A357368 -id:A357368 - cp's OEIS frontend

A065600 Triangle T(n,k) giving number of Dyck paths of length 2n with exactly k hills (0 <= k <= n).

1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 6, 4, 3, 0, 1, 18, 13, 6, 4, 0, 1, 57, 40, 21, 8, 5, 0, 1, 186, 130, 66, 30, 10, 6, 0, 1, 622, 432, 220, 96, 40, 12, 7, 0, 1, 2120, 1466, 744, 328, 130, 51, 14, 8, 0, 1, 7338, 5056, 2562, 1128, 455, 168, 63, 16, 9, 0, 1, 25724, 17672, 8942, 3941, 1590, 602, 210, 76, 18, 10, 0, 1

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 02 2001

T(n,k) is the number of Łukasiewicz paths of length n having k level steps (i.e., (1,0)) on the x-axis. A Łukasiewicz path of length n is a path in the first quadrant from (0,0) to (n,0) using rise steps (1,k) for any positive integer k, level steps (1,0) and fall steps (1,-1) (see R. P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Vol. 2, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1999, p. 223, Exercise 6.19w; the integers are the slopes of the steps). Example: T(3,1)=2 because we have HUD and UDH, where H=(1,0), U(1,1) and D=(1,-1). - Emeric Deutsch, Jan 06 2005
The summand i*binomial(k+i,i)*binomial(2*n-2*k-2*i,n-k)/(n-k-i) in the Maple formula below counts Dyck n-paths containing k low peaks and k+i returns altogether. For example, with n=3, k=1, i=1, it counts the 2 paths UDUUDD, UUDDUD: each has k=1 low peaks and k+i=2 returns to ground level. - David Callan, Nov 02 2005
Renewal array for the Fine numbers: Riordan array (f(x)/x,f(x)) where f(x) is the g.f. for A000957. Row sums are the Catalan numbers A000108. - Paul Barry, Oct 30 2006, Jan 27 2009
T(n,k) is the number of 321-avoiding permutations of [n] having k fixed points. Example: T(4,2)=3 because we have 1243, 1324 and 2134. T(n,k) is the number of Dyck paths of semilength n having k centered tunnels. Example: T(4,2)=3 because we have UD(U)(U)(D)(D)UD, (U)UD(U)(D)UD(D) and (U)(U)UDUD(D)(D) (the extremities of the centered tunnels are shown between parentheses). - Emeric Deutsch, Sep 06 2007
Inverse of Riordan array ((1-2x)/(1-x)^2,x(1-2x)/(1-x)^2); see A124394. - Paul Barry, Jan 27 2009
Triangle read by rows, product of A033184 and A130595 considered as infinite lower triangular arrays; A065600 = A033184*A130595. - Philippe Deléham, Dec 07 2009
T(n,k) is the number of ordered, unlabeled, rooted trees with n+1 nodes that have exactly k subtrees of size 1.  A subtree of size 1 is a subtree attached to the root that consists of only a single node.  Cf. A000957 (column 1). - Geoffrey Critzer, Sep 16 2013
Also the convolution triangle of the Fine numbers A000957. - Peter Luschny, Oct 08 2022

			From _Philippe Deléham_, Feb 23 2012: (Start)
Triangle begins:
   1;
   0,  1;
   1,  0,  1;
   2,  2,  0,  1;
   6,  4,  3,  0,  1;
  18, 13,  6,  4,  0,  1;
  57, 40, 21,  8,  5,  0,  1; (End)
T(4,2)=3 because we have (UD)(UD)UUDD, (UD)UUDD(UD) and UUDD(UD)(UD), where U=(1,1), D=(1,-1) (the hills, i.e., peaks at level 1, are shown between parentheses).

Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 0..200, flattened
E. Barcucci, E. Pergola, R. Pinzani and S. Rinaldi, ECO method and hill-free generalized Motzkin paths, Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire, B46b (2001), 14 pp.
Naiomi Cameron, J. E. McLeod, Returns and Hills on Generalized Dyck Paths, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19, 2016, #16.6.1.
E. Deutsch, Dyck path enumeration, Discrete Math., 204, 1999, 167-202.
E. Deutsch and L. Shapiro, A survey of the Fine numbers, Discrete Math., 241 (2001), 241-265.
Filippo Disanto, Andrea Frosini and Simone Rinaldi, Renzo Pinzani, The Combinatorics of Convex Permutominoes, Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics (2008) 32: 883-912.
S. Elizalde and I. Pak, Bijections for refined restricted permutations, Journal of Combinatorial Theory Ser. A, 105, 2004, 207-219.
FindStat - Combinatorial Statistic Finder, The number of centered tunnels of a Dyck path.
Shishuo Fu, Yaling Wang, Bijective recurrences concerning two Schröder triangles, arXiv:1908.03912 [math.CO], 2019.
B. Hackl, H. Prodinger, Growing and destroying Catalan-Stanley trees, arxiv:1704.03734 [math.CO] (2017), proposition 2.1
R. Pemantle and M. C. Wilson, Twenty Combinatorial Examples of Asymptotics Derived from Multivariate Generating Functions, SIAM Rev., 50 (2008), no. 2, 199-272. See p. 235.
A. Robertson, D. Saracino and D. Zeilberger, Refined restricted permutations, arXiv:math/0203033 [math.CO], 2002.
Index entries for sequences related to Łukasiewicz

First columns are A000957, A065601, A294527.

T := proc(n,k) if k0, b(x-1, y-1, 0)*`if`(t*y=1, z, 1), 0)+
      `if`(y (p-> seq(coeff(p, z, i), i=0..n))(b(n+n, 0$2)):
seq(T(n), n=0..12);  # Alois P. Heinz, Nov 02 2017
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368. Adds a row above and a column to the left.
PMatrix(10, A000957); # Peter Luschny, Oct 08 2022

t[n_, k_] := If[ kJean-François Alcover, Dec 14 2011, after Maple *)
nn=10;g=(1-(1-4x)^(1/2))/2;CoefficientList[Series[x/(1-(g-x+y x)),{x,0,nn}],{x,y}]//Grid (* Geoffrey Critzer, Sep 16 2013 *)
T[ n_, k_] := If[ k < 0 || k > n, 0, Coefficient[ SeriesCoefficient[ Series[ 2 / (1 + 2*x + Sqrt[1 - 4*x] - 2*x*y), {x, 0, n}], {x, 0, n}], y, k]]; (* Michael Somos, Jun 01 2016 *)

{T(n, k) = if( k<0 || k>n, 0, polcoeff( polcoeff( 2 / (1 + 2*x + (1 - 4*x)^(1/2) - 2*x*y) + x * O(x^n), n), k))}; /* Michael Somos, Jun 01 2016 */

See Maple line.
G.f.: (1 - (1 - 4*x)^(1/2))/(x*(3 - y + (1 - 4*x)^(1/2)*(y-1))) = Sum_{n>=0, k>=0} T(n, k)x^n*y^k. - David Callan, Aug 17 2004
G.f.: 1/(1-xy-x^2/(1-2x-x^2/(1-2x-x^2/(1-2x-x^2/(1-.... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, Jan 27 2009
G.f.: ((1-sqrt(1-4*x))/(3-sqrt(1-4*x)))^k = Sum_{n>=k} T(n+1,k+1)*x^n, where T(n,k) = (Sum_{i=0..n-k} (-1)^i*(k+i+1)*binomial(k+i,i)*binomial(2*n-k-i,n))/(n+1). - Vladimir Kruchinin, Dec 20 2011
T(n,k) = T(n-1,k-1) + Sum_{i>=0} T(n-1,k+1+i)*2^i. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 23 2012
G.f.: 2 / (1 + 2*x + (1 - 4*x)^(1/2) - 2*x*y). - Michael Somos, Jun 01 2016

More terms from Antonio G. Astudillo (afg_astudillo(AT)lycos.com), Mar 29 2003

A181289 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of 2-compositions of n having length k (0 <= k <= n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 4, 0, 4, 12, 8, 0, 5, 25, 36, 16, 0, 6, 44, 102, 96, 32, 0, 7, 70, 231, 344, 240, 64, 0, 8, 104, 456, 952, 1040, 576, 128, 0, 9, 147, 819, 2241, 3400, 2928, 1344, 256, 0, 10, 200, 1372, 4712, 9290, 11040, 7840, 3072, 512, 0, 11, 264, 2178, 9108, 22363

Offset: 0

Emeric Deutsch, Oct 12 2010

A 2-composition of n is a nonnegative matrix with two rows, such that each column has at least one nonzero entry and whose entries sum up to n. The length of the 2-composition is the number of columns.
From Tom Copeland, Sep 06 2011: (Start)
R(t,z) = (1-z)^2 / ((1+t)*(1-z)^2-1) = 1/(t - (2*z + 3*z^2 + 4*z^3 + 5*z^4 + ...)) = 1/t + (1/t)^2*2*z + (1/t)^3*(4+3t)*z^2 + (1/t)^4*(8+12*t+4*t^2)*z^3 + ... gives row reversed polynomials of A181289 with G(t,z) = R(1/t,z)/t.
R(t,z) is related to generators for A033282 and A001003 (t=1) and can be umbrally extended to give a partition generator for A133437. (End)
A refined, reverse version of this array is given in A253722. - Tom Copeland, May 02 2015
The infinitesimal generator (infinigen) for the face polynomials of associahedra A086810/A033282, read as decreasing powers, (and for the dual simplicial complex read as increasing powers) can be formed from the row polynomials P(n,t) of this entry. This type of infinigen is presented in A145271 for general sets of binomial Sheffer polynomials. This specific infinigen is presented in analytic form in A086810. Given the column vector of row polynomials V = (P(0,t) = 1, P(1,y) = 2 t, P(2,y) = 3 t + 4 t^2, P(3,y) = 4 t + 12 t^2 + 8 t^3, ...), form the lower triangular matrix M(n,k) = V(n-k,n-k), i.e., diagonally multiply the matrix with all ones on the diagonal and below by the components of V. Form the matrix MD by multiplying A132440^Transpose = A218272 = D (representing derivation of o.g.f.s) by M, i.e., MD = M*D. The non-vanishing component of the first row of (MD)^n * V / (n+1)! is the n-th face polynomial. - Tom Copeland, Dec 11 2015
T is the convolution triangle of the positive integers starting at 2 (see A357368). - Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

			Triangle starts:
  1;
  0,  2;
  0,  3,   4;
  0,  4,  12,    8;
  0,  5,  25,   36,   16;
  0,  6,  44,  102,   96,    32;
  0,  7,  70,  231,  344,   240,    64;
  0,  8, 104,  456,  952,  1040,   576,   128;
  0,  9, 147,  819, 2241,  3400,  2928,  1344,   256;
  0, 10, 200, 1372, 4712,  9290, 11040,  7840,  3072,  512;
  0, 11, 264, 2178, 9108, 22363, 34332, 33488, 20224, 6912, 1024;

John Tyler Rascoe, Rows n = 0..100, flattened
G. Castiglione, A. Frosini, E. Munarini, A. Restivo and S. Rinaldi, Combinatorial aspects of L-convex polyominoes, European J. Combin. 28 (2007), no. 6, 1724-1741.
Y-h. Guo, Some n-Color Compositions, J. Int. Seq. 15 (2012) 12.1.2, eq. (11).

Cf. A003480 (row sums), A181290.
Cf. A253722, A033282, A001003, A133437.
Cf. A086810, A132440, A145271, A218272.
Cf. A000297 (column 3), A006636 (column 4), A006637 (column 5).

T := proc (n, k) if k <= n then sum((-1)^j*2^(k-j)*binomial(k, j)*binomial(n+k-j-1, 2*k-1), j = 0 .. k) else 0 end if end proc: for n from 0 to 10 do seq(T(n, k), k = 0 .. n) end do; # yields sequence in triangular form
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368.
PMatrix(10, n -> n + 1); # Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

Table[Sum[(-1)^j*2^(k - j) Binomial[k, j] Binomial[n + k - j - 1, 2 k - 1], {j, 0, k}], {n, 0, 10}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Michael De Vlieger, Dec 11 2015 *)

T_xt(max_row) = {my(N=max_row+1, x='x+O('x^N), h=(1-x)^2/((1-x)^2 - t*x*(2-x))); vector(N, n, Vecrev(polcoeff(h, n-1)))}
T_xt(10) \\ John Tyler Rascoe, Apr 05 2025

T(n,k) = Sum_{j=0..k} (-1)^j*2^(k-j)*binomial(k,j)*binomial(n+k-j-1, 2*k-1) (0 <= k <= n).
G.f.: G(t,x) = (1-x)^2/((1-x)^2 - t*x*(2-x)).
G.f. of column k = x^k*(2-x)^k/(1-x)^{2k} (k>=1) (we have a Riordan array).
Recurrences satisfied by the numbers u_{n,k}=T(n,k) can be found in the Castiglione et al. reference.
Sum_{k=0..n} k*T(n,k) = A181290(n).
T(n,k) = 2*T(n-1,k) + 2*T(n-1,k-1) - T(n-2,k) - T(n-2,k-1), T(0,0)=1, T(1,0)=0, T(1,1)=2, T(2,0)=0, T(1,1)=3, T(2,2)=4, T(n,k)=0, if k < 0 or if k > n. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 29 2013

A257673 Triangle T(n,k), n>=0, 0<=k<=n, read by rows: row n is the inverse binomial transform of the n-th row of array A255961, which has the Euler transform of (j->j*k) in column k.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 6, 6, 1, 0, 13, 21, 9, 1, 0, 24, 62, 45, 12, 1, 0, 48, 162, 174, 78, 15, 1, 0, 86, 396, 576, 376, 120, 18, 1, 0, 160, 917, 1719, 1509, 695, 171, 21, 1, 0, 282, 2036, 4761, 5340, 3285, 1158, 231, 24, 1, 0, 500, 4380, 12441, 17234, 13473, 6309, 1792, 300, 27, 1

Offset: 0

Alois P. Heinz, May 03 2015

T is the convolution triangle of the number of plane partitions (A000219). - Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

			Triangle T(n,k) begins:
  1;
  0,   1;
  0,   3,    1;
  0,   6,    6,    1;
  0,  13,   21,    9,    1;
  0,  24,   62,   45,   12,    1;
  0,  48,  162,  174,   78,   15,    1;
  0,  86,  396,  576,  376,  120,   18,   1;
  0, 160,  917, 1719, 1509,  695,  171,  21,  1;
  0, 282, 2036, 4761, 5340, 3285, 1158, 231, 24, 1;
  ...

Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 0..140, flattened

Columns k=0-10 give: A000007, A000219 (for n>0), A321947, A321948, A321949, A321950, A321951, A321952, A321953, A321954, A321955.
Main diagonal and lower diagonals give: A000012, A008585, A081266.
Row sums give A257674.
T(2n,n) give A257675.
Cf. A255961.

A:= proc(n, k) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, k*add(
      A(n-j, k)*numtheory[sigma][2](j), j=1..n)/n)
    end:
T:= (n, k)-> add(A(n, k-i)*(-1)^i*binomial(k, i), i=0..k):
seq(seq(T(n, k), k=0..n), n=0..12);
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368.
PMatrix(10, A000219); # Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

A[n_, k_] := A[n, k] = If[n==0, 1, k*Sum[A[n-j, k]*DivisorSigma[2, j], {j, 1, n}]/n];
T[n_, k_] := Sum[A[n, k-i]*(-1)^i*Binomial[k, i], {i, 0, k}];
Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 12}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Mar 21 2017, translated from Maple *)

T(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..k} (-1)^i * C(k,i) * A255961(n,k-i).

G.f. of column k: (-1 + Product_{j>=1} 1 / (1 - x^j)^j)^k.

A054335 A convolution triangle of numbers based on A000984 (central binomial coefficients of even order).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 1, 6, 4, 1, 20, 16, 6, 1, 70, 64, 30, 8, 1, 252, 256, 140, 48, 10, 1, 924, 1024, 630, 256, 70, 12, 1, 3432, 4096, 2772, 1280, 420, 96, 14, 1, 12870, 16384, 12012, 6144, 2310, 640, 126, 16, 1, 48620, 65536, 51480, 28672, 12012, 3840, 924, 160, 18, 1

Offset: 0

Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 13 2000

In the language of the Shapiro et al. reference (given in A053121) such a lower triangular (ordinary) convolution array, considered as a matrix, belongs to the Bell-subgroup of the Riordan-group. The g.f. for the row polynomials p(n,x) (increasing powers of x) is 1/(sqrt(1-4*z)-x*z).
The column sequences are for m=0..20: A000984, A000302 (powers of 4), A002457, A002697, A002802, A038845, A020918, A038846, A020920, A040075, A020922, A045543, A020924, A054337, A020926, A054338, A020928, A054339, A020930, A054340, A020932.
Riordan array (1/sqrt(1-4*x),x/sqrt(1-4*x)). - Paul Barry, May 06 2009
The matrix inverse is apparently given by deleting the leftmost column from A206022. - R. J. Mathar, Mar 12 2013

			Triangle begins:
    1;
    2,    1;
    6,    4,   1;
   20,   16,   6,   1;
   70,   64,  30,   8,  1;
  252,  256, 140,  48, 10,  1;
  924, 1024, 630, 256, 70, 12, 1; ...
Fourth row polynomial (n=3): p(3,x) = 20 + 16*x + 6*x^2 + x^3.
From _Paul Barry_, May 06 2009: (Start)
Production matrix begins
    2,   1;
    2,   2,  1;
    0,   2,  2,  1;
   -2,   0,  2,  2,  1;
    0,  -2,  0,  2,  2,  1;
    4,   0, -2,  0,  2,  2, 1;
    0,   4,  0, -2,  0,  2, 2, 1;
  -10,   0,  4,  0, -2,  0, 2, 2, 1;
    0, -10,  0,  4,  0, -2, 0, 2, 2, 1; (End)

G. C. Greubel, Rows n = 0..100 of triangle, flattened
Paul Barry, Embedding structures associated with Riordan arrays and moment matrices, arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.0583 [math.CO], 2013.
Milan Janjić, Pascal Matrices and Restricted Words, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 21 (2018), Article 18.5.2.

Cf. A000984, A035324, A054336.

Row sums: A026671.

T:= function(n, k)
    if k mod 2=0 then return Binomial(2*n-k, n-Int(k/2))*Binomial(n-Int(k/2),Int(k/2))/Binomial(k,Int(k/2));
    else return 4^(n-k)*Binomial(n-Int((k-1)/2)-1, Int((k-1)/2));
    fi;
  end;
Flat(List([0..10], n-> List([0..n], k-> T(n, k) ))); # G. C. Greubel, Jul 20 2019

T:= func< n, k | (k mod 2) eq 0 select Binomial(2*n-k, n-Floor(k/2))* Binomial(n-Floor(k/2),Floor(k/2))/Binomial(k,Floor(k/2)) else 4^(n-k)*Binomial(n-Floor((k-1)/2)-1, Floor((k-1)/2)) >;
[[T(n,k): k in [0..n]]: n in [0..10]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jul 20 2019

A054335 := proc(n,k)
    if k <0 or k > n then
        0 ;
    elif type(k,odd) then
        kprime := floor(k/2) ;
        binomial(n-kprime-1,kprime)*4^(n-k) ;
    else
        kprime := k/2 ;
        binomial(2*n-k,n-kprime)*binomial(n-kprime,kprime)/binomial(k,kprime) ;
    end if;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Mar 12 2013
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368. Adds column 1,0,0,0,... to the left.
PMatrix(10, n -> binomial(2*(n-1), n-1)); # Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

Flatten[ CoefficientList[#1, x] & /@ CoefficientList[ Series[1/(Sqrt[1 - 4*z] - x*z), {z, 0, 9}], z]] (* or *)
a[n_, k_?OddQ] := 4^(n-k)*Binomial[(2*n-k-1)/2, (k-1)/2]; a[n_, k_?EvenQ] := (Binomial[n-k/2, k/2]*Binomial[2*n-k, n-k/2])/Binomial[k, k/2]; Table[a[n, k], {n, 0, 9}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 08 2011, updated Jan 16 2014 *)

T(n, k) = if(k%2==0, binomial(2*n-k, n-k/2)*binomial(n-k/2,k/2)/binomial(k,k/2), 4^(n-k)*binomial(n-(k-1)/2-1, (k-1)/2));
for(n=0,10, for(k=0,n, print1(T(n,k), ", "))) \\ G. C. Greubel, Jul 20 2019

def T(n, k):
    if (mod(k,2)==0): return binomial(2*n-k, n-k/2)*binomial(n-k/2,k/2)/binomial(k,k/2)
    else: return 4^(n-k)*binomial(n-(k-1)/2-1, (k-1)/2)
[[T(n,k) for k in (0..n)] for n in (0..10)] # G. C. Greubel, Jul 20 2019

a(n, 2*k+1) = binomial(n-k-1, k)*4^(n-2*k-1), a(n, 2*k) = binomial(2*(n-k), n-k)*binomial(n-k, k)/binomial(2*k, k), k >= 0, n >= m >= 0; a(n, m) := 0 if n

Column recursion: a(n, m)=2*(2*n-m-1)*a(n-1, m)/(n-m), n>m >= 0, a(m, m) := 1.

G.f. for column m: cbie(x)*(x*cbie(x))^m, with cbie(x) := 1/sqrt(1-4*x).

G.f.: 1/(1-x*y-2*x/(1-x/(1-x/(1-x/(1-x/(1-... (continued fraction). - Paul Barry, May 06 2009

Sum_{k>=0} T(n,2*k)*(-1)^k*A000108(k) = A000108(n+1). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 30 2012

Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} T(n-k,n-2*k) = A098615(n). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 01 2012

T(n,k) = 4*T(n-1,k) + T(n-2,k-2) for k>=1. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 02 2012

Vertical recurrence: T(n,k) = 1*T(n-1,k-1) + 2*T(n-2,k-1) + 6*T(n-3,k-1) + 20*T(n-4,k-1) + ... for k >= 1 (the coefficients 1, 2, 6, 20, ... are the central binomial coefficients A000984). - Peter Bala, Oct 17 2015

A090238 Triangle T(n, k) read by rows. T(n, k) is the number of lists of k unlabeled permutations whose total length is n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 6, 4, 1, 0, 24, 16, 6, 1, 0, 120, 72, 30, 8, 1, 0, 720, 372, 152, 48, 10, 1, 0, 5040, 2208, 828, 272, 70, 12, 1, 0, 40320, 14976, 4968, 1576, 440, 96, 14, 1, 0, 362880, 115200, 33192, 9696, 2720, 664, 126, 16, 1, 0, 3628800, 996480, 247968, 64704, 17312, 4380, 952, 160, 18, 1

Offset: 0

Philippe Deléham, Jan 23 2004, Jun 14 2007

T(n,k) is the number of lists of k unlabeled permutations whose total length is n. Unlabeled means each permutation is on an initial segment of the positive integers. Example: with dashes separating permutations, T(3,2) = 4 counts 1-12, 1-21, 12-1, 21-1. - David Callan, Nov 29 2007
For n > 0, -Sum_{i=0..n} (-1)^i*T(n,i) is the number of indecomposable permutations A003319. - Peter Luschny, Mar 13 2009
Also the convolution triangle of the factorial numbers for n >= 1. - Peter Luschny, Oct 09 2022

			Triangle begins:
  1;
  0,       1;
  0,       2,      1;
  0,       6,      4,      1;
  0,      24,     16,      6,     1;
  0,     120,     72,     30,     8,     1;
  0,     720,    372,    152,    48,    10,     1;
  0,    5040,   2208,    828,   272,    70,    12,    1;
  0,   40320,  14976,   4968,  1576,   440,    96,   14,   1;
  0,  366880, 115200,  33192,  9696,  2720,   664,  126,  16,   1;
  0, 3628800, 996480, 247968, 64704, 17312,  4380,  952, 160,  18,  1;
  ...

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 171, #34.

Another version: A059369.
Row sums: A051296, A003319 (n>0).
Diagonals: A000007, A000142, A059371, A000012, A005843, A054000.
Cf. A084938.

T := proc(n,k) option remember; if n=0 and k=0 then return 1 fi;
if n>0 and k=0 or k>0 and n=0 then return 0 fi;
T(n-1,k-1)+(n+k-1)*T(n-1,k)/k end:
for n from 0 to 10 do seq(T(n,k),k=0..n) od; # Peter Luschny, Mar 03 2016
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368.
PMatrix(10, factorial); # Peter Luschny, Oct 09 2022

T[n_, k_] := T[n, k] = T[n-1, k-1] + ((n+k-1)/k)*T[n-1, k]; T[0, 0] = 1; T[, 0] = T[0, ] = 0;
Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 10}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 20 2018 *)

T(n, k) is given by [0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 6, 5, 7, 6, ...] DELTA [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, ...] where DELTA is the operator defined in A084938.
T(n, k) = T(n-1, k-1) + ((n+k-1)/k)*T(n-1, k); T(0, 0)=1, T(n, 0)=0 if n > 0, T(0, k)=0 if k > 0.
G.f. for the k-th column: (Sum_{i>=1} i!*t^i)^k = Sum_{n>=k} T(n, k)*t^n.
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n, k)*binomial(m, k) = A084938(m+n, m). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 31 2004
T(n, k) = Sum_{j>=0} A090753(j)*T(n-1, k+j-1). - Philippe Deléham, Feb 18 2004
From Peter Bala, May 27 2017: (Start)
Conjectural o.g.f.: 1/(1 + t - t*F(x)) = 1 + t*x + (2*t + t^2)*x^2 + (6*t + 4*t^2 + t^3)*x^3 + ..., where F(x) = Sum_{n >= 0} n!*x^n.
If true then a continued fraction representation of the o.g.f. is 1 - t + t/(1 - x/(1 - t*x - x/(1 - 2*x/(1 - 2*x/(1 - 3*x/(1 - 3*x/(1 - 4*x/(1 - 4*x/(1 - ... ))))))))). (End)

New name using a comment from David Callan by Peter Luschny, Sep 01 2022

A097609 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is number of Motzkin paths of length n having k horizontal steps at level 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 3, 2, 3, 0, 1, 6, 7, 3, 4, 0, 1, 15, 14, 12, 4, 5, 0, 1, 36, 37, 24, 18, 5, 6, 0, 1, 91, 90, 67, 36, 25, 6, 7, 0, 1, 232, 233, 165, 106, 50, 33, 7, 8, 0, 1, 603, 602, 438, 264, 155, 66, 42, 8, 9, 0, 1, 1585, 1586, 1147, 719, 390, 215, 84, 52, 9, 10, 0, 1

Offset: 0

Emeric Deutsch, Aug 30 2004

Row sums give the Motzkin numbers (A001006).
Column 0 is A005043.
Riordan array ((1+x-sqrt(1-2*x-3*x^2))/(2*x*(1-x)), (1+x-sqrt(1-2*x-3*x^2))/(2*(1-x))). - Paul Barry, Jun 21 2008
Inverse of Riordan array ((1-x)/(1-x+x^2), x*(1-x)/(1-x+x^2)), which is A104597. - Paul Barry, Jun 21 2008
Triangle read by rows, product of A064189 and A130595 considered as infinite lower triangular arrays; A097609 = A064189*A130195 = B*A053121*B^(-1) where B = A007318. - Philippe Deléham, Dec 07 2009
T(n+1,1) = A187306(n). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 28 2014
The number of lattice paths from (0,0) to (n,k) that do not cross below the x-axis and use up-step=(1,1) and down-steps=(1,-z) where z is a positive integer. For example, T(4,0) = 3: [(1,1)(1,1)(1,-1)(1,-1)], [(1,1)(1,-1)(1,1)(1,-1)] and [(1,1)(1,1)(1,1)(1,-3)]. - Nicholas Ham, Aug 20 2015
The convolution triangle of the Riordan numbers A005043. - Peter Luschny, Oct 09 2022

			Triangle begins:
  1;
  0, 1;
  1, 0, 1;
  1, 2, 0, 1;
  3, 2, 3, 0, 1;
  6, 7, 3, 4, 0, 1;
Row n has n+1 terms.
T(5,2) = 3 because (HH)UHD,(H)UHD(H) and UHD(HH) are the only Motzkin paths of length 5 with 2 horizontal steps at level 0 (shown between parentheses); here U=(1,1), H=(1,0) and D=(1,-1).
Production matrix begins
  0, 1;
  1, 0, 1;
  1, 1, 0, 1;
  1, 1, 1, 0, 1;
  1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1;
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1;
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1;
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1;
  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1;
... - _Philippe Deléham_, Mar 02 2013

G. C. Greubel, Rows n = 0..100 of triangle, flattened
Jean-Luc Baril, Daniela Colmenares, José L. Ramírez, Emmanuel D. Silva, Lina M. Simbaqueba, and Diana A. Toquica, Consecutive pattern-avoidance in Catalan words according to the last symbol, Univ. Bourgogne (France 2023).
Paul Barry, Riordan arrays, the A-matrix, and Somos 4 sequences, arXiv:1912.01126 [math.CO], 2019.
Igor Dolinka, James East, and Robert D. Gray, Motzkin monoids and partial Brauer monoids, arXiv preprint arXiv:1512.02279 [math.GR], 2015.
D. Merlini, R. Sprugnoli and M. C. Verri, An algebra for proper generating trees, Trends in Mathematics 2000, pp 127-139.

Cf. A001006, A005043, A027907, A187306.

[((k+1)/(n+1))*(&+[(-1)^(n-j+1)*Binomial(n+1,j)*Binomial(2*j-k-2,j-1): j in [k+1..n+1]]): k in [0..n], n in [0..10]]; // G. C. Greubel, Feb 18 2020

G:=2/(1-2*t*z+z+sqrt(1-2*z-3*z^2)): Gser:=simplify(series(G,z=0,13)): P[0]:=1: for n from 1 to 12 do P[n]:=sort(coeff(Gser,z^n)) od: seq(seq(coeff(t*P[n], t^k),k=1..n+1),n=0..12);
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368. Adds column 1, 0, 0, ... to the left.
PMatrix(10, n -> A005043(n-1)); # Peter Luschny, Oct 09 2022

nmax = 12; t[n_, k_] := ((-1)^(n+k)*k*n!*HypergeometricPFQ[{(k+1)/2, k/2, k-n}, {k, k+1}, 4])/(n*k!*(n-k)!); Flatten[ Table[t[n, k], {n, 0, nmax}, {k, 1, n}]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 14 2011, after Vladimir Kruchinin *)

T(n,k) = ((k+1)/(n+1))*sum(j=k+1, n+1, (-1)^(n-j+1)*binomial(n+1,j)* binomial(2*j-k-2,j-1) ); \\ G. C. Greubel, Feb 18 2020

[[((k+1)/(n+1))*sum( (-1)^(n-j+1)*binomial(n+1,j)* binomial(2*j-k-2,j-1) for j in (k+1..n+1)) for k in (0..n)] for n in (0..10)] # G. C. Greubel, Feb 18 2020

G.f.: 2/(1 -2*t*z +z +sqrt(1-2*z-3*z^2)).
T(n,k) = T(n-1,k-1)+ Sum_{j>=1} T(n-1,k+j) with T(0,0)=1. - Philippe Deléham, Jan 23 2010
T(n,k) = (k/n)*Sum_{j=k..n} (-1)^(n-j)*C(n,j)*C(2*j-k-1,j-1), n>0. - Vladimir Kruchinin, Feb 05 2011
From Emanuele Munarini, Jul 14 2024: (Start)
T(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..floor((n-k)/2)} binomial(n,i)*binomial(n-k-i-1,i-1)*(k+1)/(n-i+1).
T(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..n-k} (-1)^i*binomial(n,i)*binomial(2*n-k-2*i,n-i)*(k+1)/(n-i+1).
T(n,k) = (k+1)/(n+1)*Sum_{i=0..n-k} binomial(2*n-k-i,n)*trinomial(n+1,i)*(-1)^i, where trinomial(n,k) are the trinomial coefficients (A027907).
T(n,k) = Sum_{i=0..n-k} (-1)^i*binomial(2*n-k-i,n)*trinomial(n,i)*(i+k+1)/(n+1).
Recurrence: T(n+1,k+2) = T(n+1,k+1) - T(n,k+2) + T(n,k+1) - T(n,k). (End)

A060922 Convolution triangle for Lucas numbers A000032(n+1), n >= 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 1, 4, 6, 1, 7, 17, 9, 1, 11, 38, 39, 12, 1, 18, 80, 120, 70, 15, 1, 29, 158, 315, 280, 110, 18, 1, 47, 303, 753, 905, 545, 159, 21, 1, 76, 566, 1687, 2568, 2120, 942, 217, 24, 1, 123, 1039, 3612, 6666, 7043, 4311

Offset: 0

Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 20 2001

In the language of Shapiro et al. (see A053121 for the reference) such a lower triangular (ordinary) convolution array, considered as a matrix, belongs to the Bell-subgroup of the Riordan-group. G.f. for row polynomials p(n,x) := sum(a(n,m)*x^m,m=0..n) is (1+2*z)/(1-(1+x)*z-(1+2*x)*z^2).
Row sums give A060925. Column sequences (without leading zeros) are, for m=0..6: A000032(n+1)= A000204(n+1) (Lucas), A004799(n+1), A060929-33.
Bisection of this triangle gives triangles A060923 (even part) and A060924 (odd part).
For the m-th column sequence (without leading zeros) one has: a(n+m,m)= (pL1(m,n)*L(n+2)+pL2(m,n)*L(n+1))/(m!*5^m), m >= 0, with the Lucas numbers L(n)=A000032(n), n >= 0 and the row polynomials pL1(n,x) := sum(A061188(n,m)*x^n,m=0..n) and pL2(n,x) := sum(A061189(n,m)*x^m,m=0..n).
Riordan array ((1+2*x)/(1-x-x^2), x*(1+2*x)/(1-x-x^2)). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 21 2014
T is the convolution triangle of A000204 (see A357368). - Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

			p(2,x) = 4+6*x+x^2.
Triangle begins:
1 ;
3, 1;
4, 6, 1;
7, 17, 9, 1;
11, 38, 39, 12, 1;
18, 80, 120, 70, 15, 1;
29, 158, 315, 280, 110, 18, 1;
47, 303, 753, 905, 545, 159, 21, 1;

Cf. A000032.

# Uses function PMatrix from A357368. Adds column 1,0,0,0,... to the left.
PMatrix(10, A000204); # Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

a(n, m)=((n-m+1)*a(n, m-1)+2*(2*n-m)*a(n-1, m-1)+4*(n-1)*a(n-2, m-1))/(5*m), n >= m >= 1, a(n, 0)= A000204(n+1)= A000032(n+1).
G.f. for m-th column: ((1+2*x)/(1-x-x^2))* ((x*(1+2*x))/(1-x-x^2))^m.
T(n,k) = T(n-1,k) + T(n-1,k-1) + T(n-2,k) + T(n-2,k-1), T(0,0) = 1, T(1,0) = 3, T(1,1) = 1, T(n,k) = 0 if k<0 or if k>n. - Philippe Deléham, Jan 21 2014

Example improved by Philippe Deléham, Jan 21 2014

A128908 Riordan array (1, x/(1-x)^2).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 4, 1, 0, 4, 10, 6, 1, 0, 5, 20, 21, 8, 1, 0, 6, 35, 56, 36, 10, 1, 0, 7, 56, 126, 120, 55, 12, 1, 0, 8, 84, 252, 330, 220, 78, 14, 1, 0, 9, 120, 462, 792, 715, 364, 105, 16, 1, 0, 10, 165, 792, 1716, 2002, 1365, 560, 136, 18, 1

Offset: 0

Philippe Deléham, Apr 22 2007

Triangle T(n,k), 0 <= k <= n, read by rows given by [0,2,-1/2,1/2,0,0,0,0,0,...] DELTA [1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,...] where DELTA is the operator defined in A084938.
Row sums give A088305. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 21 2007
Column k is C(n,2k-1) for k > 0. - Philippe Deléham, Jan 20 2012
From R. Bagula's comment in A053122 (cf. Damianou link p. 10), this array gives the coefficients (mod sign) of the characteristic polynomials for the Cartan matrix of the root system A_n. - Tom Copeland, Oct 11 2014
T is the convolution triangle of the positive integers (see A357368). - Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

			The triangle T(n,k) begins:
   n\k  0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10
   0:   1
   1:   0    1
   2:   0    2    1
   3:   0    3    4    1
   4:   0    4   10    6    1
   5:   0    5   20   21    8    1
   6:   0    6   35   56   36   10    1
   7:   0    7   56  126  120   55   12    1
   8:   0    8   84  252  330  220   78   14    1
   9:   0    9  120  462  792  715  364  105   16    1
  10:   0   10  165  792 1716 2002 1365  560  136   18    1
  ... reformatted by _Wolfdieter Lang_, Jul 31 2017
From _Peter Luschny_, Mar 06 2022: (Start)
The sequence can also be seen as a square array read by upwards antidiagonals.
   1, 1,   1,    1,    1,     1,     1,      1,      1, ...  A000012
   0, 2,   4,    6,    8,    10,    12,     14,     16, ...  A005843
   0, 3,  10,   21,   36,    55,    78,    105,    136, ...  A014105
   0, 4,  20,   56,  120,   220,   364,    560,    816, ...  A002492
   0, 5,  35,  126,  330,   715,  1365,   2380,   3876, ... (A053126)
   0, 6,  56,  252,  792,  2002,  4368,   8568,  15504, ... (A053127)
   0, 7,  84,  462, 1716,  5005, 12376,  27132,  54264, ... (A053128)
   0, 8, 120,  792, 3432, 11440, 31824,  77520, 170544, ... (A053129)
   0, 9, 165, 1287, 6435, 24310, 75582, 203490, 490314, ... (A053130)
    A27,A292, A389, A580,  A582, A1288, A10966, A10968, A165817       (End)

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for the first 100 rows, flattened
P. Damianou, On the characteristic polynomials of Cartan matrices and Chebyshev polynomials, arXiv:1110.6620 [math.RT], 2014.

Cf. A002450, A007318, A034008, A053122, A078812, A084938, A088305.
Cf. Columns : A000007, A000027, A000292, A000389, A000580, A000582, A001288, A010966 ..(+2).. A011000, A017713 ..(+2).. A017763.
Cf. A000007, A001352, A008574, A054888, A084099, A084103, A163810, A357368.
Cf. A165817 (the main diagonal of the array).

# Computing the rows of the array representation:
S := proc(n,k) option remember;
if n = k then 1 elif k < 0 or k > n then 0 else
S(n-1, k-1) + 2*S(n-1, k) - S(n-2, k) fi end:
Arow := (n, len) -> seq(S(n+k-1, k-1), k = 0..len-1):
for n from 0 to 8 do Arow(n, 9) od; # Peter Luschny, Mar 06 2022
# Uses function PMatrix from A357368.
PMatrix(10, n -> n); # Peter Luschny, Oct 19 2022

With[{nmax = 10}, CoefficientList[CoefficientList[Series[(1 - x)^2/(1 - (2 + y)*x + x^2), {x, 0, nmax}, {y, 0, nmax}], x], y]] // Flatten (* G. C. Greubel, Nov 22 2017 *)

for(n=0,10, for(k=0,n, print1(if(n==0 && k==0, 1, if(k==0, 0, binomial(n+k-1,2*k-1))), ", "))) \\ G. C. Greubel, Nov 22 2017

from functools import cache
@cache
def A128908(n, k):
    if n == k: return 1
    if (k <= 0 or k > n): return 0
    return A128908(n-1, k-1) + 2*A128908(n-1, k) - A128908(n-2, k)
for n in range(10):
    print([A128908(n, k) for k in range(n+1)]) # Peter Luschny, Mar 07 2022

@cached_function
def T(k,n):
    if k==n: return 1
    if k==0: return 0
    return sum(i*T(k-1,n-i) for i in (1..n-k+1))
A128908 = lambda n,k: T(k,n)
for n in (0..10): print([A128908(n,k) for k in (0..n)]) # Peter Luschny, Mar 12 2016

T(n,0) = 0^n, T(n,k) = binomial(n+k-1, 2k-1) for k >= 1.
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*2^(n-k) = A002450(n) = (4^n-1)/3 for n>=1. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 19 2008
G.f.: (1-x)^2/(1-(2+y)*x+x^2). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 20 2012
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*x^k = (-1)^n*A001352(n), (-1)^(n+1)*A054888(n+1), (-1)^n*A008574(n), (-1)^n*A084103(n), (-1)^n*A084099(n), A163810(n), A000007(n), A088305(n) for x = -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1 respectively. - Philippe Deléham, Jan 20 2012
Riordan array (1, x/(1-x)^2). - Philippe Deléham, Jan 20 2012

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A155161 A Fibonacci convolution triangle: Riordan array (1, x/(1 - x - x^2)). Triangle T(n,k), 0 <= k <= n, read by rows.

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A308680 Number T(n,k) of colored integer partitions of n such that all colors from a k-set are used and parts differ by size or by color; triangle T(n,k), n>=0, 0<=k<=n, read by rows.

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A065600 Triangle T(n,k) giving number of Dyck paths of length 2n with exactly k hills (0 <= k <= n).

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A181289 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of 2-compositions of n having length k (0 <= k <= n).

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A257673 Triangle T(n,k), n>=0, 0<=k<=n, read by rows: row n is the inverse binomial transform of the n-th row of array A255961, which has the Euler transform of (j->j*k) in column k.

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A054335 A convolution triangle of numbers based on A000984 (central binomial coefficients of even order).

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