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A004023 Indices of prime repunits: numbers k such that 11...111 (with k 1's) = (10^k - 1)/9 is prime.

2, 19, 23, 317, 1031, 49081, 86453, 109297, 270343, 5794777, 8177207

Offset: 1

People who search for repunit primes or repdigit primes may be looking for this entry.
The indices of primes with digital product (i.e., product of digits) equal to 1.
As of August 2014, only the first five repunits, through (10^1031-1)/9, have been proved prime. The next four repunits are known only to be probable primes and have not been proved to be prime. - Robert Baillie, Aug 17 2014
These indices p must also be prime. If p is not prime, say p = m*n, then 10^(m*n) - 1 = ((10^m)^n) - 1 => 10^m - 1 divides 10^(m*n) - 1. Since 9 divides 10^m - 1 or (10^m - 1)/9 = q, it follows q divides (10^p - 1)/9. This is a result of the identity, a^n - b^n = (a - b)(a^(n-1) + a^(n-2)*b + ... + b^(n-1)). - Cino Hilliard, Dec 23 2008
The numbers R_n = 11...111 = (10^n - 1)/9 with n in this sequence A004023, except for n = 2, are prime repunits in base ten, so they are prime Brazilian numbers belonging to A085104. [See Links: Les nombres brésiliens.] - Bernard Schott, Dec 24 2012
Search limit is 10800000, currently. - Serge Batalov, Jul 01 2021
On March 22 2022 the probable prime R49081 was proved to be a prime, and on May 15 2023 the probable prime R86453 was proved to be a prime. - Bassam Abdul-Baki, Dec 17 2024

			2 appears because the 2-digit repunit 11 is prime.
3 does not appear because 111 = 3 * 37 is not prime.
19 appears because the 19-digit repunit 1111111111111111111 is prime.

J. Brillhart et al., Factorizations of b^n +- 1. Contemporary Mathematics, Vol. 22, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2nd edition, 1985; and later supplements.
J.-M. De Koninck, Ces nombres qui nous fascinent, Entry 19, pp 6, Ellipses, Paris 2008.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Section A3.
Graham, Knuth and Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics, Addison-Wesley, 1994; see p 146 problem 22.
Clifford A. Pickover, A Passion for Mathematics, Wiley, 2005; see p. 60.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See p. 235.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Books, NY, 1986, Revised edition 1987. See entry 142857 at pp. 197-198.

Paul Bourdelais, A Generalized Repunit Conjecture, NMBRTHRY, 25 Jun 2009.
John Brillhart, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 08 1970
John Brillhart et al., Factorizations of b^n +- 1, Contemporary Mathematics, Vol. 22, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 3rd edition, 2002.
Chris K. Caldwell, The Prime Pages, Top 20: Repunit (lists certified primes with n >= 1000)
Patrick De Geest, Circular Primes
Giovanni Di Maria, Repunit Primes Project
Harvey Dubner, Generalized repunit primes, Math. Comp., 61 (1993), 927-930. [Annotated scanned copy]
Harvey Dubner, New probable prime repunit, R(49081), Number Theory List, Sep 09 1999.
Harvey Dubner, Repunit R49081 is a probable prime, Math. Comp., 71 (2001), 833-835.
Harvey Dubner, Posting to Number Theory List : Apr 03 2007
Martianus Frederic Ezerman, Bertrand Meyer, and Patrick Solé, On Polynomial Pairs of Integers, arXiv:1210.7593 [math.NT], 2012-2014.
Martianus Frederic Ezerman, Bertrand Meyer and Patrick Solé, On Polynomial Pairs of Integers, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 18 (2015), Article 15.3.5.
Shyam Sunder Gupta, On Some Marvellous Numbers of Kaprekar, Exploring the Beauty of Fascinating Numbers, Springer (2025) Ch. 9, 275-315. See also Repunit Numbers, Ch. 11, 327-352.
Dmytro S. Inosov and Emil Vlasák, Cryptarithmically unique terms in integer sequences, arXiv:2410.21427 [math.NT], 2024. See p. 18.
Makoto Kamada, Factorizations of 11...11 (Repunit).
Henri Lifchitz, Mersenne and Fermat primes field
Tom Muller, Ist die Folge der Primzahl-quersummen beschrankt?, Elem. Math. 66 (2011) 146-154; doi:10.4171/EM/183.
Bernard Schott, Les nombres brésiliens, Quadrature, no. 76, avril-juin 2010, pages 30-38; included here with permission from the editors of Quadrature.
Andy Steward, Prime Generalized Repunits
Sam Wagstaff, Jr., The Cunningham Project
E. Wegrzynowski, Nombres 1_[n] premiers
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Integer Sequence Primes
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Repunit
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Repunit Prime
H. C. Williams and Harvey Dubner, The primality of R1031, Math. Comp., 47(176), Oct 1986, 703-711.
Index entries for primes involving repunits

See A004022 for the actual primes.

Cf. A055557, A002275, A085104.

[p: p in PrimesUpTo(500) | IsPrime((10^p - 1) div 9)]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 06 2014

Select[Range[271000], PrimeQ[FromDigits[PadRight[{}, #, 1]]] &] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 05 2011 *)
repUnsUpTo[k_] := ParallelMap[If[PrimeQ[#] && PrimeQ[(10^# - 1)/9], #, Nothing] &, Range[k]]; repUnsUpTo[5000] (* Mikk Heidemaa, Apr 24 2017 *)

forprime(x=2,20000,if(ispseudoprime((10^x-1)/9),print1(x","))) \\ Cino Hilliard, Dec 23 2008

from sympy import isprime; {print(n, end = ', ') for n in range(1, 10**7) if isprime(n) and isprime(10**n//9)} # (Note that sympy.isprime is only a pseudo-primality test.) - Ya-Ping Lu, Dec 20 2021, edited by M. F. Hasler, Mar 28 2022

a(6) = 49081 PRP found by Harvey Dubner - posting to Number Theory List (NMBRTHRY(AT)LISTSERV.NODAK.EDU) Sep 09, 1999; proved prime by Paul Underwood, Mar 21 2022.
a(7) = 86453 found using pfgw (a faster version of PrimeForm) on Oct 26 2000 by Lew Baxter (posting to Number Theory List), Oct 26, 2000; proved prime by Andreas Enge, May 16 2023.
a(8) = 109297 was apparently discovered independently by (in alphabetical order) Paul Bourdelais and Harvey Dubner around Mar 26-28 2007.
a(9) = 270343, was found Jul 11 2007 by Maksym Voznyy and Anton Budnyy, subsequently confirmed as a(9) (see Repunit Primes Project link) by Robert Price, Dec 14 2010
a(10) = 5794777 was found Apr 20 2021 by Ryan Propper and Serge Batalov
a(11) = 8177207 was found May 08 2021 by Ryan Propper and Serge Batalov

A029471 Numbers k that divide the (left) concatenation of all numbers <= k written in base 2 (most significant digit on left).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 85, 145, 245, 1189, 356717, 19590671, 35741759, 791822369, 25313027035

Offset: 1

Olivier Gérard

No other terms below 3*10^10.

Index entries for related sequences

Cf. A007088.

Cf. A029447-A029470, A029471-A029494, A029495-A029518, A029519-A029542, A061931-A061954, A061955-A061978.

b = 2; c = {}; Select[Range[10^4], Divisible[FromDigits[c = Join[IntegerDigits[#, b], c], b], #] &] (* Robert Price, Mar 12 2020 *)

from itertools import count
def a029471():
    total = 0
    power_of_two = 1
    index_of_two = 0
    length_of_string = 0
    for n in count(1):
        total += (n<Christian Perfect, Feb 07 2014

def concat_mod(base, k, mod): ...  # See A029479
for k in range(1, 3*10**10):
  if concat_mod(2, k, k) == 0: print(k) # Jason Yuen, Mar 24 2024

One more term from Larry Reeves (larryr(AT)acm.org), Dec 03 2001
Edited and updated by Larry Reeves (larryr(AT)acm.org), Apr 12 2002
a(7)-a(8) from Max Alekseyev, May 12 2011
a(9)-a(10) from Jason Yuen, Mar 24 2024

A057468 Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 5, 17, 29, 31, 53, 59, 101, 277, 647, 1061, 2381, 2833, 3613, 3853, 3929, 5297, 7417, 90217, 122219, 173191, 256199, 336353, 485977, 591827, 1059503

Offset: 1

Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 09 2000

Some of the larger entries may only correspond to probable primes.
The 1137- and 1352-digit values associated with the terms 2381 and 2833 have been certified prime with Primo. - Rick L. Shepherd, Nov 12 2002
Or, numbers k such that A001047(k) is prime. - Zak Seidov, Sep 17 2006
3^k - 2^k were proved prime for k = 3613, 3853, 3929, 5297, 7417 with Primo. - David Harrison, Jun 08 2011

Henri Lifchitz and Renaud Lifchitz, PRP Records.
R. Miles, Synchronization points and associated dynamical invariants, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 365 (2013), 5503-5524.
Primality certificates for 3613 to 7417

Cf. A058765, A000043 (Mersenne primes), A001047 (3^n-2^n).

Subset of A000040.

Select[Prime@ Range@ 941, PrimeQ[3^# - 2^#] &] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Apr 29 2008 and modified by Robert G. Wilson v, Mar 15 2017 *)
ParallelMap[ If[ PrimeQ[3^# - 2^#], #, Nothing] &, Prime@ Range@ 941] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jun 28 2017 *)

select(p->ispseudoprime(3^n-2^n), primes(100)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 11 2011

a(20) = 90217 found by Mike Oakes, Feb 23 2001
Terms a(21) = 122219, a(22) = 173191, a(23) = 256199 were found by Mike Oakes in 2003-2005. Corresponding numbers of decimal digits are 58314, 82634, 122238.
a(24) = 336353 found by Mike Oakes, Oct 15 2007. It corresponds to a probable prime with 160482 decimal digits.
a(25) = 485977 found by Mike Oakes, Sep 06 2009; it corresponds to a probable prime with 231870 digits. - Mike Oakes, Sep 08 2009
a(26) = 591827 found by Mike Oakes, Aug 25 2009; it corresponds to a probable prime with 282374 digits.
a(27) = 1059503 found by Mike Oakes, Apr 12 2012; it corresponds to a probable prime with 505512 digits. - Mike Oakes, Apr 14 2012

A059801 Numbers k such that 4^k - 3^k is prime.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 7, 17, 59, 283, 311, 383, 499, 521, 541, 599, 1193, 1993, 2671, 7547, 24019, 46301, 48121, 68597, 91283, 131497, 148663, 184463, 341233

Offset: 1

Mike Oakes, Feb 23 2001

Some of the larger entries may only correspond to probable primes.
The values corresponding to 1193 (719 digits) and 1993 (1200 digits) have been certified prime with Primo. - Rick L. Shepherd, Sep 10 2002
8 more terms found by Jean-Louis Charton during 2004 - 2006. Corresponding numbers of decimal digits are 14461, 27876, 28972, 41300, 54958, 79170, 89505, 111058, 205443. - Alexander Adamchuk, Dec 02 2006

Bogley, William A.; Williams, Gerald Efficient finite groups arising in the study of relative asphericity. Math. Z. 284, No. 1-2, 507-535 (2016).

Cf. A000043, A057468, A059802, etc., A129736, A129737.

Select[Range[1000], PrimeQ[4^# - 3^#] &] (* Alonso del Arte, Nov 03 2011 *)

select(vector(10^5,i,i),n->ispseudoprime(4^n-3^n)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 11 2011

A001605 Indices of prime Fibonacci numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 23, 29, 43, 47, 83, 131, 137, 359, 431, 433, 449, 509, 569, 571, 2971, 4723, 5387, 9311, 9677, 14431, 25561, 30757, 35999, 37511, 50833, 81839, 104911, 130021, 148091, 201107, 397379, 433781, 590041, 593689, 604711, 931517, 1049897, 1285607, 1636007, 1803059, 1968721, 2904353, 3244369, 3340367

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Some of the larger entries may only correspond to probable primes.
Since F(n) divides F(mn) (cf. A001578, A086597), all terms of this sequence are primes except for a(2) = 4 = 2 * 2 but F(2) = 1. - M. F. Hasler, Dec 12 2007
What is the next larger twin prime after F(4) = 3, F(5) = 5, F(7) = 13? The next candidates seem to be F(104911) or F(1968721) (greater of a pair), or F(397379), F(931517) (lesser of a pair). - M. F. Hasler, Jan 30 2013, edited Dec 24 2016, edited Sep 23 2017 by Bobby Jacobs
_Henri Lifchitz_ confirms that the data section gives the full list (49 terms) as far as we know it today of indices of prime Fibonacci numbers (including proven primes and PRPs). - N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 09 2016
Terms n such that n-2 is also a term are listed in A279795. - M. F. Hasler, Dec 24 2016
There are no Fibonacci numbers that are twin primes after F(7) = 13. Every Fibonacci prime greater than F(4) = 3 is of the form F(2*n+1). Since F(2*n+1)+2 and F(2*n+1)-2 are F(n+2)*L(n-1) and F(n-1)*L(n+2) in some order, and F(n+2) > 1, L(n-1) > 1, F(n-1) > 1, and L(n+2) > 1 for n > 3. - Bobby Jacobs, Sep 23 2017
These primes are occurring with about the same normalized frequency as Repunit primes (see Generalized Repunit Conjecture Ref).  Assuming a base=1.618 (ratio of sequential terms), then the best fit coefficient is 0.60324 for the first 56 terms, which is already approaching Euler's constant 0.56145948. - Paul Bourdelais, Aug 23 2024

Clifford A. Pickover, Mazes for the Mind, St. Martin's Press, NY, 1992, p. 350.
Clifford A. Pickover, A Passion for Mathematics, Wiley, 2005; see p. 54.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Big Primes, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1991, p. 178.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Paul Bourdelais, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..56 (first 51 terms from Henri Lifchitz)
Paul Bourdelais, A Generalized Repunit Conjecture
John Brillhart, Peter L. Montgomery and Robert D. Silverman, Tables of Fibonacci and Lucas factorizations, Math. Comp. 50 (1988), 251-260.
David Broadhurst, Fibonacci Numbers
David Broadhurst, Proof that F(81839) is prime, NMBRTHRY Mailing List, Apr 22 2001.
Chris K. Caldwell, The Prime Glossary, Fibonacci prime
Rosina Campbell, Duc Van Huynh, Tyler Melton, and Andrew Percival, Elliptic Curves of Fibonacci order over F_p, arXiv:1710.05687 [math.NT], 2017.
Harvey Dubner and Wilfrid Keller, New Fibonacci and Lucas Primes, Math. Comp. 68 (1999) 417-427.
Dudley Fox, Search for Possible Fibonacci Primes
Shyam Sunder Gupta, Fabulous Fibonacci Numbers, Lucas Numbers, and Golden Ratio, Exploring the Beauty of Fascinating Numbers, Springer (2025) Ch. 8, 223-274.
Dov Jarden, Recurring Sequences, Riveon Lematematika, Jerusalem, 1966. [Annotated scanned copy] See p. 36.
Ron Knott, Mathematics of the Fibonacci Series
Alex Kontorovich and Jeff Lagarias, On Toric Orbits in the Affine Sieve, arXiv:1808.03235 [math.NT], 2018.
Henri & Renaud Lifchitz, PRP Records.
Tony D. Noe and Jonathan Vos Post, Primes in Fibonacci n-step and Lucas n-step Sequences, J. of Integer Sequences, Vol. 8 (2005), Article 05.4.4.
Rudolf Ondrejka, The Top Ten: a Catalogue of Primal Configurations
PRP Top Records, Search for: F(n)
Lawrence Somer and Michal Křížek, On Primes in Lucas Sequences, Fibonacci Quart. 53 (2015), no. 1, 2-23.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Fibonacci Prime
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Integer Sequence Primes

Cf. A000045, A001578, A005478, A080345, A086597, A117595.
Subsequence of A046022.
Column k=1 of A303215.

Select[Range[10^4], PrimeQ[Fibonacci[#]] &] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 20 2012 *)
(* Start ~ 1.8x faster than the above *)
Select[Range[10^4], PrimeQ[#] && PrimeQ[Fibonacci[#]] &] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 07 2017 *)
Select[Prime[Range[PrimePi[10^4]]], PrimeQ[Fibonacci[#]] &] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 07 2017 *)
(* End *)

v=[3,4]; forprime(p=5,1e5, if(ispseudoprime(fibonacci(p)), v=concat(v,p))); v \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 14 2011

is_A001605(n)={n==4 || isprime(n) & ispseudoprime(fibonacci(n))}  \\ M. F. Hasler, Sep 29 2012

Prime(i) = a(n) for some n <=> A080345(i) <= 1. - M. F. Hasler, Dec 12 2007

Additional comments from Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 18 2000
More terms from David Broadhurst, Nov 08 2001
Two more terms (148091 and 201107) from T. D. Noe, Feb 12 2003 and Mar 04 2003
397379 from T. D. Noe, Aug 18 2003
433781, 590041, 593689 from Henri Lifchitz submitted by Ray Chandler, Feb 11 2005
604711 from Henri Lifchitz communicated by Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 29 2005
931517, 1049897, 1285607 found by Henri Lifchitz circa Nov 01 2008 and submitted by Alexander Adamchuk, Nov 28 2008
1636007 from Henri Lifchitz March 2009, communicated by Eric W. Weisstein, Apr 24 2009
1803059 and 1968721 from Henri Lifchitz, November 2009, submitted by Alex Ratushnyak, Aug 08 2012
a(49)=2904353 from Henri Lifchitz, Jul 15 2014
a(50)=3244369 from Henri Lifchitz, Nov 04 2017
a(51)=3340367 from Henri Lifchitz, Apr 25 2018
a(52)-a(56) from Ryan Propper added by Paul Bourdelais, Aug 23 2024

A002981 Numbers k such that k! + 1 is prime.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 27, 37, 41, 73, 77, 116, 154, 320, 340, 399, 427, 872, 1477, 6380, 26951, 110059, 150209, 288465, 308084, 422429

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

If n + 1 is prime then (by Wilson's theorem) n + 1 divides n! + 1. Thus for n > 2 if n + 1 is prime n is not in the sequence. - Farideh Firoozbakht, Aug 22 2003
For n > 2, n! + 1 is prime <==> nextprime((n+1)!) > (n+1)nextprime(n!) and we can conjecture that for n > 2 if n! + 1 is prime then (n+1)! + 1 is not prime. - Mohammed Bouayoun (bouyao(AT)wanadoo.fr), Mar 03 2004
The prime members are in A093804 (numbers n such that Sum_{d|n} d! is prime) since Sum_{d|n} d! = n! + 1 if n is prime. - Jonathan Sondow
150209 is also in the sequence, cf. the link to Caldwell's prime pages. - M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2011

			3! + 1 = 7 is prime, so 3 is in the sequence.

J.-M. De Koninck, Ces nombres qui nous fascinent, Entry 116, p. 40, Ellipses, Paris 2008.
Harvey Dubner, Factorial and primorial primes, J. Rec. Math., 19 (No. 3, 1987), 197-203.
Richard K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Section A2.
F. Le Lionnais, Les Nombres Remarquables, Paris, Hermann, 1983, p. 100.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 118.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Books, NY, 1986, Revised edition 1987. See p. 70.

A. Borning, Some results for k!+-1 and 2.3.5...p+-1, Math. Comp., 26 (1972), 567-570.
Chris K. Caldwell, Factorial Primes.
Chris K. Caldwell, 110059! + 1 on the Prime Pages.
Chris K. Caldwell, 150209! + 1 on the Prime Pages (Oct 31, 2011).
Chris K. Caldwell, 288465! + 1 on the Prime Pages (Jan 12, 2022).
Chris K. Caldwell and Y. Gallot, On the primality of n!+-1 and 2*3*5*...*p+-1, Math. Comp., 71 (2001), 441-448.
Antonín Čejchan, Michal Křížek, and Lawrence Somer, On Remarkable Properties of Primes Near Factorials and Primorials, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 25 (2022), Article 22.1.4.
H. Dubner, Factorial and primorial primes, J. Rec. Math., 19 (No. 3, 1987), 197-203. (Annotated scanned copy)
H. Dubner and N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1991.
Shyam Sunder Gupta, Fascinating Factorials, Exploring the Beauty of Fascinating Numbers, Springer (2025) Ch. 16, 411-442.
R. K. Guy and N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1985.
N. Kuosa, Source for 6380.
Des MacHale and Joseph Manning, Maximal runs of strictly composite integers, The Mathematical Gazette, 99, pp 213-219 (2015).
Romeo Mestrovic, Euclid's theorem on the infinitude of primes: a historical survey of its proofs (300 BC--2012) and another new proof, arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.3670 [math.HO], 2012. - From N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 13 2012
Hisanori Mishima, Factors of N!+1.
Rudolf Ondrejka, The Top Ten: a Catalogue of Primal Configurations.
Titus Piezas III, 2004. Solving Solvable Sextics Using Polynomial Decomposition.
PrimePages, Factorial Primes.
Maxie D. Schmidt, New Congruences and Finite Difference Equations for Generalized Factorial Functions, arXiv:1701.04741 [math.CO], 2017.
Apoloniusz Tyszka, A conjecture which implies that there are infinitely many primes of the form n!+1, Preprint, 2017.
Apoloniusz Tyszka, A common approach to the problem of the infinitude of twin primes, primes of the form n! + 1, and primes of the form n! - 1, 2018.
Apoloniusz Tyszka, On sets X subset of N for which we know an algorithm that computes a threshold number t(X) in N such that X is infinite if and only if X contains an element greater than t(X), 2019.
Apoloniusz Tyszka, On sets X, subset of N, whose finiteness implies that we know an algorithm which for every n, element of N, decides the inequality max (X) < n, (2019).
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Factorial Prime.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Integer Sequence Primes.
Index entries for sequences related to factorial numbers.

Cf. A002982 (n!-1 is prime), A064295. A088332 gives the primes.
Equals A090660 - 1.
Cf. A093804.

[n: n in [0..800] | IsPrime(Factorial(n)+1)]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Oct 31 2018

v = {0, 1, 2}; Do[If[ !PrimeQ[n + 1] && PrimeQ[n! + 1], v = Append[v, n]; Print[v]], {n, 3, 29651}]
Select[Range[100], PrimeQ[#! + 1] &] (* Alonso del Arte, Jul 24 2014 *)

for(n=0,500,if(ispseudoprime(n!+1),print1(n", "))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 16 2011

from sympy import factorial, isprime
for n in range(0,800):
    if isprime(factorial(n)+1):
        print(n, end=', ') # Stefano Spezia, Jan 10 2019

a(19) sent in by Jud McCranie, May 08 2000
a(20) from Ken Davis (kraden(AT)ozemail.com.au), May 24 2002
a(21) found by PrimeGrid around Jun 11 2011, submitted by Eric W. Weisstein, Jun 13 2011
a(22) from Rene Dohmen, Jun 09 2012
a(23) from Rene Dohmen, Jan 12 2022
a(24)-a(25) from Dmitry Kamenetsky, Jun 19 2024

A059802 Numbers k such that 5^k - 4^k is prime.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 43, 59, 191, 223, 349, 563, 709, 743, 1663, 5471, 17707, 19609, 35449, 36697, 45259, 91493, 246497, 265007, 289937

Offset: 1

Mike Oakes, Feb 23 2001

Some of the larger terms may only correspond to probable primes.
5^1663 - 4^1663, a 1163-digit number, has been certified prime with Primo. - Rick L. Shepherd, Nov 13 2002
4 more terms found by Predrag Minovic in 2004: 35449, 36697, 45259, 91493. Corresponding numbers of decimal digits are 24778, 25651, 31635, 63951. - Alexander Adamchuk, Dec 02 2006

Cf. A005060.

Cf. A000043, A057468, A059801, A128335, etc.

Select[Range[1000], PrimeQ[5^# - 4^#] &] (* Alonso del Arte, Sep 09 2013 *)

forprime(p=2,1e5,if(ispseudoprime(5^p-4^p),print1(p", "))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011

New term 246497 found by Jean-Louis Charton in 2008 corresponding to a probable prime with 172295 digits - Jean-Louis Charton, Sep 02 2009
New term a(19) = 265007 found by Jean-Louis Charton, Feb 19 2013
a(20) = 289937 found by Jean-Louis Charton, Mar 15 2013

A062572 Numbers k such that 6^k - 5^k is prime.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 5, 11, 13, 23, 61, 83, 421, 1039, 1511, 31237, 60413, 113177, 135647, 258413

Offset: 1

Mike Oakes, May 18 2001, May 19 2001

The 809- and 1176-digit numbers associated with the terms 1039 and 1511 have been certified prime with Primo. - Rick L. Shepherd, Nov 15 2002

			2 is in the sequence because 6^2 - 5^2 = 36 - 25 = 11, which is prime.
3 is not in the sequence because 6^3 - 5^3 = 216 - 125 = 91 = 7 * 13, which is not prime.

Cf. A000043, A057468, A059801, A059802, A062573-A062666.

Select[Range[1000], PrimeQ[6^# - 5^#] &] (* Alonso del Arte, Sep 04 2013 *)

forprime(p=2,1e4,if(ispseudoprime(6^n-5^n),print1(p", "))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011

Edited by T. D. Noe, Oct 30 2008
Two more terms (31237 and 60413) found by Predrag Minovic in 2004 corresponding to probable primes with 24308 and 47011 digits. Jean-Louis Charton, Oct 06 2010
Two more terms (113177 and 135647) found by Jean-Louis Charton in 2009 corresponding to probable primes with 88069 and 105554 digits. Jean-Louis Charton, Oct 13 2010
a(15) from Jean-Louis Charton, Apr 08 2013

A000372 Dedekind numbers or Dedekind's problem: number of monotone Boolean functions of n variables, number of antichains of subsets of an n-set, number of elements in a free distributive lattice on n generators, number of Sperner families.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 6, 20, 168, 7581, 7828354, 2414682040998, 56130437228687557907788, 286386577668298411128469151667598498812366

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

A monotone Boolean function is an increasing function from P(S), the set of subsets of S, to {0,1}.
The count of antichains includes the empty antichain which contains no subsets and the antichain consisting of only the empty set.
a(n) is also equal to the number of upsets of an n-set S. A set U of subsets of S is an upset if whenever A is in U and B is a superset of A then B is in U. - W. Edwin Clark, Nov 06 2003
Also the number of simple games with n players in minimal winning form. - Fabián Riquelme, May 29 2011
The unlabeled case is A003182. - Gus Wiseman, Feb 20 2019
From Amiram Eldar, May 28 2021 and Michel Marcus, Apr 07 2023: (Start)
The terms were first calculated by:
  a(0)-a(4) - Dedekind (1897)
  a(5) - Church (1940)
  a(6) - Ward (1946)
  a(7) - Church (1965, verified by Berman and Kohler, 1976)
  a(8) - Wiedemann (1991)
  a(9) - Jäkel (2023)
  a(9) - independently computed by Lennart Van Hirtum, Patrick De Causmaecker, Jens Goemaere, Tobias Kenter, Heinrich Riebler, Michael Lass, and Christian Plessl (2023)
(End)

			a(2)=6 from the antichains {}, {{}}, {{1}}, {{2}}, {{1,2}}, {{1},{2}}.
From _Gus Wiseman_, Feb 20 2019: (Start)
The a(0) = 2 through a(3) = 20 antichains:
  {}    {}     {}        {}
  {{}}  {{}}   {{}}      {{}}
        {{1}}  {{1}}     {{1}}
               {{2}}     {{2}}
               {{12}}    {{3}}
               {{1}{2}}  {{12}}
                         {{13}}
                         {{23}}
                         {{123}}
                         {{1}{2}}
                         {{1}{3}}
                         {{2}{3}}
                         {{1}{23}}
                         {{2}{13}}
                         {{3}{12}}
                         {{12}{13}}
                         {{12}{23}}
                         {{13}{23}}
                         {{1}{2}{3}}
                         {{12}{13}{23}}
(End)

Ian Anderson, Combinatorics of Finite Sets. Oxford Univ. Press, 1987, p. 38.
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Garrett Birkhoff, Lattice Theory, American Mathematical Society, Colloquium Publications, Vol. 25, 3rd ed., Providence, RI, 1967, p. 63.
Louis Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 273.
Michael A. Harrison, Introduction to Switching and Automata Theory, McGraw Hill, NY, 1965, p. 188.
Donald E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 4A, Section 7.1.1, p. 79.
A. D. Korshunov, The number of monotone Boolean functions, Problemy Kibernet, No. 38, (1981), 5-108, 272. MR0640855 (83h:06013)
W. F. Lunnon, The IU function: the size of a free distributive lattice, in D. J. A. Welsh, editor, Combinatorial Mathematics and Its Applications. Academic Press, NY, 1971, pp. 173-181.
Saburo Muroga, Threshold Logic and Its Applications. Wiley, NY, 1971, pp. 38 and 214.
R. A. Obando, On the number of nondegenerate monotone boolean functions of n variables in an n-variable boolean algebra. In preparation.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Douglas B. West, Introduction to Graph Theory, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, NJ, 2001, p. 349.

Frank a Campo, Relations between powers of Dedekind Numbers and exponential sums related to them, J. Int. Seq. Vol. 21 (2018), Article 18.4.4.
Frank a Campo, A Flexible Approach for the Enumeration of Down-Sets and its Application on Dedekind Numbers, arXiv:2206.10293 [math.CO], 2022.
Aureli Alabert, Mercè Farré, and Rubén Montes, Optimal Decision Rules for the Discursive Dilemma, arXiv:2210.13100 [math.OC], 2022.
J. M. Aranda, C program
Valentin Bakoev, Combinatorial and Algorithmic Properties of One Matrix Structure at Monotone Boolean Functions, arXiv:1902.06110 [cs.DM], 2019.
Raymond Balbes, On counting Sperner families, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1979), pp. 1-9. MR0541338 (81b:05010)
Achille Basile, Anna De Simone, and Ciro Tarantino, A Note on Binary Strategy-Proof Social Choice Functions, Games (2022), Vol. 13, 78.
Ringo Baumann and Hannes Strass, On the number of bipolar Boolean functions, Journal of Logic and Computation, Vol. 27, No. 8 (2017), pp. 2431-2449; preprint.
Martin Berglund, Brink van der Merwe, and Steyn van Litsenborgh, Regular Expressions with Lookahead, J. Universal Comp. Sci. (2021) Vol. 27, No. 4, 324-340.
Joel Berman, Free spectra of 3-element algebras, in R. S. Freese and O. C. Garcia, editors, Universal Algebra and Lattice Theory (Puebla, 1982), Lect. Notes Math., Vol. 1004, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1983, pp. 10-53.
Joel Berman and Peter Koehler, Cardinalities of finite distributive lattices, Mitteilungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar Giessen, Vol. 121 (1976), pp. 103-124. [Annotated scanned copy]
J. Berman and P. Köhler, On Dedekind Numbers and Two Sequences of Knuth, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 24 (2021), Article 21.10.7.
Sara Billey and Matjaž Konvalinka, Generalized rank functions and quilts of alternating sign matrices, arXiv:2412.03236 [math.CO], 2024. See pp. 8-9.
Aniruddha Biswas and Palash Sarkar, Counting Unate and Monotone Boolean Functions Under Restrictions of Balancedness and Non-Degeneracy, J. Int. Seq. (2025) Vol. 28, Art. No. 25.3.4. See p. 2.
Stefan Bolus, A QOBDD-based Approach to Simple Games, Dissertation, Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften der Technischen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 2012. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Dec 22 2012
Kevin S. Brown, Dedekind's problem.
Kevin S. Brown, Generating the Monotone Boolean Functions.
Donald E. Campbell, Jack Graver, and Jerry S. Kelly, There are more strategy-proof procedures than you think, Mathematical Social Sciences 64 (2012) 263-265. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Oct 23 2012
Claudine Chaouiya, Predo T. Monteiro, and Elisabeth Remy, Logical Modelling, Some Recent Methodological Advances Illustrated, Cellular Automata and Discrete Complex Systems: Proc. 30th IFIP WG 1.5 Int'l Wksp. (AUTOMATA 2024) Lect. Notes Comp. Sci. Vol 14782. Springer, Cham. See p. 8.
Randolph Church, Numerical analysis of certain free distributive structures, Duke Math. J. 6 (1940). 732--734. MR0002842 (2,120c) [According to Math Reviews, gives a(5) incorrectly as 7579. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Mar 19 2012]
Randolph Church, Numerical analysis of certain free distributive structures, Duke Math. J. 6 (1940). 732--734. [Scanned annotated copy]
Randolph Church, Enumeration by rank of the free distributive lattice with seven generators, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 12, No. 6 (1965), p. 724; entire volume.
Jacob North Clark and Stephen Montgomery-Smith, Shapley-like values without symmetry, arXiv:1809.07747 [econ.TH], 2018.
Gábor Czédli, Minimum-sized generating sets of the direct powers of free distributive lattices, arXiv:2309.13783 [math.CO], 2023. See p. 16. See also CUBO, A Mathematical Journal Vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 217-237, August 2024.
Ori Davidov and Shyamal Peddada, Order-Restricted Inference for Multivariate Binary Data With Application to Toxicology, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Dec 01 2011, 106(496): 1394-1404, doi:10.1198/jasa.2011.tm10322.
Patrick De Causmaecker and Stefan De Wannemacker, Partitioning in the space of anti-monotonic functions, arXiv:1103.2877 [math.NT], 2011.
Patrick De Causmaecker and Stefan De Wannemacker, On the number of antichains of sets in a finite universe, arXiv:1407.4288 [math.CO], 2014 (see Table 1).
Patrick De Causmaecker, S. De Wannemacker, and J. Yellen, Intervals of Antichains and Their Decompositions, arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.04675 [math.CO], 2016.
Patrick De Causmaecker and Lennart Van Hirtum, Solving systems of equations on antichains for the computation of the ninth Dedekind Number, arXiv:2405.20904 [math.CO], 2024. See pp. 1, 3.
Richard Dedekind, Über Zerlegungen von Zahlen durch ihre grössten gemeinsamen Theiler, Festschrift Hoch. Braunschweig u. ges. Werke(II), 1897, pp. 103-148.; alternative link.
J. D. Farley, Was Gelfand right? The many loves of lattice theory, Notices AMS 69:2 (2022), 190-197.
Conor Finn and Joseph T. Lizier, Generalised Measures of Multivariate Information Content, arXiv:1909.12166 [cs.IT], 2019.
Christian Gießen, Monotone Functions on Bitstrings - Some Structural Notes, Theory of Randomized Optimization Heuristics, Dagstuhl Seminar 17191 (2017), 3.12, p. 33.
E. N. Gilbert, Lattice theoretic properties of frontal switching functions, J. Math. Phys., Vol. 33, No. 1-4, (1954), pp. 57-67, see Table III.
Milton W. Green, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, 1973 (note "A360" refers to N0360 which is A000788).
Sylvain Guilley, Laurent Sauvage, Jean-Luc Danger, Tarik Graba, and Yves Mathieu, "Evaluation of Power-Constant Dual-Rail Logic as a Protection of Cryptographic Applications in FPGAs", SSIRI - Secure System Integration and Reliability Improvement, Yokohama: Japan (2008), pp 16-23, doi:10.1109/SSIRI.2008.31
Pieter-Jan Hoedt, Parallelizing with MPI in Java to Find the ninth Dedekind Number, preprint, 2015.
Dmitry I. Ignatov, A Note on Counting Basic Choice Functions with Formal Concept Analysis, 32nd Int'l Joint Conf. on Artif. Int., Formal Conc. Anal. Artif. Int. (IJCAI, FCA4AI 2023) 47-55.
Liviu Ilinca, and Jeff Kahn, Counting maximal antichains and independent sets, arXiv:1202.4427 [math.CO], 2012; Order 30.2 (2013): 427-435.
Sean A. Irvine, Java program (github)
Christian Jäkel, A computation of the ninth Dedekind Number, Journal of Computational Algebra, Vol. 6-7, n° 100006 (doi:10.1016/j.jaca.2023.100006); also: arXiv:2304.00895 [math.CO], 2023.
J. Kahn, Entropy, independent sets and antichains: a new approach to Dedekind's problem, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 130 (2002), no. 2, 371-378.
Jonathan L. King, Brick tiling and monotone Boolean functions [Dead link, see next link].
Jonathan L. King, A change-of-coordinates from Geometry to Algebra, applied to Brick Tilings, arXiv:math/9809176 [math.CO], 1998.
Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen and Lei Liu, The number of languages with maximum state complexity, 2018.
D. J. Kleitman, On Dedekind's problem: The number of monotone Boolean functions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 21 1969 677-682.
D. J. Kleitman and G. Markowsky, On Dedekind's problem: the number of isotone Boolean functions. II, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 213 (1975), 373-390.
M. M. Krieger, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 31 1975, confirming that a(7) = 2414682040998, using W. F. Lunnon's method but getting a different answer.
C. L. Mallows, Emails to N. J. A. Sloane, Jun-Jul 1991.
Mathematics Stack Exchange, Counting antichains in the limit n->oo, 2014.
Saburo Muroga, Iwao Toda, and Satoru Takasu, Theory of majority decision elements, Journal of the Franklin Institute 271.5 (1961): 376-418. [Annotated scans of pages 413 and 414 only]
J. B. Nation and Gianluca Paolini, Elementary properties of free lattices II: decidability of the universal theory, arXiv:2504.09128 [math.LO], 2025. See p. 25.
R. A. Obando, Project: A map of a rule space.
Bartlomiej Pawelski, On the number of inequivalent monotone Boolean functions of 8 variables, arXiv:2108.13997 [math.CO], 2021. See Table 2 p. 2.
Bartlomiej Pawelski, On the number of inequivalent monotone Boolean functions of 9 variables, arXiv:2305.06346 [math.CO], 2023.
Bartlomiej Pawelski and Andrzej Szepietowski, Divisibility properties of Dedekind numbers, arXiv:2302.04615 [math.CO], 2023.
Terry Speed, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 20 1981.
Tamon Stephen and Timothy Yusun, Counting inequivalent monotone Boolean functions, arXiv preprint arXiv:1209.4623 [cs.DS], 2012.
Andrzej Szepietowski, Fixes of permutations acting on monotone Boolean functions, arXiv:2205.03868 [math.CO], 2022. See p. 17.
V. G. Tkachenco and O. V. Sinyavsky, Blocks of Monotone Boolean Functions of Rank 5, Computer Science and Information Technology 4(4): 139-146, 2016; DOI: 10.13189/csit.2016.040402.
Tom Trotter, An Application of the Erdős/Stone Theorem, Sept. 13, 2001.
Lennart Van Hirtum, Patrick De Causmaecker, Jens Goemaere, Tobias Kenter, Heinrich Riebler, Michael Lass, and Christian Plessl, A computation of D(9) using FPGA Supercomputing, arXiv:2304.03039 [cs.DM], 2023.
Morgan Ward, Note on the order of free distributive lattices Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 52, No. 5 (1946), p. 423.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Dedekind Number
D. H. Wiedemann, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 03, 1990.
D. H. Wiedemann, A computation of the eighth Dedekind number, Order 8 (1991) 5-6.
Wikipedia, Dedekind number.
Gus Wiseman, Sequences enumerating clutters, antichains, hypertrees, and hyperforests, organized by labeling, spanning, and allowance of singletons.
K. Yamamoto, Logarithmic order of free distributive lattice, Math. Soc. Japan, 6 (1954), 343-353.
R. Zeno, A007501 is an upper bound [Dead link]
V. D. Zolotarev, Enumeration of Boolean functions (Russian), Izvest. Vyssh. Uchebnykh Zavedenii Elektro. Novocherkassk, #3, 1970, 309-313; Math. Rev., 45#83, Jan. 1973.
Index entries for sequences related to Boolean functions

Equals A014466 + 1, also A007153 + 2. Cf. A003182, A059119.

Cf. A006126, A006602, A261005, A293606, A293993, A304996, A305000, A305844, A306505, A317674, A319721, A320449, A321679.

nn=5;
stableSets[u_,Q_]:=If[Length[u]===0,{{}},With[{w=First[u]},Join[stableSets[DeleteCases[u,w],Q],Prepend[#,w]&/@stableSets[DeleteCases[u,r_/;r===w||Q[r,w]||Q[w,r]],Q]]]];
Table[Length[stableSets[Subsets[Range[n]],SubsetQ]],{n,0,nn}] (* Gus Wiseman, Feb 20 2019 *)
Table[Total[Boole[Table[UnateQ[BooleanFunction[k, n]], {k, 0, 2^(2^n) - 1}]]], {n, 0, 4}] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Jun 27 2023 *)

The asymptotics can be found in the Korshunov paper. - Boris Bukh, Nov 07 2003
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} binomial(n,k)*A006126(k) + 2, i.e., this sequence is the inverse binomial transform of A006126, plus 2. E.g., a(3) = 3*1 + 3*2 + 1*9 + 2 = 20. - Rodrigo A. Obando (R.Obando(AT)computer.org), Jul 26 2004
From J. M. Aranda, Jun 12 2021: (Start)
a(n) = A132581(2^n) = A132581(2^n-2^m) + A132581(2^n-2^(n-m)) for n >= m >= 0.
a(n) = A132582(3*2^n -1) for n >= 0.
(End)

a(8) from D. H. Wiedemann, personal communication, Nov 03 1990
Additional comments from Michael Somos, Jun 10 2002
a(9) from C. Jäkel added by Michel Marcus, Apr 04 2023

A000945 Euclid-Mullin sequence: a(1) = 2, a(n+1) is smallest prime factor of 1 + Product_{k=1..n} a(k).

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 7, 43, 13, 53, 5, 6221671, 38709183810571, 139, 2801, 11, 17, 5471, 52662739, 23003, 30693651606209, 37, 1741, 1313797957, 887, 71, 7127, 109, 23, 97, 159227, 643679794963466223081509857, 103, 1079990819, 9539, 3143065813, 29, 3847, 89, 19, 577, 223, 139703, 457, 9649, 61, 4357

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

"Does the sequence ... contain every prime? ... [It] was considered by Guy and Nowakowski and later by Shanks, [Wagstaff 1993] computed the sequence through the 43rd term. The computational problem inherent in continuing the sequence further is the enormous size of the numbers that must be factored. Already the number a(1)* ... *a(43) + 1 has 180 digits." - Crandall and Pomerance
If this variant of Euclid-Mullin sequence is initiated either with 3, 7 or 43 instead of 2, then from a(5) onwards it is unchanged. See also A051614. - Labos Elemer, May 03 2004
Wilfrid Keller informed me that a(1)* ... *a(43) + 1 was factored as the product of two primes on Mar 09 2010 by the GNFS method. See the post in the Mersenne Forum for more details. The smaller 68-digit prime is a(44). Terms a(45)-a(47) were easy to find. Finding a(48) will require the factorization of a 256-digit number. See the b-file for the four new terms. - T. D. Noe, Oct 15 2010
On Sep 11 2012, Ryan Propper factored the 256-digit number by finding a 75-digit factor by using ECM. Finding a(52) will require the factorization of a 335-digit number. See the b-file for the terms a(48) to a(51). - V. Raman, Sep 17 2012
Needs longer b-file. - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 18 2015
A056756 gives the position of the k-th prime in this sequence for each k. - Jianing Song, May 07 2021
Named after the Greek mathematician Euclid (flourished c. 300 B.C.) and the American engineer and mathematician Albert Alkins Mullin (1933-2017). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 11 2021
In Ribenboim 2004, a wrong value of a(8) is given, 6221271 instead of 6221671. - Stefano Spezia, Mar 27 2025

			a(5) is equal to 13 because 2*3*7*43 + 1 = 1807 = 13 * 139.

Richard Crandall and Carl Pomerance, Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective, Springer, NY, 2001; see p. 6.
Richard Guy and Richard Nowakowski, Discovering primes with Euclid, Delta (Waukesha), Vol. 5, pp. 49-63, 1975.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See p. 5.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr., Computing Euclid's primes, Bull. Institute Combin. Applications, Vol. 8 (1993), pp. 23-32.

Ryan Propper, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..51 (first 47 terms from T. D. Noe)
Andrew R. Booker, On Mullin's second sequence of primes, Integers, Vol. 12, No. 6 (2012), pp. 1167-1177; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1107.3318 [math.NT], 2011-2013.
Andrew R. Booker, A variant of the Euclid-Mullin sequence containing every prime, arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.08929 [math.NT], 2016.
Andrew R. Booker and Sean A. Irvine, The Euclid-Mullin graph, Journal of Number Theory, Vol. 165 (2016), pp. 30-57; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1508.03039 [math.NT], 2015-2016.
Cristian Cobeli and Alexandru Zaharescu, Promenade around Pascal Triangle-Number Motives, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. Roumanie, Vol. 56(104), No. 1 (2013), pp. 73-98.
Keith Conrad, The infinitude of the primes, University of Connecticut, 2020.
C. D. Cox and A. J. van der Poorten, On a sequence of prime numbers, Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, Vol. 8 (1968), pp. 571-574.
FactorDB, Status of EM51.
Richard Guy and Richard Nowakowski, Discovering primes with Euclid, Research Paper No. 260 (Nov 1974), The University of Calgary Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computing Science.
Lucas Hoogendijk, Prime Generators, Bachelor Thesis, Utrecht University (Netherlands, 2020).
Robert R. Korfhage, On a sequence of prime numbers, Bull Amer. Math. Soc., Vol. 70 (1964), pp. 341, 342, 747. [Annotated scanned copy]
Evelyn Lamb, A Curious Sequence of Prime Numbers, Scientific American blog (2019).
Des MacHale, Infinitely many proofs that there are infinitely many primes, Math. Gazette, Vol. 97, No. 540 (2013), pp. 495-498.
Mersenne Forum, Factoring 43rd Term of Euclid-Mullin sequence.
Mersenne Forum, Factoring EM47.
Romeo Meštrović, Euclid's theorem on the infinitude of primes: a historical survey of its proofs (300 BC--2012) and another new proof, arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.3670 [math.HO], 2012.
Albert A. Mullin, Research Problem 8: Recursive function theory, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., Vol. 69, No. 6 (1963), p. 737.
Thorkil Naur, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 27 1991, together with copies of "Mullin's sequence of primes is not monotonic" (1984) and "New integer factorizations" (1983) [Annotated scanned copies]
OEIS wiki, OEIS sequences needing factors
Paul Pollack and Enrique Treviño, The Primes that Euclid Forgot, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 121, No. 5 (2014), pp. 433-437. MR3193727; alternative link.
Daphne Stouthart, Euclid and the infinite number of missing primes, Bachelor Thesis, Utrecht Univ (Netherlands, 2024). See p. 1.
Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr., Emails to N. J. A. Sloane, May 30 1991.
Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr., Computing Euclid's primes, Bull. Institute Combin. Applications, Vol. 8 (1993), pp. 23-32. (Annotated scanned copy)

Cf. A000946, A005265, A005266, A051309-A051334, A051614, A051615, A051616, A056756.

a :=n-> if n = 1 then 2 else numtheory:-divisors(mul(a(i),i = 1 .. n-1)+1)[2] fi: seq(a(n), n=1..15);
# Robert FERREOL, Sep 25 2019

f[1]=2; f[n_] := f[n] = FactorInteger[Product[f[i], {i, 1, n - 1}] + 1][[1, 1]]; Table[f[n], {n, 1, 46}]
nxt[{p_,a_}]:=With[{c=FactorInteger[p+1][[1,1]]},{p*c,c}]; Rest[NestList[nxt,{1,2},20][[;;,2]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Feb 02 2025 *)

print1(k=2);for(n=2,20,print1(", ",p=factor(k+1)[1,1]);k*=p) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011

P=[];until(,print(P=concat(P,factor(vecprod(P)+1)[1,1]))) \\ Jeppe Stig Nielsen, Apr 01 2024

cp's OEIS Frontend

A004023 Indices of prime repunits: numbers k such that 11...111 (with k 1's) = (10^k - 1)/9 is prime.

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A029471 Numbers k that divide the (left) concatenation of all numbers <= k written in base 2 (most significant digit on left).

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A057468 Numbers k such that 3^k - 2^k is prime.

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A059801 Numbers k such that 4^k - 3^k is prime.

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A001605 Indices of prime Fibonacci numbers.

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A002981 Numbers k such that k! + 1 is prime.

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A059802 Numbers k such that 5^k - 4^k is prime.

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