A050935 -id:A050935 - cp's OEIS frontend

A203400 Partial sums of A050935.

0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 0, -2, -3, -2, 1, 5, 8, 8, 4, -3, -10, -13, -9, 2, 16, 26, 25, 10, -15, -39, -48, -32, 8, 57, 90, 83, 27, -62, -144, -170, -107, 38, 209, 317, 280, 72, -244, -523, -594, -349, 175, 770, 1120, 946, 177, -942, -1887, -2063, -1120, 768

Offset: 1

Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 01 2012

sign

a(n) = a(n-1) + A050935(n) for n > 1.

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (2, -1, -1, 1).

a203400 n = a203400_list !! (n-1)
a203400_list = scanl1 (+) a050935_list

A000931 Padovan sequence (or Padovan numbers): a(n) = a(n-2) + a(n-3) with a(0) = 1, a(1) = a(2) = 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, 37, 49, 65, 86, 114, 151, 200, 265, 351, 465, 616, 816, 1081, 1432, 1897, 2513, 3329, 4410, 5842, 7739, 10252, 13581, 17991, 23833, 31572, 41824, 55405, 73396, 97229, 128801, 170625

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of compositions of n into parts congruent to 2 mod 3 (offset -1). - Vladeta Jovovic, Feb 09 2005
a(n) is the number of compositions of n into parts that are odd and >= 3. Example: a(10)=3 counts 3+7, 5+5, 7+3. - David Callan, Jul 14 2006
Referred to as N0102 in R. K. Guy's "Anyone for Twopins?" - Rainer Rosenthal, Dec 05 2006
Zagier conjectures that a(n+3) is the maximum number of multiple zeta values of weight n > 1 which are linearly independent over the rationals. - Jonathan Sondow and Sergey Zlobin (sirg_zlobin(AT)mail.ru), Dec 20 2006
Starting with offset 6: (1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...) = INVERT transform of A106510: (1, 1, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 1, -1, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 10 2008
Starting with offset 7, the sequence 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16, 21, 28, ... is called the Fibonacci quilt sequence by Catral et al., in Fib. Q. 2017. - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 24 2021
Triangle A145462: right border = A000931 starting with offset 6. Row sums = Padovan sequence starting with offset 7. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 10 2008
Starting with offset 3 = row sums of triangle A146973 and INVERT transform of [1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 03 2008
a(n+5) corresponds to the diagonal sums of "triangle": 1; 1; 1,1; 1,1; 1,2,1; 1,2,1; 1,3,3,1; 1,3,3,1; 1,4,6,4,1; ..., rows of Pascal's triangle (A007318) repeated. - Philippe Deléham, Dec 12 2008
With offset 3: (1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, ...) convolved with the tribonacci numbers prefaced with a "1": (1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13, ...) = the tribonacci numbers, A000073. (Cf. triangle A153462.) - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 27 2008
a(n) is also the number of strings of length (n-8) from an alphabet {A, B} with no more than one A or 2 B's consecutively. (E.g., n = 4: {ABAB,ABBA,BABA,BABB,BBAB} and a(4+8) = 5.) - Toby Gottfried, Mar 02 2010
p(n):=A000931(n+3), n >= 1, is the number of partitions of the numbers {1,2,3,...,n} into lists of length two or three containing neighboring numbers. The 'or' is inclusive. For n=0 one takes p(0)=1. For details see the W. Lang link. There the explicit formula for p(n) (analog of the Binet-de Moivre formula for Fibonacci numbers) is also given. Padovan sequences with different inputs are also considered there. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jun 15 2010
Equals the INVERTi transform of Fibonacci numbers prefaced with three 1's, i.e., (1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + x^4 + 2x^5 + 3x^6 + 5x^7 + 8x^8 + 13x^9 + ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Apr 01 2011
When run backwards gives (-1)^n*A050935(n).
a(n) is the top left entry of the n-th power of the 3 X 3 matrix [0, 0, 1; 1, 0, 1; 0, 1, 0] or of the 3 X 3 matrix [0, 1, 0; 0, 0, 1; 1, 1, 0]. - R. J. Mathar, Feb 03 2014
Figure 4 of Brauchart et al., 2014, shows a way to "visualize the Padovan sequence as cuboid spirals, where the dimensions of each cuboid made up by the previous ones are given by three consecutive numbers in the sequence". - N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 26 2014
a(n) is the number of closed walks from a vertex of a unidirectional triangle containing an opposing directed edge (arc) between the second and third vertices. Equivalently the (1,1) entry of A^n where the adjacency matrix of digraph is A=(0,1,0;0,0,1;1,1,0). - David Neil McGrath, Dec 19 2014
Number of compositions of n-3 (n >= 4) into 2's and 3's. Example: a(12)=5 because we have 333, 3222, 2322, 2232, and 2223. - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 28 2014
The Hoffman (2015) paper "offers significant evidence that the number of quantities needed to generate the weight-n multiple harmonic sums mod p is" a(n). - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 24 2016
a(n) gives the number of compositions of n-5 into odd parts where the order of the 1's does not matter. For example, a(11)=4 counts the following compositions of 6: (5,1)=(1,5), (3,3), (3,1,1,1)=(1,3,1,1)=(1,1,3,1)=(1,1,1,3), (1,1,1,1,1,1). - Gregory L. Simay, Aug 04 2016
For n > 6, a(n) is the number of maximal matchings in the (n-5)-path graph, maximal independent vertex sets and minimal vertex covers in the (n-6)-path graph, and minimal edge covers in the (n-5)-pan graph and (n-3)-path graphs. - Eric W. Weisstein, Mar 30, Aug 03, and Aug 07 2017
From James Mitchell and Wilf A. Wilson, Jul 21 2017: (Start)
a(2n + 5) + 2n - 4, n > 2, is the number of maximal subsemigroups of the monoid of order-preserving mappings on a set with n elements.
a(n + 6) + n - 3, n > 3, is the number of maximal subsemigroups of the monoid of order-preserving or reversing mappings on a set with n elements.
(End)
Has the property that the largest of any four consecutive terms equals the sum of the two smallest. - N. J. A. Sloane, Aug 29 2017 [David Nacin points out that there are many sequences with this property, such as 1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,2,... or 2,3,4,5,2,3,4,5,2,3,4,5,... or 2,2,1,3,3,   4,1,4,    5,5,1,6,6,   7,1,7,   8,8,1,9,9,   10,1,10, ...  (spaces added for clarity), and a conjecture I made here in 2017 was simply wrong. I have deleted it. - N. J. A. Sloane, Oct 23 2018]
a(n) is also the number of maximal cliques in the (n+6)-path complement graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Apr 12 2018
a(n+8) is the number of solus bitstrings of length n with no runs of 3 zeros. - Steven Finch, Mar 25 2020
Named after the architect Richard Padovan (b. 1935). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 08 2021
Shannon et al. (2006) credit a French architecture student Gérard Cordonnier with the discovery of these numbers.
For n >= 3, a(n) is the number of sequences of 0s and 1s of length (n-2) that begin with a 0, end with a 0, contain no two consecutive 0s, and contain no three consecutive 1s. - Yifan Xie, Oct 20 2022
For n >= 2, a(n+5) is the number of ways to tile the 1xn board with dominoes and squares (ie. size 1x1) such that are either none or one squares between dominoes, none or one squares at both ends of the board, and there is at least one domino. For example, for n=6, a(11)=4 since the tilings are |2|2, |22|, 2|2| and 222 (where 2 represents a domino and | a square). - Enrique Navarrete, Aug 31 2024

			G.f. = 1 + x^3 + x^5 + x^6 + x^7 + 2*x^8 + 2*x^9 + 3*x^10 + 4*x^11 + ...

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Indranil Ghosh, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..8180 (terms 0..1000 from T. D. Noe)
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Frédéric Chapoton, Multiple T-values with one parameter, arXiv:2108.08534 [math.NT], 2021. See p. 5.
Phyllis Chinn and Silvia Heubach, Integer Sequences Related to Compositions without 2's, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 6 (2003), Article 03.2.3.
Moshe Cohen, The Jones polynomials of 3-bridge knots via Chebyshev knots and billiard table diagrams, arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.6614 [math.GT], 2014.
Mahadi Ddamulira, On the x-coordinates of Pell equations which are sums of two Padovan numbers, arXiv:1905.11322 [math.NT], 2019.
Mahadi Ddamulira, Padovan numbers that are concatenations of two repdigits, arXiv:2003.10705 [math.NT], 2020.
Mahadi Ddamulira, On the x-coordinates of Pell equations that are products of two Padovan numbers, Integers: Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory, State University of West Georgia, Charles University, and DIMATIA (2020), hal-02471858.
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Mahadi Ddamulira, Padovan numbers that are concatenations of two distinct repdigits, Cambridge Open Engage (2020), preprint.
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Tomislav Doslic and I. Zubac, Counting maximal matchings in linear polymers, Ars Mathematica Contemporanea, Vol. 11 (2016), pp. 255-276.
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Aysel Erey, Zachary Gershkoff, Amanda Lohss and Ranjan Rohatgi, Characterization and enumeration of 3-regular permutation graphs, arXiv:1709.06979 [math.CO], 2017.
Reinhardt Euler, The Fibonacci Number of a Grid Graph and a New Class of Integer Sequences, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 8 (2005), Article 05.2.6.
Reinhardt Euler, Paweł Oleksik and Zdzisław Skupien, Counting Maximal Distance-Independent Sets in Grid Graphs, Discussiones Mathematicae Graph Theory, Vol. 33, No. 3 (2013), pp. 531-557, ISSN (Print) 2083-5892.
Sergio Falcón, Binomial Transform of the Generalized k-Fibonacci Numbers, Communications in Mathematics and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2019), pp. 643-651.
Steven Finch, Cantor-solus and Cantor-multus distributions, arXiv:2003.09458 [math.CO], 2020.
Philippe Flajolet and Bruno Salvy, Euler Sums and Contour Integral Representations, Experimental Mathematics, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1998), pp. 15-35.
Dale Gerdemann, Sums of Padovan numbers equal to sums of powers of plastic number, YouTube video.
Dale Gerdemann, Tuba Fantasy (music generated from Padovan numbers), YouTube video.
Juan B. Gil, Michael D. Weiner and Catalin Zara, Complete Padovan sequences in finite fields, arXiv:math/0605348 [math.NT], 2006.
Juan B. Gil, Michael D. Weiner and Catalin Zara, Complete Padovan sequences in finite fields, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Feb 2007), pp. 64-75.
N. Gogin and A. Mylläri, Padovan-like sequences and Bell polynomials, Proceedings of Applications of Computer Algebra ACA, 2013.
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Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (0,1,1).

The following are basically all variants of the same sequence: A000931, A078027, A096231, A124745, A133034, A134816, A164001, A182097, A228361 and probably A020720. However, each one has its own special features and deserves its own entry.
Closely related to A001608.
Cf. A000073, A005682-A005691, A103372-A103380, A106510, A145462, A146973, A153462.
Doubling every term gives A291289.

a:=[1,0,0];; for n in [4..50] do a[n]:=a[n-2]+a[n-3]; od; a; # G. C. Greubel, Dec 30 2019

a000931 n = a000931_list !! n
a000931_list = 1 : 0 : 0 : zipWith (+) a000931_list (tail a000931_list)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 10 2011

I:=[1,0,0]; [n le 3 select I[n] else Self(n-2) + Self(n-3): n in [1..60]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 21 2015

A000931 := proc(n) option remember; if n = 0 then 1 elif n <= 2 then 0 else procname(n-2)+procname(n-3); fi; end;
A000931:=-(1+z)/(-1+z^2+z^3); # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation; gives sequence without five leading terms
a[0]:=1; a[1]:=0; a[2]:=0; for n from 3 to 50 do a[n]:=a[n-2]+a[n-3]; end do; # Francesco Daddi, Aug 04 2011

CoefficientList[Series[(1-x^2)/(1-x^2-x^3), {x, 0, 50}], x]
a[0]=1; a[1]=a[2]=0; a[n_]:= a[n]= a[n-2] + a[n-3]; Table[a[n], {n, 0, 50}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, May 04 2006 *)
LinearRecurrence[{0,1,1}, {1,0,0}, 50] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 10 2012 *)
Table[RootSum[-1 -# +#^3 &, 5#^n -6#^(n+1) +4#^(n+2) &]/23, {n,0,50}] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 09 2017 *)

Vec((1-x^2)/(1-x^2-x^3) + O(x^50)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Feb 11 2011

{a(n) = if( n<0, polcoeff(1/(1+x-x^3) + x * O(x^-n), -n), polcoeff( (1 - x^2)/(1-x^2-x^3) + x * O(x^n), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 18 2012 */

def aupton(nn):
    alst = [1, 0, 0]
    for n in range(3, nn+1): alst.append(alst[n-2]+alst[n-3])
    return alst
print(aupton(49)) # Michael S. Branicky, Mar 28 2022

def A000931_list(prec):
    P. = PowerSeriesRing(ZZ, prec)
    return P( (1-x^2)/(1-x^2-x^3) ).list()
A000931_list(50) # G. C. Greubel, Dec 30 2019

G.f.: (1-x^2)/(1-x^2-x^3).
a(n) is asymptotic to r^n / (2*r+3) where r = 1.3247179572447... = A060006, the real root of x^3 = x + 1. - Philippe Deléham, Jan 13 2004
a(n)^2 + a(n+2)^2 + a(n+6)^2 = a(n+1)^2 + a(n+3)^2 + a(n+4)^2 + a(n+5)^2 (Barniville, Question 16884, Ed. Times 1911).
a(n+5) = a(0) + a(1) + ... + a(n).
a(n) = central and lower right terms in the (n-3)-th power of the 3 X 3 matrix M = [0 1 0 / 0 0 1 / 1 1 0]. E.g., a(13) = 7. M^10 = [3 5 4 / 4 7 5 / 5 9 7]. - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 01 2004
G.f.: 1/(1 - x^3 - x^5 - x^7 - x^9 - ...). - Jon Perry, Jul 04 2004
a(n+4) = Sum_{k=0..floor((n-1)/2)} binomial(floor((n+k-2)/3), k). - Paul Barry, Jul 06 2004
a(n+3) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} binomial(k, n-2k). - Paul Barry, Sep 17 2004, corrected by Greg Dresden and Zi Ye, Jul 06 2021
a(n+3) is diagonal sum of A026729 (as a number triangle), with formula a(n+3) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} Sum_{i=0..n-k} (-1)^(n-k+i)*binomial(n-k, i)*binomial(i+k, i-k). - Paul Barry, Sep 23 2004
a(n) = a(n-1) + a(n-5) = A003520(n-4) + A003520(n-13) = A003520(n-3) - A003520(n-9). - Henry Bottomley, Jan 30 2005
a(n+3) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} binomial((n-k)/2, k)(1+(-1)^(n-k))/2. - Paul Barry, Sep 09 2005
The sequence 1/(1-x^2-x^3) (a(n+3)) is given by the diagonal sums of the Riordan array (1/(1-x^3), x/(1-x^3)). The row sums are A000930. - Paul Barry, Feb 25 2005
a(n) = A023434(n-7) + 1 for n >= 7. - David Callan, Jul 14 2006
a(n+5) corresponds to the diagonal sums of A030528. The binomial transform of a(n+5) is A052921. a(n+5) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^(n-k+i)*binomial(n-k, i)binomial(i+k+1, 2k+1). - Paul Barry, Jun 21 2004
r^(n-1) = (1/r)*a(n) + r*a(n+1) + a(n+2), where r = 1.32471... is the real root of x^3 - x - 1 = 0. Example: r^8 = (1/r)*a(9) + r*a(10) + a(11) = (1/r)*2 + r*3 + 4 = 9.483909... - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 22 2006
a(n) = (r^n)/(2r+3) + (s^n)/(2s+3) + (t^n)/(2t+3) where r, s, t are the three roots of x^3-x-1. - Keith Schneider (schneidk(AT)email.unc.edu), Sep 07 2007
a(n) = -k*a(n-1) + a(n-2) + (k+1)a(n-2) + k*a(n-4), n > 3, for any value of k. - Gary Detlefs, Sep 13 2010
From Francesco Daddi, Aug 04 2011: (Start)
  a(0) + a(2) + a(4) + a(6) + ... + a(2*n) = a(2*n+3).
  a(0) + a(3) + a(6) + a(9) + ... + a(3*n) = a(3*n+2)+1.
  a(0) + a(5) + a(10) + a(15) + ... + a(5*n) = a(5*n+1)+1.
  a(0) + a(7) + a(14) + a(21) + ... + a(7*n) = (a(7*n) + a(7*n+1) + 1)/2.  (End)
a(n+3) = Sum_{k=0..floor((n+1)/2)} binomial((n+k)/3,k), where binomial((n+k)/3,k)=0 for noninteger (n+k)/3. - Nikita Gogin, Dec 07 2012
a(n) = A182097(n-3) for n > 2. - Jonathan Sondow, Mar 14 2014
a(n) = the k-th difference of a(n+5k) - a(n+5k-1), k>=1. For example, a(10)=3 => a(15)-a(14) => 2nd difference of a(20)-a(19) => 3rd difference of a(25)-a(24)... - Bob Selcoe, Mar 18 2014
Construct the power matrix T(n,j) = [A^*j]*[S^*(j-1)] where A=(0,0,1,0,1,0,1,...) and S=(0,1,0,0,...) or A063524. [* is convolution operation] Define S^*0=I with I=(1,0,0,...). Then a(n) = Sum_{j=1...n} T(n,j). - David Neil McGrath, Dec 19 2014
If x=a(n), y=a(n+1), z=a(n+2), then x^3 + 2*y*x^2 - z^2*x - 3*y*z*x + y^2*x + y^3 - y^2*z + z^3 = 1. - Alexander Samokrutov, Jul 20 2015
For the sequence shifted by 6 terms, a(n) = Sum_{k=ceiling(n/3)..ceiling(n/2)} binomial(k+1,3*k-n) [Doslic-Zubac]. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 23 2017
From Joseph M. Shunia, Jan 21 2020: (Start)
a(2n) = 2*a(n-1)*a(n) + a(n)^2 + a(n+1)^2, for n > 8.
a(2n-1) = 2*a(n)*a(n+1) + a(n-1)^2, for n > 8.
a(2n+1) = 2*a(n+1)*a(n+2) + a(n)^2, for n > 7. (End)
0*a(0) + 1*a(1) + 2*a(2) + ... + n*a(n) = n*a(n+5) - a(n+9) + 2. - Greg Dresden and Zi Ye, Jul 02 2021
From Greg Dresden and Zi Ye, Jul 06 2021: (Start)
2*a(n) = a(n+2) + a(n-5) for n >= 5.
3*a(n) = a(n+4) - a(n-9) for n >= 9.
4*a(n) = a(n+5) - a(n-9) for n >= 9. (End)

Edited by Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 17 2010

Deleted certain dangerous or potentially dangerous links. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 30 2021

A108299 Triangle read by rows, 0 <= k <= n: T(n,k) = binomial(n-[(k+1)/2],[k/2])*(-1)^[(k+1)/2].

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -2, 1, 1, -1, -3, 2, 1, 1, -1, -4, 3, 3, -1, 1, -1, -5, 4, 6, -3, -1, 1, -1, -6, 5, 10, -6, -4, 1, 1, -1, -7, 6, 15, -10, -10, 4, 1, 1, -1, -8, 7, 21, -15, -20, 10, 5, -1, 1, -1, -9, 8, 28, -21, -35, 20, 15, -5, -1, 1, -1, -10, 9, 36, -28, -56, 35, 35, -15, -6, 1, 1, -1, -11, 10, 45, -36, -84, 56, 70

Offset: 0

Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 01 2005

Matrix inverse of A124645.
Let L(n,x) = Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k)*x^(n-k) and Pi=3.14...:
L(n,x) = Product_{k=1..n} (x - 2*cos((2*k-1)*Pi/(2*n+1)));
Sum_{k=0..n} T(n,k) = L(n,1) = A010892(n+1);
Sum_{k=0..n} abs(T(n,k)) = A000045(n+2);
abs(T(n,k)) = A065941(n,k), T(n,k) = A065941(n,k)*A087960(k);
T(2*n,k) + T(2*n+1,k+1) = 0 for 0 <= k <= 2*n;
T(n,0) = A000012(n) = 1; T(n,1) = -1 for n > 0;
T(n,2) = -(n-1) for n > 1; T(n,3) = A000027(n)=n for n > 2;
T(n,4) = A000217(n-3) for n > 3; T(n,5) = -A000217(n-4) for n > 4;
T(n,6) = -A000292(n-5) for n > 5; T(n,7) = A000292(n-6) for n > 6;
T(n,n-3) = A058187(n-3)*(-1)^floor(n/2) for n > 2;
T(n,n-2) = A008805(n-2)*(-1)^floor((n+1)/2) for n > 1;
T(n,n-1) = A008619(n-1)*(-1)^floor(n/2) for n > 0;
T(n,n) = L(n,0) = (-1)^floor((n+1)/2);
L(n,1) = A010892(n+1); L(n,-1) = A061347(n+2);
L(n,2) = 1; L(n,-2) = A005408(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,3) = A001519(n); L(n,-3) = A002878(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,4) = A001835(n+1); L(n,-4) = A001834(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,5) = A004253(n); L(n,-5) = A030221(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,6) = A001653(n); L(n,-6) = A002315(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,7) = A049685(n); L(n,-7) = A033890(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,8) = A070997(n); L(n,-8) = A057080(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,9) = A070998(n); L(n,-9) = A057081(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,10) = A072256(n+1); L(n,-10) = A054320(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,11) = A078922(n+1); L(n,-11) = A097783(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,12) = A077417(n); L(n,-12) = A077416(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,13) = A085260(n);
L(n,14) = A001570(n); L(n,-14) = A028230(n)*(-1)^n;
L(n,n) = A108366(n); L(n,-n) = A108367(n).
Row n of the matrix inverse (A124645) has g.f.: x^floor(n/2)*(1-x)^(n-floor(n/2)). - Paul D. Hanna, Jun 12 2005
From L. Edson Jeffery, Mar 12 2011: (Start)
Conjecture: Let N=2*n+1, with n > 2. Then T(n,k) (0 <= k <= n) gives the k-th coefficient in the characteristic function p_N(x)=0, of degree n in x, for the n X n tridiagonal unit-primitive matrix G_N (see [Jeffery]) of the form
  G_N=A_{N,1}=
  (0 1 0 ... 0)
  (1 0 1 0 ... 0)
  (0 1 0 1 0 ... 0)
  ...
  (0 ... 0 1 0 1)
  (0 ... 0 1 1),
with solutions phi_j = 2*cos((2*j-1)*Pi/N), j=1,2,...,n. For example, for n=3,
  G_7=A_{7,1}=
  (0 1 0)
  (1 0 1)
  (0 1 1).
We have {T(3,k)}=(1,-1,-2,1), while the characteristic function of G_7 is p(x) = x^3-x^2-2*x+1 = 0, with solutions phi_j = 2*cos((2*j-1)*Pi/7), j=1,2,3. (End)
The triangle sums, see A180662 for their definitions, link A108299 with several sequences, see the crossrefs. - Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 08 2011
The roots to the polynomials are chaotic using iterates of the operation (x^2 - 2), with cycle lengths L and initial seeds returning to the same term or (-1)* the seed. Periodic cycle lengths L are shown in A003558 such that for the polynomial represented by row r, the cycle length L is A003558(r-1). The matrices corresponding to the rows as characteristic polynomials are likewise chaotic [cf. Kappraff et al., 2005] with the same cycle lengths but substituting 2*I for the "2" in (x^2 - 2), where I = the Identity matrix. For example, the roots to x^3 - x^2 - 2x + 1 = 0 are 1.801937..., -1.246979..., and 0.445041... With 1.801937... as the initial seed and using (x^2 - 2), we obtain the 3-period trajectory of 8.801937... -> 1.246979... -> -0.445041... (returning to -1.801937...). We note that A003558(2) = 3. The corresponding matrix M is: [0,1,0; 1,0,1; 0,1,1,]. Using seed M with (x^2 - 2*I), we obtain the 3-period with the cycle completed at (-1)*M. - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 07 2012

			Triangle begins:
  1;
  1,  -1;
  1,  -1,  -1;
  1,  -1,  -2,   1;
  1,  -1,  -3,   2,   1;
  1,  -1,  -4,   3,   3,  -1;
  1,  -1,  -5,   4,   6,  -3,  -1;
  1,  -1,  -6,   5,  10,  -6,  -4,   1;
  1,  -1,  -7,   6,  15, -10, -10,   4,   1;
  1,  -1,  -8,   7,  21, -15, -20,  10,   5,  -1;
  1,  -1,  -9,   8,  28, -21, -35,  20,  15,  -5,  -1;
  1,  -1, -10,   9,  36, -28, -56,  35,  35, -15,  -6,   1;
  ...

Friedrich L. Bauer, 'De Moivre und Lagrange: Cosinus eines rationalen Vielfachen von Pi', Informatik Spektrum 28 (Springer, 2005).
Jay Kappraff, S. Jablan, G. Adamson, & R. Sazdonovich: "Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, & Chaotic Matrices"; FORMA, Vol 19, No 4, (2005).

Reinhard Zumkeller, Rows n = 0..150 of triangle, flattened
Henry W. Gould, A Variant of Pascal's Triangle, Corrections, The Fibonacci Quarterly, Vol. 3, Nr. 4, Dec. 1965, p. 257-271.
L. Edson Jeffery, Unit-primitive matrices.
Ju, Hyeong-Kwan On the sequence generated by a certain type of matrices. Honam Math. J. 39, No. 4, 665-675 (2017).
Michelle Rudolph-Lilith, On the Product Representation of Number Sequences, with Application to the Fibonacci Family, arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.07894 [math.NT], 2015.
Frank Ruskey and Carla Savage, Gray codes for set partitions and restricted growth tails, Australasian Journal of Combinatorics, Volume 10(1994), pp. 85-96. See Table 1 p. 95.

Cf. A049310, A039961, A124645 (matrix inverse).
Triangle sums (see the comments): A193884 (Kn11), A154955 (Kn21), A087960 (Kn22), A000007 (Kn3), A010892 (Fi1), A134668 (Fi2), A078031 (Ca2), A193669 (Gi1), A001519 (Gi3), A193885 (Ze1), A050935 (Ze3). - Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 08 2011
Cf. A003558.
Cf. A033999, A059841.

a108299 n k = a108299_tabl !! n !! k
a108299_row n = a108299_tabl !! n
a108299_tabl = [1] : iterate (\row ->
   zipWith (+) (zipWith (*) ([0] ++ row) a033999_list)
               (zipWith (*) (row ++ [0]) a059841_list)) [1,-1]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 06 2012

A108299 := proc(n,k): binomial(n-floor((k+1)/2), floor(k/2))*(-1)^floor((k+1)/2) end: seq(seq(A108299 (n,k), k=0..n), n=0..11); # Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 08 2011

t[n_, k_?EvenQ] := I^k*Binomial[n-k/2, k/2]; t[n_, k_?OddQ] := -I^(k-1)*Binomial[n+(1-k)/2-1, (k-1)/2]; Table[t[n, k], {n, 0, 12}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, May 16 2013 *)

{T(n,k)=polcoeff(polcoeff((1-x*y)/(1-x+x^2*y^2+x^2*O(x^n)),n,x)+y*O(y^k),k,y)} (Hanna)

T(n,k) = binomial(n-floor((k+1)/2),floor(k/2))*(-1)^floor((k+1)/2).
T(n+1, k) = if sign(T(n, k-1))=sign(T(n, k)) then T(n, k-1)+T(n, k) else -T(n, k-1) for 0 < k < n, T(n, 0) = 1, T(n, n) = (-1)^floor((n+1)/2).
G.f.: A(x, y) = (1 - x*y)/(1 - x + x^2*y^2). - Paul D. Hanna, Jun 12 2005
The generating polynomial (in z) of row n >= 0 is (u^(2*n+1) + v^(2*n+1))/(u + v), where u and v are defined by u^2 + v^2 = 1 and u*v = z. - Emeric Deutsch, Jun 16 2011
From Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 08 2011: (Start)
abs(T(n,k)) = A065941(n,k) = abs(A187660(n,n-k));
T(n,n-k) = A130777(n,k); abs(T(n,n-k)) = A046854(n,k) = abs(A066170(n,k)). (End)

Corrected and edited by Philippe Deléham, Oct 20 2008

A104769 Expansion of g.f. -x/(1+x-x^3).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, -1, 1, -1, 0, 1, -2, 2, -1, -1, 3, -4, 3, 0, -4, 7, -7, 3, 4, -11, 14, -10, -1, 15, -25, 24, -9, -16, 40, -49, 33, 7, -56, 89, -82, 26, 63, -145, 171, -108, -37, 208, -316, 279, -71, -245, 524, -595, 350, 174, -769, 1119, -945, 176, 943, -1888, 2064, -1121, -767, 2831, -3952

Offset: 0

Creighton Dement, Mar 24 2005

Generating floretion is "jesright".

Pisano period lengths: 1, 7, 13, 14, 24, 91, 48, 28, 39, 168, 120, 182, 183, 336, 312, 56, 288, 273, 180, 168,.. (which differs from A104217 for example at index 23). - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012

Michael De Vlieger, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000
Paul Barry, Centered polygon numbers, heptagons and nonagons, and the Robbins numbers, arXiv:2104.01644 [math.CO], 2021.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (-1,0,1).

Apart from signs, essentially the same as A050935 and A078013.
Cf. A247917 (negative).
Cf. A000931, A057597.

LinearRecurrence[{-1, 0, 1}, {0, -1, 1}, 61] (* or *)
CoefficientList[Series[-x/(1 + x - x^3), {x, 0, 60}], x] (* Michael De Vlieger, Jul 02 2021 *)

a(n)=([0,1,0;0,0,1;1,0,-1]^n*[0;-1;1])[1,1] \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 11 2015

a(n) = -A247917(n-1).
Recurrence: a(n+3) = a(n) - a(n+2); a(0) = 0, a(1) = -1, a(2) = 1.
a(n+1) - a(n) = ((-1)^(n+1))*a(n+5).
a(n) = ((-1)^n)*A050935(n+1) = ((-1)^n)*A078013(n+2).
a(n) = A104771(n) - A104770(n).

Edited by Ralf Stephan, Apr 05 2009

A129267 Triangle with T(n,k) = T(n-1,k-1) + T(n-1,k) - T(n-2,k-1) - T(n-2,k) and T(0,0)=1 .

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -3, -2, 1, 1, 0, -2, -5, -3, 1, 1, 1, 2, -2, -7, -4, 1, 1, 1, 5, 7, -1, -9, -5, 1, 1, 0, 3, 12, 15, 1, -11, -6, 1, 1, -1, -3, 3, 21, 26, 4, -13, -7, 1, 1, -1, -7, -15, -3, 31, 40, 8, -15, -8, 1, 1

Offset: 0

Philippe Deléham, Jun 08 2007

Triangle T(n,k), 0<=k<=n, read by rows given by [1,-1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,...] DELTA [1,0,0,0,0,0,...] where DELTA is the operator defined in A084938 . Riordan array (1/(1-x+x^2),(x*(1-x))/(1-x+x^2)); inverse array is (1/(1+x),(x/(1+x))*c(x/(1+x))) where c(x)is g.f. of A000108 .

Row sums are ( with the addition of a first row {0}): 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, -4, -8, -8, 0, 16, 32,... (see A009545). - Roger L. Bagula, Nov 15 2009

			Triangle begins:
   1;
   1,  1;
   0,  1,   1;
  -1, -1,   1,  1;
  -1, -3,  -2,  1,  1;
   0, -2,  -5, -3,  1,   1;
   1,  2,  -2, -7, -4,   1,   1;
   1,  5,   7, -1, -9,  -5,   1,   1;
   0,  3,  12, 15,  1, -11,  -6,   1,  1;
  -1, -3,   3, 21, 26,   4, -13,  -7,  1, 1;
  -1, -7, -15, -3, 31,  40,   8, -15, -8, 1, 1;

G. C. Greubel, Rows n = 0..100 of the triangle, flattened

Cf. A063967, A167925, A199324, A202503, A202551.

T:= proc(n, k) option remember;
      if k<0 or  k>n  then 0
    elif n=0 and k=0 then 1
    else T(n-1,k-1) + T(n-1,k) - T(n-2,k-1) - T(n-2,k)
      fi; end:
seq(seq(T(n, k), k=0..n), n=0..12); # G. C. Greubel, Mar 14 2020

m = {{a, 1}, {-1, 1}}; v[0]:= {0, 1}; v[n_]:= v[n] = m.v[n-1]; Table[CoefficientList[v[n][[1]], a], {n, 0, 10}]//Flatten (* Roger L. Bagula, Nov 15 2009 *)
T[n_, k_]:= T[n, k]= If[k<0 || k>n, 0, If[n==0 && k==0, 1, T[n-1, k-1] + T[n-1, k] - T[n-2, k-1] - T[n-2, k] ]]; Table[T[n, k], {n,0,12}, {k,0,n}]//Flatten (* G. C. Greubel, Mar 14 2020 *)

@CachedFunction
def T(n, k):
    if (k<0 or k>n): return 0
    elif (n==0 and k==0): return 1
    else: return T(n-1,k-1) + T(n-1,k) - T(n-2,k-1) - T(n-2,k)
[[T(n, k) for k in (0..n)] for n in (0..12)] # G. C. Greubel, Mar 14 2020

Sum{k=0..n} T(n,k)*x^k = { (-1)^n*A057093(n), (-1)^n*A057092(n), (-1)^n*A057091(n), (-1)^n*A057090(n), (-1)^n*A057089(n), (-1)^n*A057088(n), (-1)^n*A057087(n), (-1)^n*A030195(n+1), (-1)^n*A002605(n), A039834(n+1), A000007(n), A010892(n), A099087(n), A057083(n), A001787(n+1), A030191(n), A030192(n), A030240(n), A057084(n), A057085(n), A057086(n) } for x=-11, -10, ..., 8, 9, respectively .
Sum{k=0..n} T(n,k)*A000045(k) = A100334(n).
Sum{k=0..floor(n/2)} T(n-k,k) = A050935(n+2).
T(n,k)= Sum{j>=0} A109466(n,j)*binomial(j,k).
T(n,k) = (-1)^(n-k)*A199324(n,k) = (-1)^k*A202551(n,k) = A202503(n,n-k). - Philippe Deléham, Mar 26 2013
G.f.: 1/(1-x*y+x^2*y-x+x^2). - R. J. Mathar, Aug 11 2015

Riordan array definition corrected by Ralf Stephan, Jan 02 2014

A176971 Expansion of (1+x)/(1+x-x^3) in powers of x.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 2, -2, 1, 1, -3, 4, -3, 0, 4, -7, 7, -3, -4, 11, -14, 10, 1, -15, 25, -24, 9, 16, -40, 49, -33, -7, 56, -89, 82, -26, -63, 145, -171, 108, 37, -208, 316, -279, 71, 245, -524, 595

Offset: 0

Roger L. Bagula, Apr 29 2010

Except for signs the sequence is the essentially same as A078013, A050935 and A104769.

Padovan sequence extended to negative indices. - Hugo Pfoertner, Jul 16 2017

			G.f. = 1 + x^3 - x^4 + x^5 - x^7 + 2*x^8 - 2*x^9 + x^10 + x^11 - 3*x^12 + ...

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..5000
Taras Goy and Mark Shattuck, Toeplitz-Hessenberg determinant formulas for the sequence F_n-1, Online J. Anal. Comb. (2025) Vol. 19, Paper 1, 1-26. See p. 12.
Yüksel Soykan, Summing Formulas For Generalized Tribonacci Numbers, arXiv:1910.03490 [math.GM], 2019.
Wikipedia, Padovan sequence.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (-1,0,1). [From _R. J. Mathar_, Apr 30 2010]

Cf. A000931, A005251, A050935, A078013, A104769, A182097.

m:=25; R:=PowerSeriesRing(Integers(), m); Coefficients(R!((1+x)/(1+x-x^3))); // G. C. Greubel, Sep 25 2018

a[0] := 1; a[1] = 0; a[2] = 0;
a[n_] := a[n] = a[n - 2] + a[n - 3];
b = Table[a[n], {n, 0, 50}];
Table[b[[n]]^2 - b[[n - 1]]*b[[n + 1]], {n, 1, Length[b] - 1}]
a[ n_] := If[ n >= 0, SeriesCoefficient[ (1 + x) / (1 + x - x^3), {x, 0, n}], SeriesCoefficient[ 1 / (1 - x^2 - x^3), {x, 0, Abs@n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Dec 13 2013 *)

{a(n) = if( n>=0, polcoeff( (1 + x) / (1 + x - x^3) + x * O(x^n), n), polcoeff( 1 / (1 - x^2 - x^3) + x * O(x^-n), -n))}; /* Michael Somos, Dec 13 2013 */

a(n) = A000931(n)^2 -A000931(n-1)*A000931(n+1).
a(n) = -a(n-1) +a(n-3). - R. J. Mathar, Apr 30 2010
a(n) = -A104769(n) - A104769(n+1). - Ralf Stephan, Aug 18 2013
G.f.: 1 / (1 - x^3 / (1 + x)). - Michael Somos, Dec 13 2013
a(n) = A182097(-n) for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, Dec 13 2013
A000931(n) = a(n)^2 - a(n-1) * a(n+1). - Michael Somos, Dec 13 2013
Binomial transform is A005251(n+1). - Michael Somos, Dec 13 2013

Deleted certain dangerous or potentially dangerous links. - N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 30 2021

A247917 Expansion of 1 / (1 + x - x^3) in powers of x.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, -1, 1, 0, -1, 2, -2, 1, 1, -3, 4, -3, 0, 4, -7, 7, -3, -4, 11, -14, 10, 1, -15, 25, -24, 9, 16, -40, 49, -33, -7, 56, -89, 82, -26, -63, 145, -171, 108, 37, -208, 316, -279, 71, 245, -524, 595, -350, -174, 769, -1119, 945, -176, -943, 1888, -2064, 1121

Offset: 0

Michael Somos, Sep 26 2014

			G.f. = 1 - x + x^2 - x^4 + 2*x^5 - 2*x^6 + x^7 + x^8 - 3*x^9 + 4*x^10 + ...

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (-1,0,1).

Cf. A000931, A050935, A078013, A104769, A176971.

m:=60; R:=PowerSeriesRing(Integers(), m); Coefficients(R!(1/(1 + x - x^3)));  // G. C. Greubel, Aug 04 2018

CoefficientList[Series[1/(1 + x - x^3), {x, 0, 100}], x] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 27 2014 *)
LinearRecurrence[{-1,0,1},{1,-1,1},60] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 10 2025 *)

{a(n) = if( n<0, n = -3-n; polcoeff( 1 / (1 - x^2 - x^3) + x * O(x^n), n), polcoeff( 1 / (1 + x - x^3) + x * O(x^n), n))};

G.f.: 1 / (1 + x - x^3).
0 = a(n) - a(n+2) - a(n+3) for all n in Z.
a(-n) = A000931(n) for all n in Z.
a(n) = A176971(n+3) for all n in Z.
-a(n) = A104769(n+1) for all n in Z.
(-1)^n * a(n) = A050935(n+3) for all n in Z.
-(-1)^n * a(n) = A078013(n+3) for all n in Z.

A078013 Expansion of (1-x)/(1-x+x^3).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 0, -1, -1, -1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, -1, -3, -4, -3, 0, 4, 7, 7, 3, -4, -11, -14, -10, 1, 15, 25, 24, 9, -16, -40, -49, -33, 7, 56, 89, 82, 26, -63, -145, -171, -108, 37, 208, 316, 279, 71, -245, -524, -595, -350, 174, 769, 1119, 945, 176, -943, -1888, -2064, -1121, 767, 2831, 3952, 3185, 354, -3598, -6783, -7137

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 17 2002

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (1,0,-1).

Cf. A050935.

a:=[1,0,0];; for n in [4..70] do a[n]:=a[n-1]-a[n-3]; od; a; # G. C. Greubel, Jun 29 2019

R:=PowerSeriesRing(Integers(), 70); Coefficients(R!( (1-x)/(1-x+x^3) )); // G. C. Greubel, Jun 29 2019

LinearRecurrence[{1,0,-1}, {1,0,0}, 70] (* or *) CoefficientList[Series[ (1-x)/(1-x+x^3), {x,0,70}], x] (* G. C. Greubel, Jun 29 2019 *)

Vec((1-x)/(1-x+x^3)+O(x^70)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 26 2012

((1-x)/(1-x+x^3)).series(x, 70).coefficients(x, sparse=False) # G. C. Greubel, Jun 29 2019

G.f.: (1-x)/(1-x+x^3).
a(n) = -A050935(n).
a(n+1) = a(n) - a(n-2), a(0)=1, a(1)=a(2)=0. - Philippe Deléham, Nov 12 2011
G.f.: 1 - x^3 - x^4 + x^6 + x^6/(G(0) - 1) where G(k) = 1 - x*(k+1)/(1 - x/(x - (k+1)/G(k+1) )); (recursively defined continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 17 2012

A099529 Expansion of (1+x)^2/((1+x)^2+x^3).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 0, -1, 2, -3, 5, -9, 16, -28, 49, -86, 151, -265, 465, -816, 1432, -2513, 4410, -7739, 13581, -23833, 41824, -73396, 128801, -226030, 396655, -696081, 1221537, -2143648, 3761840, -6601569, 11584946, -20330163, 35676949, -62608681, 109870576, -192809420, 338356945, -593775046, 1042002567

Offset: 0

Paul Barry, Oct 20 2004

Binomial transform has g.f. 1/(1-x+x^3) (A050935(n+2)).

Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (-2,-1,-1).

a(n)=-2a(n-1)-a(n-2)-a(n-3); a(n)=sum{j=0..n, sum{k=0..floor(j/3), C(n, j)(-1)^(n-j)C(j-2k, k)(-1)^k}}.

a(n)=(-1)^n*A005314(n-2). [From R. J. Mathar, Nov 26 2008]

A099530 Expansion of 1/(1 - x + x^4).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -3, -2, 0, 3, 6, 8, 8, 5, -1, -9, -17, -22, -21, -12, 5, 27, 48, 60, 55, 28, -20, -80, -135, -163, -143, -63, 72, 235, 378, 441, 369, 134, -244, -685, -1054, -1188, -944, -259, 795, 1983, 2927, 3186, 2391, 408, -2519, -5705, -8096, -8504, -5985, -280, 7816, 16320, 22305, 22585, 14769

Offset: 0

Paul Barry, Oct 20 2004

Binomial transform of A099531.

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (1,0,0,-1).

Cf. A050935, A099531.

[n le 4 select 1 else Self(n-1) -Self(n-4): n in [1..81]]; // G. C. Greubel, Apr 13 2023

LinearRecurrence[{1,0,0,-1}, {1,1,1,1}, 80] (* G. C. Greubel, Apr 13 2023 *)

@CachedFunction
def a(n): # a = A099530
    if (n<4): return 1
    else: return a(n-1) - a(n-4)
[a(n) for n in range(81)] # G. C. Greubel, Apr 13 2023

a(n) = a(n-1) - a(n-4).

a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/4)} binomial(n-3*k, k)*(-1)^k.

cp's OEIS Frontend

A203400 Partial sums of A050935.

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A000931 Padovan sequence (or Padovan numbers): a(n) = a(n-2) + a(n-3) with a(0) = 1, a(1) = a(2) = 0.

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A108299 Triangle read by rows, 0 <= k <= n: T(n,k) = binomial(n-[(k+1)/2],[k/2])*(-1)^[(k+1)/2].

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A104769 Expansion of g.f. -x/(1+x-x^3).

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A129267 Triangle with T(n,k) = T(n-1,k-1) + T(n-1,k) - T(n-2,k-1) - T(n-2,k) and T(0,0)=1 .

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A176971 Expansion of (1+x)/(1+x-x^3) in powers of x.

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