A094028 -id:A094028 - cp's OEIS frontend

A343447 Smallest m such that alternating integer 101...101 = A094028(m) is a multiple of A045572(n), (i.e., integers coprime with 10).

0, 2, 2, 8, 10, 2, 7, 8, 2, 10, 26, 13, 14, 32, 2, 2, 4, 20, 22, 20, 23, 12, 8, 28, 29, 8, 32, 32, 34, 3, 32, 12, 80, 40, 41, 21, 2, 14, 47, 98, 1, 16, 52, 53, 2, 55, 8, 23, 120, 14, 20, 20, 64, 8, 3, 22, 68, 32, 20, 73, 74, 71, 38, 38, 32, 80, 82, 38, 8, 42

Offset: 1

Bernard Schott, Apr 15 2021

Every number coprime with 10 has a smallest multiple that is repunit (A099679).
Every positive number has a smallest multiple consisting of a succession of 1's followed by a succession of 0's (A052983).
Every number coprime with 10 has a smallest multiple that is alternating of the form 1010...0101 (this sequence).

			A045572(3) = 7, the smallest alternating multiple of 7 in A094028 is A094028(2) = 10101 because 1443*7 = 10101, as 1 and 101 are not divisible by 7, so a(3) = 2.

Cf. A030141, A045572, A052983, A094028, A099679.

a[n_] := Module[{k = (5*n + (Mod[3*n + 2, 4] - 4))/2, m = 0}, While[! Divisible[1 + 100*(100^m - 1)/99, k], m++]; m]; Array[a, 100] (* Amiram Eldar, Apr 15 2021 *)

a045572(n)=10*(n>>2)+[-1,1,3,7][n%4+1] \\ after Charles R Greathouse IV in A045572
a094028(n) = 1+100*(100^n-1)/99
a(n) = for(m=0, oo, if(a094028(m)%a045572(n)==0, return(m))) \\ Felix Fröhlich, Apr 15 2021

More terms from Felix Fröhlich, Apr 15 2021

A002450 a(n) = (4^n - 1)/3.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 5, 21, 85, 341, 1365, 5461, 21845, 87381, 349525, 1398101, 5592405, 22369621, 89478485, 357913941, 1431655765, 5726623061, 22906492245, 91625968981, 366503875925, 1466015503701, 5864062014805, 23456248059221, 93824992236885, 375299968947541

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

For n > 0, a(n) is the degree (n-1) "numbral" power of 5 (see A048888 for the definition of numbral arithmetic). Example: a(3) = 21, since the numbral square of 5 is 5(*)5 = 101(*)101(base 2) = 101 OR 10100 = 10101(base 2) = 21, where the OR is taken bitwise. - John W. Layman, Dec 18 2001
a(n) is composite for all n > 2 and has factors x, (3*x + 2*(-1)^n) where x belongs to A001045. In binary the terms greater than 0 are 1, 101, 10101, 1010101, etc. - John McNamara, Jan 16 2002
Number of n X 2 binary arrays with path of adjacent 1's from upper left corner to right column. - R. H. Hardin, Mar 16 2002
The Collatz-function iteration started at a(n), for n >= 1, will end at 1 after 2*n+1 steps. - Labos Elemer, Sep 30 2002 [corrected by Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 16 2021]
Second binomial transform of A001045. - Paul Barry, Mar 28 2003
All members of sequence are also generalized octagonal numbers (A001082). - Matthew Vandermast, Apr 10 2003
Also sum of squares of divisors of 2^(n-1): a(n) = A001157(A000079(n-1)), for n > 0. - Paul Barry, Apr 11 2003
Binomial transform of A000244 (with leading zero). - Paul Barry, Apr 11 2003
Number of walks of length 2n between two vertices at distance 2 in the cycle graph C_6. For n = 2 we have for example 5 walks of length 4 from vertex A to C: ABABC, ABCBC, ABCDC, AFABC and AFEDC. - Herbert Kociemba, May 31 2004
Also number of walks of length 2n + 1 between two vertices at distance 3 in the cycle graph C_12. - Herbert Kociemba, Jul 05 2004
a(n+1) is the number of steps that are made when generating all n-step random walks that begin in a given point P on a two-dimensional square lattice. To make one step means to mark one vertex on the lattice (compare A080674). - Pawel P. Mazur (Pawel.Mazur(AT)pwr.wroc.pl), Mar 13 2005
a(n+1) is the sum of square divisors of 4^n. - Paul Barry, Oct 13 2005
a(n+1) is the decimal number generated by the binary bits in the n-th generation of the Rule 250 elementary cellular automaton. - Eric W. Weisstein, Apr 08 2006
a(k) = [M^k]2,1, where M is the 3 X 3 matrix defined as follows: M = [1, 1, 1; 1, 3, 1; 1, 1, 1]. - _Simone Severini, Jun 11 2006
a(n-1) / a(n) = percentage of wasted storage if a single image is stored as a pyramid with a each subsequent higher resolution layer containing four times as many pixels as the previous layer. n is the number of layers. - Victor Brodsky (victorbrodsky(AT)gmail.com), Jun 15 2006
k is in the sequence if and only if C(4k + 1, k) (A052203) is odd. - Paul Barry, Mar 26 2007
This sequence also gives the number of distinct 3-colorings of the odd cycle C(2*n - 1). - Keith Briggs, Jun 19 2007
All numbers of the form m*4^m + (4^m-1)/3 have the property that they are sums of two squares and also their indices are the sum of two squares. This follows from the identity m*4^m + (4^m-1)/3 = 4(4(..4(4m + 1) + 1) + 1) + 1 ..) + 1. - Artur Jasinski, Nov 12 2007
For n > 0, terms are the numbers that, in base 4, are repunits: 1_4, 11_4, 111_4, 1111_4, etc. - Artur Jasinski, Sep 30 2008
Let A be the Hessenberg matrix of order n, defined by: A[1, j] = 1, A[i, i] := 5, (i > 1), A[i, i - 1] = -1, and A[i, j] = 0 otherwise. Then, for n >= 1, a(n) = charpoly(A,1). - Milan Janjic, Jan 27 2010
This is the sequence A(0, 1; 3, 4; 2) = A(0, 1; 4, 0; 1) of the family of sequences [a, b : c, d : k] considered by G. Detlefs, and treated as A(a, b; c, d; k) in the W. Lang link given below. - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 18 2010
6*a(n) + 1 is every second Mersenne number greater than or equal to M3, hence all Mersenne primes greater than M2 must be a 6*a(n) + 1 of this sequence. - Roderick MacPhee, Nov 01 2010
Smallest number having alternating bit sum n. Cf. A065359.
For n = 1, 2, ..., the last digit of a(n) is 1, 5, 1, 5, ... . - Washington Bomfim, Jan 21 2011
Rule 50 elementary cellular automaton generates this sequence. This sequence also appears in the second column of array in A173588. - Paul Muljadi, Jan 27 2011
Sequence found by reading the line from 0, in the direction 0, 5, ... and the line from 1, in the direction 1, 21, ..., in the square spiral whose edges are the Jacobsthal numbers A001045 and whose vertices are the numbers A000975. These parallel lines are two semi-diagonals in the spiral. - Omar E. Pol, Sep 10 2011
a(n), n >= 1, is also the inverse of 3, denoted by 3^(-1), Modd(2^(2*n - 1)). For Modd n see a comment on A203571. E.g., a(2) = 5, 3 * 5 = 15 == 1 (Modd 8), because floor(15/8) = 1 is odd and -15 == 1 (mod 8). For n = 1 note that 3 * 1 = 3 == 1 (Modd 2) because floor(3/2) = 1 and -3 == 1 (mod 2). The inverse of 3 taken Modd 2^(2*n) coincides with 3^(-1) (mod 2^(2*n)) given in A007583(n), n >= 1. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 12 2012
If an AVL tree has a leaf at depth n, then the tree can contain no more than a(n+1) nodes total. - Mike Rosulek, Nov 20 2012
Also, this is the Lucas sequence V(5, 4). - Bruno Berselli, Jan 10 2013
Also, for n > 0, a(n) is an odd number whose Collatz trajectory contains no odd number other than n and 1. - Jayanta Basu, Mar 24 2013
Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n) converges to (3*(log(4/3) - QPolyGamma[0, 1, 1/4]))/log(4) = 1.263293058100271... = A321873. - K. G. Stier, Jun 23 2014
Consider n spheres in R^n: the i-th one (i=1, ..., n) has radius r(i) = 2^(1-i) and the coordinates of its center are (0, 0, ..., 0, r(i), 0, ..., 0) where r(i) is in position i. The coordinates of the intersection point in the positive orthant of these spheres are (2/a(n), 4/a(n), 8/a(n), 16/a(n), ...). For example in R^2, circles centered at (1, 0) and (0, 1/2), and with radii 1 and 1/2, meet at (2/5, 4/5). - Jean M. Morales, May 19 2015
From Peter Bala, Oct 11 2015: (Start)
a(n) gives the values of m such that binomial(4*m + 1,m) is odd. Cf. A003714, A048716, A263132.
2*a(n) = A020988(n) gives the values of m such that binomial(4*m + 2, m) is odd.
4*a(n) = A080674(n) gives the values of m such that binomial(4*m + 4, m) is odd. (End)
Collatz Conjecture Corollary: Except for powers of 2, the Collatz iteration of any positive integer must eventually reach a(n) and hence terminate at 1. - Gregory L. Simay, May 09 2016
Number of active (ON, black) cells at stage 2^n - 1 of the two-dimensional cellular automaton defined by "Rule 598", based on the 5-celled von Neumann neighborhood. - Robert Price, May 16 2016
From Luca Mariot and Enrico Formenti, Sep 26 2016: (Start)
a(n) is also the number of coprime pairs of polynomials (f, g) over GF(2) where both f and g have degree n + 1 and nonzero constant term.
a(n) is also the number of pairs of one-dimensional binary cellular automata with linear and bipermutive local rule of neighborhood size n+1 giving rise to orthogonal Latin squares of order 2^m, where m is a multiple of n. (End)
Except for 0, 1 and 5, all terms are Brazilian repunits numbers in base 4, and so belong to A125134. For n >= 3, all these terms are composite because a(n) = {(2^n-1) * (2^n + 1)}/3 and either (2^n - 1) or (2^n + 1) is a multiple of 3. - Bernard Schott, Apr 29 2017
Given the 3 X 3 matrix A = [2, 1, 1; 1, 2, 1; 1, 1, 2] and the 3 X 3 unit matrix I_3, A^n = a(n)(A - I_3) + I_3. - Nicolas Patrois, Jul 05 2017
The binary expansion of a(n) (n >= 1) consists of n 1's alternating with n - 1 0's. Example: a(4) = 85 = 1010101_2. - Emeric Deutsch, Aug 30 2017
a(n) (n >= 1) is the viabin number of the integer partition [n, n - 1, n - 2, ..., 2, 1] (for the definition of viabin number see comment in A290253). Example: a(4) = 85 = 1010101_2; consequently, the southeast border of the Ferrers board of the corresponding integer partition is ENENENEN, where E = (1, 0), N = (0, 1); this leads to the integer partition [4, 3, 2, 1]. - Emeric Deutsch, Aug 30 2017
Numbers whose binary and Gray-code representations are both palindromes (i.e., intersection of A006995 and A281379). - Amiram Eldar, May 17 2021
Starting with n = 1 the sequence satisfies {a(n) mod 6} = repeat{1, 5, 3}. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 14 2022
Terms >= 5 are those q for which the multiplicative order of 2 mod q is floor(log_2(q)) + 2 (and which is 1 more than the smallest possible order for any q). - Tim Seuré, Mar 09 2024
The order of 2 modulo a(n) is 2*n for n >= 2. - Joerg Arndt, Mar 09 2024

			Apply Collatz iteration to 9: 9, 28, 14, 7, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5 and hence 16, 8, 4, 2, 1.
Apply Collatz iteration to 27: 27, 82, 41, 124, 62, 31, 94, 47, 142, 71, 214, 107, 322, 161, 484, 242, 121, 364, 182, 91, 274, 137, 412, 206, 103, 310, 155, 466, 233, 700, 350, 175, 526, 263, 790, 395, 1186, 593, 1780, 890, 445, 1336, 668, 334, 167, 502, 251, 754, 377, 1132, 566, 283, 850, 425, 1276, 638, 319, 958, 479, 1438, 719, 2158, 1079, 3238, 1619, 4858, 2429, 7288, 3644, 1822, 911, 2734, 1367, 4102, 2051, 6154, 3077, 9232, 4616, 2308, 1154, 577, 1732, 866, 433, 1300, 650, 325, 976, 488, 244, 122, 61, 184, 92, 46, 23, 70, 35, 106, 53, 160, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5 and hence 16, 8, 4, 2, 1. [Corrected by _Sean A. Irvine_ at the suggestion of Stephen Cornelius, Mar 04 2024]
a(5) = (4^5 - 1)/3 = 341 = 11111_4 = {(2^5 - 1) * (2^5 + 1)}/3 = 31 * 33/3 = 31 * 11. - _Bernard Schott_, Apr 29 2017

A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, L. Rosenhead and L. J. Comrie, An Index of Mathematical Tables. Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford and Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1962, Vol. 1, p. 112.
J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 217.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..200
Peter Bala, A characterization of A002450, A020988 and A080674.
Henry Bottomley, Illustration of initial terms
Sung-Hyuk Cha, On Complete and Size Balanced k-ary Tree Integer Sequences, International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Issue 2, Volume 6, 2012, pp. 67-75. - From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Dec 24 2012
Robert Coquereaux and Jean-Bernard Zuber, Counting partitions by genus. II. A compendium of results, arXiv:2305.01100 [math.CO], 2023. See p. 8.
Carlos M. da Fonseca and Anthony G. Shannon, A formal operator involving Fermatian numbers, Notes Num. Theor. Disc. Math. (2024) Vol. 30, No. 3, 491-498.
D. Dumont, Interprétations combinatoires des nombres de Genocchi, Duke Math. J., 41 (1974), 305-318. (Annotated scanned copy)
David Eppstein, Making Change in 2048, arXiv:1804.07396 [cs.DM], 2018.
C. Ernst and D. W. Sumners, The Growth of the Number of Prime Knots, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 102, 303-315, 1987
Ernesto Estrada and José A. de la Peña, Integer sequences from walks in graphs, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 19, 2013, No. 3, 78-84.
Rigoberto Flórez, Robinson A. Higuita, and Antara Mukherjee, Alternating Sums in the Hosoya Polynomial Triangle, Article 14.9.5 Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 17 (2014).
Enrico Formenti and Luca Mariot, Exhaustive Generation of Linear Orthogonal CA, Automata 2023, Univ. Twente (Netherlands), see p. 22 of 38.
Mattia Fregola, Elementary Cellular Automata Rule 1 generating OEIS sequence A277799, A058896, A141725, A002450
A. Frosini and S. Rinaldi, On the Sequence A079500 and Its Combinatorial Interpretations, J. Integer Seq., Vol. 9 (2006), Article 06.3.1.
Andreas M. Hinz and Paul K. Stockmeyer, Precious Metal Sequences and Sierpinski-Type Graphs, J. Integer Seq., Vol 25 (2022), Article 22.4.8.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 373
Petro Kosobutskyy and Nataliia Nestor, On the mathematical model of the transformation of natural numbers by a function of a split type, Comp. Des. Sys. Theor. Practice (2024) Vol. 6, No. 2. See p. 7.
Petro Kosobutskyy, Anastasiia Yedyharova, and Taras Slobodzyan, From Newton's binomial and Pascal's triangle to Collatz's problem, Comp. Des. Sys., Theor. Practice (2023) Vol. 5, No. 1, 121-127.
Wolfdieter Lang, Notes on certain inhomogeneous three term recurrences.
J. V. Leyendekkers and A.G. Shannon, Modular Rings and the Integer 3, Notes on Number Theory & Discrete Mathematics, 17 (2011), 47-51.
Luca Manzoni, Luca Mariot, and Giuliamaria Menara, Combinatorial Designs and Cellular Automata: A Survey, arXiv:2503.10320 [math.CO], 2025. See pp. 16, 27.
Luca Mariot, Cryptography by Cellular Automata, 2017.
Luca Mariot, Orthogonal labelings in de Bruijn graphs, IWOCA 2020 - Open Problems Session, Delft University of Technology (Netherlands).
Luca Mariot, Connections between Latin squares, Cellular Automata and Coprime Polynomials, Univ. Twente (Netherlands, 2023). See p. 16/37.
Luca Mariot and Enrico Formenti, The number of coprime/non-coprime pairs of polynomials over F_2 with degree n and nonzero constant term.
Luca Mariot, Enrico Formenti and Alberto Leporati, Constructing Orthogonal Latin Squares from Linear Cellular Automata. In: Exploratory papers of AUTOMATA 2016.
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Luca Mariot, Counting Coprime Polynomials over Finite Fields with Formal Languages and Compositions of Natural Numbers, Univ. Twente (Netherlands 2023). See p. 11.
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Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992.
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Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (5,-4).

Partial sums of powers of 4, A000302.
When converted to binary, this gives A094028.
Subsequence of A003714.
Primitive factors: A129735.
Cf. A000225, A002446, A006995, A007583, A018215, A020988, A024036, A047849, A048716, A080355, A080674, A112627, A113860, A139391, A155701, A156605, A160967, A163834, A163868, A178415, A263132, A281379, A347834.

List([0..25], n -> (4^n-1)/3); # Muniru A Asiru, Feb 18 2018

a002450 = (`div` 3) . a024036
a002450_list = iterate ((+ 1) . (* 4)) 0
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 03 2012

[ (4^n-1)/3: n in [0..25] ]; // Klaus Brockhaus, Oct 28 2008

[n le 2 select n-1 else 5*Self(n-1)-4*Self(n-2): n in [1..70]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 13 2015

[seq((4^n-1)/3,n=0..40)];
A002450:=1/(4*z-1)/(z-1); # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation, dropping the initial zero

Table[(4^n - 1)/3, {n, 0, 127}] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Sep 29 2008 *)
LinearRecurrence[{5, -4}, {0, 1}, 30] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jun 23 2013 *)

makelist((4^n-1)/3, n, 0, 30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 05 2012 */

PARI
```
a(n) = (4^n-1)/3;
```

my(z='z+O('z^40)); Vec(z/((1-z)*(1-4*z))) \\ Altug Alkan, Oct 11 2015

def A002450(n): return ((1<<(n<<1))-1)//3 # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 29 2023

((List.fill(20)(4: BigInt)).scanLeft(1: BigInt)( * )).scanLeft(0: BigInt)( + ) // Alonso del Arte, Sep 17 2019

From Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 24 2001: (Start)
a(n+1) = Sum_{m = 0..n} A060921(n, m).
G.f.: x/((1-x)*(1-4*x)). (End)
a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n-1} 4^k; a(n) = A001045(2*n). - Paul Barry, Mar 17 2003
E.g.f.: (exp(4*x) - exp(x))/3. - Paul Barry, Mar 28 2003
a(n) = (A007583(n) - 1)/2. - N. J. A. Sloane, May 16 2003
a(n) = A000975(2*n)/2. - N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 13 2003
a(n) = A084160(n)/2. - N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 13 2003
a(n+1) = 4*a(n) + 1, with a(0) = 0. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 25 2004
a(n) = Sum_{i = 0..n-1} C(2*n - 1 - i, i)*2^i. - Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Jul 23 2004
a(n+1) = Sum_{k = 0..n} binomial(n+1, k+1)*3^k. - Paul Barry, Aug 20 2004
a(n) = center term in M^n * [1 0 0], where M is the 3 X 3 matrix [1 1 1 / 1 3 1 / 1 1 1]. M^n * [1 0 0] = [A007583(n-1) a(n) A007583(n-1)]. E.g., a(4) = 85 since M^4 * [1 0 0] = [43 85 43] = [A007583(3) a(4) A007583(3)]. - Gary W. Adamson, Dec 18 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n, j = 0..n} C(n, j)*C(j, k)*A001045(j - k). - Paul Barry, Feb 15 2005
a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n} C(n, k)*A001045(n-k)*2^k = Sum_{k = 0..n} C(n, k)*A001045(k)*2^(n-k). - Paul Barry, Apr 22 2005
a(n) = A125118(n, 3) for n > 2. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 21 2006
a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n} 2^(n - k)*A128908(n, k), n >= 1. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 19 2008
a(n) = Sum_{k = 0..n} A106566(n, k)*A100335(k). - Philippe Deléham, Oct 30 2008
If we define f(m, j, x) = Sum_{k = j..m} binomial(m, k)*stirling2(k, j)*x^(m - k) then a(n-1) = f(2*n, 4, -2), n >= 2. - Milan Janjic, Apr 26 2009
a(n) = A014551(n) * A001045(n). - R. J. Mathar, Jul 08 2009
a(n) = 4*a(n-1) + a(n-2) - 4*a(n-3) = 5*a(n-1) - 4*a(n-2), a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1, a(2) = 5. - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 18 2010
a(0) = 0, a(n+1) = a(n) + 2^(2*n). - Washington Bomfim, Jan 21 2011
A036555(a(n)) = 2*n. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 28 2011
a(n) = Sum_{k = 1..floor((n+2)/3)} C(2*n + 1, n + 2 - 3*k). - Mircea Merca, Jun 25 2011
a(n) = Sum_{i = 1..n} binomial(2*n + 1, 2*i)/3. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Mar 14 2015
a(n+1) = 2^(2*n) + a(n), a(0) = 0. - Ben Paul Thurston, Dec 27 2015
a(k*n)/a(n) = 1 + 4^n + ... + 4^((k-1)*n). - Gregory L. Simay, Jun 09 2016
Dirichlet g.f.: (PolyLog(s, 4) - zeta(s))/3. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jun 26 2016
A000120(a(n)) = n. - André Dalwigk, Mar 26 2018
a(m) divides a(m*n), in particular: a(2*n) == 0 (mod 5), a(3*n) == 0 (mod 3*7), a(5*n) == 0 (mod 11*31), etc. - M. F. Hasler, Oct 19 2018
a(n) = 4^(n-1) + a(n-1). - Bob Selcoe, Jan 01 2020
a(n) = A178415(1, n) = A347834(1, n-1), arrays, for n >= 1.  - Wolfdieter Lang, Nov 29 2021
a(n) = A000225(2*n)/3. - John Keith, Jan 22 2022
a(n) = A080674(n) + 1 = A047849(n) - 1 = A163834(n) - 2 = A155701(n) - 3 = A163868(n) - 4 = A156605(n) - 7. - Ray Chandler, Jun 16 2023
From Peter Bala, Jul 23 2025: (Start)
The following are examples of telescoping products. Cf. A016153:
Product_{k = 1..2*n} 1 + 2^k/a(k+1) = a(n+1)/A007583(n) = (4^(n+1) - 1)/(2*4^n + 1).
Hence, Product_{k >= 1} 1 + 2^k/a(k+1) = 2.
Product_{k >= 1} 1 - 2^k/a(k+1) = 2/5, since 1 - 2^n/a(n+1) = b(n)/b(n-1), where b(n) = 2 - 3/(1 - 2^(n+1)).
Product_{k >= 1} 1 + (-2)^k/a(k+1) = 2/3, since 1 + (-2)^n/a(n+1) = c(n)/c(n-1), where c(n) = 2 - 1/(1 + (-2)^(n+1)).
Product_{k >= 1} 1 - (-2)^k/a(k+1) = 6/5, since 1 - (-2)^n/a(n+1) = d(n)/d(n-1), where d(n) = 2 - 1/(1 - (-2)^(n+1)). (End)

A131865 Partial sums of powers of 16.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 17, 273, 4369, 69905, 1118481, 17895697, 286331153, 4581298449, 73300775185, 1172812402961, 18764998447377, 300239975158033, 4803839602528529, 76861433640456465, 1229782938247303441, 19676527011956855057, 314824432191309680913, 5037190915060954894609

Offset: 0

Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 22 2007

16 = 2^4 is the growth measure for the Jacobsthal spiral (compare with phi^4 for the Fibonacci spiral). - Paul Barry, Mar 07 2008
Second quadrisection of A115451. - Paul Curtz, May 21 2008
Let A be the Hessenberg matrix of order n, defined by: A[1,j]=1, A[i,i]:=16, (i>1), A[i,i-1]=-1, and A[i,j]=0 otherwise. Then, for n >= 1, a(n-1) = det(A). - Milan Janjic, Feb 21 2010
Partial sums are in A014899. Also, the sequence is related to A014931 by A014931(n+1) = (n+1)*a(n) - Sum_{i=0..n-1} a(i) for n>0. - Bruno Berselli, Nov 07 2012
a(n) is the total number of holes in a certain box fractal (start with 16 boxes, 1 hole) after n iterations. See illustration in links. - Kival Ngaokrajang, Jan 28 2015
Except for 1 and 17, all terms are Brazilian repunits numbers in base 16, and so belong to A125134. All terms >= 273 are composite because a(n) = ((4^(n+1) + 1) * (4^(n+1) - 1))/15. - Bernard Schott, Jun 06 2017
The sequence in binary is 1, 10001, 100010001, 1000100010001, 10001000100010001, ... cf. Plouffe link, A330135. - Frank Ellermann, Mar 05 2020

			a(3) = 1 + 16 + 256 + 4096 = 4369 = in binary: 1000100010001.
a(4) = (16^5 - 1)/15 = (4^5 + 1) * (4^5 - 1)/15 = 1025 * 1023/15 = 205 * 341 = 69905 = 11111_16. - _Bernard Schott_, Jun 06 2017

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..800
A. Abdurrahman, CM Method and Expansion of Numbers, arXiv:1909.10889 [math.NT], 2019.
Kival Ngaokrajang, Illustration of initial terms
Quynh Nguyen, Jean Pedersen, and Hien T. Vu, New Integer Sequences Arising From 3-Period Folding Numbers, Vol. 19 (2016), Article 16.3.1. See Table 1.
Simon Plouffe, Identities and approximations inspired from Ramanujan notebooks, III, 2009.
Index entries related to partial sums.
Index entries related to q-numbers.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (17,-16).

Cf. A000225, A003462, A002450, A003463, A003464, A023000, A023001, A002452, A002275, A016123, A016125, A091030, A135519, A135518, A091045, A218721, A218722, A064108, A218724-A218734, A132469, A218736-A218753, A133853, A094028, A218723. - M. F. Hasler, Nov 05 2012

[(16^(n+1)-1)/15: n in [0..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Sep 17 2011

A131865:=n->(16^(n+1)-1)/15: seq(A131865(n), n=0..30); # Wesley Ivan Hurt, Apr 29 2017

Table[(2^(4 n) - 1)/15, {n, 16}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 22 2007 *)
Accumulate[16^Range[0,20]] (* or *) LinearRecurrence[{17,-16},{1,17},20] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 19 2019 *)

a[0]:0$
a[n]:=16*a[n-1]+1$
A131865(n):=a[n]$
makelist(A131865(n),n,1,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 05 2012 */

A131865(n)=16^n\15  \\ M. F. Hasler, Nov 05 2012

def A131865(n): return (1<<(n+1<<2))//15 # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 10 2022

[gaussian_binomial(n,1,16) for n in range(1,18)] # Zerinvary Lajos, May 28 2009

a(n) = if n=0 then 1 else a(n-1) + A001025(n).
for n > 0: A131851(a(n)) = n and abs(A131851(m)) < n for m < a(n).
a(n) = A098704(n+2)/2.
a(n) = (16^(n+1) - 1)/15. - Bernard Schott, Jun 06 2017
a(n) = (A001025(n+1) - 1)/15.
a(n) = 16*a(n-1) + 1. - Paul Curtz, May 20 2008
G.f.: 1 / ( (16*x-1)*(x-1) ). - R. J. Mathar, Feb 06 2011
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(16*exp(15*x) - 1)/15. - Stefano Spezia, Mar 06 2020

A218722 a(n) = (19^n-1)/18.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 20, 381, 7240, 137561, 2613660, 49659541, 943531280, 17927094321, 340614792100, 6471681049901, 122961939948120, 2336276859014281, 44389260321271340, 843395946104155461, 16024522975978953760, 304465936543600121441

Offset: 0

M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012

Partial sums of powers of 19 (A001029); q-integers for q=19: diagonal k=1 in triangle A022183.

Partial sums are in A014903. Also, the sequence is related to A014936 by A014936(n) = n*a(n)-sum(a(i), i=0..n-1) for n>0. - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..700
Index entries related to partial sums
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (20,-19).

Cf. similar sequences of the form (k^n-1)/(k-1): A000225, A003462, A002450, A003463, A003464, A023000, A023001, A002452, A002275, A016123, A016125, A091030, A135519, A135518, A131865, A091045, A218721, A064108, A218724-A218734, A132469, A218736-A218753, A133853, A094028, A218723.

Cf. A001029, A014903, A014936, A022183.

[n le 2 select n-1 else 20*Self(n-1)-19*Self(n-2): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012

LinearRecurrence[{20, -19}, {0, 1}, 40] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012 *)

A218722(n):=(19^n-1)/18$ makelist(A218722(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 05 2012 */

PARI
```
A218722(n)=19^n\18
```

a(n) = floor(19^n/18).
G.f.: x/((1-x)*(1-19*x)). - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
a(n) = 20*a(n-1) - 19*a(n-2). - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012
E.g.f.: exp(10*x)*sinh(9*x)/9. - Stefano Spezia, Mar 11 2023

A064108 a(n) = (20^n - 1)/19.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 21, 421, 8421, 168421, 3368421, 67368421, 1347368421, 26947368421, 538947368421, 10778947368421, 215578947368421, 4311578947368421, 86231578947368421, 1724631578947368421, 34492631578947368421, 689852631578947368421, 13797052631578947368421, 275941052631578947368421

Offset: 0

Jason Earls, Sep 17 2001

Partial sums of powers of 20 (A009964), q-integers for q=20: diagonal k=1 in triangle A022184.
Partial sums are in A014904. Also, the sequence is related to A014937 by A014937(n) = n*a(n)-Sum_{i=0..n-1} a(i), for n>0. - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
For n >= 1, a(n) is the total number of holes in a certain box fractal (start with 20 boxes, 1 hole) after n iterations. See illustration in links. - Kival Ngaokrajang, Jan 28 2015

			From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Nov 04 2014: Can also be obtained by writing powers of 2 in a staggered array and adding them (cf. A249604). For example, a(9) is:
..........1
.........2
........4
.......8
.....16
....32
...64
.128
256
-----------
26947368421

M. F. Hasler, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..100
Kival Ngaokrajang, Illustration of initial terms
Index entries related to partial sums
Index entries related to q-numbers
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (21,-20).

Cf. A000225, A003462, A002450, A003463, A003464, A023000, A023001, A002452, A002275, A016123, A016125, A091030, A135519, A135518, A131865, A091045, A218722, A064108, A218724, ..., A218733, ..., A218743, ..., A218752, A094028.
Cf. also A249604.
Cf. A009964, A014904, A014937, A022184.

a:=n->sum(20^(n-j), j=0..n): seq(a(n), n=0..15); # Zerinvary Lajos, Feb 11 2007

(20^Range[20]-1)/19 (* or *) NestList[20#+1&,1,20] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 04 2012 *)

A064108(n):=(20^n-1)/19$ makelist(A064108(n),n,1,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 05 2012 */

for (n=0, 100, write("b064108.txt", n, " ", (20^n - 1)/19))  \\ Harry J. Smith, Sep 07 2009

A064108(n)=20^n\19  \\ M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012

[gaussian_binomial(n,1,20) for n in range(1,17)] # Zerinvary Lajos, May 29 2009

a(n) = 20*a(n-1) + 1, with a(0)=0. - Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 07 2010
a(0)=0, a(1)=1, a(n) = 21*a(n-1) - 20*a(n-2). - Harvey P. Dale, Oct 04 2012
a(n) = floor(20^n/19). - M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012
G.f.: x/((1 - x)*(1 - 20*x)). - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(exp(19*x) - 1)/19. - Stefano Spezia, Mar 23 2023

Edited and extended to offset 0 by M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012

A218724 a(n) = (21^n - 1)/20.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 22, 463, 9724, 204205, 4288306, 90054427, 1891142968, 39714002329, 833994048910, 17513875027111, 367791375569332, 7723618886955973, 162195996626075434, 3406115929147584115, 71528434512099266416, 1502097124754084594737, 31544039619835776489478

Offset: 0

M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012

Partial sums of powers of 21 (A009965); q-integers for q=21: diagonal k=1 in triangle A022185.
Partial sums are in A014905. Also, the sequence is related to A014938 by A014938(n) = n*a(n) - Sum_{i=0..n-1} a(i) for n > 0. - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
For n >= 1, 4*a(n) is the total number of holes in a certain box fractal (start with 21 boxes, 4 holes) after n iterations. See illustration in links. - Kival Ngaokrajang, Jan 27 2015

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..700
Kival Ngaokrajang, Illustration of initial terms
Index entries related to partial sums
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (22,-21).

Cf. similar sequences of the form (k^n-1)/(k-1): A000225, A003462, A002450, A003463, A003464, A023000, A023001, A002452, A002275, A016123, A016125, A091030, A135519, A135518, A131865, A091045, A218721, A218722, A064108, A218725-A218734, A132469, A218736-A218753, A133853, A094028, A218723.

Cf. A009965, A014905, A014938, A022185.

[n le 2 select n-1 else 22*Self(n-1) - 21*Self(n-2): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012

LinearRecurrence[{22, -21}, {0, 1}, 40] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012 *)

A218724(n):=(21^n-1)/20$ makelist(A218724(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 05 2012 */

PARI
```
A218724(n)=21^n\20
```

a(n) = floor(21^n/20).
G.f.: x/((1-x)*(1-21*x)). - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
a(n) = 22*a(n-1) - 21*a(n-2). - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012
a(n) = 21*a(n-1) + 1. - Kival Ngaokrajang, Jan 27 2015
a(n) = a(n-1) + 21^(n-1), n >= 1, a(0) = 0.  - Wolfdieter Lang, Feb 02 2015
E.g.f.: exp(11*x)*sinh(10*x)/10. - Elmo R. Oliveira, Aug 29 2024

A218734 a(n) = (31^n - 1)/30.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 32, 993, 30784, 954305, 29583456, 917087137, 28429701248, 881320738689, 27320942899360, 846949229880161, 26255426126284992, 813918209914834753, 25231464507359877344, 782175399728156197665, 24247437391572842127616, 751670559138758105956097

Offset: 0

M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012

Partial sums of powers of 31 (A009975).

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..600
Shaoshi Chen, Hanqian Fang, Sergey Kitaev, and Candice X.T. Zhang, Patterns in Multi-dimensional Permutations, arXiv:2411.02897 [math.CO], 2024. See pp. 2, 17.
Index entries related to partial sums.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (32,-31).

Cf. similar sequences of the form (k^n-1)/(k-1): A000225, A003462, A002450, A003463, A003464, A023000, A023001, A002452, A002275, A016123, A016125, A091030, A135519, A135518, A131865, A091045, A218721, A218722, A064108, A218724-A218733, A132469, A218736-A218753, A133853, A094028, A218723.

[n le 2 select n-1 else 32*Self(n-1)-31*Self(n-2): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012

LinearRecurrence[{32, -31}, {0, 1}, 30] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012 *)

A218734(n):=(31^n-1)/30$
makelist(A218734(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 07 2012 */

PARI
```
a(n)=31^n\30
```

From Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012: (Start)
G.f.: x/((1 - x)*(1 - 31*x)).
a(n) = 32*a(n-1) - 31*a(n-2) for n > 1.
a(n) = floor(31^n/30). (End)
E.g.f.: exp(16*x)*sinh(15*x)/15. - Stefano Spezia, Mar 11 2023

A132469 a(n) = (2^(5*n) - 1)/31.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 33, 1057, 33825, 1082401, 34636833, 1108378657, 35468117025, 1134979744801, 36319351833633, 1162219258676257, 37191016277640225, 1190112520884487201, 38083600668303590433, 1218675221385714893857, 38997607084342876603425, 1247923426698972051309601

Offset: 0

A.K. Devaraj, Aug 22 2007

Partial sums of powers of 32 (A009976), a.k.a. q-numbers for q=32. - M. F. Hasler, Nov 05 2012

A. K. Devaraj, "Minimum Universal Exponent Generalisation of Fermat's Theorem", in ISSN #1550-3747, Proceedings of Hawaii Intl Conference on Statistics, Mathematics & Related Fields, 2004.

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..600
Quynh Nguyen, Jean Pedersen, and Hien T. Vu, New Integer Sequences Arising From 3-Period Folding Numbers, Vol. 19 (2016), Article 16.3.1. See Table 1.
Index entries related to partial sums.
Index entries related to q-numbers.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (33,-32).

Cf. similar sequences of the form (k^n-1)/(k-1): A000225, A003462, A002450, A003463, A003464, A023000, A023001, A002452, A002275, A016123, A016125, A091030, A135519, A135518, A131865, A091045, A218721, A218722, A064108, A218724-A218734, A132469, A218736-A218753, A133853, A094028, A218723.

[n le 2 select n-1 else 33*Self(n-1) - 32*Self(n-2): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012

Table[(2^(5 n) - 1)/31, {n, 16}] (* Robert G. Wilson v *)
LinearRecurrence[{33, -32}, {0, 1}, 30] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012 *)

A132469(n):=(32^n-1)/31$
makelist(A132469(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 07 2012 */

A132469(n)=32^n\31  \\ M. F. Hasler, Nov 07 2012

[gaussian_binomial(5*n,1,2)/31 for n in range(1,17)] # Zerinvary Lajos, May 28 2009

a(n) = (32^n - 1)/31 = floor(32^n/31) = Sum_{k=0..n} 32^k. - M. F. Hasler, Nov 05 2012
G.f.: x/((1 - x)*(1 - 32*x)). - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(exp(31*x) - 1)/31. - Stefano Spezia, Mar 23 2023

Edited and extended by Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 22 2007

Edited and extended to offset 0 by M. F. Hasler, Nov 05 2012

A218721 a(n) = (18^n-1)/17.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 19, 343, 6175, 111151, 2000719, 36012943, 648232975, 11668193551, 210027483919, 3780494710543, 68048904789775, 1224880286215951, 22047845151887119, 396861212733968143, 7143501829211426575, 128583032925805678351

Offset: 0

M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012

Partial sums of powers of 18 (A001027), q-integers for q=18: diagonal k=1 in triangle A022182.
Partial sums are in A014901. Also, the sequence is related to A014935 by A014935(n) = n*a(n) - Sum_{i=0..n-1} a(i), for n>0. - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
From Bernard Schott, May 06 2017: (Start)
Except for 0, 1 and 19, all terms are Brazilian repunits numbers in base 18, and so belong to A125134. From n = 3 to n = 8286, all terms are composite. See link "Generalized repunit primes".
As explained in the extensions of A128164, a(25667) = (18^25667 - 1)/17 would be (is) the smallest prime in base 18. (End)

			a(3) = (18^3 - 1)/17 = 343 = 7 * 49; a(6) = (18^6 - 1)/17 = 2000719 = 931 * 2149. - _Bernard Schott_, May 01 2017

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..800
Harvey Dubner, Generalized repunit primes, Math. Comp., 61 (1993), 927-930.
Index entries related to partial sums
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (19,-18).

Cf. A000225, A001027, A002275, A002450, A002452, A003462, A003463, A003464, A014901, A014935, A016123, A016125, A022182, A023000, A023001, A064108, A091030, A091045, A094028, A125134, A128164, A131865, A135518, A135519, A218722, A218724, A218733, A218743, A218752.

[n le 2 select n-1 else 19*Self(n-1)-18*Self(n-2): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012

LinearRecurrence[{19, -18}, {0, 1}, 40] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012 *)
Join[{0},Accumulate[18^Range[0,20]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 08 2012 *)

A218721(n):=(18^n-1)/17$ makelist(A218721(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 05 2012 */

PARI
```
A218721(n)=18^n\17
```

a(n) = floor(18^n/17).
G.f.: x/((1-x)*(1-18*x)). - Bruno Berselli, Nov 06 2012
a(n) = 19*a(n-1) - 18*a(n-2). - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 07 2012
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(exp(17*x) - 1)/17. - Stefano Spezia, Mar 11 2023

A218753 a(n) = (49^n - 1)/48.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 50, 2451, 120100, 5884901, 288360150, 14129647351, 692352720200, 33925283289801, 1662338881200250, 81454605178812251, 3991275653761800300, 195572507034328214701, 9583052844682082520350, 469569589389422043497151, 23008909880081680131360400

Offset: 0

M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2012

Partial sums of powers of 49 (A087752).

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..600
Index entries related to partial sums
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (50,-49)

Cf. A000225, A003462, A002450, A003463, A003464, A023000, A023001, A002452, A002275, A016123, A016125, A091030, A135519, A135518, A131865, A091045, A218721, A218722, A064108, A218724-A218734, A132469, A218736-A218752, A133853, A094028, A218723.

Cf. A087752.

[n le 2 select n-1 else 50*Self(n-1) - 49*Self(n-2): n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 08 2012

LinearRecurrence[{50, -49}, {0, 1}, 30] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 08 2012 *)
Join[{0},Accumulate[49^Range[0,20]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 14 2023 *)

A218753(n):=floor(49^n/48)$ makelist(A218753(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 05 2012 */

PARI
```
A218753(n)=49^n\48
```

G.f.: x/((1-x)*(1-49*x)). - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 08 2012
a(n) = 50*a(n-1) - 49*a(n-2) with a(0)=0, a(1)=1. - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 08 2012
a(n) = 49*a(n-1) + 1 with a(0)=0. - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 08 2012
a(n) = floor(49^n/48). - Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 08 2012
E.g.f.: exp(25*x)*sinh(24*x)/24. - Elmo R. Oliveira, Aug 27 2024

cp's OEIS Frontend

A343447 Smallest m such that alternating integer 101...101 = A094028(m) is a multiple of A045572(n), (i.e., integers coprime with 10).

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A002450 a(n) = (4^n - 1)/3.

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A131865 Partial sums of powers of 16.

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A218722 a(n) = (19^n-1)/18.

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A064108 a(n) = (20^n - 1)/19.

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