A056326 -id:A056326 - cp's OEIS frontend

A001998 Bending a piece of wire of length n+1; walks of length n+1 on a tetrahedron; also non-branched catafusenes with n+2 condensed hexagons.

1, 2, 4, 10, 25, 70, 196, 574, 1681, 5002, 14884, 44530, 133225, 399310, 1196836, 3589414, 10764961, 32291602, 96864964, 290585050, 871725625, 2615147350, 7845353476, 23535971854, 70607649841, 211822683802, 635467254244, 1906400965570, 5719200505225, 17157599124190

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

The wire stays in the plane, there are n bends, each is R,L or O; turning the wire over does not count as a new figure.
Equivalently, walks of n+1 steps on a tetrahedron, visiting n+2 vertices, with n "corners"; the symmetry group is S4, reversing a walk does not count as different. Simply interpret R,L,O as instructions to turn R, turn L, or retrace the last step. Walks are not self-avoiding.
Also, it appears that a(n) gives the number of equivalence classes of n-tuples of 0, 1 and 2, where two n-tuples are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a sequence of operations R and C, where R denotes reversal and C denotes taking the 2's complement (C(x)=2-x). This has been verified up to a(19)=290585050. Example: for n=3 there are ten equivalence classes {000, 222}, {001, 100, 122, 221}, {002, 022, 200, 220}, {010, 212}, {011, 110, 112, 211}, {012, 210}, {020, 202}, {021, 102, 120, 201}, {101, 121}, {111}, so a(3)=10. - John W. Layman, Oct 13 2009
There exists a bijection between chains of n+2 hexagons and the above described equivalence classes of n-tuples of 0,1, and 2. Namely, for a given chain of n+2 hexagons we take the sequence of the numbers of vertices of degree 2 (0, 1, or 2) between the consecutive contact vertices on one side of the chain; switching to the other side we obtain the 2's complement of this sequence; reversing the order of the hexagons, we obtain the reverse sequence. The inverse mapping is straightforward. For example, to a linear chain of 7 hexagons there corresponds the 5-tuple 11111. - Emeric Deutsch, Apr 22 2013
If we treat two wire bends (or walks, or tuples) related by turning over (or reversing) as different in any of the above-given interpretations of this sequence, we get A007051 (or A124302). Also, a(n-1) is the sum of first 3 terms in n-th row of A284949, see crossrefs therein. - Andrey Zabolotskiy, Sep 29 2017
a(n-1) is the number of color patterns (set partitions) in an unoriented row of length n using 3 or fewer colors (subsets). - Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018
From Allan Bickle, Jun 02 2022: (Start)
a(n) is the number of (unlabeled) 3-paths with n+6 vertices. (A 3-path with order n at least 5 can be constructed from a 4-clique by iteratively adding a new 3-leaf (vertex of degree 3) adjacent to an existing 3-clique containing an existing 3-leaf.)
Recurrences appear in the papers by Bickle, Eckhoff, and Markenzon et al. (End)
a(n) is also the number of distinct planar embeddings of the (n+1)-alkane graph (up to at least n=9, and likely for all n). - Eric W. Weisstein, May 21 2024

			There are 2 ways to bend a piece of wire of length 2 (bend it or not).
For n=4 and a(n-1)=10, the 6 achiral patterns are AAAA, AABB, ABAB, ABBA, ABCA, and ABBC.  The 4 chiral pairs are AAAB-ABBB, AABA-ABAA, AABC-ABCC, and ABAC-ABCB. - _Robert A. Russell_, Oct 28 2018

A. T. Balaban, Enumeration of Cyclic Graphs, pp. 63-105 of A. T. Balaban, ed., Chemical Applications of Graph Theory, Ac. Press, 1976; see p. 75.
S. J. Cyvin, B. N. Cyvin, and J. Brunvoll, Enumeration of tree-like octagonal systems: catapolyoctagons, ACH Models in Chem. 134 (1997), 55-70.
M. R. Nester (1999). Mathematical investigations of some plant interaction designs. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [See A056391 for pdf file of Chap. 2.]
R. C. Read, The Enumeration of Acyclic Chemical Compounds, pp. 25-61 of A. T. Balaban, ed., Chemical Applications of Graph Theory, Ac. Press, 1976. [I think this reference does not mention this sequence. - N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 10 2006]
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Indranil Ghosh, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2092 (terms 0..500 from T. D. Noe)
A. T. Balaban, J. Brunvoll, B. N. Cyvin, and S. J. Cyvin, Enumeration of branched catacondensed benzenoid hydrocarbons and their numbers of Kekulé structures, Tetrahedron 44(1) (1988), 221-228. See Eq. (6), p. 223.
A. T. Balaban and F. Harary, Chemical graphs V: enumeration and proposed nomenclature of benzenoid cata-condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Tetrahedron 24 (1968), 2505-2516.
Christian Barrientos and Sarah Minion, On the Graceful Cartesian Product of Alpha-Trees, Theory and Applications of Graphs, Vol. 4: Iss. 1, Article 3, 2017. (It mentions this sequence on p. 7.)
L. W. Beineke and R. E. Pippert, On the enumeration of planar trees of hexagons, Glasgow Math. J., 15 (1974), 131-147.
L. W. Beineke and R. E. Pippert, On the enumeration of planar trees of hexagons, Glasgow Math. J., 15 (1974), 131-147 [annotated scanned copy].
Allan Bickle, How to Count k-Paths, J. Integer Sequences, 25 (2022) Article 22.5.6.
Allan Bickle, A Survey of Maximal k-degenerate Graphs and k-Trees, Theory and Applications of Graphs 0 1 (2024) Article 5.
S. J. Cyvin, B. N. Cyvin, and J. Brunvoll, Isomer enumeration of some polygonal systems representing polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons, Journal of Molecular structure 376 (Issues 1-3) (1996), 495-505. See Table 2 on p. 501.
S. J. Cyvin, B. N. Cyvin, and J. Brunvoll, Unbranched catacondensed polygonal systems containing hexagons and tetragons, Croatica Chem. Acta, 69 (1996), 757-774.
J. Eckhoff, Extremal interval graphs, J. Graph Theory 17 1 (1993), 117-127.
R. M. Foster, Solution to Problem E185, Amer. Math. Monthly, 44 (1937), 50-51.
R. M. Foster, Solution to Problem E185, Amer. Math. Monthly, 44 (1937), 50-51 [annotated scanned copy].
F. Harary and R. W. Robinson, Tapeworms, Unpublished manuscript, circa 1973. (Annotated scanned copy)
Thomas M. Liggett and Wenpin Tang, One-dependent hard-core processes and colorings of the star graph, arXiv:1804.06877 [math.PR], 2018.
L. Markenzon, O. Vernet, and P. R. da Costa Pereira, A clique-difference encoding scheme for labelled k-path graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. 156 (2008), 3216-3222.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Gyula Tasi and Fujio Mizukami, Quantum algebraic-combinatoric study of the conformational properties of n-alkanes, J. Math. Chemistry, 25, 1999, 55-64 (see p. 60).
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Alkane Graph.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Planar Embedding.
Index entries for sequences obtained by enumerating foldings
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (4,0,-12,9).

Cf. A036359, A002216, A005963, A000228, A001997, A001444, A038766, A007051.
Column 3 of A320750, offset by one. Column k = 0 of A323942, offset by two.
Cf. A124302 (oriented), A107767 (chiral), A182522 (achiral), with varying offsets.
Column 3 of A320750.
The numbers of unlabeled k-paths for k = 2..7 are given in A005418, A001998, A056323, A056324, A056325, and A345207, respectively.
The sequences above converge to A103293(n+1).

a:=[];; for n in [2..45] do if n mod 2 =0 then Add(a,((3^((n-2)/2)+1)/2)^2); else Add(a,  3^((n-3)/2)+(1/4)*(3^(n-2)+1)); fi; od; a; # Muniru A Asiru, Oct 28 2018

A001998 := proc(n) if n = 0 then 1 elif n mod 2 = 1 then (1/4)*(3^n+4*3^((n-1)/2)+1) else (1/4)*(3^n+2*3^(n/2)+1); fi; end;
A001998:=(-1+3*z+2*z**2-8*z**3+3*z**4)/(z-1)/(3*z-1)/(3*z**2-1); # conjectured by Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation; gives sequence with an extra leading 1

a[n_?OddQ] := (1/4)*(3^n + 4*3^((n - 1)/2) + 1); a[n_?EvenQ] := (1/4)*(3^n + 2*3^(n/2) + 1); Table[a[n], {n, 0, 27}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 25 2013, from formula *)
LinearRecurrence[{4,0,-12,9},{1,2,4,10},30] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 10 2013 *)
Ach[n_, k_] := Ach[n, k] = If[n<2, Boole[n==k && n>=0], k Ach[n-2,k] + Ach[n-2,k-1] + Ach[n-2,k-2]] (* A304972 *)
k=3; Table[Sum[StirlingS2[n,j]+Ach[n,j],{j,k}]/2,{n,40}] (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018 *)

Vec((1-2*x-4*x^2+6*x^3)/((1-x)*(1-3*x)*(1-3*x^2)) + O(x^50)) \\ Colin Barker, May 15 2016

a(n) = if n mod 2 = 0 then ((3^((n-2)/2)+1)/2)^2 else 3^((n-3)/2)+(1/4)*(3^(n-2)+1).
G.f.: (1-2*x-4*x^2+6*x^3) / ((1-x)*(1-3*x)*(1-3*x^2)). - Corrected by Colin Barker, May 15 2016
a(n) = 4*a(n-1)-12*a(n-3)+9*a(n-4), with a(0)=1, a(1)=2, a(2)=4, a(3)=10. - Harvey P. Dale, Apr 10 2013
a(n) = (1+3^n+3^(1/2*(-1+n))*(2-2*(-1)^n+sqrt(3)+(-1)^n*sqrt(3)))/4. - Colin Barker, May 15 2016
E.g.f.: (2*sqrt(3)*sinh(sqrt(3)*x) + 3*exp(2*x)*cosh(x) + 3*cosh(sqrt(3)*x))/6. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, May 15 2016
From Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018: (Start)
a(n-1) = (A124302(n) + A182522(n)) / 2 = A124302(n) - A107767(n-1) = A107767(n-1) + A182522(n).
a(n-1) = Sum_{j=1..k} (S2(n,j) + Ach(n,j)) / 2, where k=3 is the maximum number of colors, S2 is the Stirling subset number A008277, and Ach(n,k) = [n>=0 & n<2 & n==k] + [n>1]*(k*Ach(n-2,k) + Ach(n-2,k-1) + Ach(n-2,k-2)).
a(n-1) = A057427(n) + A056326(n) + A056327(n). (End)
a(2*n) = A007051(n)^2; a(2*n+1) = A007051(n)*A007051(n+1). - Todd Simpson, Mar 25 2024

Offset and Maple code corrected by Colin Mallows, Nov 12 1999

Term added by Robert A. Russell, Oct 30 2018

A052551 Expansion of 1/((1 - x)(1 - 2x^2)).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 3, 7, 7, 15, 15, 31, 31, 63, 63, 127, 127, 255, 255, 511, 511, 1023, 1023, 2047, 2047, 4095, 4095, 8191, 8191, 16383, 16383, 32767, 32767, 65535, 65535, 131071, 131071, 262143, 262143, 524287, 524287, 1048575, 1048575, 2097151, 2097151

Offset: 0

encyclopedia(AT)pommard.inria.fr, Jan 25 2000

Equals row sums of triangle A137865. - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 18 2008
Also, the decimal representation of the diagonal from the corner to the origin of the n-th stage of growth of the two-dimensional cellular automaton defined by "Rule 566", based on the 5-celled von Neumann neighborhood, initialized with a single black (ON) cell at stage zero. - Robert Price, Jul 05 2017
Number of nonempty subsets of {1,2,...,n+1} that contain only odd numbers. a(0) = a(1) = 1: {1}; a(6) = a(7) = 15: {1}, {3}, {5}, {7}, {1,3}, {1,5}, {1,7}, {3,5}, {3,7}, {5,7}, {1,3,5}, {1,3,7}, {1,5,7}, {3,5,7}, {1,3,5,7}. - Enrique Navarrete, Mar 16 2018
Number of nonempty subsets of {1,2,...,n+2} that contain only even numbers. a(0) = a(1) = 1: {2}; a(4) = a(5) = 7: {2}, {4}, {6}, {2,4}, {2,6}, {4,6}, {2,4,6}. - Enrique Navarrete, Mar 26 2018
Doubling of A000225(n+1), n >= 0 entries. First differences give A077957. - Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 08 2018
a(n-2) is the number of achiral rows or cycles of length n partitioned into two sets or the number of color patterns using exactly 2 colors. An achiral row or cycle is equivalent to its reverse. Two color patterns are equivalent if the colors are permuted. For n = 4, the a(n-2) = 3 row patterns are AABB, ABAB, and ABBA; the cycle patterns are AAAB, AABB, and ABAB. For n = 5, the a(n-2) = 3 patterns for both rows and cycles are AABAA, ABABA, and ABBBA. For n = 6, the a(n-2) = 7 patterns for rows are AAABBB, AABABB, AABBAA, ABAABA, ABABAB, ABBAAB, and ABBBBA; the cycle patterns are AAAAAB, AAAABB, AAABAB, AAABBB, AABAAB, AABABB, and ABABAB. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 15 2018
For integers m > 1, the expansion of 1/((1 - x)*(1 - m*x^2)) generates a(n) = (sqrt(m)^(n + 1)*((-1)^n*(sqrt(m) - 1) + sqrt(m) + 1) - 2)/(2*(m - 1)). It appears, for integer values of n >= 0 and m > 1, that it could be simplified in the integral domain a(n) = (m^(1 + floor(n/2)) - 1)/(m - 1). - Federico Provvedi, Nov 23 2018
From Werner Schulte, Mar 04 2019: (Start)
More generally: For some fixed integers q and r > 0 the expansion of A(q,r; x) = 1/((1-x)*(1-q*x^r)) generates coefficients a(q,r; n) = (q^(1+floor(n/r))-1)/(q-1) for n >= 0; the special case q = 1 leads to a(1,r; n) = 1 + floor(n/r).
The a(q,r; n) satisfy for n > r a linear recurrence equation with constant coefficients. The signature vector is given by the sum of two vectors v and w where v has terms 1 followed by r zeros, i.e., (1,0,0,...,0), and w has r-1 leading zeros followed by q and -q, i.e., (0,0,...,0,q,-q).
Let a_i(q,r; n) be the convolution inverse of a(q,r; n). The terms are given by the sum a_i(q,r; n) = b(n) + c(n) for n >= 0 where b(n) has terms 1 and -1 followed by infinitely zeros, i.e., (1,-1,0,0,0,...), and c(n) has r leading zeros followed by -q, q and infinitely zeros, i.e., (0,0,...,0,-q,q,0,0,0,...).
Here is an example for q = 3 and r = 5: The expansion of A(3,5; x) = 1/((1-x)*(1-3*x^5)) = Sum_{n>=0} a(3,5; n)*x^n generates the sequence of coefficients (a(3,5; n)) = (1,1,1,1,1,4,4,4,4,4,13,13,13,13,13,40,...) where r = 5 controls the repetition and q = 3 the different values.
The a(3,5; n) satisfy for n > 5 the linear recurrence equation with constant coefficients and signature (1,0,0,0,0,0) + (0,0,0,0,3,-3) = (1,0,0,0,3,-3).
The convolution inverse a_i(3,5; n) has terms (1,-1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,...) + (0,0,0,0,0,-3,3,0,0,...) = (1,-1,0,0,0,-3,3,0,0,...).
For further examples and informations see A014983 (q,r = -3,1), A077925 (q,r = -2,1), A000035 (q,r = -1,1), A000012 (q,r = 0,1), A000027 (q,r = 1,1), A000225 (q,r = 2,1), A003462 (q,r = 3,1), A077953 (q,r = -2,2), A133872 (q,r = -1,2), A004526 (q,r = 1,2), A052551 (this sequence with q,r = 2,2), A077886 (q,r = -2,3), A088911 (q,r = -1,3), A002264 (q,r = 1,3) and A077885 (q,r = 2,3). The offsets might be different.
(End)
a(n) is the number of palindromes of length n over the alphabet {1,2} containing the letter 1. More generally, the number of palindromes of length n over the alphabet {1,2,...,k} containing the letter 1 is given by k^ceiling(n/2)-(k-1)^ceiling(n/2). - Sela Fried, Dec 10 2024

S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 170.

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..2000
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 488
Donatella Merlini and Massimo Nocentini, Algebraic Generating Functions for Languages Avoiding Riordan Patterns, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 21 (2018), Article 18.1.3.
N. J. A. Sloane, On the Number of ON Cells in Cellular Automata, arXiv:1503.01168 [math.CO], 2015.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Elementary Cellular Automaton
S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science
Wolfram Research, Wolfram Atlas of Simple Programs
Index entries for sequences related to cellular automata
Index to 2D 5-Neighbor Cellular Automata
Index to Elementary Cellular Automata
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (1,2,-2).

Cf. A000225, A077957, A136865, A289404, A289405, A032085, A050686.
Column 2 (offset by two) of A304972.
Cf. A000225 (oriented), A056326 (unoriented), and A122746(n-2) (chiral) for rows.
Cf. A056295 (oriented), A056357 (unoriented), and A059053 (chiral) for cycles.

Flat(List([1..21],n->[2^n-1,2^n-1])); # Muniru A Asiru, Oct 16 2018

[2^Floor(n/2)-1: n in [2..50]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 16 2011

spec := [S,{S=Prod(Sequence(Prod(Z,Union(Z,Z))),Sequence(Z))},unlabeled]: seq(combstruct[count](spec,size=n), n=0..20);

Table[StirlingS2[Floor[n/2] + 2, 2], {n, 0, 50}] (* Robert A. Russell, Dec 20 2017 *)
Drop[LinearRecurrence[{1, 2, -2}, {0, 1, 1}, 50], 1] (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 14 2018 *)
CoefficientList[Series[1/((1-x)*(1-2*x^2)), {x, 0, 50}], x] (* Stefano Spezia, Oct 16 2018 *)
2^(1+Floor[(Range[0,50])/2])-1 (* Federico Provvedi, Nov 22 2018 *)
((-1)^#(Sqrt[2]-1)+Sqrt[2]+1)2^((#-1)/2)-1&@Range[0, 50] (* Federico Provvedi, Nov 23 2018 *)

x='x+O('x^50); Vec(1/((1-x)*(1-2*x^2))) \\ Altug Alkan, Mar 19 2018

[2^(floor(n/2)) -1 for n in (2..50)] # G. C. Greubel, Mar 04 2019

G.f.: 1/((1 - x)*(1 - 2*x^2)).
Recurrence: a(1) = 1, a(0) = 1, -2*a(n) - 1 + a(n+2) = 0.
a(n) = -1 + Sum((1/2)*(1 + 2*alpha)*alpha^(-1 - n)) where the sum is over alpha = the two roots of -1 + 2*x^2.
a(n) = A016116(n+2) - 1. - R. J. Mathar, Jun 15 2009
a(n) = A060546(n+1) - 1. - Filip Zaludek, Dec 10 2016
From Robert A. Russell, Oct 15 2018: (Start)
a(n-2) = S2(floor(n/2)+1,2), where S2 is the Stirling subset number A008277.
a(n-2) = 2*A056326(n) - A000225(n) = A000225(n) - 2*A122746(n-2) = A056326(n) - A122746(n-2).
a(n-2) = 2*A056357(n) - A056295(n) = A056295(n) - 2*A059053(n) = A056357(n) - A059053(n). (End)
From Federico Provvedi, Nov 22 2018: (Start)
a(n) = 2^( 1 + floor(n/2) ) - 1.
a(n) = ( (-1)^n*(sqrt(2)-1) + sqrt(2) + 1 ) * 2^( (n - 1)/2 ) - 1.  (End)
E.g.f.: 2*cosh(sqrt(2)*x) + sqrt(2)*sinh(sqrt(2)*x) - cosh(x) - sinh(x). - Franck Maminirina Ramaharo, Nov 23 2018

More terms from James Sellers, Jun 06 2000

A284949 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = number of reversible string structures of length n using exactly k different symbols.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 5, 4, 1, 1, 9, 15, 6, 1, 1, 19, 50, 37, 9, 1, 1, 35, 160, 183, 76, 12, 1, 1, 71, 502, 877, 542, 142, 16, 1, 1, 135, 1545, 3930, 3523, 1346, 242, 20, 1, 1, 271, 4730, 17185, 21393, 11511, 2980, 390, 25, 1

Offset: 1

Andrew Howroyd, Apr 06 2017

A string and its reverse are considered to be equivalent. Permuting the colors will not change the structure.
Number of k-block partitions of an n-set up to reflection.
T(n,k) = pi_k(P_n) which is the number of non-equivalent partitions of the path on n vertices, with exactly k parts. Two partitions P1 and P2 of a graph G are said to be equivalent if there is a nontrivial automorphism of G which maps P1 onto P2. - Mohammad Hadi Shekarriz, Aug 21 2019

			Triangle begins:
1;
1,   1;
1,   2,    1;
1,   5,    4,     1;
1,   9,   15,     6,     1;
1,  19,   50,    37,     9,     1;
1,  35,  160,   183,    76,    12,    1;
1,  71,  502,   877,   542,   142,   16,   1;
1, 135, 1545,  3930,  3523,  1346,  242,  20,  1;
1, 271, 4730, 17185, 21393, 11511, 2980, 390, 25, 1;

M. R. Nester (1999). Mathematical investigations of some plant interaction designs. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [See A056391 for pdf file of Chap. 2]

Andrew Howroyd, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1275
B. Ahmadi, F. Alinaghipour and M. H. Shekarriz, Number of Distinguishing Colorings and Partitions, arXiv:1910.12102 [math.CO], 2019.
Mohammad Hadi Shekarriz, GAP Program

Columns 2..6 are A056326, A056327, A056328, A056329, A056330.
Row sums are A103293.
Partial row sums include A005418, A001998(n-1), A056323, A056324, A056325.
Cf. A277504, A008277 (set partitions), A152175 (up to rotation), A152176 (up to rotation and reflection), A304972 (achiral patterns).

(* achiral color patterns for row of n colors containing k different colors *)
Ach[n_, k_] := Ach[n, k] = Switch[k, 0, If[0==n, 1, 0], 1, If[n>0, 1, 0],
   (* else *) _, If[OddQ[n],
   Sum[Binomial[(n-1)/2, i] Ach[n-1-2i, k-1], {i, 0, (n-1)/2}],
   Sum[Binomial[n/2-1, i] (Ach[n-2-2i, k-1] + 2^i Ach[n-2-2i, k-2]),
   {i, 0, n/2-1}]]]
Table[(StirlingS2[n, k] + Ach[n, k])/2, {n, 1, 15}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten
(* Robert A. Russell, Feb 10 2018 *)

\\ see A056391 for Polya enumeration functions
T(n,k) = NonequivalentStructsExactly(ReversiblePerms(n), k); \\ Andrew Howroyd, Oct 14 2017

\\ Ach is A304972 as square matrix.
Ach(n)={my(M=matrix(n,n,i,k,i>=k)); for(i=3, n, for(k=2, n, M[i,k]=k*M[i-2,k] + M[i-2,k-1] + if(k>2, M[i-2,k-2]))); M}
T(n)={(matrix(n, n, i, k, stirling(i, k, 2)) + Ach(n))/2}
{ my(A=T(10)); for(n=1, #A, print(A[n,1..n])) } \\ Andrew Howroyd, Sep 18 2019

A056324 Number of reversible string structures with n beads using a maximum of five different colors.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 4, 11, 32, 116, 455, 1993, 9134, 43580, 211659, 1041441, 5156642, 25640456, 127773475, 637624313, 3184387574, 15910947980, 79521737939, 397510726681, 1987259550002, 9935420646296, 49674470817195, 248364482308833, 1241798790172214

Offset: 0

Marks R. Nester

A string and its reverse are considered to be equivalent. Permuting the colors will not change the structure. Thus aabc, cbaa and bbac are all considered to be identical.
Number of set partitions of an unoriented row of n elements with five or fewer nonempty subsets. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018
There are nonrecursive formulas, generating functions, and computer programs for A056272 and A305751, which can be used in conjunction with the formula. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018
From Allan Bickle, Jun 02 2022: (Start)
a(n) is the number of (unlabeled) 5-paths with n+7 vertices. (A 5-path with order n at least 7 can be constructed from a 5-clique by iteratively adding a new 5-leaf (vertex of degree 5) adjacent to an existing 5-clique containing an existing 5-leaf.)
Recurrences appear in the papers by Bickle, Eckhoff, and Markenzon et al. (End)

			For a(4)=11, the 7 achiral patterns are AAAA, AABB, ABAB, ABBA, ABCA, ABBC, and ABCD.  The 4 chiral pairs are AAAB-ABBB, AABA-ABAA, AABC-ABCC, and ABAC-ABCB.

M. R. Nester (1999). Mathematical investigations of some plant interaction designs. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [See A056391 for pdf file of Chap. 2]

Muniru A Asiru, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Allan Bickle, How to Count k-Paths, J. Integer Sequences, 25 (2022) Article 22.5.6.
Allan Bickle, A Survey of Maximal k-degenerate Graphs and k-Trees, Theory and Applications of Graphs 0 1 (2024) Article 5.
J. Eckhoff, Extremal interval graphs, J. Graph Theory 17 1 (1993), 117-127.
L. Markenzon, O. Vernet, and P. R. da Costa Pereira, A clique-difference encoding scheme for labelled k-path graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. 156 (2008), 3216-3222.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (11, -34, -16, 247, -317, -200, 610, -300).

Cf. A032122.
Column 5 of A320750.
Cf. A056272 (oriented), A320935 (chiral), A305751 (achiral).
The numbers of unlabeled k-paths for k = 2..7 are given in A005418, A001998, A056323, A056324, A056325, and A345207, respectively.
The sequences above converge to A103293(n+1).

Ach[n_, k_] := Ach[n, k] = If[n<2, Boole[n==k && n>=0], k Ach[n-2,k] + Ach[n-2,k-1] + Ach[n-2,k-2]] (* A304972 *)
k=5; Table[Sum[StirlingS2[n,j]+Ach[n,j],{j,0,k}]/2,{n,0,40}]  (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018 *)
LinearRecurrence[{11, -34, -16, 247, -317, -200, 610, -300}, {1, 1, 2, 4, 11, 32, 116, 455, 1993}, 40] (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018 *)

Use de Bruijn's generalization of Polya's enumeration theorem as discussed in reference.
G.f.: (1-10x+25x^2+32x^3-196x^4+149x^5+225x^6-321x^7+85x^8)/((1-x)*(1-2x)*(1-3x)*(1-5x)*(1-2x^2)*(1-5x^2)). - Colin Barker, Nov 24 2012 [Adapted to offset 0 by Robert A. Russell, Nov 07 2018]
From Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018: (Start)
a(n) = (A056272(n) + A305751(n)) / 2.
a(n) = A056272(n) - A320935(n) = A320935(n) + A305751(n).
a(n) = Sum_{j=0..k} (S2(n,j) + Ach(n,j)) / 2, where k=5 is the maximum number of colors, S2 is the Stirling subset number A008277, and Ach(n,k) = [n>=0 & n<2 & n==k] + [n>1]*(k*Ach(n-2,k) + Ach(n-2,k-1) + Ach(n-2,k-2)).
a(n) = A000007(n) + A057427(n) + A056326(n) + A056327(n) + A056328(n) + A056329(n). (End)
For n>8, a(n) = 11*a(n-1) - 34*a(n-2) - 16*a(n-3) + 247*a(n-4) - 317*a(n-5) - 200*a(n-6) + 610*a(n-7) - 300*a(n-8). - Muniru A Asiru, Oct 30 2018
From Allan Bickle, Jun 04 2022: (Start)
a(n) = 5^n/240 + 3^n/24 + 2^n/12 + 13*5^(n/2)/120 + 2^(n/2)/6 + 5/16 for n>0 even;
a(n) = 5^n/240 + 3^n/24 + 2^n/12 + 5^((n+1)/2)/24 + 2^((n+1)/2)/12 + 5/16 for n>0 odd. (End)

Terms added by Robert A. Russell, Oct 30 2018

a(0)=1 prepended by Robert A. Russell, Nov 07 2018

A056323 Number of reversible string structures with n beads using a maximum of four different colors.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 4, 11, 31, 107, 379, 1451, 5611, 22187, 87979, 350891, 1400491, 5597867, 22379179, 89500331, 357952171, 1431743147, 5726775979, 22906841771, 91626580651, 366505274027, 1466017950379, 5864067607211

Offset: 0

Marks R. Nester

A string and its reverse are considered to be equivalent. Permuting the colors will not change the structure. Thus aabc, cbaa and bbac are all considered to be identical.
Number of set partitions of an unoriented row of n elements with four or fewer nonempty subsets. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018
There are nonrecursive formulas, generating functions, and computer programs for A124303 and A305750, which can be used in conjunction with the formula. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018
From Allan Bickle, Jun 02 2022: (Start)
a(n) is the number of (unlabeled) 4-paths with n+6 vertices. (A 4-path with order n at least 6 can be constructed from a 5-clique by iteratively adding a new 4-leaf (vertex of degree 4) adjacent to an existing 4-clique containing an existing 4-leaf.)
Recurrences appear in the papers by Bickle, Eckhoff, and Markenzon et al. (End)

			For a(4)=11, the 7 achiral patterns are AAAA, AABB, ABAB, ABBA, ABCA, ABBC, and ABCD. The 4 chiral pairs are AAAB-ABBB, AABA-ABAA, AABC-ABCC, and ABAC-ABCB.

M. R. Nester (1999). Mathematical investigations of some plant interaction designs. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [See A056391 for pdf file of Chap. 2]

Allan Bickle, How to Count k-Paths, J. Integer Sequences, 25 (2022) Article 22.5.6.
Allan Bickle, A Survey of Maximal k-degenerate Graphs and k-Trees, Theory and Applications of Graphs 0 1 (2024) Article 5.
J. Eckhoff, Extremal interval graphs, J. Graph Theory 17 1 (1993), 117-127.
L. Markenzon, O. Vernet, and P. R. da Costa Pereira, A clique-difference encoding scheme for labelled k-path graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. 156 (2008), 3216-3222.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (5,0,-20,16).

Cf. A032121.
Column 4 of A320750.
Cf. A124303 (oriented), A320934 (chiral), A305750 (achiral).
The numbers of unlabeled k-paths for k = 2..7 are given in A005418, A001998, A056323, A056324, A056325, and A345207, respectively.
The sequences above converge to A103293(n+1).

Ach[n_, k_] := Ach[n, k] = If[n<2, Boole[n==k && n>=0], k Ach[n-2,k] + Ach[n-2,k-1] + Ach[n-2,k-2]] (* A304972 *)
k=4; Table[Sum[StirlingS2[n,j]+Ach[n,j],{j,0,k}]/2,{n,0,40}] (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018 *)
LinearRecurrence[{5, 0, -20, 16}, {1, 1, 2, 4, 11}, 40] (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018 *)

Use de Bruijn's generalization of Polya's enumeration theorem as discussed in reference.
For n > 0, a(n) = (16 + (-2)^n + 15*2^n + 4^n)/48. - Colin Barker, Nov 24 2012
G.f.: (1 - 4x - 3x^2 + 14x^3 - 5x^4) / ((1-x)*(1-4x)*(1-4x^2)). - Colin Barker, Nov 24 2012 [Adapted to offset 0 by Robert A. Russell, Nov 09 2018]
From Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018: (Start)
a(n) = (A124303(n) + A305750(n)) / 2.
a(n) = A124303(n) - A320934(n) = A320934(n) + A305750(n).
a(n) = Sum_{j=0..k} (S2(n,j) + Ach(n,j)) / 2, where k=4 is the maximum number of colors, S2 is the Stirling subset number A008277, and Ach(n,k) = [n>=0 & n<2 & n==k] + [n>1]*(k*Ach(n-2,k) + Ach(n-2,k-1) + Ach(n-2,k-2)).
a(n) = A000007(n) + A057427(n) + A056326(n) + A056327(n) + A056328(n). (End)

a(0)=1 prepended by Robert A. Russell, Nov 09 2018

A056325 Number of reversible string structures with n beads using a maximum of six different colors.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 4, 11, 32, 117, 467, 2135, 10480, 55091, 301633, 1704115, 9819216, 57365191, 338134521, 2005134639, 11937364184, 71254895955, 426063226937, 2550552314219, 15280103807200, 91588104196415, 549159428968825

Offset: 0

Marks R. Nester

A string and its reverse are considered to be equivalent. Permuting the colors will not change the structure. Thus aabc, cbaa and bbac are all considered to be identical.
Number of set partitions of an unoriented row of n elements with six or fewer nonempty subsets. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018
There are nonrecursive formulas, generating functions, and computer programs for A056273 and A305752, which can be used in conjunction with the first formula. - Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018
From Allan Bickle, Jun 23 2022: (Start)
a(n) is the number of (unlabeled) 6-paths with n+8 vertices. (A 6-path with order n at least 8 can be constructed from a 6-clique by iteratively adding a new 6-leaf (vertex of degree 6) adjacent to an existing 6-clique containing an existing 6-leaf.)
Recurrences appear in the papers by Bickle, Eckhoff, and Markenzon et al. (End)

			For a(4)=11, the 7 achiral patterns are AAAA, AABB, ABAB, ABBA, ABCA, ABBC, and ABCD.  The 4 chiral pairs are AAAB-ABBB, AABA-ABAA, AABC-ABCC, and ABAC-ABCB.

M. R. Nester (1999). Mathematical investigations of some plant interaction designs. PhD Thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [See A056391 for pdf file of Chap. 2]

Colin Barker, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Allan Bickle, How to Count k-Paths, J. Integer Sequences, 25 (2022) Article 22.5.6.
Allan Bickle, A Survey of Maximal k-degenerate Graphs and k-Trees, Theory and Applications of Graphs 0 1 (2024) Article 5.
J. Eckhoff, Extremal interval graphs, J. Graph Theory 17 1 (1993), 117-127.
L. Markenzon, O. Vernet, and P. R. da Costa Pereira, A clique-difference encoding scheme for labelled k-path graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. 156 (2008), 3216-3222.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (16,-84,84,685,-2140,180,7200,-8244,-4176,11664,-5184).

Cf. A056308.
Column 6 of A320750.
Cf. A056273 (oriented), A320936 (chiral), A305752 (achiral).
The numbers of unlabeled k-paths for k = 2..7 are given in A005418, A001998, A056323, A056324, A056325, and A345207, respectively.
The sequences above converge to A103293(n+1).

Ach[n_, k_] := Ach[n, k] = If[n<2, Boole[n==k && n>=0], k Ach[n-2,k] + Ach[n-2,k-1] + Ach[n-2,k-2]] (* A304972 *)
k=6; Table[Sum[StirlingS2[n,j]+Ach[n,j],{j,0,k}]/2,{n,0,40}] (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018 *)
LinearRecurrence[{16, -84, 84, 685, -2140, 180, 7200, -8244, -4176, 11664, -5184}, {1, 1, 2, 4, 11, 32, 117, 467, 2135, 10480, 55091, 301633}, 40] (* Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018 *)

Vec((1 - 15*x + 70*x^2 - 28*x^3 - 654*x^4 + 1479*x^5 + 783*x^6 - 5481*x^7 + 3512*x^8 + 4640*x^9 - 5922*x^10 + 1530*x^11) / ((1 - x)*(1 - 2*x)*(1 - 3*x)*(1 - 4*x)*(1 - 6*x)*(1 - 2*x^2)*(1 - 3*x^2)*(1 - 6*x^2)) + O(x^30)) \\ Colin Barker, Apr 15 2020

Use de Bruijn's generalization of Polya's enumeration theorem as discussed in reference.
From Robert A. Russell, Oct 28 2018: (Start)
a(n) = (A056273(n) + A305752(n)) / 2.
a(n) = A056273(n) - A320936(n) = A320936(n) + A305752(n).
a(n) = Sum_{j=0..k} (S2(n,j) + Ach(n,j)) / 2, where k=6 is the maximum number of colors, S2 is the Stirling subset number A008277, and Ach(n,k) = [n>=0 & n<2 & n==k] + [n>1]*(k*Ach(n-2,k) + Ach(n-2,k-1) + Ach(n-2,k-2)).
a(n) = A000007(n) + A057427(n) + A056326(n) + A056327(n) + A056328(n) + A056329(n) + A056330(n).
(End)
From Colin Barker, Mar 24 2020: (Start)
G.f.: (1 - 15*x + 70*x^2 - 28*x^3 - 654*x^4 + 1479*x^5 + 783*x^6 - 5481*x^7 + 3512*x^8 + 4640*x^9 - 5922*x^10 + 1530*x^11) / ((1 - x)*(1 - 2*x)*(1 - 3*x)*(1 - 4*x)*(1 - 6*x)*(1 - 2*x^2)*(1 - 3*x^2)*(1 - 6*x^2)).
a(n) = 16*a(n-1) - 84*a(n-2) + 84*a(n-3) + 685*a(n-4) - 2140*a(n-5) + 180*a(n-6) + 7200*a(n-7) - 8244*a(n-8) - 4176*a(n-9) + 11664*a(n-10) - 5184*a(n-11) for n>11.
(End)
From Allan Bickle, Jun 23 2022: (Start)
a(n) = (1/1440)*6^n + (1/96)*4^n + (1/36)*3^n + (3/32)*2^n + (19/360)*6^(n/2) + (1/9)*3^(n/2) + (1/8)*2^(n/2) + 17/60 for n > 0 even;
a(n) = (1/1440)*6^n + (1/96)*4^n + (1/36)*3^n + (3/32)*2^n + (13/720)*6^((n+1)/2) + (1/18)*3^((n+1)/2) + (1/16)*2^((n+1)/2) + 17/60 for n > 0 odd. (End)

Another term from Robert A. Russell, Oct 29 2018

a(0)=1 prepended by Robert A. Russell, Nov 09 2018

A291883 Number T(n,k) of symmetrically unique Dyck paths of semilength n and height k; triangle T(n,k), n>=0, 0<=k<=n, read by rows.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 5, 3, 1, 0, 1, 9, 11, 4, 1, 0, 1, 19, 31, 19, 5, 1, 0, 1, 35, 91, 69, 29, 6, 1, 0, 1, 71, 250, 252, 127, 41, 7, 1, 0, 1, 135, 690, 855, 540, 209, 55, 8, 1, 0, 1, 271, 1863, 2867, 2117, 1005, 319, 71, 9, 1, 0, 1, 527, 5017, 9339, 8063, 4411, 1705, 461, 89, 10, 1

Offset: 0

Alois P. Heinz, Sep 05 2017

			: T(4,2) = 5:       /\      /\        /\/\    /\  /\    /\/\/\
:              /\/\/  \  /\/  \/\  /\/    \  /  \/  \  /      \
:
Triangle T(n,k) begins:
  1;
  0, 1;
  0, 1,   1;
  0, 1,   2,   1;
  0, 1,   5,   3,   1;
  0, 1,   9,  11,   4,   1;
  0, 1,  19,  31,  19,   5,   1;
  0, 1,  35,  91,  69,  29,   6,  1;
  0, 1,  71, 250, 252, 127,  41,  7, 1;
  0, 1, 135, 690, 855, 540, 209, 55, 8, 1;
  ...

Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 0..140, flattened

Columns k=0-10 give: A000007, A057427, A056326, A291887, A291888, A291889, A291890, A291891, A291892, A291893, A291894.
Main and first two lower diagonals give A000012, A001477, A028387(n-1) for n>0.
Row sums give A007123(n+1).
T(2n,n) give A291885.
Cf. A080936, A132890, A291886.

b:= proc(x, y, k) option remember; `if`(x=0, z^k, `if`(y0, b(x-1, y-1, k), 0))
    end:
g:= proc(x, y, k) option remember; `if`(x=0, z^k, `if`(y>0,
      g(x-2, y-1, k), 0)+ g(x-2, y+1, max(y+1, k)))
    end:
T:= n-> (p-> seq(coeff(p, z, i)/2, i=0..n))(b(2*n, 0$2)+g(2*n, 0$2)):
seq(T(n), n=0..14);

b[x_, y_, k_] := b[x, y, k] = If[x == 0, z^k, If[y < x - 1, b[x - 1, y + 1, Max[y + 1, k]], 0] + If[y > 0, b[x - 1, y - 1, k], 0]];
g[x_, y_, k_] := g[x, y, k] = If[x == 0, z^k, If[y > 0, g[x - 2, y - 1, k], 0] + g[x - 2, y + 1, Max[y + 1, k]]];
T[n_] := Function[p, Table[Coefficient[p, z, i]/2, {i, 0, n}]][b[2*n, 0, 0] + g[2*n, 0, 0]];
Table[T[n], {n, 0, 14}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 03 2018, from Maple *)

from sympy.core.cache import cacheit
from sympy import Poly, Symbol, flatten
z=Symbol('z')
@cacheit
def b(x, y, k): return z**k if x==0 else (b(x - 1, y + 1, max(y + 1, k)) if y0 else 0)
@cacheit
def g(x, y, k): return z**k if x==0 else (g(x - 2, y - 1, k) if y>0 else 0) + g(x - 2, y + 1, max(y + 1, k))
def T(n): return 1 if n==0 else [i//2 for i in Poly(b(2*n, 0, 0) + g(2*n, 0, 0)).all_coeffs()[::-1]]
print(flatten(map(T, range(15)))) # Indranil Ghosh, Sep 06 2017

T(n,k) = (A080936(n,k) + A132890(n,k))/2.

Sum_{k=1..n} k * T(n,k) = A291886(n).

cp's OEIS Frontend

A001998 Bending a piece of wire of length n+1; walks of length n+1 on a tetrahedron; also non-branched catafusenes with n+2 condensed hexagons.

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A052551 Expansion of 1/((1 - x)*(1 - 2*x^2)).

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A284949 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = number of reversible string structures of length n using exactly k different symbols.

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A056324 Number of reversible string structures with n beads using a maximum of five different colors.

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A056323 Number of reversible string structures with n beads using a maximum of four different colors.

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A056325 Number of reversible string structures with n beads using a maximum of six different colors.

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A052551 Expansion of 1/((1 - x)(1 - 2x^2)).