A036969 -id:A036969 - cp's OEIS frontend

A204579 Triangle read by rows: matrix inverse of the central factorial numbers T(2n, 2k) (A036969).

1, -1, 1, 4, -5, 1, -36, 49, -14, 1, 576, -820, 273, -30, 1, -14400, 21076, -7645, 1023, -55, 1, 518400, -773136, 296296, -44473, 3003, -91, 1, -25401600, 38402064, -15291640, 2475473, -191620, 7462, -140, 1, 1625702400, -2483133696, 1017067024, -173721912, 14739153, -669188, 16422, -204, 1

Offset: 1

M. F. Hasler, Feb 03 2012

This is a signed version of A008955 with rows in reverse order. - Peter Luschny, Feb 04 2012

			Triangle starts:
  [1]         1;
  [2]        -1,        1;
  [3]         4,       -5,         1;
  [4]       -36,       49,       -14,       1;
  [5]       576,     -820,       273,     -30,       1;
  [6]    -14400,    21076,     -7645,    1023,     -55,    1;
  [7]    518400,  -773136,    296296,  -44473,    3003,  -91,    1;
  [8] -25401600, 38402064, -15291640, 2475473, -191620, 7462, -140, 1;

José L. Cereceda, Sums of powers of integers and the sequence A304330, arXiv:2405.05268 [math.GM], 2024. See p. 6.
Mark W. Coffey and Matthew C. Lettington, On Fibonacci Polynomial Expressions for Sums of mth Powers, their implications for Faulhaber's Formula and some Theorems of Fermat, arXiv:1510.05402 [math.NT], 2015.

Cf. A036969, A008955, A008275, A121408, A001044 (column 1), A101686 (alternating row sums), A234324 (central terms).

# From Peter Luschny, Feb 29 2024: (Start)
ogf := n -> local j; z^2*mul(z^2 - j^2, j = 1..n-1):
Trow := n -> local k; seq(coeff(expand(ogf(n)), z, 2*k), k = 1..n):
# Alternative:
f := w -> (w^sqrt(t) + w^(-sqrt(t)))/2: egf := f((x/2 + sqrt(1 + (x/2)^2))^2):
ser := series(egf, x, 20): cx := n -> coeff(ser, x, 2*n):
Trow := n -> local k; seq((2*n)!*coeff(cx(n), t, k), k = 1..n):  # (End)
# Assuming offset 0:
rowpoly := n -> (-1)^n * pochhammer(1 - sqrt(x), n) * pochhammer(1 + sqrt(x), n):
row := n -> local k; seq(coeff(expand(rowpoly(n)), x, k), k = 0..n):
seq(print(row(n)), n = 0..7);  # Peter Luschny, Aug 03 2024

rows = 10;
t[n_, k_] := 2*Sum[j^(2*n)*(-1)^(k - j)/((k - j)!*(k + j)!), {j, 1, k}];
T = Table[t[n, k], {n, 1, rows}, {k, 1, rows}] // Inverse;
Table[T[[n, k]], {n, 1, rows}, {k, 1, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jul 14 2018 *)

select(concat(Vec(matrix(10,10,n,k,T(n,k)/*from A036969*/)~^-1)), x->x)

def A204579(n, k): return (-1)^(n-k)*A008955(n, n-k)
for n in (0..7): print([A204579(n, k) for k in (0..n)]) # Peter Luschny, Feb 05 2012

T(n, k) = (-1)^(n-k)*A008955(n, n-k). - Peter Luschny, Feb 05 2012
T(n, k) = Sum_{i=k-n..n-k} (-1)^(n-k+i)*s(n,k+i)*s(n,k-i) = Sum_{i=0..2*k} (-1)^(n+i)*s(n,i)*s(n,2*k-i), where s(n,k) are Stirling numbers of the first kind, A048994. - Mircea Merca, Apr 07 2012
From Peter Bala, Aug 29 2012: (Start)
T(n, k) = T(n-1, k-1) - (n-1)^2*T(n-1, k). (Recurrence equation.)
Let E(x) = cosh(sqrt(2*x)) = Sum_{n >= 0} x^n/{(2*n)!/2^n} and
L(x) = 2*{arcsinh(sqrt(x/2))}^2 = Sum_{n >=1} (-1)^n*(n-1)!^2*x^n/{(2*n)!/2^n}.
L(x) is the compositional inverse of E(x) - 1.
A generating function for the triangle is E(t*L(x)) = 1 + t*x + t*(-1 + t)*x^2/6 + t*(4 - 5*t + t^2)*x^3/90 + ..., where the sequence of denominators [1,1,6,90,...] is given by (2*n)!/2^n. Cf. A008275 with generating function exp(t*log(1+x)).
The e.g.f. is E(t*L(x^2/2)) = cosh(2*sqrt(t)*arcsinh(x/2)) = 1 + t*x^2/2! + t*(t-1)*x^4/4! + t*(t-1)*(t-4)*x^6/6! + .... (End)
From Peter Luschny, Feb 29 2024: (Start)
T(n, k) = [z^(2*k)] z^2*Product_{j=1..n-1} (z^2 - j^2).
T(n, k) = (2*n)! * [t^k] [x^(2*n)] (w^sqrt(t) + w^(-sqrt(t)))/2 where w = (x/2 + sqrt(1 + (x/2)^2))^2. (End)
T(n, k) = [x^k] (-1)^n * Pochhammer(1 - sqrt(x), n) * Pochhammer(1 + sqrt(x), n), assuming offset 0. - Peter Luschny, Aug 03 2024
Integral_{0..oo} x^s / (cosh(x))^(2*n) dx = (2^(2*n - s - 1) * s! * (-1)^(n-1)) / (2*n - 1)!)*Sum_{k=1..n} T(n,k)*DirichletEta(s - 2*k + 2). - Ammar Khatab, Apr 11 2025

Typo in data corrected by Peter Luschny, Feb 05 2012

A008955 Triangle of central factorial numbers |t(2n,2n-2k)| read by rows.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 4, 1, 14, 49, 36, 1, 30, 273, 820, 576, 1, 55, 1023, 7645, 21076, 14400, 1, 91, 3003, 44473, 296296, 773136, 518400, 1, 140, 7462, 191620, 2475473, 15291640, 38402064, 25401600, 1, 204, 16422, 669188, 14739153, 173721912, 1017067024, 2483133696, 1625702400

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Discussion of Central Factorial Numbers by N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 01 2011: (Start)
Here is Riordan's definition of the central factorial numbers t(n,k) given in Combinatorial Identities, Section 6.5:
For n >= 0, expand the polynomial
x^[n] = x*Product{i=1..n-1} (x+n/2-i) = Sum_{k=0..n} t(n,k)*x^k.
The t(n,k) are not always integers. The cases n even and n odd are best handled separately.
For n=2m, we have:
x^[2m] = Product_{i=0..m-1} (x^2-i^2) = Sum_{k=1..m} t(2m,2k)*x^(2k).
E.g. x^[8] = x^2(x^2-1^2)(x^2-2^2)(x^2-3^2) = x^8-14x^6+49x^4-36x^2,
which corresponds to row 4 of the present triangle.
So the m-th row of the present triangle gives the absolute values of the coefficients in the expansion of Product_{i=0..m-1} (x^2-i^2).
Equivalently, and simpler, the n-th row gives the coefficients in the expansion of Product_{i=1..n-1}(x+i^2), highest powers first.
For n odd, n=2m+1, we have:
x^[2m+1] = x*Product_{i=0..m-1}(x^2-((2i+1)/2)^2) = Sum_{k=0..m} t(2m+1,2k+1)*x^(2k+1).
E.g. x^[5] = x(x^2-(1/2)^2)(x^2-(3/2)^2) = x^5-10x^3/4+9x/16,
which corresponds to row 2 of the triangle in A008956.
We now rescale to get integers by replacing x by x/2 and multiplying by 2^(2m+1) (getting 1, -10, 9 from the example).
The result is that row m of triangle A008956 gives the coefficients in the expansion of x*Product_{i=0..m} (x^2-(2i+1)^2).
Equivalently, and simpler, the n-th row of A008956 gives the coefficients in the expansion of Product_{i=0..n-1} (x+(2i+1)^2), highest powers first.
Note that the n-th row of A182867 gives the coefficients in the expansion of Product_{i=1..n} (x+(2i)^2), highest powers first.
(End)
Contribution from Johannes W. Meijer, Jun 18 2009: (Start)
We define Beta(n-z,n+z)/Beta(n,n) = Gamma(n-z)*Gamma(n+z)/Gamma(n)^2 = sum(EG2[2m,n]*z^(2m), m = 0..infinity) with Beta(z,w) the Beta function. The EG2[2m,n] coefficients are quite interesting, see A161739. Our definition leads to EG2[2m,1] = 2*eta(2m) and the recurrence relation EG2[2m,n] = EG2[2m,n-1] - EG2[2m-2,n-1]/(n-1)^2 for m = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ... and n = 2, 3, ... , with eta(m) = (1-2^(1-m))*zeta(m) with eta(m) the Dirichlet eta function and zeta(m) the Riemann zeta function. We found for the matrix coefficients EG2[2m,n] = sum((-1)^(k+n)*t1(n-1,k-1)*2*eta(2*m-2*n+2*k)/((n-1)!)^2,k=1..n) with the central factorial numbers t1(n,m) as defined above, see also the Maple program.
From the EG2 matrix we arrive at the ZG2 matrix, see A161739 for its odd counterpart, which is defined by ZG2[2m,1] = 2*zeta(2m) and the recurrence relation ZG2[2m,n] = ZG2[2m-2,n-1]/(n*(n-1))-(n-1)*ZG2[2m,n-1]/n for m = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ... and n = 2, 3, ... . We found for the ZG2[2m,n] = Sum_{k=1..n} (-1)^(k+1)*t1(n-1,k-1)* 2* zeta(2*m-2*n+2*k)/((n-1)!*(n)!), and we see that the central factorial numbers t1(n,m) once again play a crucial role.
(End)

			Triangle begins:
  1;
  1,   1;
  1,   5,   4;
  1,  14,  49,  36;
  1,  30, 273, 820, 576;
  ...

B. C. Berndt, Ramanujan's Notebooks Part 1, Springer-Verlag 1985.
J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 217.

Alois P. Heinz, Rows n = 0..100, flattened (first 51 rows from T. D. Noe)
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972, Chapter 23, pp. 811-812.
R. H. Boels, Three particle superstring amplitudes with massive legs, arXiv preprint arXiv:1201.2655 [hep-th], 2012.
R. H. Boels and T. Hansen, String theory in target space, arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.6356 [hep-th], 2014.
P. L. Butzer, M. Schmidt, E. L. Stark and L. Vogt, Central Factorial Numbers: Their main properties and some applications, Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization, 10 (5&6), 419-488 (1989).
M. W. Coffey and M. C. Lettington, On Fibonacci Polynomial Expressions for Sums of mth Powers, their implications for Faulhaber's Formula and some Theorems of Fermat, arXiv:1510.05402 [math.NT], 2015.
T. L. Curtright and T. S. Van Kortryk, On Rotations as Spin Matrix Polynomials, arxiv:1408.0767 [math-ph], 2014.
P. A. MacMahon, Divisors of numbers and their continuations in the theory of partitions, Proc. London Math. Soc., 19 (1919), 75-113; Coll. Papers II, pp. 303-341.
Toshiki Matsusaka, Applications of Faà di Bruno's formula to partition traces, arXiv:2507.00404 [math.NT], 2025. See p. 5.
J. W. Meijer and N. H. G. Baken, The Exponential Integral Distribution, Statistics and Probability Letters, Volume 5, No.3, April 1987. pp 209-211.
Mircea Merca, A Special Case of the Generalized Girard-Waring Formula, J. Integer Sequences, Vol. 15 (2012), Article 12.5.7.
S. Shadrin, L. Spitz, and D. Zvonkine, On double Hurwitz numbers with completed cycles, J. Lond. Math. Soc., II. Ser. 86, No. 2, 407-432 (2012), Corollary 7.5.

Cf. A036969.
Columns include A000330, A000596, A000597. Right-hand columns include A001044, A001819, A001820, A001821. Row sums are in A101686.
Appears in A160464 (Eta triangle), A160474 (Zeta triangle), A160479 (ZL(n)), A161739 (RSEG2 triangle), A161742, A161743, A002195, A002196, A162440 (EG1 matrix), A162446 (ZG1 matrix) and A163927. - Johannes W. Meijer, Jun 18 2009, Jul 06 2009 and Aug 17 2009
Cf. A234324 (central terms).

T:= function(n,k)
    if k=0 then return 1;
    elif k=n then return (Factorial(n))^2;
    else return n^2*T(n-1,k-1) + T(n-1,k);
    fi;
  end;
Flat(List([0..8], n-> List([0..n], k-> T(n,k) ))); # G. C. Greubel, Sep 14 2019

a008955 n k = a008955_tabl !! n !! k
a008955_row n = a008955_tabl !! n
a008955_tabl = [1] : f [1] 1 1 where
   f xs u t = ys : f ys v (t * v) where
     ys = zipWith (+) (xs ++ [t^2]) ([0] ++ map (* u^2) (init xs) ++ [0])
     v = u + 1
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Dec 24 2013

T:= func< n,k | Factorial(2*(n+1))*(&+[(-1)^j*Binomial(n,k-j)*(&+[2^(m-2*k)*StirlingFirst(2*(n-k+1)+m, 2*(n-k+1))*Binomial(2*(n-k+1)+2*j-1, 2*(n-k+1)+m-1)/Factorial(2*(n-k+1)+m): m in [0..2*j]]): j in [0..k]]) >;
[T(n,k): k in [0..n], n in [0..8]]; // G. C. Greubel, Sep 14 2019

nmax:=7: for n from 0 to nmax do t1(n, 0):=1: t1(n, n):=(n!)^2 end do: for n from 1 to nmax do for k from 1 to n-1 do t1(n, k) := t1(n-1, k-1)*n^2 + t1(n-1, k) end do: end do: seq(seq(t1(n, k), k=0..n), n=0..nmax); # Johannes W. Meijer, Jun 18 2009, Revised Sep 16 2012
t1 := proc(n,k)
        sum((-1)^j*stirling1(n+1,n+1-k+j)*stirling1(n+1,n+1-k-j),j=-k..k) ;
end proc: # Mircea Merca, Apr 02 2012
# third Maple program:
T:= proc(n, k) option remember; `if`(k=0, 1,
      add(T(j-1, k-1)*j^2, j=1..n))
    end:
seq(seq(T(n, k), k=0..n), n=0..8);  # Alois P. Heinz, Feb 19 2022

t[n_, 0]=1; t[n_, n_]=(n!)^2; t[n_ , k_ ]:=t[n, k] = n^2*t[n-1, k-1] + t[n-1, k]; Flatten[Table[t[n, k], {n,0,8}, {k,0,n}] ][[1 ;; 42]]
(* Jean-François Alcover, May 30 2011, after recurrence formula *)

T(n,m):=(2*(n+1))!*sum((-1)^k*binomial(n,m-k)*sum((2^(i-2*m)*stirling1(2*(n-m+1)+i,2*(n-m+1))*binomial(2*(n-m+1)+2*k-1,2*(n-m+1)+i-1))/(2*(n-m+1)+i)!,i,0,2*k),k,0,m); /* Vladimir Kruchinin, Oct 05 2013 */

T(n,k)=if(k==0,1, if(k==n, (n!)^2, n^2*T(n-1, k-1) + T(n-1, k)));
for(n=0,8, for(k=0,n, print1(T(n,k), ", "))) \\ G. C. Greubel, Sep 14 2019

# This triangle is (0,0)-based.
def A008955(n, k) :
    if k==0 : return 1
    if k==n : return factorial(n)^2
    return n^2*A008955(n-1, k-1) + A008955(n-1, k)
for n in (0..7) : print([A008955(n, k) for k in (0..n)]) # Peter Luschny, Feb 04 2012

The n-th row gives the coefficients in the expansion of Product_{i=1..n-1}(x+i^2), highest powers first (see Comments section).
The triangle can be obtained from the recurrence t1(n,k) = n^2*t1(n-1,k-1) + t1(n-1,k) with t1(n,0) = 1 and t1(n,n) = (n!)^2.
t1(n,k) = Sum_{j=-k..k} (-1)^j*s(n+1,n+1-k+j)*s(n+1,n+1-k-j) = Sum_{j=0..2*(n+1-k)} (-1)^(n+1-k+j)*s(n+1,j)*s(n+1,2*(n+1-k)-j), where s(n,k) are Stirling numbers of the first kind, A048994. - Mircea Merca, Apr 02 2012
E.g.f.: cosh(2/sqrt(t)*asin(sqrt(t)*z/2)) = 1 + z^2/2! + (1 + t)*z^4/4! + (1 + 5*t + 4*t^2)*z^6/6! + ... (see Berndt, p.263 and p.306). - Peter Bala, Aug 29 2012
T(n,m) = (2*(n+1))!*Sum_{k=0..m} ((-1)^k*binomial(n,m-k)*Sum_{i=0..2*k} ((2^(i-2*m)*stirling1(2*(n-m+1)+i,2*(n-m+1))*binomial(2*(n-m+1)+2*k-1, 2*(n-m+1)+i-1))/(2*(n-m+1)+i)!)). - Vladimir Kruchinin, Oct 05 2013

There's an error in the last column of Riordan's table (change 46076 to 21076).
More terms from Vladeta Jovovic, Apr 16 2000
Link added and cross-references edited by Johannes W. Meijer, Aug 17 2009
Discussion of Riordan's definition of central factorial numbers added by N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 01 2011

A241171 Triangle read by rows: Joffe's central differences of zero, T(n,k), 1 <= k <= n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 6, 1, 30, 90, 1, 126, 1260, 2520, 1, 510, 13230, 75600, 113400, 1, 2046, 126720, 1580040, 6237000, 7484400, 1, 8190, 1171170, 28828800, 227026800, 681080400, 681080400, 1, 32766, 10663380, 494053560, 6972966000, 39502663200, 95351256000, 81729648000, 1, 131070, 96461910, 8203431600, 196556560200, 1882311631200, 8266953895200, 16672848192000, 12504636144000

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 22 2014

T(n,k) gives the number of ordered set partitions of the set {1,2,...,2*n} into k even sized blocks. An example is given below. Cf. A019538 and A156289. - Peter Bala, Aug 20 2014

			Triangle begins:
1,
1, 6,
1, 30, 90,
1, 126, 1260, 2520,
1, 510, 13230, 75600, 113400,
1, 2046, 126720, 1580040, 6237000, 7484400,
1, 8190, 1171170, 28828800, 227026800, 681080400, 681080400,
1, 32766, 10663380, 494053560, 6972966000, 39502663200, 95351256000, 81729648000,
...
From _Peter Bala_, Aug 20 2014: (Start)
Row 2: [1,6]
k  Ordered set partitions of {1,2,3,4} into k blocks    Number
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1   {1,2,3,4}                                             1
2   {1,2}{3,4}, {3,4}{1,2}, {1,3}{2,4}, {2,4}{1,3},       6
    {1,4}{2,3}, {2,3}{1,4}
(End)

H. T. Davis, Tables of the Mathematical Functions. Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed., 1963, Vol. 3 (with V. J. Fisher), 1962; Principia Press of Trinity Univ., San Antonio, TX, Vol. 2, p. 283.
S. A. Joffe, Calculation of the first thirty-two Eulerian numbers from central differences of zero, Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math. 47 (1914), 103-126.
S. A. Joffe, Calculation of eighteen more, fifty in all, Eulerian numbers from central differences of zero, Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math. 48 (1917-1920), 193-271.

Muniru A Asiru, Rows n = 1..50 of triangle, flattened

Case m=2 of the polynomials defined in A278073.
Cf. A000680 (diagonal), A094088 (row sums), A000364 (alternating row sums), A281478 (central terms), A327022 (refinement).
Diagonals give A002446, A213455, A241172, A002456.
Cf. A019538, A036969, A156289.

Flat(List([1..10],n->List([1..n],k->1/(2^(k-1))*Sum([1..k],j->(-1)^(k-j)*Binomial(2*k,k-j)*j^(2*n))))); # Muniru A Asiru, Feb 27 2019

T := proc(n,k) option remember;
if k > n then 0
elif k=0 then k^n
elif k=1 then 1
else k*(2*k-1)*T(n-1,k-1)+k^2*T(n-1,k); fi;
end: # Minor edit to make it also work in the (0,0)-offset case. Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2022
for n from 1 to 12 do lprint([seq(T(n,k), k=1..n)]); od:

T[n_, k_] /; 1 <= k <= n := T[n, k] = k(2k-1) T[n-1, k-1] + k^2 T[n-1, k]; T[, 1] = 1; T[, ] = 0; Table[T[n, k], {n, 1, 9}, {k, 1, n}] (* _Jean-François Alcover, Jul 03 2019 *)

@cached_function
def A241171(n, k):
    if n == 0 and k == 0: return 1
    if k < 0 or k > n: return 0
    return (2*k^2 - k)*A241171(n - 1, k - 1) + k^2*A241171(n - 1, k)
for n in (1..6): print([A241171(n, k) for k in (1..n)]) # Peter Luschny, Sep 06 2017

T(n,k) = 0 if k <= 0 or k > n, = 1 if k=1, otherwise T(n,k) = k*(2*k-1)*T(n-1,k-1) + k^2*T(n-1,k).
Related to Euler numbers A000364 by A000364(n) = (-1)^n*Sum_{k=1..n} (-1)^k*T(n,k). For example, A000364(3) = 61 = 90 - 30 + 1.
From Peter Bala, Aug 20 2014: (Start)
T(n,k) = 1/(2^(k-1))*Sum_{j = 1..k} (-1)^(k-j)*binomial(2*k,k-j)*j^(2*n).
T(n,k) = k!*A156289(n,k) = k!*(2*k-1)!!*A036969.
E.g.f.: A(t,z) := 1/( 1 - t*(cosh(z) - 1) ) = 1 + t*z^2/2! + (t + 6*t^2)*z^4/4! + (t + 30*t^2 + 90*t^3)*z^6/6! + ... satisfies the partial differential equation d^2/dz^2(A) = D(A), where D = t^2*(2*t + 1)*d^2/dt^2 + t*(5*t + 1)*d/dt + t.
Hence the row polynomials R(n,t) satisfy the differential equation R(n+1,t) = t^2*(2*t + 1)*R''(n,t) + t*(5*t + 1)*R'(n,t) + t*R(n,t) with R(0,t) = 1, where ' indicates differentiation w.r.t. t. This is equivalent to the above recurrence equation.
Recurrence for row polynomials: R(n,t) = t*( Sum_{k = 1..n} binomial(2*n,2*k)*R(n-k,t) ) with R(0,t) := 1.
Row sums equal A094088(n) for n >= 1.
A100872(n) = (1/2)*R(n,2). (End)

A156289 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of end rhyme patterns of a poem of an even number of lines (2n) with 1<=k<=n evenly rhymed sounds.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 1, 15, 15, 1, 63, 210, 105, 1, 255, 2205, 3150, 945, 1, 1023, 21120, 65835, 51975, 10395, 1, 4095, 195195, 1201200, 1891890, 945945, 135135, 1, 16383, 1777230, 20585565, 58108050, 54864810, 18918900, 2027025, 1, 65535, 16076985

Offset: 1

Hartmut F. W. Hoft, Feb 07 2009

T(n,k) is the number of partitions of a set of size 2*n into k blocks of even size [Comtet]. For partitions into odd sized blocks see A136630.
See A241171 for the triangle of ordered set partitions of the set {1,2,...,2*n} into k even sized blocks. - Peter Bala, Aug 20 2014
This triangle T(n,k) gives the sum over the M_3 multinomials A036040 for the partitions of 2*n with k even parts, for 1 <= k <= n. See the triangle A257490 with sums over the entries with k parts, and the Hartmut F. W. Hoft program. - Wolfdieter Lang, May 13 2015

			The triangle begins
  n\k|..1.....2......3......4......5......6
  =========================================
  .1.|..1
  .2.|..1.....3
  .3.|..1....15.....15
  .4.|..1....63....210....105
  .5.|..1...255...2205...3150....945
  .6.|..1..1023..21120..65835..51975..10395
  ..
T(3,3) = 15. The 15 partitions of the set [6] into three even blocks are:
  (12)(34)(56), (12)(35)(46), (12)(36)(45),
  (13)(24)(56), (13)(25)(46), (13)(26)(45),
  (14)(23)(56), (14)(25)(36), (14)(26)(35),
  (15)(23)(46), (15)(24)(36), (15)(26)(34),
  (16)(23)(45), (16)(24)(35), (16)(25)(34).
Examples of recurrence relation
 T(4,3) = 5*T(3,2) + 9*T(3,3) = 5*15 + 9*15 = 210;
 T(6,5) = 9*T(5,4) + 25*T(5,5) = 9*3150 + 25*945 = 51975.
 T(4,2) = 28 + 35 = 63 (M_3 multinomials A036040 for partitions of 8 with 3 even parts, namely (2,6) and (4^2)). - _Wolfdieter Lang_, May 13 2015

L. Comtet, Analyse Combinatoire, Presses Univ. de France, 1970, Vol. II, pages 61-62.
L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, pages 225-226.

Michael De Vlieger, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..11325 (rows 1 <= n <= 150, flattened)
Richard Olu Awonusika, On Jacobi polynomials P_k(alpha, beta) and coefficients c_j^L(alpha, beta) (k >= 0, L = 5,6; 1 <= j <= L; alpha, beta > -1), The Journal of Analysis (2020).
Thomas Browning, Counting Parabolic Double Cosets in Symmetric Groups, arXiv:2010.13256 [math.CO], 2020.
J. Riordan, Letter, Jul 06 1978

Diagonal T(n, n) is A001147, subdiagonal T(n+1, n) is A001880.
2nd column variant T(n, 2)/3, for 2<=n, is A002450.
3rd column variant T(n, 3)/15, for 3<=n, is A002451.
Sum of the n-th row is A005046.
Cf. A241171, A257468, A257490, A096162.

T := proc(n,k) option remember; `if`(k = 0 and n = 0, 1, `if`(n < 0, 0,
(2*k-1)*T(n-1, k-1) + k^2*T(n-1, k))) end:
for n from 1 to 8 do seq(T(n,k), k=1..n) od; # Peter Luschny, Sep 04 2017

T[n_,k_] := Which[n < k, 0, n == 1, 1, True, 2/Factorial2[2 k] Sum[(-1)^(k + j) Binomial[2 k, k + j] j^(2 n), {j, 1, k}]]
(* alternate computation with function triangle[] defined in A257490 *)
a[n_]:=Map[Apply[Plus,#]&,triangle[n],{2}]
(* Hartmut F. W. Hoft, Apr 26 2015 *)

Recursion: T(n,1)=1 for 1<=n; T(n,k)=0 for 1<=n

Generating function for the k-th column of the triangle T(i+k,k):

G(k,x) = Sum_{i>=0} T(i+k,k)*x^i = Product_{j=1..k} (2*j-1)/(1-j^2*x).

Closed form expression: T(n,k) = (2/(k!*2^k))*Sum_{j=1..k} (-1)^(k-j)*binomial(2*k,k-j)*j^(2*n).

From Peter Bala, Feb 21 2011: (Start)

GENERATING FUNCTION

E.g.f. (including a constant 1):

(1)... F(x,z) = exp(x*(cosh(z)-1))

= Sum_{n>=0} R(n,x)*z^(2*n)/(2*n)!

= 1 + x*z^2/2! + (x + 3*x^2)*z^4/4! + (x + 15*x^2 + 15*x^3)*z^6/6! + ....

ROW POLYNOMIALS

The row polynomials R(n,x) begin

... R(1,x) = x

... R(2,x) = x + 3*x^2

... R(3,x) = x + 15*x^2 + 15*x^3.

The egf F(x,z) satisfies the partial differential equation

(2)... d^2/dz^2(F) = x*F + x*(2*x+1)*F' + x^2*F'',

where ' denotes differentiation with respect to x. Hence the row polynomials satisfy the recurrence relation

(3)... R(n+1,x) = x*{R(n,x) + (2*x+1)*R'(n,x) + x*R''(n,x)}

with R(0,x) = 1. The recurrence relation for T(n,k) given above follows from this.

(4)... T(n,k) = (2*k-1)!!*A036969(n,k).

(End)

A298851 a(n) = [x^n] Product_{k=1..n} 1/(1-k^2*x).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 21, 1408, 196053, 46587905, 16875270660, 8657594647800, 5974284925007685, 5336898188553325075, 5992171630749371157181, 8260051854943114812198756, 13714895317396748230146099660, 26998129079190909699998105620908, 62173633286588800021263427046090792

Offset: 0

Seiichi Manyama, Feb 01 2018

nonn

Vaclav Kotesovec, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..200

Cf. A001044, A036969, A269945.
Cf. A007820, A299035, A299036.
Cf. A383853.

b:= proc(k, n) option remember; `if`(k=0, 1,
      add(b(k-1, j)*j^2, j=1..n))
    end:
a:= n-> b(n$2):
seq(a(n), n=0..14);  # Alois P. Heinz, Feb 19 2022

Table[SeriesCoefficient[Product[1/(1 - k^2*x), {k, 1, n}], {x, 0, n}], {n, 0, 20}] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 02 2018 *)
Join[{1}, Table[2*Sum[(-1)^(n-k) * Binomial[2*n, n-k] * k^(4*n), {k, 0, n}]/(2*n)!, {n, 1, 20}]] (* Vaclav Kotesovec, May 15 2025 *)

a(n):=if n<1 then 1 else 2*sum((n-k)^(4*n)/((2*n-k)!*k!*(-1)^k),k,0,n);
makelist(a(n), n, 0, 20); /* Tani Akinari, Mar 09 2021 */

From Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 02 2018, updated May 12 2025: (Start)
a(n) ~ c * d^n * n^(2*n - 1/2), where d = 1.774513671664430848697327843228386312953174421074432567764556466987... and c = 0.617929515483613293691991371141292259390065108300160936187723552669...
In closed form, a(n) ~ n^(2*n - 1/2) * r^(4*n + 1) / (sqrt(Pi*(2 - r^2)) * (r^2 - 1)^n * exp(2*n)), where r = 1.04438203376083348498401390634474776086902815721... is the root of the equation (1-r)/(1+r) = -exp(-4/r). (End)
a(n) = 2*(Sum_{k=0..n} (n-k)^(4*n)/((2*n-k)!*k!*(-1)^k)) for n>0. - Tani Akinari, Mar 09 2021
a(n) = A036969(2n,n) = A269945(2n,n). - Alois P. Heinz, Feb 19 2022
From Seiichi Manyama, May 12 2025: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..2*n} (-n)^k * binomial(4*n,k) * Stirling2(4*n-k,2*n).
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..2*n} (-1)^k * Stirling2(k+n,n) * Stirling2(3*n-k,n). (End)

A008958 Triangle of central factorial numbers 4^k T(2n+1, 2n+1-2k).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 35, 91, 1, 1, 84, 966, 820, 1, 1, 165, 5082, 24970, 7381, 1, 1, 286, 18447, 273988, 631631, 66430, 1, 1, 455, 53053, 1768195, 14057043, 15857205, 597871, 1, 1, 680, 129948, 8187608, 157280838, 704652312, 397027996, 5380840, 1

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

			From _Wesley Transue_, Jan 21 2012: (Start)
Triangle begins:
  1;
  1,   1;
  1,  10,      1;
  1,  35,     91,       1;
  1,  84,    966,     820,         1;
  1, 165,   5082,   24970,      7381,         1;
  1, 286,  18447,  273988,    631631,     66430,         1;
  1, 455,  53053, 1768195,  14057043,  15857205,    597871,       1;
  1, 680, 129948, 8187608, 157280838, 704652312, 397027996, 5380840, 1;
(End)

J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 217.

Robert James Purser, Mobius Net Cubed-Sphere Gnomonic Grids, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Protection, 2018.

Cf. A008955-A008957, A036969.

Columns include A000447. Right-hand columns include A002452, A002453.

Flatten[Table[Sum[(-1)^(q+1) 4^(p-n) (2p+2q-2n-1)^(2n+1)/((2n+1-2p-q)! q!), {q, 0, n-p}], {n, 0, 8}, {p, 0, n}]] (* Wesley Transue, Jan 21 2012 *)

G.f. of i-th right-hand column is x/Product_{j=1..i+1} (1 - (2j-1)^2*x).

More terms from Vladeta Jovovic, Apr 16 2000

A269945 Triangle read by rows. Stirling set numbers of order 2, T(n, n) = 1, T(n, k) = 0 if k < 0 or k > n, otherwise T(n, k) = T(n-1, k-1) + k^2*T(n-1, k), for 0 <= k <= n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 5, 1, 0, 1, 21, 14, 1, 0, 1, 85, 147, 30, 1, 0, 1, 341, 1408, 627, 55, 1, 0, 1, 1365, 13013, 11440, 2002, 91, 1, 0, 1, 5461, 118482, 196053, 61490, 5278, 140, 1, 0, 1, 21845, 1071799, 3255330, 1733303, 251498, 12138, 204, 1

Offset: 0

Peter Luschny, Mar 22 2016

Also known as central factorial numbers T(2*n, 2*k) (cf. A036969).

The analog for the Stirling cycle numbers is A269944.

			Triangle starts:
  [0] [1]
  [1] [0, 1]
  [2] [0, 1,   1]
  [3] [0, 1,   5,    1]
  [4] [0, 1,  21,   14,   1]
  [5] [0, 1,  85,  147,  30,  1]
  [6] [0, 1, 341, 1408, 627, 55, 1]

M. W. Coffey and M. C. Lettington, On Fibonacci Polynomial Expressions for Sums of mth Powers, their implications for Faulhaber's Formula and some Theorems of Fermat, arXiv:1510.05402 [math.NT], 2015.
Peter Luschny, The P-transform.
Peter Luschny, The Partition Transform -- A SageMath Jupyter Notebook.

Columns k=0..5 give A000007, A000012, A002450(n-1), A002451(n-3), A383838(n-4), A383840(n-5).
Variants are: A008957, A036969.
Cf. A007318 (order 0), A048993 (order 1), A269948 (order 3).
Cf. A000330 (subdiagonal), A002450 (column 2), A135920 (row sums), A269941, A269944 (Stirling cycle), A298851 (central terms).

T := proc(n, k) option remember;
    `if`(n=k, 1,
    `if`(k<0 or k>n, 0,
     T(n-1, k-1) + k^2*T(n-1, k))) end:
for n from 0 to 9 do seq(T(n, k), k=0..n) od;
# Alternatively with the P-transform (cf. A269941):
A269945_row := n -> PTrans(n, n->`if`(n=1, 1, 1/(n*(4*n-2))), (n, k)->(-1)^k*(2*n)!/(2*k)!): seq(print(A269945_row(n)), n=0..8);
# Using the exponential generating function:
egf := 1 + t^2*(cosh(2*sinh(t*x/2)/t));
ser := series(egf, x, 20): cx := n -> coeff(ser, x, 2*n):
Trow := n -> local k; seq((2*n)!*coeff(cx(n), t, 2*(n-k+1)), k = 0..n):
seq(print(Trow(n)), n = 0..9);  # Peter Luschny, Feb 29 2024

T[n_, n_] = 1; T[n_ /; n >= 0, k_] /; 0 <= k < n := T[n, k] = T[n - 1, k - 1] + k^2*T[n - 1, k]; T[, ] = 0; Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 9}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten
(* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 27 2017 *)

# uses[PtransMatrix from A269941]
stirset2 = lambda n: 1 if n == 1 else 1/(n*(4*n-2))
norm = lambda n,k: (-1)^k*factorial(2*n)/factorial(2*k)
M = PtransMatrix(7, stirset2, norm)
for m in M: print(m)

T(n, k) = (-1)^k*((2*n)! / (2*k)!)*P[n, k](s(n)) where P is the P-transform and s(n) = 1/(n*(4*n-2)). The P-transform is defined in the link. Compare also the Sage and Maple implementations below.
T(n, 2) = (4^(n - 1) - 1)/3 for n >= 2 (cf. A002450).
T(n, n-1) = n*(n - 1)*(2*n - 1)/6 for n >= 1 (cf. A000330).
From Fabián Pereyra, Apr 25 2022: (Start)
T(n, k) = (1/(2*k)!)*Sum_{j=0..2*k} (-1)^j*binomial(2*k, j)*(k - j)^(2*n).
T(n, k) = Sum_{j=2*k..2*n} (-k)^(2*n - j)*binomial(2*n, j)*Stirling2(j, 2*k).
T(n, k) = Sum_{j=0..2*n} (-1)^(j - k)*Stirling2(2*n - j, k)*Stirling2(j, k). (End)
T(n, k) = (2*n)! [t^(2*(n-k+1))] [x^(2*n)] (1 + t^2*(cosh(2*sinh(t*x/2)/t))). - Peter Luschny, Feb 29 2024

A002451 Expansion of 1/((1-x)(1-4x)(1-9x)).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 14, 147, 1408, 13013, 118482, 1071799, 9668036, 87099705, 784246870, 7059619931, 63542171784, 571901915677, 5147206719578, 46325218390143, 416928397167052, 3752361301126529, 33771274616631006, 303941563175648035, 2735474435084708240, 24619271381777877861

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, L. Rosenhead and L. J. Comrie, An Index of Mathematical Tables. Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford and Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1962, Vol. 1, p. 112.
J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 217.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
T. N. Thiele, Interpolationsrechnung. Teubner, Leipzig, 1909, p. 35.

G. C. Greubel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
D. Dumont, Interprétations combinatoires des nombres de Genocchi, Duke Math. J., 41 (1974), 305-318. (Annotated scanned copy)
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (14,-49,36).

A diagonal of A036969.

List([0..30],n->1/24-4^(n+2)/15+9^(n+2)/40); # Muniru A Asiru, Dec 18 2018

[(10 - 4^(n+4) +6*9^(n+2))/240: n in [0..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jul 04 2019

a:=n->sum((9^(n-j)-4^(n-j))/5,j=0..n): seq(a(n), n=1..30); # Zerinvary Lajos, Jan 15 2007
A002451:=-1/(z-1)/(4*z-1)/(9*z-1); # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation

CoefficientList[Series[1/((1-x)(1-4x)(1-9x)), {x, 0, 30}], x] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Jun 20 2011 *)

Vec(1/((1-x)*(1-4*x)*(1-9*x))+O(x^30)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 23 2012

[(10 - 4^(n+4) +6*9^(n+2))/240 for n in (0..30)] # G. C. Greubel, Jul 04 2019

a(n) = 1/24 - 4^(n+2)/15 + 9^(n+2)/40. - Antonio Alberto Olivares, Feb 03 2010

a(n) = 13*a(n-1) - 36*a(n-2) + 1, n >= 2. - Vincenzo Librandi, Mar 23 2011

A008957 Triangle of central factorial numbers T(2n,2n-2*k), k >= 0, n >= 1 (in Riordan's notation).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 14, 21, 1, 1, 30, 147, 85, 1, 1, 55, 627, 1408, 341, 1, 1, 91, 2002, 11440, 13013, 1365, 1, 1, 140, 5278, 61490, 196053, 118482, 5461, 1, 1, 204, 12138, 251498, 1733303, 3255330, 1071799, 21845, 1, 1, 285, 25194, 846260, 10787231

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

D. E. Knuth [1992] on page 10 gives the formula Sum n^(2m-1) = Sum_{k=1..m} (2k-1)! T(2m,2k) binomial(n+k, 2k) where T(m, k) is the central factorial number of the second kind. - Michael Somos, May 08 2018

			The triangle starts:
  1;
  1,  1;
  1,  5,    1;
  1, 14,   21,     1;
  1, 30,  147,    85,     1;
  1, 55,  627,  1408,   341,    1;
  1, 91, 2002, 11440, 13013, 1365, 1;

J. Riordan, Combinatorial Identities, Wiley, 1968, p. 217, Table 6.2(a).
R. P. Stanley, Enumerative Combinatorics, Cambridge, Vol. 2, 1999; see Problem 5.8.

Reinhard Zumkeller, Rows n = 1..100 of triangle, flattened
F. Alayont and N. Krzywonos, Rook Polynomials in Three and Higher Dimensions, 2012. [From _N. J. A. Sloane_, Jan 02 2013]
D. Dumont, Interprétations combinatoires des nombres de Genocchi, Duke Math. J., 41 (1974), 305-318.
D. E. Knuth, Johann Faulhaber and Sums of Powers, arXiv:math/9207222, Jul 1992. See bottom of page 10. [From _Michael Somos_, May 08 2018]
Petro Kolosov, Polynomial identities involving central factorial numbers, GitHub, 2024. See p. 6.

Row reversed version of A036969. (0,0)-based version: A269945.

Cf. A008955.

a008957 n k = a008957_tabl !! (n-1) (k-1)
a008957_row n = a008957_tabl !! (n-1)
a008957_tabl = map reverse a036969_tabl
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 18 2013

A036969 := proc(n,k) local j; 2*add(j^(2*n)*(-1)^(k-j)/((k-j)!*(k+j)!),j=1..k); end; # Gives rows of triangle in reversed order

t[n_, n_] = t[n_, 1] = 1;
t[n_, k_] := t[n-1, k-1] + k^2 t[n-1, k];
Flatten[Table[t[n, k], {n, 1, 10}, {k, n, 1, -1}]][[1 ;; 50]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 16 2011 *)

{T(n, k) = if( n<1 || k>n, 0, n==k || k==1, 1, T(n-1, k-1) + k^2 * T(n-1, k))}; \\ Michael Somos, May 08 2018

def A008957(n, k):
    m = n - k
    return 2*sum((-1)^(j+m)*(j+1)^(2*n)/(factorial(j+m+2)*factorial(m-j)) for j in (0..m))
for n in (1..7): print([A008957(n, k) for k in (1..n)]) # Peter Luschny, May 10 2018

From Michael Somos, May 08 2018: (Start)
T(n, k) = T(n-1, k-1) + k^2 * T(n-1, k), where T(n, n) = T(n, 1) = 1.
E.g.f.: x^2 * (cosh(sinh(y*x/2) / (x/2)) - 1) = (1*x^2)*y^2/2! + (1*x^2 + 1*x^4)*y^4/4! + (1*x^2 + 5*x^4 + 1*x^6)*y^6/6! + (1*x^2 + 14*x^4 + 21*x^6 + 1*x^8)*y^8/8! + ... (End)

More terms from Vladeta Jovovic, Apr 16 2000

Showing 1-10 of 16 results. Next

cp's OEIS Frontend

A060493 A diagonal of A036969.

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A204579 Triangle read by rows: matrix inverse of the central factorial numbers T(2*n, 2*k) (A036969).

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A008955 Triangle of central factorial numbers |t(2n,2n-2k)| read by rows.

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A241171 Triangle read by rows: Joffe's central differences of zero, T(n,k), 1 <= k <= n.

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A156289 Triangle read by rows: T(n,k) is the number of end rhyme patterns of a poem of an even number of lines (2n) with 1<=k<=n evenly rhymed sounds.

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A298851 a(n) = [x^n] Product_{k=1..n} 1/(1-k^2*x).

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A204579 Triangle read by rows: matrix inverse of the central factorial numbers T(2n, 2k) (A036969).

A002451 Expansion of 1/((1-x)(1-4x)(1-9x)).

A008957 Triangle of central factorial numbers T(2n,2n-2*k), k >= 0, n >= 1 (in Riordan's notation).