2028-2032.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Row d=12 of A122141 and of A319574, 12th column of A286815.

Cf. A000735, A029751.

A := Basis( ModularForms( Gamma0(4), 6), 25); A[1] + 24*A[2] + 264*A[3] + 1760*A[4]; /* Michael Somos, Aug 15 2015 */

(sum(x^(m^2),m=-10..10))^12; # gives g.f. for first 100 terms
t1:=(sum(x^(m^2), m=-n..n))^12; t2:=series(t1,x,n+1); t2[n+1]; # N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 01 2011
A000145list := proc(len) series(JacobiTheta3(0, x)^12, x, len+1);
seq(coeff(%, x, j), j=0..len-1) end: A000145list(27); # Peter Luschny, Oct 02 2018

SquaresR[12,Range[0,30]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Sep 07 2012 *)
a[ n_] := SeriesCoefficient[ EllipticTheta[ 3, 0, q]^12, {q, 0, n}]; (* Michael Somos, Aug 15 2015 *)
nmax = 30; CoefficientList[Series[Product[(1 - x^(2*k))^12 * (1 + x^(2*k - 1))^24, {k, 1, nmax}], {x, 0, nmax}], x] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Jul 10 2018 *)

{a(n) = if( n<0, 0, polcoeff( sum( k=1, sqrtint(n), 2 * x^k^2, 1 + x * O(x^n))^12, n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 21 2005 */

Expansion of eta(q^2)^60 / (eta(q) * eta(q^4))^24 in powers of q.
Euler transform of period 4 sequence [24, -36, 24, -12, ...]. - Michael Somos, Sep 21 2005
G.f.: (Sum_k x^k^2)^12 = theta_3(q)^12.
a(n) = A029751(n) + 16 * A000735(n). - Michael Somos, Sep 21 2005
G.f. is a period 1 Fourier series which satisfies f(-1 / (4 t)) = 64 (t/i)^6 f(t) where q = exp(2 Pi i t).
a(n) = (24/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} A186690(k)*a(n-k), a(0) = 1. - Seiichi Manyama, May 27 2017

cp's OEIS Frontend

A319934 Coefficients of the columns generating polynomials of the JacobiTheta3 array A319574 multiplied by n!, triangle read by rows, T(n,k) for 0 <= k <= n.

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A000118 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 4 squares; also theta series of four-dimensional cubic lattice Z^4.

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A004018 Theta series of square lattice (or number of ways of writing n as a sum of 2 squares). Often denoted by r(n) or r_2(n).

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A005875 Theta series of simple cubic lattice; also number of ways of writing a nonnegative integer n as a sum of 3 squares (zero being allowed).

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A000141 Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 6 squares.

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