cp's OEIS Frontend

These are the 3-Schroeder numbers according to Yang-Jiang (2021). - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 28 2021

Equals row sums of triangle A104978 which has g.f. F(x,y) that satisfies: F = 1 + x*F^2 + x*y*F^3. - Paul D. Hanna, Mar 30 2005

a(n) counts ordered complete ternary trees with 2*n + 1 leaves, where the internal vertices come in two colors and such that each vertex and its rightmost child have different colors. See [Drake, Example 1.6.9]. An example is given below. - Peter Bala, Sep 29 2011

a(n) for n >= 1 is the number of compact coalescent histories for matching lodgepole gene trees and species trees with n cherries and 2n+1 leaves. - Noah A Rosenberg, Jun 21 2022

a(n) is the maximum number of distinct sets that can be obtained as complete parenthesizations of “S_1 union S_2 intersect S_3 union S_4 intersect S_5 union ... union S_{2*n} intersect S_{2*n+1}”, where n union and n intersection operations alternate, starting with a union, and S_1, S_2, ... , S_{2*n+1} are sets. - Alexander Burstein, Nov 22 2023

Table also gives coordination sequences of same lattices.

Rows sums are given by A001333. Rising and falling diagonals are the tribonacci numbers A000213, A001590. - Paul Barry, Feb 13 2003

a(d,m) also gives the number of ways to choose m squares from a 2 X (d-1) grid so that no two squares in the selection are (horizontally or vertically) adjacent. - Jacob A. Siehler, May 13 2006

Mirror image of triangle A113413. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 15 2006

The Ca1 sums lead to A126116 and the Ca2 sums lead to A070550, see A180662 for the definitions of these triangle sums. - Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 05 2011

A035607 is jointly generated with the Delannoy triangle A008288 as an array of coefficients of polynomials v(n,x): initially, u(1,x) = v(1,x) = 1; for n > 1, u(n,x) = x*u(n-1,x) + v(n-1) and v(n,x) = 2*x*u(n-1,x) + v(n-1,x). See the Mathematica section. - Clark Kimberling, Mar 05 2012

Also, the polynomial v(n,x) above is x + (x + 1)*f(n-1,x), where f(0,x) = 1. - Clark Kimberling, Oct 24 2014

Rows also give the coefficients of the independence polynomial of the n-ladder graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Dec 29 2017

Considering both sequences as square arrays (offset by one row), the rows of A035607 are the first differences of the rows of A008288, and the rows of A008288 are the partial sums of the rows of A035607. - Shel Kaphan, Feb 23 2023

Considering only points with nonnegative coordinates, the number of points at L1 distance = m in d dimensions is the same as the number of ways of putting m indistinguishable balls into d distinguishable urns, binomial(m+d-1, d-1). This is one facet of the cross-polytope. Allowing for + and - coordinates, there are binomial(d,i)*2^i facets containing points with up to i nonzero coordinates. Eliminating double counting of points with any coordinates = 0, there are Sum_{i=1..d} (-1)^(d-i)*binomial(m+i-1,i-1)*binomial(d,i)*2^i points at distance m in d dimensions. One may avoid the alternating sum by using binomial(m-1,i-1) to count only the points per facet with exactly i nonzero coordinates, avoiding any double counting, but the result is the same. - Shel Kaphan, Mar 04 2023

A106579 is in some ways a better version of this sequence, but since this was entered first it will be the main entry for this triangle.

The diagonals of this triangle are self-convolutions of the main diagonal A006318: 1, 2, 6, 22, 90, 394, 1806, ... . - Philippe Deléham, May 15 2005

From Johannes W. Meijer, Sep 22 2010, Jul 15 2013: (Start)

Note that for the terms T(n,k) of this triangle n indicates the column and k the row.

The triangle sums, see A180662, link Schroeder's triangle with several sequences, see the crossrefs. The mirror of this triangle is A080247.

Quite surprisingly the Kn1p sums, p >= 1, are all related to A026003 and crystal ball sequences for n-dimensional cubic lattices (triangle offset is 0): Kn11(n) = A026003(n), Kn12(n) = A026003(n+2) - 1, Kn13(n) = A026003(n+4) - A005408(n+3), Kn14(n) = A026003(n+6) - A001844(n+4), Kn15(n) = A026003(n+8) - A001845(n+5), Kn16(n) = A026003(n+10) - A001846(n+6), Kn17(n) = A026003(n+12) - A001847(n+7), Kn18(n) = A026003(n+14) - A001848(n+8), Kn19(n) = A026003(n+16) - A001849(n+9), Kn110(n) = A026003(n+18) - A008417(n+10), Kn111(n) = A026003(n+20) - A008419(n+11), Kn112(n) = A026003(n+22) - A008421(n+12). (End)

T(n,k) is the number of normal semistandard Young tableaux with two columns, one of height k and one of height n. The recursion can be seen by performing jeu de taquin deletion on all instances of the smallest value. (If there are two instances of the smallest value, jeu de taquin deletion will always shorten the right column first and the left column second.) - Jacob Post, Jun 19 2018

a(n) is the number of order-preserving partial self maps of {1,...,n}. For example, a(2) = 8 because there are 8 order-preserving partial self maps of {1,2}: (1 2), (1 1), (2 2), (1 -), (2 -), (- 1), (- 2), (- -). Here for example (2 -) represents the partial map which maps 1 to 2 but does not include 2 in its domain. - James East, Oct 25 2005

From Peter Bala, Mar 02 2020: (Start)

For fixed m = 1,2,3,..., we conjecture that the sequence b(n) := a(m*n) satisfies a recurrence of the form P(2*m,n)*b(n+1) + P(2*m,-n)*b(n-1) = Q(2*m,n)*b(n), where the polynomials P(2*m,n) and Q(2*m,n) have degree 2*m. Conjecturally, the polynomial Q(2*m,n) is an even function of n; its 2*m zeros seem to belong to the interval [-1, 1] and 2*m - 2 of these zeros appear to lie close to the rational numbers of the form +-(2*k + 1)/(2*m), where 0 <= k <= m - 2. Cf. A103885. (End)

a(n), n>0, is the number of points at L1 distance = n from any given point in Z^n. The sequence is also the difference between the central diagonal (A001850) and +-1 diagonal (A002002) of the Delannoy number triangle (A008288). - Shel Kaphan, Feb 15 2023

The Gauss congruences a(n*p^k) == a(n^p^(k-1)) (mod p^k) hold for prime p and positive integers n and k. - Peter Bala, Jan 06 2022

The sequence satisfies the Gauss congruences: a(n*p^k) == a(n*p^(k-1)) ( mod p^k ) for all prime p and positive integers n and k.

We conjecture that the sequence satisfies the stronger supercongruences a(n*p^k) == a(n*p^(k-1)) ( mod p^(3*k) ) for all primes p >= 5 and positive integers n and k. Examples of these congruences are given below.

More generally, for each integer m, we conjecture that the sequence {a_m(n) : n >= 0}, defined by setting a_m(n) = the n-th order Taylor polynomial of S(x)^(m*n) evaluated at x = 1, satisfies the same supercongruences. See A333091 for m = 2 and A333092 for m = 3. For similarly defined sequences see A333093 through A333097.

Row sums are little Schroeder numbers A001003. Diagonal sums are generalized Fibonacci numbers A006603. Columns include A006318, A006319, A006320, A006321.

T(n,k) is the number of dissections of a convex (n+3)-gon by nonintersecting diagonals with exactly k diagonals emanating from a fixed vertex. Example: T(2,1)=4 because the dissections of the convex pentagon ABCDE having exactly one diagonal emanating from the vertex A are: {AC}, {AD}, {AC,EC} and {AD,BD}. - Emeric Deutsch, May 31 2004

For more triangle sums, see A180662, see the Schroeder triangle A033877 which is the mirror of this triangle. - Johannes W. Meijer, Jul 15 2013

a(n) is also equal to [x^n] G(x)^n, where G(x) is the o.g.f. of A027307.

Compare with A002003(n) = [x^n] ( (1 + x)/(1 - x) )^n and A103885(n) = [x^(2*n)] ( (1 + x)/(1 - x) )^n = [x^n] S(x)^n, where S(x) is the o.g.f. of the large Schröder numbers A006318.

If we define an operator I acting on power series f(x) = 1 + f_1*x + f_2*x^2 + ... by I(f(x)) = 1/x * Revert( x/f(x) ) then S(x) = I( (1 + x)/(1 - x) ) and G(x) = (I o I)( (1 + x)/(1 - x )).

It can be shown that a(n) satisfies the Gauss congruences a(n*p^k) == a(n*p^(k-1)) ( mod p^k ) for all prime p and positive integers n and k.

We conjecture that a(n) satisfies the stronger congruences a(n*p^k) == a(n*p^(k-1)) ( mod p^(3*k) ) for prime p >= 5 and positive integers n and k. Some examples of these congruences are given below.

The same congruences may hold more generally for the sequences a(r,s,n) := [x^(r*n)]( (1 + x)/(1 - x) )^(s*n), r a positive integer and s an integer. This is the case a(3,1,n).

For fixed m = 1,2,3,..., we conjecture that the sequence b(n) := a(m*n) satisfies a recurrence of the form P(6*m,n)*b(n+1) + P(6*m,-n)*b(n-1) = Q(3*m,n^2)*b(n), where the polynomials P(6*m,n) and Q(3*m,n^2) have degree 6*m. Conjecturally, the 6*m zeros of the polynomial Q(3*m,n^2) belong to the interval [-1, 1] and 6*m - 4 of these zeros appear to be approximated by the rational numbers +- k/(4*m), where 1 <= k <= 4*m - 3, k not a multiple of 4.

Given an integer sequence (g(n))n>=1, there exists a formal power series G(x), with rational coefficients, such that g(n) = [x^n] G(x)^n. The power series G(x) has integer coefficients iff the Gauss congruences g(n*p^r) == g(n*p^(r-1)) (mod p^r) hold for all primes p and positive integers n and r.

The central binomial coefficient binomial(2*n,n) = A000984(n) may be defined using the coefficient extraction operator as binomial(2*n,n) = [x^n] ((1 + x)^2)^n and hence the Gauss congruences hold for A000984. Moreover, it is known that the stronger supercongruences A000984(n*p^r) == A000984(n*p^(r-1)) (mod p^(3*r)) hold for primes p >= 5 and positive integers n and r. See Meštrović, equation 39.

We define an infinite family of sequences as follows. Let k be a positive integer. Define the rational function G_k(x) = (1 + x + ... + x^k)^(k+1)/(1 + x + ... + x^(k-1))^k and define the sequence u_k by u_k(n) = [x^n] G_k(x)^n. In particular, G_1(x) = (1 + x)^2 and the sequence u_1 is the sequence of central binomial coefficients. The present sequence is the case k = 2. See A351859 for the case k = 3.

Conjecture: for k >= 2, each sequence u_k satisfies the same supercongruences as the central binomial coefficients.

More generally, if r is a positive integer and s an integer then the sequence defined by u_k(r,s;n) = [x^(r*n)] G_k(x)^(s*n) may satisfy the same supercongruences.