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Denominators in the expansion of cos(x): cos(x) = 1 - x^2/2! + x^4/4! - x^6/6! + x^8/8! - ...

Contribution from Peter Bala, Feb 21 2011: (Start)

We may compare the representation a(n) = Product_{k = 0..n-1} (n*(n+1)-k*(k+1)) with n! = Product_{k = 0..n-1} (n-k). Thus we may view a(n) as a generalized factorial function associated with the oblong numbers A002378. Cf. A000680.

The associated generalized binomial coefficients a(n)/(a(k)*a(n-k)) are triangle A086645, cf. A186432. (End)

Also, this sequence is the denominator of cosh(x) = (e^x + e^(-x))/2 = 1 + x^2/2! + x^4/4! + x^6/6! + ... - Mohammad K. Azarian, Jan 19 2012

Also (2n+1)-th derivative of arccoth(x) at x = 0. - Michel Lagneau, Aug 18 2012

Product of the partition parts of 2n+1 into exactly two positive integer parts, n > 0. Example: a(3) = 720, since 2(3)+1 = 7 has 3 partitions with exactly two positive integer parts: (6,1), (5,2), (4,3). Multiplying the parts in these partitions gives: 6! = 720. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jun 03 2013

Also, decimal expansion of the real part of e^i. - Bruno Berselli, Feb 08 2013

By the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem, this constant is transcendental. - Charles R Greathouse IV, May 13 2019

By the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem, this constant is transcendental. - Charles R Greathouse IV, May 14 2019

Decimal expansion of u > 0 such that 1 = arclength on the hyperbola y^2 - x^2 = 1 from (0,0) to (u,y(u)). - Clark Kimberling, Jul 04 2020

coth(x) = (e^x + e^(-x))/(e^x - e^(-x)).

Because the continued fraction for coth(1) is all positive odd numbers in sequence, the second Mathematica program below also generates the sequence. - Harvey P. Dale, Oct 15 2011

By the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem, this constant is transcendental. - Charles R Greathouse IV, May 14 2019

Also decimal expansion of tan(i)/i. - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 12 2010

tanh(x) = (e^x - e^(-x)) / (e^x + e^(-x)).

By the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem, this constant is transcendental. - Charles R Greathouse IV, May 14 2019

The sequence 1,0,3,0,37,... has e.g.f. cosh(x)/(1-x^2) with a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} C(n,k)k!(1+(-1)^k)(1+(-1)^(n-k))/4. - Paul Barry, May 01 2005

Previous name was: Decimal expansion of the constant 1 + 1/3! + 1/6! + 1/9! + ... = 1.16805 83133 75918 ... .

Define a sequence R(n) of real numbers by R(n) := Sum_{k>=0} (3*k)^n/(3*k)! for n = 0,1,2,... . This constant is R(0); the decimal expansions of R(2) - R(1) = 1/1! + 1/4! + 1/7! and R(1) = 1/2! + 1/5! + 1/8! + ... may be found in A143820 and A143821. It is easy to verify that the sequence R(n) satisfies the recurrence relation u(n+3) = 3*u(n+2) - 2*u(n+1) + Sum_{i=0..n} binomial(n,i) * 3^(n-i)*u(i). Hence R(n) is an integral linear combination of R(0), R(1) and R(2) and so also an integral linear combination of R(0), R(1) and R(2) - R(1). Some examples are given below.

Bowman and Mc Laughlin (Corollary 10 with m = -1) give a continued fraction expansion for this constant and deduce the constant is irrational. - Peter Bala, Apr 17 2017

Define a sequence R(n) of real numbers by R(n) := Sum_{k >= 0} (3*k)^n/(3*k)! for n = 0,1,2,... . This constant is R(2) - R(1); the decimal expansions of R(0) = 1 + 1/3! + 1/6! + ... and R(1) = 1/2! + 1/5! + 1/8! + ... may be found in A143819 and A143821. It is easy to verify that the sequence R(n) satisfies the recurrence relation u(n+3) = 3*u(n+2) - 2*u(n+1) + Sum_{i = 0..n} binomial(n,i) * 3^(n-i)*u(i). Hence R(n) is an integral linear combination of R(0), R(1) and R(2) and so also an integral linear combination of R(0), R(1) and R(2) - R(1).

R(n) as a linear combination of R(0), R(1) and R(2) - R(1).

========================================

| linear combination of

R(n) | R(0) R(1) R(2) - R(1)

========================================

R(3) | 1 1 3

R(4) | 6 2 7

R(5) | 25 11 16

R(6) | 91 66 46

R(7) | 322 352 203

R(8) | 1232 1730 1178

R(9) | 5672 8233 7242

R(10) | 32202 39987 43786

...

The column entries are from A143815, A143816 and A143817.

The Abraham Ungar 1982 article defines H_{n,r}(z) = Sum_{k>=0} z^(nk+r)/(nk+r)! as equation (1). The constant is H_{3,1}(1). In equation (13) H_{3,1}(x) = (exp(x) + 2 * exp(-x/2) * cos(sqrt(3)/2*x - 2*Pi/3))/3. In equation (12) the expression H_{3,1}(x) = (e^x + q_2 e^{q_1 x} + q_1 e^{q_2 x})/3 where q_1 = (-1 + I sqrt(3))/2 and q_2 = (-1 - I sqrt(3))/2 is given for H_{3,2}(x) instead. - Michael Somos, Nov 01 2024

For q integer >= 1, Sum_{m>=0} 1/(q*m)! = (1/q) * Sum_{k=1..q} exp(X_k) where X_1, X_2, ..., X_q are the q-th roots of unity.

sech(x) = 2/(e^x + e^(-x)).

By the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem, this constant is transcendental. - Charles R Greathouse IV, May 14 2019