A334410 -id:A334410 - cp's OEIS frontend

A000396 Perfect numbers k: k is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of k.

6, 28, 496, 8128, 33550336, 8589869056, 137438691328, 2305843008139952128, 2658455991569831744654692615953842176, 191561942608236107294793378084303638130997321548169216

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

A number k is abundant if sigma(k) > 2k (cf. A005101), perfect if sigma(k) = 2k (this sequence), or deficient if sigma(k) < 2k (cf. A005100), where sigma(k) is the sum of the divisors of k (A000203).
The numbers 2^(p-1)*(2^p - 1) are perfect, where p is a prime such that 2^p - 1 is also prime (for the list of p's see A000043). There are no other even perfect numbers and it is believed that there are no odd perfect numbers.
Numbers k such that Sum_{d|k} 1/d = 2. - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 07 2002
For number of divisors of a(n) see A061645(n). Number of digits in a(n) is A061193(n). - Lekraj Beedassy, Jun 04 2004
All terms other than the first have digital root 1 (since 4^2 == 4 (mod 6), we have, by induction, 4^k == 4 (mod 6), or 2*2^(2*k) = 8 == 2 (mod 6), implying that Mersenne primes M = 2^p - 1, for odd p, are of the form 6*t+1). Thus perfect numbers N, being M-th triangular, have the form (6*t+1)*(3*t+1), whence the property N mod 9 = 1 for all N after the first. - Lekraj Beedassy, Aug 21 2004
The earliest recorded mention of this sequence is in Euclid's Elements, IX 36, about 300 BC. - Artur Jasinski, Jan 25 2006
Theorem (Euclid, Euler). An even number m is a perfect number if and only if m = 2^(k-1)*(2^k-1), where 2^k-1 is prime. Euler's idea came from Euclid's Proposition 36 of Book IX (see Weil). It follows that every even perfect number is also a triangular number. - Mohammad K. Azarian, Apr 16 2008
Triangular numbers (also generalized hexagonal numbers) A000217 whose indices are Mersenne primes A000668, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008, Sep 15 2013
If a(n) is even, then 2*a(n) is in A181595. - Vladimir Shevelev, Nov 07 2010
Except for a(1) = 6, all even terms are of the form 30*k - 2 or 45*k + 1. - Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Mar 11 2012
a(4) = A229381(1) = 8128 is the "Simpsons's perfect number". - Jonathan Sondow, Jan 02 2015
Theorem (Farideh Firoozbakht): If m is an integer and both p and p^k-m-1 are prime numbers then x = p^(k-1)*(p^k-m-1) is a solution to the equation sigma(x) = (p*x+m)/(p-1). For example, if we take m=0 and p=2 we get Euclid's result about perfect numbers. - Farideh Firoozbakht, Mar 01 2015
The cototient of the even perfect numbers is a square; in particular, if 2^p - 1 is a Mersenne prime, cototient(2^(p-1) * (2^p - 1)) = (2^(p-1))^2 (see A152921). So, this sequence is a subsequence of A063752. - Bernard Schott, Jan 11 2019
Euler's (1747) proof that all the even perfect number are of the form 2^(p-1)*(2^p-1) implies that their asymptotic density is 0. Kanold (1954) proved that the asymptotic density of odd perfect numbers is 0. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 13 2021
If k is perfect and semiprime, then k = 6. - Alexandra Hercilia Pereira Silva, Aug 30 2021
This sequence lists the fixed points of A001065. - Alois P. Heinz, Mar 10 2024

			6 is perfect because 6 = 1+2+3, the sum of all divisors of 6 less than 6; 28 is perfect because 28 = 1+2+4+7+14.

Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 4.
Albert H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers, Dover, NY, 2d ed. 1966, pp. 11-23.
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John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. See pp. 136-137.
Euclid, Elements, Book IX, Section 36, about 300 BC.
Jan Gullberg, Mathematics from the Birth of Numbers, W. W. Norton & Co., NY & London, 1997, §3.3 Perfect and Amicable Numbers, pp. 82-83.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Springer, 1st edition, 1981. See section B1.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 239.
T. Koshy, "The Ends Of A Mersenne Prime And An Even Perfect Number", Journal of Recreational Mathematics, Baywood, NY, 1998, pp. 196-202.
Joseph S. Madachy, Madachy's Mathematical Recreations, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1979, p. 149 (First publ. by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1966, under the title: Mathematics on Vacation).
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Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See pp. 83-87.
József Sándor and Borislav Crstici, Handbook of Number Theory, II, Springer Verlag, 2004.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Ian Stewart, L'univers des nombres, "Diviser Pour Régner", Chapter 14, pp. 74-81, Belin-Pour La Science, Paris, 2000.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, chapter 4, pages 127-149.
Horace S. Uhler, On the 16th and 17th perfect numbers, Scripta Math., Vol. 19 (1953), pp. 128-131.
André Weil, Number Theory, An approach through history, From Hammurapi to Legendre, Birkhäuser, 1984, p. 6.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, pp. 107-110, Penguin Books, 1987.

E-Hern Lee, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..15 (terms 1-14 from David Wasserman)
Abiodun E. Adeyemi, A Study of @-numbers, arXiv:1906.05798 [math.NT], 2019.
Anonymous, Perfect Numbers. [broken link]
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Antal Bege and Kinga Fogarasi, Generalized perfect numbers, arXiv:1008.0155 [math.NT], 2010.
Chris Bispels, Matthew Cohen, Joshua Harrington, Joshua Lowrance, Kaelyn Pontes, Leif Schaumann, and Tony W. H. Wong, A further investigation on covering systems with odd moduli, arXiv:2507.16135 [math.NT], 2025. See p. 3.
Richard P. Brent and Graeme L. Cohen, A new lower bound for odd perfect numbers, Math. Comp., Vol. 53, No. 187 (1989), pp. 431-437, S7; alternative link.
Richard P. Brent, Graeme L. Cohen and Herman J. J. te Riele, A new approach to lower bounds for odd perfect numbers, Report TR-CS-88-08, CSL, ANU, August 1988, 71 pp.
Richard P. Brent, Graeme L. Cohen and Herman J. J. te Riele, Improved Techniques For Lower Bounds For Odd Perfect Numbers, Math. Comp., Vol. 57, No. 196 (1991), pp. 857-868.
J. Britton, Perfect Number Analyser.
Chris K. Caldwell, Perfect number.
Chris K. Caldwell, Mersenne Primes, etc.
Chris K. Caldwell, Iterated sums of the digits of a perfect number converge to 1.
Jose Arnaldo B. Dris, The Abundancy Index of Divisors of Odd Perfect Numbers, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 15 (2012) Article # 12.4.4.
Jason Earls, The Smarandache sum of composites between factors function, in Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2004), p. 243.
Roger B. Eggleston, Equisum Partitions of Sets of Positive Integers, Algorithms, Vol. 12, No. 8 (2019), Article 164.
Leonhard Euler, De numeris amicibilibus>, Commentationes arithmeticae collectae, Vol. 2 (1849), pp. 627-636. Written in 1747.
Bakir Farhi, On the representation of an even perfect number as the sum of a limited number of cubes, arXiv:1504.07322 [math.NT], 2015.
Steven Finch, Amicable Pairs and Aliquot Sequences, 2013. [Cached copy, with permission of the author]
Farideh Firoozbakht and Maximilian F. Hasler, Variations on Euclid's formula for Perfect Numbers, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 13 (2010), Article 10.3.1.
S. Flora Jeba, Anirban Roy, and Manjil P. Saikia, On k-Facile Perfect Numbers, Algebra and Its Applications (ICAA-2023) Springer Proc. Math. Stat., Vol. 474, 111-121. See p. 111.
J. W. Gaberdiel, A Study of Perfect Numbers and Related Topics.
Takeshi Goto and Yasuo Ohno, Largest prime factor of an odd perfect number, 2006.
Kevin G. Hare, New techniques for bounds on the total number of prime factors of an odd perfect number, Math. Comp., Vol. 76, No. 260 (2007), pp. 2241-2248; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/0501070 [math.NT], 2005-2006.
Azizul Hoque and Himashree Kalita, Generalized perfect numbers connected with arithmetic functions, Math. Sci. Lett., Vol. 3, No. 3 (2014), pp. 249-253.
C.-E. Jean, "Recreomath" Online Dictionary, Nombre parfait.
Hans-Joachim Kanold, Über die Dichten der Mengen der vollkommenen und der befreundeten Zahlen, Mathematische Zeitschrift, Vol. 61 (1954), pp. 180-185.
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, The zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, arXiv:1505.07229v3 [math.AG], 2015. [A later version of this paper has a different title and different contents, and the number-theoretical part of the paper was moved to the publication below.]
Christian Kassel and Christophe Reutenauer, Complete determination of the zeta function of the Hilbert scheme of n points on a two-dimensional torus, The Ramanujan Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3 (2018), pp. 633-655; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1610.07793 [math.NT], 2016.
Pedro Laborde, A Note on the Even Perfect Numbers, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 62, No. 5 (May, 1955), pp. 348-349 (2 pages).
Tom Leinster, Perfect numbers and groups, arXiv:math/0104012 [math.GR], 2001.
A. V. Lelechenko, The Quest for the Generalized Perfect Numbers, in Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Cybernetics, TAAC 2014, Kiev.
Daniel Lustig, The algebraic independence of the sum of divisors functions, Journal of Number Theory, Volume 130, Issue 11 (November 2010), pp. 2628-2633.
T. Masiwa, T. Shonhiwa & G. Hitchcock, Perfect Numbers & Mersenne Primes.
Mathforum, Perfect Numbers.
Mathforum, List of Perfect Numbers.
Judson S. McCranie, A study of hyperperfect numbers, J. Int. Seqs., Vol. 3 (2000), Article #00.1.3.
Gérard P. Michon, Perfect Numbers, Mersenne Primes.
David Moews, Perfect, amicable and sociable numbers.
Derek Muller, The Oldest Unsolved Problem in Math, Veritasium, YouTube video, 2024.
Pace P. Nielsen, Odd perfect numbers have at least nine distinct prime factors, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 76, No. 260 (2007), pp. 2109-2126; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/0602485 [math.NT], 2006.
Walter Nissen, Abundancy : Some Resources , 2008-2010.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, Perfect Numbers.
J. O. M. Pedersen, Perfect numbers. [Via Internet Archive Wayback-Machine]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Broken link]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Via Internet Archive Wayback-Machine]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Cached copy, pdf file only]
Ivars Peterson, Cubes of Perfection, MathTrek, 1998.
Omar E. Pol, Determinacion geometrica de los numeros primos y perfectos.
Paul Pollack, Quasi-Amicable Numbers are Rare, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 14 (2011), Article # 11.5.2.
D. Romagnoli, Perfect Numbers (Text in Italian). [From _Lekraj Beedassy_, Jun 26 2009]
Tyler Ross, A Perfect Number Generalization and Some Euclid-Euler Type Results, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 27 (2024), Article 24.7.5. See p. 3.
D. Scheffler and R. Ondrejka, The numerical evaluation of the eighteenth perfect number, Math. Comp., Vol. 14, No. 70 (1960), pp. 199-200.
K. Schneider, perfect number, PlanetMath.org.
Jonathan Sondow and Kieren MacMillan, Primary pseudoperfect numbers, arithmetic progressions, and the Erdős-Moser equation, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 124, No. 3 (2017), pp. 232-240; arXiv preprint, arXiv:math/1812.06566 [math.NT], 2018.
G. Villemin's Almanach of Numbers, Nombres Parfaits.
J. Voight, Perfect Numbers:An Elementary Introduction.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Perfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Odd Perfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Multiperfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hyperperfect Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundance.
Wikipedia, Perfect number.
Tomohiro Yamada, On the divisibility of odd perfect numbers by a high power of a prime, arXiv:math/0511410 [math.NT], 2005-2007.
Joshua Zelinsky, The Sum of the Reciprocals of the Prime Divisors of an Odd Perfect or Odd Primitive Non-deficient Number, Integers (2025) Vol. 25, Art. No. A59. See p. 1.
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index entries for sequences where any odd perfect numbers must occur

See A000043 for the current state of knowledge about Mersenne primes.
Cf. A007539, A005820, A027687, A046060, A046061, A000668, A090748, A133033, A000217, A000384, A019279, A061652, A006516, A144912, A153800, A007593, A220290, A028499-A028502, A034916, A065549, A275496, A063752, A156552, A152921, A324201.
Cf. A228058 for Euler's criterion for odd terms.
Positions of 0's in A033879 and in A033880.
Subsequence of following sequences: A005835, A006039, A007691, A023196, A043305, A065997, A083207, A109510, A118372, A216782, A246282, A263837, A294900, A333646, A334410, A335267, A336702, A341622, A342922, A344755, A352739, A357462, and (the even terms), of: A005153, A063752, A174973, A336547, A338520.
Cf. A001065.

a000396 n = a000396_list !! (n-1)
a000396_list = [x | x <- [1..], a000203 x == 2 * x]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 20 2012

Select[Range[9000], DivisorSigma[1,#]== 2*# &] (* G. C. Greubel, Oct 03 2017 *)
PerfectNumber[Range[15]] (* Requires Mathematica version 10 or later *) (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 10 2018 *)

PARI
```
isA000396(n) = (sigma(n) == 2*n);
```

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def ok(n): return n > 0 and divisor_sigma(n) == 2*n
print([k for k in range(9999) if ok(k)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Mar 12 2022

The perfect number N = 2^(p-1)*(2^p - 1) is also multiplicatively p-perfect (i.e., A007955(N) = N^p), since tau(N) = 2*p. - Lekraj Beedassy, Sep 21 2004
a(n) = 2^A133033(n) - 2^A090748(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Feb 28 2008
a(n) = A000668(n)*(A000668(n)+1)/2, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Apr 23 2008
a(n) = A000217(A000668(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008
a(n) = Sum of the first A000668(n) positive integers, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, May 09 2008
a(n) = A000384(A019279(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers and no odd superperfect numbers. a(n) = A000384(A061652(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 17 2008
a(n) = A006516(A000043(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 30 2008
From Reikku Kulon, Oct 14 2008: (Start)
A144912(2, a(n)) = 1;
A144912(4, a(n)) = -1 for n > 1;
A144912(8, a(n)) = 5 or -5 for all n except 2;
A144912(16, a(n)) = -4 or -13 for n > 1. (End)
a(n) = A019279(n)*A000668(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers and odd superperfect numbers. a(n) = A061652(n)*A000668(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 09 2009
a(n) = A007691(A153800(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 14 2009
Even perfect numbers N = K*A000203(K), where K = A019279(n) = 2^(p-1), A000203(A019279(n)) = A000668(n) = 2^p - 1 = M(p), p = A000043(n). - Lekraj Beedassy, May 02 2009
a(n) = A060286(A016027(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Omar E. Pol, Dec 13 2012
For n >= 2, a(n) = Sum_{k=1..A065549(n)} (2*k-1)^3, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Derek Orr, Sep 28 2013
a(n) = A275496(2^((A000043(n) - 1)/2)) - 2^A000043(n), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Daniel Poveda Parrilla, Aug 16 2016
a(n) = A156552(A324201(n)), assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Antti Karttunen, Mar 28 2019
a(n) = ((2^(A000043(n)))^3 - (2^(A000043(n)) - 1)^3 - 1)/6, assuming there are no odd perfect numbers. - Jules Beauchamp, Jun 06 2025

I removed a large number of comments that assumed there are no odd perfect numbers. There were so many it was getting hard to tell which comments were true and which were conjectures. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 16 2023

Reference to Albert H. Beiler's book updated by Harvey P. Dale, Jan 13 2025

A083207 Zumkeller or integer-perfect numbers: numbers n whose divisors can be partitioned into two disjoint sets with equal sum.

Original entry on oeis.org

6, 12, 20, 24, 28, 30, 40, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 66, 70, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 96, 102, 104, 108, 112, 114, 120, 126, 132, 138, 140, 150, 156, 160, 168, 174, 176, 180, 186, 192, 198, 204, 208, 210, 216, 220, 222, 224, 228, 234, 240, 246, 252, 258, 260, 264, 270, 272

Offset: 1

Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 22 2003

The 229026 Zumkeller numbers less than 10^6 have a maximum difference of 12. This leads to the conjecture that any 12 consecutive numbers include at least one Zumkeller number. There are 1989 odd Zumkeller numbers less than 10^6; they are exactly the odd abundant numbers that have even abundance, A174865. - T. D. Noe, Mar 31 2010
For k >= 0, numbers of the form 18k + 6 and 18k + 12 are terms (see Remark 2.3. in Somu et al., 2023). Corollary: The maximum difference between any two consecutive terms is at most 12. - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Jan 02 2024
All 205283 odd abundant numbers less than 10^8 that have even abundance (see A174865) are Zumkeller numbers. - T. D. Noe, Nov 14 2010
Except for 1 and 2, all primorials (A002110) are Zumkeller numbers (follows from Fact 6 in the Rao/Peng paper). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Mar 23 2016
Supersequence of A111592 (follows from Fact 3 in the Rao/Peng paper). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Mar 20 2017
Conjecture: Any 4 consecutive terms include at least one number k such that sigma(k)/2 is also a Zumkeller number (verified for the first 10^5 Zumkeller numbers). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Apr 03 2017
LeVan studied these numbers using the equivalent definition of numbers n such that n = Sum_{d|n, dA180332) "minimal integer-perfect numbers". - Amiram Eldar, Dec 20 2018
The numbers 3 * 2^k for k > 0 are all Zumkeller numbers: half of one such partition is {3*2^k, 3*2^(k-2), ...}, replacing 3 with 2 if it appears. With this and the lemma that the product of a Zumkeller number and a number coprime to it is again a Zumkeller number (see A179527), we have that all numbers divisible by 6 but not 9 (or numbers congruent to 6 or 12 modulo 18) are Zumkeller numbers, proving that the difference between consecutive Zumkeller numbers is at most 12. - Charlie Neder, Jan 15 2019
Improvements on the previous comment: 1) For every integer q > 0, every odd integer r > 0 and every integer s > 0 relatively prime to 6, the integer 2^q*3^r*s is a Zumkeller number, and therefore 2) there exist Zumkeller numbers divisible by 9 (such as 54, 90, 108, 126, etc.). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Jan 16 2020
Conjecture: If d > 1, d|k and tau(d)*sigma(d) = k, then k is a Zumkeller number (cf. A331668). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Apr 24 2020
This sequence contains A378541, the intersection of the practical numbers (A005153) with numbers with even sum of divisors (A028983). - David A. Corneth, Nov 03 2024
Sequence gives the positions of even terms in A119347, and correspondingly, of odd terms in A308605. - Antti Karttunen, Nov 29 2024
If s = sigma(m) is odd and p > s then m*p is not in the sequence. - David A. Corneth, Dec 07 2024

			Given n = 48, we can partition the divisors thus: 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 16 + 24 = 2 + 12 + 48, therefore 48 is a term (A083206(48) = 5).
From _David A. Corneth_, Dec 04 2024: (Start)
30 is in the sequence. sigma(30) = 72. So we look for distinct divisors of 30 that sum to 72/2 = 36. That set or its complement contains 30. The other divisors in that set containing 30 sum to 36 - 30 = 6. So we look for some distinct proper divisors of 30 that sum to 6. That is from the divisors of {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15}. It turns out that both 1+2+3 and 6 satisfy this condition. So 36 is in the sequence.
25 is not in the sequence as sigma(25) = 31 which is odd so the sum of two equal integers cannot be the sum of divisors of 25.
33 is not in the sequence as sigma(33) = 48 < 2*33. So is impossible to have a partition of the set of divisors into two disjoint set the sum of each of them sums to 48/2 = 24 as one of them contains 33 > 24 and any other divisors are nonnegative. (End)

Marijo O. LeVan, Integer-perfect numbers, Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (1987), pp. 33-50.
Marijo O. LeVan, On the order of nu(n), Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1988), pp. 165-173.
J. Sandor and B. Crstici, Handbook of Number Theory, II, Springer Verlag, 2004, chapter 1.10, pp. 53-54.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
M. Basher, k-Zumkeller labeling of super subdivision of some graphs, J. Egyptian Math. Soc. (2021) Vol. 29, No. 12.
Hussein Behzadipour, Two-layered numbers, arXiv:1812.07233 [math.NT], 2018.
K. P. S. Bhaskara Rao and Yuejian Peng, On Zumkeller Numbers, arXiv:0912.0052 [math.NT], 2009.
K. P. S. Bhaskara Rao and Yuejian Peng, On Zumkeller Numbers, Journal of Number Theory, Volume 133, Issue 4, April 2013, pp. 1135-1155.
David A. Corneth, PARI programs (Use function "is" for A179527)
Bhabesh Das, On unitary Zumkeller numbers, Notes Num. Theor. Disc. Math. (2024) Vol. 30, No. 2, 436-442.
Farid Jokar, On the difference between Zumkeller numbers, arXiv:1902.02168 [math.NT], 2019.
Farid Jokar, On k-layered numbers and some labeling related to k-layered numbers, arXiv:2003.11309 [math.NT], 2020.
Farid Jokar, On k-layered numbers, arXiv:2207.09053 [math.NT], 2022.
Peter Luschny, Zumkeller Numbers.
Pankaj Jyoti Mahanta, Manjil P. Saikia, and Daniel Yaqubi, Some properties of Zumkeller numbers and k-layered numbers, arXiv:2008.11096 [math.NT], 2020.
Pankaj Jyoti Mahanta, Manjil P. Saikia, and Daniel Yaqubi, Some properties of Zumkeller numbers and k-layered numbers, Journal of Number Theory (2020).
Sai Teja Somu, Andrzej Kukla, and Duc Van Khanh Tran, Some Results on Zumkeller Numbers, arXiv:2310.14149 [math.NT], 2023.
Reinhard Zumkeller, Illustration of initial terms
Index entries for sequences where any odd perfect numbers must occur

Positions of nonzero terms in A083206, positions of 0's in A103977 and in A378600.
Positions of even terms in A119347, of odd terms in A308605.
Complement of A083210.
Subsequence of A023196 and of A028983.
Union of A353061 and A378541.
Subsequences: A000396, A083209, A118372, A180332, A293453, A334410, A378652, A378599.
Conjectured subsequences: A007691, A331668 (after their initial 1's), A351548 (apart from 0-terms).
Cf. A174865 (Odd abundant numbers whose abundance is even).
Cf. A204830, A204831 (equal sums of 3 or 4 disjoint subsets).
Cf. A000203, A005101, A005153 (practical numbers), A005835, A027750, A048055, A083206, A083208, A083211, A171641, A175592, A179527 (characteristic function), A221054.

a083207 n = a083207_list !! (n-1)
a083207_list = filter (z 0 0 . a027750_row) $ [1..] where
   z u v []     = u == v
   z u v (p:ps) = z (u + p) v ps || z u (v + p) ps
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 18 2013

with(numtheory): with(combstruct):
is_A083207 := proc(n) local S, R, Found, Comb, a, s; s := sigma(n);
if not(modp(s, 2) = 0 and n * 2 <= s) then return false fi;
S := s / 2 - n; R := select(m -> m <= S, divisors(n)); Found := false;
Comb := iterstructs(Combination(R)):
while not finished(Comb) and not Found do
   Found := add(a, a = nextstruct(Comb)) = S
od; Found end:
A083207_list := upto -> select(is_A083207, [$1..upto]):
A083207_list(272); # Peter Luschny, Dec 14 2009, updated Aug 15 2014

ZumkellerQ[n_] := Module[{d=Divisors[n], t, ds, x}, ds = Plus@@d; If[Mod[ds, 2] > 0, False, t = CoefficientList[Product[1 + x^i, {i, d}], x]; t[[1 + ds/2]] > 0]]; Select[Range[1000], ZumkellerQ] (* T. D. Noe, Mar 31 2010 *)
znQ[n_]:=Length[Select[{#,Complement[Divisors[n],#]}&/@Most[Rest[ Subsets[ Divisors[ n]]]],Total[#[[1]]]==Total[#[[2]]]&]]>0; Select[Range[300],znQ] (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 26 2022 *)

part(n,v)=if(n<1, return(n==0)); forstep(i=#v,2,-1,if(part(n-v[i],v[1..i-1]), return(1))); n==v[1]
is(n)=my(d=divisors(n),s=sum(i=1,#d,d[i])); s%2==0 && part(s/2-n,d[1..#d-1]) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 09 2014

PARI
```
\\ See Corneth link
```

from sympy import divisors
from sympy.combinatorics.subsets import Subset
for n in range(1,10**3):
    d = divisors(n)
    s = sum(d)
    if not s % 2 and max(d) <= s/2:
        for x in range(1,2**len(d)):
            if sum(Subset.unrank_binary(x,d).subset) == s/2:
                print(n,end=', ')
                break
# Chai Wah Wu, Aug 13 2014

from sympy import divisors
import numpy as np
A083207 = []
for n in range(2,10**3):
    d = divisors(n)
    s = sum(d)
    if not s % 2 and 2*n <= s:
        d.remove(n)
        s2, ld = int(s/2-n), len(d)
        z = np.zeros((ld+1,s2+1),dtype=int)
        for i in range(1,ld+1):
            y = min(d[i-1],s2+1)
            z[i,range(y)] = z[i-1,range(y)]
            z[i,range(y,s2+1)] = np.maximum(z[i-1,range(y,s2+1)],z[i-1,range(0,s2+1-y)]+y)
            if z[i,s2] == s2:
                A083207.append(n)
                break
# Chai Wah Wu, Aug 19 2014

def is_Zumkeller(n):
    s = sigma(n)
    if not (2.divides(s) and n*2 <= s): return False
    S = s // 2 - n
    R = (m for m in divisors(n) if m <= S)
    return any(sum(c) == S for c in Combinations(R))
A083207_list = lambda lim: [n for n in (1..lim) if is_Zumkeller(n)]
print(A083207_list(272)) # Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2018

A083206(a(n)) > 0.
A083208(n) = A083206(a(n)).
A179529(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 19 2010

Name improved by T. D. Noe, Mar 31 2010

Name "Zumkeller numbers" added by N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 08 2010

A005820 3-perfect (triply perfect, tri-perfect, triperfect or sous-double) numbers: numbers such that the sum of the divisors of n is 3n.

Original entry on oeis.org

120, 672, 523776, 459818240, 1476304896, 51001180160

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

These six terms are believed to comprise all 3-perfect numbers. - cf. the MathWorld link. - Daniel Forgues, May 11 2010
If there exists an odd perfect number m (a famous open problem) then 2m would be 3-perfect, since sigma(2m) = sigma(2)*sigma(m) = 3*2m. - Jens Kruse Andersen, Jul 30 2014
According to the previous comment from Jens Kruse Andersen, proving that this sequence is complete would imply that there are no odd perfect numbers. - Farideh Firoozbakht, Sep 09 2014
If 2 were prepended to this sequence, then it would be the sequence of integers k such that numerator(sigma(k)/k) = A017665(k) = 3. - Michel Marcus, Nov 22 2015
From  Antti Karttunen, Mar 20 2021, Sep 18 2021, (Start):
Obviously, any odd triperfect numbers k, if they exist, have to be squares for the condition sigma(k) = 3*k to hold, as sigma(k) is odd only for k square or twice a square. The square root would then need to be a term of A097023, because in that case sigma(2*k) = 9*k. (See illustration in A347391).
Conversely to Jens Kruse Andersen's comment above, any 3-perfect number of the form 4k+2 would be twice an odd perfect number. See comment in A347870.
(End)

			120 = 2^3*3*5;  sigma(120) = (2^4-1)/1*(3^2-1)/2*(5^2-1)/4 = (15)*(4)*(6) = (3*5)*(2^2)*(2*3) = 2^3*3^2*5 = (3) * (2^3*3*5) = 3 * 120. - _Daniel Forgues_, May 09 2010

J.-M. De Koninck, Ces nombres qui nous fascinent, Entry 120, p. 42, Ellipses, Paris 2008.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, B2.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
I. Stewart, L'univers des nombres, "Les nombres multiparfaits", Chap.15, pp 82-5, Belin/Pour la Science, Paris 2000.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 142.
David Wells, "The Penguin Book of Curious and Interesting Numbers," Penguin Books, London, 1986, pages 135, 159 and 185.

Abiodun E. Adeyemi, A Study of @-numbers, arXiv:1906.05798 [math.NT], 2019.
Kevin A. Broughan and Qizhi Zhou, Divisibility by 3 of even multiperfect numbers of abundancy 3 and 4, JIS 13 (2010) 10.1.5
Alfred Brousseau, Number Theory Tables, Fibonacci Association, San Jose, CA, 1973, p. 138.
Seth Colbert-Pollack, Judy Holdener, Emily Rachfal, and Yanqi Xu, A DIY Project: Construct Your Own Multiply Perfect Number!, Math Horizons, Vol. 28, pp. 20-23, February 2021.
Farideh Firoozbakht and Maximilian F. Hasler, Variations on Euclid's formula for Perfect Numbers, JIS 13 (2010) #10.3.1.
Achim Flammenkamp, The Multiply Perfect Numbers Page [This page contains a lot of useful information, but be careful, not all the statements are correct. For example, it appears to claim that the six terms of this sequence are known to be complete, which is not the case. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Sep 10 2014]
James Grime and Brady Haran, The Six Triperfect Numbers, Numberphile video (2018).
Shyam Sunder Gupta, Perfect, Multiply Perfect, and Sociable Numbers, Exploring the Beauty of Fascinating Numbers, Springer (2025) Ch. 6, 185-207.
Fred Helenius, Link to Glossary and Lists
Masao Kishore, Odd Triperfect Numbers, Mathematics of Computation, vol. 42, no. 165, 1984, pp. 231-233.
Gérard P. Michon, Multiperfect and hemiperfect numbers
Walter Nissen, Abundancy : Some Resources
N. J. A. Sloane & A. L. Brown, Correspondence, 1974
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Multiperfect Number
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Sous-Double
Wikipedia, Multiply perfect number, (section Triperfect numbers)

Cf. A000203, A000396, A007539, A017665, A019278, A027687, A046060, A046061, A068403, A075701, A097023, A171266, A259302, A259303, A306373, A326051, A326181, A329189, A335141, A335254, A347383, A347391.
Subsequence of the following sequences: A007691, A069085, A153501, A216780, A292365, A336458, A336461, A336745, and if there are no odd terms, then also of A334410.
Positions of 120's in A094759, 119's in A326200.

A005820:=n->`if`(numtheory[sigma](n) = 3*n, n, NULL): seq(A005820(n), n=1..6*10^5); # Wesley Ivan Hurt, Oct 15 2017

triPerfectQ[n_] := DivisorSigma[1, n] == 3n; A005820 = {}; Do[If[triPerfectQ[n], AppendTo[A005820, n]], {n, 10^6}]; A005820 (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Aug 07 2008 *)
Select[Range[10^6],DivisorSigma[1,#]==3#&] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 03 2023 *)

isok(n) = sigma(n, -1) == 3; \\ Michel Marcus, Nov 22 2015

a(n) = 2*A326051(n). [provided no odd triperfect numbers exist] - Antti Karttunen, Jun 13 2019

Wells gives the 6th term as 31001180160, but this is an error.

Edited by Farideh Firoozbakht and N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 09 2014 to remove some incorrect statements.

cp's OEIS Frontend

A000396 Perfect numbers k: k is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of k.

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A083207 Zumkeller or integer-perfect numbers: numbers n whose divisors can be partitioned into two disjoint sets with equal sum.

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A005820 3-perfect (triply perfect, tri-perfect, triperfect or sous-double) numbers: numbers such that the sum of the divisors of n is 3n.

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A334409 Numbers m such that the sum of the first k divisors and the last k divisors of m is equal to 2*m for some k that is smaller than half of the number of divisors of m.

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