A025427 -id:A025427 - cp's OEIS frontend

A010052 Characteristic function of squares: a(n) = 1 if n is a square, otherwise 0.

1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Also parity of the divisor function A000005 if n >= 1. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 14 2012
This sequence can be considered as k=1 analog of A025426 (k=2), A025427 (k=3), A025428 (k=4); see also A000161. - M. F. Hasler, Jan 25 2013
Also, the decimal expansion of Sum_{n >= 0} 1/(10^n)^n. -  Eric Desbiaux, Mar 15 2009, rephrased and simplified by M. F. Hasler, Jan 26 2013
Run lengths of zeros gives A005843, the nonnegative even numbers. - Jeremy Gardiner, Jan 14 2018
Inverse Möbius transform of Liouville's lambda function (A008836), n >= 1. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jun 22 2024

			G.f. = 1 + x + x^4 + x^9 + x^16 + x^25 + x^36 + x^49 + x^64 + x^81 + ...

Jean-Paul Allouche and Jeffrey Shallit, Automatic Sequences, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003, pp. 3-4, also p. 166, Ex. 5.5.1.
Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 48, Problem 20.
Richard Bellman, A Brief Introduction to Theta Functions, Dover, 2013 (11.14).
Michael D. Hirschhorn, The Power of q, Springer, 2017. See phi(q) page 8.
Michel Rigo, Formal Languages, Automata and Numeration Systems, 2 vols., Wiley, 2014. Mentions this sequence - see "List of Sequences" in Vol. 2.
Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002, p. 55.

Charles R Greathouse IV, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
David Christopher and Tamil Nadu, Partitions with Fixed Number of Sizes, Journal of Integer Sequences, 15 (2015), Article 15.11.5.
Robert Price, Comments on A010052 concerning Elementary Cellular Automata, Jan 29 2016.
Yash Puri and Thomas Ward, Arithmetic and growth of periodic orbits, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 4 (2001), Article 01.2.1.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Elementary Cellular Automaton.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Jacobi Theta Functions.
Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science.
Index entries for characteristic functions
Index to Elementary Cellular Automata.
Index entries for sequences computed from exponents in factorization of n.
Index entries for sequences related to cellular automata.

Column k=1 of A243148, A337165, A341040 (for n>0).
Cf. A000005, A000122, A005369, A007913, A008836 (Mobius transf.), A037011, A063524, A258998, A271102 (Dirichlet inv), A046951 (inv. Mobius trans.).
First differences of A000196.

a010052 n = fromEnum $ a000196 n ^ 2 == n
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 26 2012, Feb 20 2011
a010052_list = concat (iterate (\xs -> xs ++ [0,0]) [1])
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 27 2012

readlib(issqr): f := i->if issqr(i) then 1 else 0; fi; [ seq(f(i),i=0..100) ];

lst = {}; Do[AppendTo[lst, 2*Sum[Floor[n/k] - Floor[(n - 1)/k], {k, Floor[Sqrt[n]]}] - DivisorSigma[0, n]], {n, 93}]; Prepend[lst, 1] (* Eric Desbiaux, Jan 29 2012 *)
Table[If[IntegerQ[Sqrt[n]],1,0],{n,0,100}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 19 2014 *)
a[n_] := SeriesCoefficient[1/(1 - q)* QHypergeometricPFQ[{-q, -q}, {-(q^2)}, -q, -q], {q, 0, Abs@n}] (* Mats Granvik, Jan 01 2016 *)
Range[0, 120] /. {n_ /; IntegerQ@ Sqrt@ n -> 1, n_ /; n != 1 -> 0} (* Michael De Vlieger, Jan 02 2016 *)
a[n_] := Sum[If[Mod[n, k] == 0, Re[Sqrt[LiouvilleLambda[k]]*Sqrt[LiouvilleLambda[n/k]]], 0], {k, 1, n}] (* Mats Granvik, Aug 10 2018 *)

PARI
```
{a(n) = issquare(n)};
```

a(n)=if(n<1,1,sumdiv(n,d,(-1)^bigomega(d))) \\ Benoit Cloitre, Oct 25 2009

a(n) = if (n<1, 1, direuler( p=2, n, 1/ (1 - X^2 ))[n]); \\ Michel Marcus, Mar 08 2015

def A010052(n): return int(math.isqrt(n)**2==n) ##  appears to be faster than sympy.ntheory.primetest.is_square, up to 10^8 at least.
# M. F. Hasler, Mar 21 2022

(define (A010052 n) (if (zero? n) 1 (- (A000196 n) (A000196 (- n 1))))) ;; (For the definition of A000196, see under that entry). - Antti Karttunen, Nov 03 2017

a(n) = floor(sqrt(n)) - floor(sqrt(n-1)), for n > 0.
a(n) = A000005(n) mod 2, n > 0. - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), Apr 19 2001
G.f. A(x) satisfies: 0 = f(A(x), A(x^2), A(x^4)) where f(u, v, w) = (u-w)^2 - (v-w)*(v+w-1) - Michael Somos, Jul 19 2004
Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(2s). - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Sep 11 2005
G.f.: (theta_3(0,x) + 1)/2, where theta_3 is a Jacobi theta function. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jun 19 2006 [See A000122 for theta_3.]
a(n) = f(n,0) with f(x,y) = f(x-2*y-1,y+1) if x > 0, otherwise 0^(-x). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 26 2008
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} (-1)^bigomega(d), for n >= 1. - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 25 2009
a(n) <= A093709(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 14 2009
a(A000290(n)) = 1; a(A000037(n)) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 20 2011
a(n) = 0 ^ A053186(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 12 2012
a(n) = A063524(A007913(n)), for n > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 09 2014
a(n) = -(-1)^n * A258998(n) unless n = 0. 2 * a(n) = A000122(n) unless n = 0. - Michael Somos, Jun 16 2015
a(n) = A037011(A156552(n)), provided that A037011(n) = A000035(A106737(n)). [See A037011.] - Antti Karttunen, Nov 03 2017
a(n*m) = a(n/gcd(n,m))*a(m/gcd(n,m)) for all n and m > 0 (conjectured). - Velin Yanev, Feb 13 2019 [Proof from Michael B. Porter, Feb 16 2019: If nm is a square, nm = product_i (p_i^2), where p_i are prime, not necessarily distinct. Each p_i either appears twice in n, twice in m, or one time in each and therefore in the gcd. So n/gcd(n,m) and m/gcd(n,m) are both squares. If nm is not a square, there is a q_j that appears in one of n or m but not in the gcd. So either n/gcd(n,m) or m/gcd(n,m) is not a square.]
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A008836(d), n >= 1, a(0) = 1. - Jinyuan Wang, Apr 20 2019
G.f.: A(q) = Sum_{n >= 0}  q^(2*n)*Product_{k >= 2*n+1} 1 - (-q)^k. - Peter Bala, Feb 22 2021
Multiplicative with a(p^e) = 1 if e is even, and 0 otherwise. - Amiram Eldar, Dec 29 2022
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} mobius(core(n)), where core(n) = A007913(n). - Peter Bala, Jan 24 2024

More terms from Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jun 19 2006

A000408 Numbers that are the sum of three nonzero squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane and J. H. Conway

nonn

a(n) !== 7 (mod 8). - Boris Putievskiy, May 05 2013
A025427(a(n)) > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 26 2015
According to Halter-Koch (below), a number n is a sum of 3 squares, but not a sum of 3 nonzero squares (i.e., is in A000378 but not A000408), if and only if it is of the form 4^j*s, where j >= 0 and s in {1,2,5,10,13,25,37,58,85,130,?}, where ? denotes at most one unknown number that, if it exists, is > 5*10^10. - Jeffrey Shallit, Jan 15 2017

L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers, vol. II: Diophantine Analysis, Dover, 2005, p. 267.
Savin Réalis, Answer to question 25 ("Toute puissance entière de 3 est une somme de trois carrés premiers avec 3"), Mathesis 1 (1881), pp. 87-88. (See also p. 73 where the question is posed.)

Ray Chandler, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Alexander Berkovich and Will Jagy, On representation of an integer as the sum of three squares and the ternary quadratic forms with the discriminants p^2, 16p^2, arXiv:1101.2951 [math.NT], 2011.
B. Farhi, On the Representation of the Natural Numbers as the Sum of Three Terms of the Sequence floor(n^2/a), J. Int. Seq. 16 (2013) #13.6.4.
Franz Halter-Koch, Darstellung natürlicher Zahlen als Summe von Quadraten, Acta Arithmetica 42 (1982), pp. 11-20.
S. Mezroui, A. Azizi, and M'hammed Ziane, On a Conjecture of Farhi , J. Int. Seq. 17 (2014) #14.1.8.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Cf. A000378, A000404, A000414, A003072, A004214, A024795, A024796, A025321, A025427.

a000408 n = a000408_list !! (n-1)
a000408_list = filter ((> 0) . a025427) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 26 2015

N:= 1000: # to get all terms <= N
S:= series((JacobiTheta3(0,q)-1)^3,q,1001):
select(t -> coeff(S,q,t)>0, [$1..N]); # Robert Israel, Jan 14 2016

f[n_] := Flatten[Position[Take[Rest[CoefficientList[Sum[x^(i^2), {i, n}]^3, x]], n^2], ?Positive]];f[11] (* _Ray Chandler, Dec 06 2006 *)
pr[n_] := Select[ PowersRepresentations[n, 3, 2], FreeQ[#, 0] &]; Select[ Range[104], pr[#] != {} &] (* Jean-François Alcover, Apr 04 2013 *)
max = 1000; s = (EllipticTheta[3, 0, q] - 1)^3 + O[q]^(max+1); Select[ Range[max], SeriesCoefficient[s, {q, 0, #}] > 0 &] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 01 2016, after Robert Israel *)

is(n)=for(x=sqrtint((n-1)\3)+1,sqrtint(n-2), for(y=1,sqrtint(n-x^2-1), if(issquare(n-x^2-y^2), return(1)))); 0 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 04 2013

is(n)= my(a, b) ; a=1 ; while(a^2+1Altug Alkan, Jan 18 2016

def aupto(lim):
  squares = [k*k for k in range(1, int(lim**.5)+2) if k*k <= lim]
  sum2sqs = set(a+b for i, a in enumerate(squares) for b in squares[i:])
  sum3sqs = set(a+b for a in sum2sqs for b in squares)
  return sorted(set(range(lim+1)) & sum3sqs)
print(aupto(104)) # Michael S. Branicky, Mar 06 2021

a(n) = 6n/5 + O(log n). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 14 2014; error term improved Jul 05 2024

A004215 Numbers that are the sum of 4 but no fewer nonzero squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

7, 15, 23, 28, 31, 39, 47, 55, 60, 63, 71, 79, 87, 92, 95, 103, 111, 112, 119, 124, 127, 135, 143, 151, 156, 159, 167, 175, 183, 188, 191, 199, 207, 215, 220, 223, 231, 239, 240, 247, 252, 255, 263, 271, 279, 284, 287, 295, 303, 311, 316, 319, 327, 335, 343

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane and J. H. Conway

Lagrange's theorem tells us that each positive integer can be written as a sum of four squares.
If n is in the sequence and k is an odd positive integer then n^k is in the sequence because n^k is of the form 4^i(8j+7). - Farideh Firoozbakht, Nov 23 2006
Numbers whose cubes do not have a partition as a sum of 3 squares. a(n)^3 = A134738(n). - Artur Jasinski, Nov 07 2007
A002828(a(n)) = 4; A025427(a(n)) > 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 26 2015
There are infinitely many adjacent pairs (for example, 128n + 111 and 128n + 112 for any n), but never a triple of consecutive integers. - Ivan Neretin, Aug 17 2017
These numbers are called "forbidden numbers" in crystallography: for a cubic crystal, no reflection with index hkl such that h^2 + k^2 + l^2 = a(n) appears in the crystal's diffraction pattern. - A. Timothy Royappa, Aug 11 2021

			15 is in the sequence because it is the sum of four squares, namely, 3^2 + 2^2 + 1^2 + 1^2, and it can't be expressed as the sum of fewer squares.
16 is not in the sequence, because, although it can be expressed as 2^2 + 2^2 + 2^2 + 2^2, it can also be expressed as 4^2.

L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers. Carnegie Institute Public. 256, Washington, DC, Vol. 1, 1919; Vol. 2, 1920; Vol. 3, 1923, see vol. 2, p. 261.
G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan: twelve lectures on subjects suggested by his life and work, Cambridge, University Press, 1940, p. 12.
E. Poznanski, 1901. Pierwiastki pierwotne liczb pierwszych. Warszawa, pp. 1-63.
W. Sierpiński, 1925. Teorja Liczb. pp. 1-410 (p. 125).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, entry 4181.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
David S. Bettes, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 05 1976
Richard T. Bumby, Sums Of Four Squares
International Union of Crystallography, Cubic structures.
Shuo Li, The characteristic sequence of the integers that are the sum of two squares is not morphic, arXiv:2404.08822 [math.NT], 2024.
Louis J. Mordell, A new Waring's problem with squares of linear forms, Quart. J. Math., 1 (1930), 276-288 (see p. 283).
Saburô Uchiyama, A five-square theorem, Publ. Res. Math. Sci., Vol 13, Number 1 (1977), 301-305.
Steve Waterman, Missing numbers formula
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Square Number
Wikipedia, Lagrange's four-square theorem.
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Complement of A000378.
Cf. A002828, A055039, A072401, A125084, A134738, A134739, A055045, A055046, A234000.
Cf. A000118 (ways to write n as sum of 4 squares), A025427.

a004215 n = a004215_list !! (n-1)
a004215_list = filter ((== 4) . a002828) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 26 2015

N:= 1000: # to get all terms <= N
{seq(seq(4^i * (8*j + 7), j = 0 .. floor((N/4^i - 7)/8)), i = 0 .. floor(log[4](N)))}; # Robert Israel, Sep 02 2014

Sort[Flatten[Table[4^i(8j + 7), {i, 0, 2}, {j, 0, 42}]]] (* Alonso del Arte, Jul 05 2005 *)
Select[Range[120], Mod[ #/4^IntegerExponent[ #, 4], 8] == 7 &] (* Ant King, Oct 14 2010 *)

isA004215(n)={ local(fouri,j) ; fouri=1 ; while( n >=7*fouri, if( n % fouri ==0, j= n/fouri -7 ; if( j % 8 ==0, return(1) ) ; ) ; fouri *= 4 ; ) ; return(0) ; } { for(n=1,400, if(isA004215(n), print1(n,",") ; ) ; ) ; } \\ R. J. Mathar, Nov 22 2006

isA004215(n)= n\4^valuation(n,4)%8==7 \\ M. F. Hasler, Mar 18 2011

def valuation(n, b):
    v = 0
    while n > 1 and n%b == 0: n //= b; v += 1
    return v
def ok(n): return n//4**valuation(n, 4)%8 == 7 # after M. F. Hasler
print(list(filter(ok, range(344)))) # Michael S. Branicky, Jul 15 2021

from itertools import count, islice
def A004215_gen(startvalue=1): # generator of terms >= startvalue
    return filter(lambda n:not (m:=(~n&n-1).bit_length())&1 and (n>>m)&7==7,count(max(startvalue,1)))
A004215_list = list(islice(A004215_gen(),30)) # Chai Wah Wu, Jul 09 2022

def A004215(n):
    def bisection(f,kmin=0,kmax=1):
        while f(kmax) > kmax: kmax <<= 1
        kmin = kmax >> 1
        while kmax-kmin > 1:
            kmid = kmax+kmin>>1
            if f(kmid) <= kmid:
                kmax = kmid
            else:
                kmin = kmid
        return kmax
    def f(x): return n+x-sum(((x>>(i<<1))-7>>3)+1 for i in range(x.bit_length()>>1))
    return bisection(f,n,n) # Chai Wah Wu, Feb 14 2025

a(n) = A055039(n)/2. - Ray Chandler, Jan 30 2009
Numbers of the form 4^i*(8*j+7), i >= 0, j >= 0. [A.-M. Legendre & C. F. Gauss]
Products of the form A000302(i)*A004771(j), i, j >= 0. - R. J. Mathar, Nov 29 2006
a(n) = 6*n + O(log(n)). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Dec 19 2013
Conjecture: The number of terms < 2^n is A023105(n) - 2. - Tilman Neumann, Sep 20 2020

More terms from Arlin Anderson (starship1(AT)gmail.com)

Additional comments from Jud McCranie, Mar 19 2000

A002828 Least number of squares that add up to n.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 2, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Lagrange's "Four Squares theorem" states that a(n) <= 4.
It is easy to show that this is also the least number of squares that add up to n^3.
a(n) is the number of iterations in f(...f(f(n))...) to reach 0, where f(n) = A262678(n) = n - A262689(n)^2. Allows computation of this sequence without Lagrange's theorem. - Antti Karttunen, Sep 09 2016
It is also easy to show that a(k^2*n) = a(n) for k > 0: Clearly a(k^2*n) <= a(n) but for all 4 cases of a(n) there is no k which would result in a(k^2*n) < a(n). - Peter Schorn, Sep 06 2021

N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..20000 (first 1001 terms from T. D. Noe with corrections from Michel Marcus)
F. Michel Dekking, Morphisms, Symbolic Sequences, and Their Standard Forms, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 19 (2016), Article 16.1.1.
N. J. A. Sloane, Transforms.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Square Number.

Cf. A000290, A000415, A000419, A002376, A004215, A000378, A001481.

Cf. A010052, A025426, A025427, A053610, A062535, A072401, A229062, A255131, A260728, A260731, A260734, A262678, A262689, A262690, A276573.

a002828 0 = 0  -- confessedly  /= 1, as sum [] == 0
a002828 n | a010052 n == 1 = 1
          | a025426 n > 0 = 2 | a025427 n > 0 = 3 | otherwise = 4
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 26 2015

with(transforms);
sq:=[seq(n^2, n=1..20)];
LAGRANGE(sq,4,120);
# alternative:
f:= proc(n) local F,x;
   if issqr(n) then return 1 fi;
   if nops(select(t -> t[1] mod 4 = 3 and t[2]::odd, ifactors(n)[2])) = 0 then return 2 fi;
   x:= n/4^floor(padic:-ordp(n,2)/2);
   if x mod 8 = 7 then 4 else 3 fi
end proc:
0, seq(f(n),n=1..200); # Robert Israel, Jun 14 2016
# next Maple program:
b:= proc(n, i) option remember; convert(series(`if`(n=0, 1, `if`(i<1, 0,
      b(n, i-1)+(s-> `if`(s>n, 0, x*b(n-s, i)))(i^2))), x, 5), polynom)
    end:
a:= n-> ldegree(b(n, isqrt(n))):
seq(a(n), n=0..105);  # Alois P. Heinz, Oct 30 2021

SquareCnt[n_] := If[SquaresR[1, n] > 0, 1, If[SquaresR[2, n] > 0, 2, If[SquaresR[3, n] > 0, 3, 4]]]; Table[SquareCnt[n], {n, 150}] (* T. D. Noe, Apr 01 2011 *)
sc[n_]:=Module[{s=SquaresR[Range[4],n]},If[First[s]>0,1,Length[ First[ Split[ s]]]+1]]; Join[{0},Array[sc,110]] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 21 2014 *)

istwo(n:int)=my(f);if(n<3,return(n>=0););f=factor(n>>valuation(n, 2)); for(i=1,#f[,1],if(bitand(f[i,2],1)==1&&bitand(f[i,1],3)==3, return(0)));1
isthree(n:int)=my(tmp=valuation(n,2));bitand(tmp,1)||bitand(n>>tmp,7)!=7
a(n)=if(isthree(n), if(issquare(n), !!n, 3-istwo(n)), 4) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 19 2011, revised Mar 17 2022

from sympy import factorint
def A002828(n):
    if n == 0: return 0
    f = factorint(n).items()
    if not any(e&1 for p,e in f): return 1
    if all(p&3<3 or e&1^1 for p,e in f): return 2
    return 3+(((m:=(~n&n-1).bit_length())&1^1)&int((n>>m)&7==7)) # Chai Wah Wu, Aug 01 2023

from sympy.core.power import isqrt
def A002828(n):
    dp = [-1] * (n + 1)
    dp[0] = 0
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
        S = []
        r = isqrt(i)
        for j in range(1, r + 1):
            S.append(1 + dp[i - (j**2)])
        dp[i] = min(S)
    return dp[-1] # Darío Clavijo, Apr 21 2025

;; The first one follows Charles R Greathouse IV's PARI-code above:
(define (A002828 n) (cond ((zero? n) n) ((= 1 (A010052 n)) 1) ((= 1 (A229062 n)) 2) (else (+ 3 (A072401 n)))))
(define (A229062 n) (- 1 (A000035 (A260728 n))))
;; We can also compute this without relying on Lagrange's theorem. The following recursion-formula should be used together with the second Scheme-implementation of A262689 given in the Program section that entry:
(definec (A002828 n) (if (zero? n) n (+ 1 (A002828 (- n (A000290 (A262689 n)))))))
;; Antti Karttunen, Sep 09 2016

From Antti Karttunen, Sep 09 2016: (Start)
a(0) = 0; and for n >= 1, if A010052(n) = 1 [when n is a square], a(n) = 1, otherwise, if A229062(n)=1, then a(n) = 2, otherwise a(n) = 3 + A072401(n). [After Charles R Greathouse IV's PARI program.]
a(0) = 0; for n >= 1, a(n) = 1 + a(n - A262689(n)^2), (see comments).
a(n) = A053610(n) - A062535(n).
(End)

More terms from Arlin Anderson (starship1(AT)gmail.com)

A000161 Number of partitions of n into 2 squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of ways of writing n as a sum of 2 (possibly zero) squares when order does not matter.
Number of similar sublattices of square lattice with index n.
Let Pk = the number of partitions of n into k nonzero squares. Then we have A000161 = P0 + P1 + P2, A002635 = P0 + P1 + P2 + P3 + P4, A010052 = P1, A025426 = P2, A025427 = P3, A025428 = P4. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 08 2010, amended by M. F. Hasler, Jan 25 2013
a(A022544(n))=0; a(A001481(n))>0; a(A125022(n))=1; a(A118882(n))>1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 16 2011

			25 = 3^2+4^2 = 5^2, so a(25) = 2.

J. V. Uspensky and M. A. Heaslet, Elementary Number Theory, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1939, p. 339

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
B. K. Agarwala and F. C. Auluck, Statistical mechanics and partitions into non-integral powers of integers, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 47 (1951), 207-216. [Annotated scanned copy]
Henry Bottomley, Illustration of initial terms
R. T. Bumby, Sums of four squares, in Number theory (New York, 1991-1995), 1-8, Springer, New York, 1996.
J. H. Conway, E. M. Rains and N. J. A. Sloane, On the existence of similar sublattices, Canad. J. Math. 51 (1999), 1300-1306 (Abstract, pdf, ps).
Michael Gilleland, Some Self-Similar Integer Sequences
E. Grosswald, Representations of Integers as Sums of Squares, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1985, p. 84.
M. D. Hirschhorn, Some formulas for partitions into squares, Discrete Math, 211 (2000), pp. 225-228. [From _Ant King_, Oct 05 2010]
Index entries for sequences related to sublattices
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares
Index entries for "core" sequences

Cf. A002654, A001481, A025427, A025428, A063725, A025426, A000290.
Cf. A000925, A247367.
Equivalent sequences for other numbers of squares: A010052 (1), A000164 (3), A002635 (4), A000174 (5).

a000161 n =
   sum $ map (a010052 . (n -)) $ takeWhile (<= n `div` 2) a000290_list
a000161_list = map a000161 [0..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 16 2011

A000161 := proc(n) local i,j,ans; ans := 0; for i from 0 to n do for j from i to n do if i^2+j^2=n then ans := ans+1 fi od od; RETURN(ans); end; [ seq(A000161(i), i=0..50) ];
A000161 := n -> nops( numtheory[sum2sqr](n) ); # M. F. Hasler, Nov 23 2007

Length[PowersRepresentations[ #,2,2]] &/@Range[0,150] (* Ant King, Oct 05 2010 *)

a(n)=sum(i=0,n,sum(j=0,i,if(i^2+j^2-n,0,1))) \\ for illustrative purpose

A000161(n)=sum(k=sqrtint((n-1)\2)+1,sqrtint(n),issquare(n-k^2)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 21 2014, improves earlier code by M. F. Hasler, Nov 23 2007

A000161(n)=#sum2sqr(n) \\ See A133388 for sum2sqr(). - M. F. Hasler, May 13 2018

from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A000161(n):
    f = factorint(n)
    return int(not any(e&1 for e in f.values())) + (((m:=prod(1 if p==2 else (e+1 if p&3==1 else (e+1)&1) for p, e in f.items()))+((((~n & n-1).bit_length()&1)<<1)-1 if m&1 else 0))>>1) if n else 1 # Chai Wah Wu, Sep 08 2022

a(n) = card { { a,b } c N | a^2+b^2 = n }. - M. F. Hasler, Nov 23 2007

Let f(n)= the number of divisors of n that are congruent to 1 modulo 4 minus the number of its divisors that are congruent to 3 modulo 4, and define delta(n) to be 1 if n is a perfect square and 0 otherwise. Then a(n)=1/2 (f(n)+delta(n)+delta(1/2 n)). - Ant King, Oct 05 2010

A025426 Number of partitions of n into 2 nonzero squares.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0

Offset: 0

David W. Wilson

For records see A007511, A048610, A016032. - R. J. Mathar, Feb 26 2008

Robin Jones, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..20000 (Terms 0..10000 from Reinhard Zumkeller).
Vaclav Kotesovec, Graph - the asymptotic ratio (10^8 terms)
Index entries for sequences related to sums of squares

Cf. A000161 (2 nonnegative squares), A063725 (order matters), A025427 (3 nonzero squares).
Cf. A172151, A004526. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 26 2010
Column k=2 of A243148.

a025426 n = sum $ map (a010052 . (n -)) $
                      takeWhile (<= n `div` 2) $ tail a000290_list
a025426_list = map a025426 [0..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 16 2011

A025426 := proc(n)
    local a,x;
    a := 0 ;
    for x from 1 do
        if 2*x^2 > n then
            return a;
        end if;
        if issqr(n-x^2) then
            a := a+1 ;
        end if;
    end do:
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Sep 15 2015

m[n_] := m[n] = SquaresR[2, n]/4; a[0] = 0; a[n_] := If[ EvenQ[ m[n] ], m[n]/2, (m[n] - (-1)^IntegerExponent[n, 2])/2]; Table[ a[n], {n, 0, 107}] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 31 2012, after Max Alekseyev *)
nmax = 107; sq = Range[Sqrt[nmax]]^2;
Table[Length[Select[IntegerPartitions[n, All, sq], Length[#] == 2 &]], {n, 0, nmax}] (* Robert Price, Aug 17 2020 *)

a(n)={my(v=valuation(n,2),f=factor(n>>v),t=1);for(i=1,#f[,1],if(f[i,1]%4==1,t*=f[i,2]+1,if(f[i,2]%2,return(0))));if(t%2,t-(-1)^v,t)/2;} \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 31 2012

from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A025426(n): return ((m:=prod(1 if p==2 else (e+1 if p&3==1 else (e+1)&1) for p, e in factorint(n).items()))+((((~n & n-1).bit_length()&1)<<1)-1 if m&1 else 0))>>1 # Chai Wah Wu, Jul 07 2022

Let m = A004018(n)/4. If m is even then a(n) = m/2, otherwise a(n) = (m - (-1)^A007814(n))/2. - Max Alekseyev, Mar 09 2009, Mar 14 2009
a(A018825(n)) = 0; a(A000404(n)) > 0; a(A025284(n)) = 1; a(A007692(n)) > 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 16 2011
a(A000578(n)) = A084888(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 18 2012
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..floor(n/2)} A010052(i) * A010052(n-i). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Apr 19 2019
a(n) = [x^n y^2] Product_{k>=1} 1/(1 - y*x^(k^2)). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 19 2019
Conjecture: Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ n*Pi/8. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 28 2023

A243148 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) = number of partitions of n into k nonzero squares; n >= 0, 0 <= k <= n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1

Offset: 0

Alois P. Heinz, May 30 2014

			T(20,5) = 2 = #{ (16,1,1,1,1), (4,4,4,4,4) } since 20 = 4^2 + 4 * 1^2 = 5 * 2^2.
Triangle T(n,k) begins:
  1;
  0, 1;
  0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1;
  (...)

Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 0..200, flattened

Columns k = 0..10 give: A000007, A010052 (for n>0), A025426, A025427, A025428, A025429, A025430, A025431, A025432, A025433, A025434.
Row sums give A001156.
T(2n,n) gives A111178.
T(n^2,n) gives A319435.
Cf. A000290, A276559, A281541, A292520, A341040.
T(n,k) = 1 for n in A025284, A025321, A025357, A294675, A295670, A295797 (for k = 2..7, respectively).

b:= proc(n, i, t) option remember; `if`(n=0, `if`(t=0, 1, 0),
      `if`(i<1 or t<1, 0, b(n, i-1, t)+
      `if`(i^2>n, 0, b(n-i^2, i, t-1))))
    end:
T:= (n, k)-> b(n, isqrt(n), k):
seq(seq(T(n, k), k=0..n), n=0..14);
# second Maple program:
b:= proc(n, i) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, `if`(i<1, 0,
      b(n, i-1)+(s-> `if`(s>n, 0, expand(x*b(n-s, i))))(i^2)))
    end:
T:= n-> (p-> seq(coeff(p, x, i), i=0..n))(b(n, isqrt(n))):
seq(T(n), n=0..14);  # Alois P. Heinz, Oct 30 2021

b[n_, i_, k_, t_] := b[n, i, k, t] = If[n == 0, If[t == 0, 1, 0], If[i < 1 || t < 1, 0, b[n, i-1, k, t] + If[i^2 > n, 0, b[n-i^2, i, k, t-1]]]]; T[n_, k_] := b[n, Sqrt[n] // Floor, k, k]; Table[Table[T[n, k], {k, 0, n}], {n, 0, 14}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 06 2014, after Alois P. Heinz *)
T[n_, k_] := Count[PowersRepresentations[n, k, 2], r_ /; FreeQ[r, 0]]; T[0, 0] = 1; Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 14}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 19 2016 *)

T(n,k,L=n)=if(n>k*L^2, 0, k>n-3, k==n, k<2, issquare(n,&n) && n<=L*k, k>n-6, n-k==3, L=min(L,sqrtint(n-k+1)); sum(r=0,min(n\L^2,k-1),T(n-r*L^2,k-r,L-1), n==k*L^2)) \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 03 2020

T(n,k) = [x^n y^k] 1/Product_{j>=1} (1-y*x^A000290(j)).
Sum_{k=1..n} k * T(n,k) = A281541(n).
Sum_{k=1..n} n * T(n,k) = A276559(n).
Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k * T(n,k) = A292520(n).

A024796 Numbers expressible in more than one way as i^2 + j^2 + k^2, where 1 <= i <= j <= k.

Original entry on oeis.org

27, 33, 38, 41, 51, 54, 57, 59, 62, 66, 69, 74, 75, 77, 81, 83, 86, 89, 90, 94, 98, 99, 101, 102, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 139, 141, 146, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 170

Offset: 1

Clark Kimberling

nonn

a(n) multiplied by (h^2)/(8*m*a^2) is the n-th energy level exhibiting accidental degeneracy, for a quantum mechanical particle of mass m in a cubic box of side length a (h is Planck's constant). - A. Timothy Royappa, Feb 12 2019

Robert Price, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..8057

Cf. A000408, A007692, A008917, A025322, A025323, A025324, A025325, A025326, A025327, A025328, A025329, A025330, A025331, A025332, A025333, A025334, A025335, A025336, A025337, A025338, A025367, A025427.

okQ[n_]:= Length[Select[PowersRepresentations[n, 3, 2], !MemberQ[#, 0] &]] > 1; (* Jinyuan Wang, Feb 12 2019 *)

is(n)=if(n<27, return(0)); if(n%4==0, return(is(n/4))); my(w); for(i=sqrtint((n-1)\3)+1,sqrtint(n-2), my(t=n-i^2); for(j=sqrtint((t-1)\2)+1,min(sqrtint(t-1),i), if(issquare(t-j^2), w++>1 && return(1)))); 0 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 05 2024

{n: A025427(n) > 1 }. - R. J. Mathar, Aug 05 2022

cp's OEIS Frontend

A010052 Characteristic function of squares: a(n) = 1 if n is a square, otherwise 0.

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A000408 Numbers that are the sum of three nonzero squares.

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A004215 Numbers that are the sum of 4 but no fewer nonzero squares.

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A002828 Least number of squares that add up to n.

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A000161 Number of partitions of n into 2 squares.

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