A255321 -id:A255321 - cp's OEIS frontend

A074962 Decimal expansion of Glaisher-Kinkelin constant A.

1, 2, 8, 2, 4, 2, 7, 1, 2, 9, 1, 0, 0, 6, 2, 2, 6, 3, 6, 8, 7, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 6, 8, 8, 6, 9, 7, 9, 1, 7, 2, 7, 7, 6, 7, 6, 8, 8, 9, 2, 7, 3, 2, 5, 0, 0, 1, 1, 9, 2, 0, 6, 3, 7, 4, 0, 0, 2, 1, 7, 4, 0, 4, 0, 6, 3, 0, 8, 8, 5, 8, 8, 2, 6, 4, 6, 1, 1, 2, 9, 7, 3, 6, 4, 9, 1, 9, 5, 8, 2, 0, 2, 3, 7, 4, 3, 9, 4, 2, 0, 6, 4, 6, 1, 2, 0

Offset: 1

Benoit Cloitre, Oct 05 2002

Arises in expressions such as A002109(n) = 1^1*2^2*3^3*...*n^n which is asymptotic to A*n^(n^2/2 + n/2 + 1/12)*exp(-n^2/4). See A002109 for more references and links.

Named after the English mathematician and astronomer James Whitbread Lee Glaisher (1848-1928) and the Swiss mathematician Hermann Kinkelin (1832-1913). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 15 2021

			1.2824271291006226368753425688697917277676889273250011920637400217404...

Steven R. Finch, Mathematical constants, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Vol. 94, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 135.
Konrad Knopp, Theory and applications of infinite series, Dover, p. 555.

Gheorghe Coserea, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10010
L. Almodovar, V. H. Moll, H. Quand, Infinite products arising in paperfolding, JIS 19 (2016) # 16.5.1 eq. (13)
Chao-Ping Chen and Long Lin, Asymptotic expansions related to Glaisher-Kinkelin constant based on the Bell polynomials, Journal of Number Theory, Vol. 133 (2013), pp. 2699-2705.
Ovidiu Furdui, proposer, Problem 11494, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 118, No. 9 (2011), 850-852.
J. W. L. Glaisher, On the Product 1^1.2^2.3^3...n^n, The Messenger of Mathematics, Vol. 7 (1878), pp. 43-47.
Antonio Gracia Llorente, A Simple Limit-Product Formula for Glaisher’s Constant, OSF Preprint, 2025.
Jesús Guillera and Jonathan Sondow, Double integrals and infinite products for some classical constants via analytic continuations of Lerch's transcendent, Ramanujan J., Vol. 16 (2008), pp. 247-270; see Examples 5.2, 5.7, 5.11.
Fredrik Johansson et al., mpmath, Mathematical constants (Mpmath).
Fredrik Johansson et al., mpmath, Glaisher's constant to 20,000 digits.
Hermann Kinkelin, Über eine mit der Gammafunction verwandte Transcendente und deren Anwendung auf die Integralrechnung, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, Vol. 57 (1860), pp. 122-138.
Jonathan Sondow and Petros Hadjicostas, The generalized-Euler-constant function gamma(z) and a generalization of Somos's quadratic recurrence constant, J. Math. Anal. Appl., Vol. 332, No. 1 (2007), pp. 292-314; see Section 5.
Robert A. Van Gorder, Glaisher-type products over the primes, International Journal of Number Theory, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2012), pp. 543-550.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Glaisher-Kinkelin Constant.
Wikipedia, Glaisher-Kinkelin constant.

Cf. A001620, A243262, A243263, A243264, A243265.

Cf. A000178, A002109, A051675, A255321, A255323, A255344.

evalf(limit(product(k^k,k=1..n)/(n^(n^2/2+n/2+1/12)*exp(-n^2/4)),n=infinity),120); # Vaclav Kotesovec, Oct 23 2014

RealDigits[Glaisher, 10, 111][[1]] (* Robert G. Wilson v *)

x=10^(-100); exp(1/12-(zeta(-1+x)-zeta(-1))/x)

exp(1/12-zeta'(-1)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Dec 12 2013

A = 2^(1/36)*Pi^(1/6)*exp(1/3*(-Gamma/4 + s(2)/3 - s(3)/4 + ...)) where s(k) denotes Sum_{n>=0} 1/(2n+1)^k.
Closed expressions for A are exp(-zeta'(2)/2/Pi^2 + log(2*Pi)/12 + Gamma/12) or exp(1/12-zeta'(-1)).
Equals (2*Pi)^(1/4) / limit_{n->oo} Product_{k=1..n} Gamma(k/n)^(k/n^2). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 02 2023
Equals (2*Pi*exp(gamma) * Product_{p prime} p^(1/(p^4-1)))^c, where gamma is Euler's constant (A001620), and c = Bernoulli(2)/2 = 1/12 (Van Gorder, 2012). - Amiram Eldar, Feb 08 2024
Equals e^(-1/4 + Integral_{x=1..2} x*log(sqrt(2*Pi)) - B_2(x) + x^2*Psi(x)/2 dx), where B_2(x) is the second Bernoulli polynomial and Psi(x) is the digamma function. - Andrea Pinos, Apr 16 2024
Equals exp(1/12 - 2*Integral_{x=0..oo} x*log(x)/(exp(2*Pi*x) - 1) dx) = exp(1/3 + 7*log(2)/36 - log(Pi)/6 + (2/3)*Integral_{x=0..1/2} log(Gamma(x+1)) dx) (see Finch). - Stefano Spezia, Dec 01 2024
From Antonio Graciá Llorente, May 03 2025: (Start)
Equals lim_{n->oo} (2^(13/3)*n)^(1/12) * Product_{k=1..n} (1 - 1/(2*k+1)^2)^((2*k+1)/6).
Equals lim_{n->oo} (24*n^2)^(1/24) * Product_{prime p<=n} (p^(1 - p/(p^2-1)) / sqrt(p^2-1))^(1/12). (End)

More terms from Sascha Kurz, Feb 03 2003

A000178 Superfactorials: product of first n factorials.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 12, 288, 34560, 24883200, 125411328000, 5056584744960000, 1834933472251084800000, 6658606584104736522240000000, 265790267296391946810949632000000000, 127313963299399416749559771247411200000000000, 792786697595796795607377086400871488552960000000000000

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

a(n) is also the Vandermonde determinant of the numbers 1,2,...,(n+1), i.e., the determinant of the (n+1) X (n+1) matrix A with A[i,j] = i^j, 1 <= i <= n+1, 0 <= j <= n. - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), May 06 2001
a(n) = (1/n!) * D(n) where D(n) is the determinant of order n in which the (i,j)-th element is i^j. - Amarnath Murthy, Jan 02 2002
Determinant of S_n where S_n is the n X n matrix S_n(i,j) = Sum_{d|i} d^j. - Benoit Cloitre, May 19 2002
Appears to be det(M_n) where M_n is the n X n matrix with m(i,j) = J_j(i) where J_k(n) denote the Jordan function of row k, column n (cf. A059380(m)). - Benoit Cloitre, May 19 2002
a(2n+1) = 1, 12, 34560, 125411328000, ... is the Hankel transform of A000182 (tangent numbers) = 1, 2, 16, 272, 7936, ...; example: det([1, 2, 16, 272; 2, 16, 272, 7936; 16, 272, 7936, 353792; 272, 7936, 353792, 22368256]) = 125411328000. - Philippe Deléham, Mar 07 2004
Determinant of the (n+1) X (n+1) matrix whose i-th row consists of terms 1 to n+1 of the Lucas sequence U(i,Q), for any Q. When Q=0, the Vandermonde matrix is obtained. - T. D. Noe, Aug 21 2004
Determinant of the (n+1) X (n+1) matrix A whose elements are A(i,j) = B(i+j) for 0 <= i,j <= n, where B(k) is the k-th Bell number, A000110(k) [I. Mezo, JIS 14 (2011) # 11.1.1]. - T. D. Noe, Dec 04 2004
The Hankel transform of the sequence A090365 is A000178(n+1); example: det([1,1,3; 1,3,11; 3,11,47]) = 12. - Philippe Deléham, Mar 02 2005
Theorem 1.3, page 2, of Polynomial points, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 10 (2007), Article 07.3.6, provides an example of an Abelian quotient group of order (n-1) superfactorial, for each positive integer n. The quotient is obtained from sequences of polynomial values. - E. F. Cornelius, Jr. (efcornelius(AT)comcast.net), Apr 09 2007
Starting with offset 1 this is a 'Matryoshka doll' sequence with alpha=1, the multiplicative counterpart to the additive A000292. seq(mul(mul(i,i=alpha..k), k=alpha..n),n=alpha..12). - Peter Luschny, Jul 14 2009
For n>0, a(n) is also the determinant of S_n where S_n is the n X n matrix, indexed from 1, S_n(i,j)=sigma_i(j), where sigma_k(n) is the generalized divisor sigma function: A000203 is sigma_1(n). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jun 21 2010
a(n) is the multiplicative Wiener index of the (n+1)-vertex path. Example: a(4)=288 because in the path on 5 vertices there are 3 distances equal to 2, 2 distances equal to 3, and 1 distance equal to 4 (2*2*2*3*3*4=288). See p. 115 of the Gutman et al. reference. - Emeric Deutsch, Sep 21 2011
a(n-1) = Product_{j=1..n-1} j! = V(n) = Product_{1 <= i < j <= n} (j - i) (a Vandermondian V(n), see the Ahmed Fares May 06 2001 comment above), n >= 1, is in fact the determinant of any n X n matrix M(n) with entries M(n;i,j) = p(j-1,x = i), 1 <= i, j <= n, where p(m,x), m >= 0, are monic polynomials of exact degree m with p(0,x) = 1. This is a special x[i] = i choice in a general theorem given in Vein-Dale, p. 59 (written for the transposed matrix M(n;j,x_i) = p(i-1,x_j) = P_i(x_j) in Vein-Dale, and there a_{k,k} = 1, for k=1..n). See the Aug 26 2013 comment under A049310, where p(n,x) = S(n,x) (Chebyshev S). - Wolfdieter Lang, Aug 27 2013
a(n) is the number of monotonic magmas on n elements labeled 1..n with a symmetric multiplication table. I.e., Product(i,j) >= max(i,j); Product(i,j) = Product(j,i). - Chad Brewbaker, Nov 03 2013
The product of the pairwise differences of n+1 integers is a multiple of a(n) [and this does not hold for any k > a(n)]. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 15 2014
a(n) is the determinant of the (n+1) X (n+1) matrix M with M(i,j) = (n+j-1)!/(n+j-i)!, 1 <= i <= n+1, 1 <= j <= n+1. - Stoyan Apostolov, Aug 26 2014
All terms are in A064807 and all terms after a(2) are in A005101. - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Sep 02 2016
Empirical: a(n-1) is the determinant of order n in which the (i,j)-th entry is the (j-1)-th derivative of x^(x+i-1) evaluated at x=1. - John M. Campbell, Dec 13 2016
Empirical: If f(x) is a smooth, real-valued function on an open neighborhood of 0 such that f(0)=1, then a(n) is the determinant of order n+1 in which the (i,j)-th entry is the (j-1)-th derivative of f(x)/((1-x)^(i-1)) evaluated at x=0. - John M. Campbell, Dec 27 2016
Also the automorphism group order of the n-triangular honeycomb rook graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 14 2017
Is the zigzag Hankel transform of A000182. That is, a(2*n+1) is the Hankel transform of A000182 and a(2*n+2) is the Hankel transform of A000182(n+1). - Michael Somos, Mar 11 2020
Except for n = 0, 1, superfactorial a(n) is never a square (proof in link Mabry and Cormick, FFF 4 p. 349); however, when k belongs to A349079 (see for further information), there exists m, 1 <= m <= k such that a(k) / m! is a square. - Bernard Schott, Nov 29 2021

			a(3) = (1/6)* | 1 1 1 | 2 4 8 | 3 9 27 |
a(7) = n! * a(n-1) = 7! * 24883200 = 125411328000.
a(12) = 1! * 2! * 3! * 4! * 5! * 6! * 7! * 8! * 9! * 10! * 11! * 12!
= 1^12 * 2^11 * 3^10 * 4^9 * 5^8 * 6^7 * 7^6 * 8^5 * 9^4 * 10^3 * 11^2 * 12^1
= 2^56 * 3^26 * 5^11 * 7^6 * 11^2.
G.f. = 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 12*x^3 + 288*x^4 + 34560*x^5 + 24883200*x^6 + ...

Miklos Bona, editor, Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, CRC Press, 2015, page 545.
Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 135-145.
A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, L. Rosenhead and L. J. Comrie, An Index of Mathematical Tables. Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford and Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1962, Vol. 1, p. 50.
R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth and O. Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990, p. 231.
H. J. Ryser, Combinatorial Mathematics. Mathematical Association of America, Carus Mathematical Monograph 14, 1963, p. 53.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
R. Vein and P. Dale, Determinants and Their Applications in Mathematical Physics, Springer, 1999.

Boris Hostnik, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..46
Christian Aebi and Grant Cairns, Generalizations of Wilson's Theorem for Double-, Hyper-, Sub-and Superfactorials, The American Mathematical Monthly 122.5 (2015): 433-443.
Andreas B. G. Blobel, On convolution powers of 1/x, arXiv:2203.09519 [math.CO], 2022.
E. F. Cornelius, Jr. and Phill Schultz, Polynomial points , Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 10 (2007), Article 07.3.6.
Selden Crary, Factorization of the Determinant of the Gaussian-Covariance Matrix of Evenly Spaced Points Using an Inter-dimensional Multiset Duality, arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.6326 [math.ST], 2014-2019.
N. Destainville, R. Mosseri and F. Bailly, Configurational Entropy of Codimension-One Tilings and Directed Membranes, J. Stat. Phys. 87, Nos 3/4, 697 (1997).
J. East and R. D. Gray, Idempotent generators in finite partition monoids and related semigroups, arXiv preprint arXiv:1404.2359 [math.GR], 2014.
Richard Ehrenborg, The Hankel determinant of exponential polynomials, Amer. Math. Monthly, 107 (2000), 557-560.
William Q. Erickson and Jan Kretschmann, The structure and normalized volume of Monge polytopes, arXiv:2311.07522 [math.CO], 2023. See p. 7.
Steven R. Finch, Glaisher-Kinkelin Constant (gives asymptotic expressions for A002109, A000178) [Broken link]
Steven R. Finch, Glaisher-Kinkelin Constant (gives asymptotic expressions for A002109, A000178) [From the Wayback machine]
Shyam Sunder Gupta, Fascinating Factorials, Exploring the Beauty of Fascinating Numbers, Springer (2025) Ch. 16, 411-442.
Ivan Gutman, Wolfgang Linert, István Lukovits and Željko Tomović, The multiplicative version of the Wiener index, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., Vol. 40, No. 1 (2000), pp. 113-116.
Brady Haran and Sophie Maclean, What's special about 288?, Numberphile video (2023).
Aoife Hennessy, A Study of Riordan Arrays with Applications to Continued Fractions, Orthogonal Polynomials and Lattice Paths, Ph. D. Thesis, Waterford Institute of Technology, Oct. 2011.
Nick Hobson, Python program for this sequence.
A. M. Ibrahim, Extension of factorial concept to negative numbers, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 19, 2013, 2, 30-42.
Pavel L. Krapivsky, Jean-Marc Luck and Kirone Mallick, Quantum return probability of a system of N non-interacting lattice fermions, Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, Vol. 2018, No. 2 (2018), 023104; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1710.08178 [cond-mat.mes-hall], 2017-2018.
Jeffrey C. Lagarias and Harsh Mehta, Products of binomial coefficients and unreduced Farey fractions, International Journal of Number Theory, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2016), pp. 57-91; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1409.4145 [math.NT], 2014-2015.
Mogens Esrom Larsen, Wronskian Harmony, Mathematics Magazine, vol. 63, no. 1, 1990, pp. 33-37.
John W. Layman, The Hankel Transform and Some of its Properties, J. Integer Sequences, 4 (2001), #01.1.5.
Rick Mabry and Laura McCormick, Square products of punctured sequences of factorials, Gaz. Aust. Math. Soc., 2009.
Rémy Mosseri and Francis Bailly, Configurational Entropy in Octagonal Tiling Models, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, Vol. 7, No. 6-7 (1993), pp. 1427-1436.
Rémy Mosseri, F. Bailly and C. Sire, Configurational Entropy in Random Tiling Models, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, Vol. 153-154 (1993), pp. 201-204.
Amarnath Murthy, Miscellaneous Results and Theorems on Smarandache terms and factor partitions, Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1-2-3, Spring 2000.
Amarnath Murthy and Charles Ashbacher, Generalized Partitions and Some New Ideas on Number Theory and Smarandache Sequences, Hexis, Phoenix; USA 2005. See Section 3.14.
Christian Radoux, Query 145, Notices Amer. Math. Soc., 25-3 (1978), p. 197.
Christian Radoux, Déterminants de Hankel et théorème de Sylvester, Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire, B28b (1992), 9 pp.
Vignesh Raman, The Generalized Superfactorial, Hyperfactorial and Primorial functions, arXiv:2012.00882 [math.NT], 2020.
Michel Waldschmidt, Schanuel Property for Elliptic and Quasi-Elliptic Functions, arXiv:2504.14041 [math.NT], 2025. Mentions this sequence, see p. 10.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Barnes G-Function.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Bell Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Factorial Products.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Graph Automorphism.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Lucas Sequence.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Superfactorial.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Vandermonde Determinant.
Index to divisibility sequences.
Index entries for sequences related to factorial numbers.
Index to sequences related to Olympiads and other Mathematical competitions.

Partial products of A000142.
Cf. A002109, A036561, A000292, A098694, A098695, A113271, A087316, A113208, A113231, A113257, A113258, A113320, A113336, A113498, A113173, A113170, A113475, A113492, A113497, A113533, A113534, A113535, A113153, A113154, A113122, A114045, A055462, A137986, A137987.
A002109(n)*A000178(n-1) = (n!)^n = A036740(n) for n >= 1.
A000178 is the Hankel transform (see A001906 for definition) of A000085, A000110, A000296, A005425, A005493, A005494 and A045379. - John W. Layman, Jul 28 2000
Cf. A255322, A255358, A255359, A255360.
Cf. A051675, A255321, A255323, A255344, A287013.
Cf. A348692, A349079.

[&*[Factorial(k): k in [0..n]]: n in [0..20]]; // Bruno Berselli, Mar 11 2015

A000178 := proc(n)
    mul(i!,i=1..n) ;
end proc:
seq(A000178(n),n=0..10) ; # R. J. Mathar, Oct 30 2015

a[0] := 1; a[1] := 1; a[n_] := n!*a[n - 1]; Table[a[n], {n, 1, 12}] (* Stefan Steinerberger, Mar 10 2006 *)
Table[BarnesG[n], {n, 2, 14}] (* Zerinvary Lajos, Jul 16 2009 *)
FoldList[Times,1,Range[20]!] (* Harvey P. Dale, Mar 25 2011 *)
RecurrenceTable[{a[n] == n! a[n - 1], a[0] == 1}, a, {n, 0, 12}] (* Ray Chandler, Jul 30 2015 *)
BarnesG[Range[2, 20]] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 14 2017 *)

A000178(n):=prod(k!,k,0,n)$ makelist(A000178(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Oct 23 2012 */

A000178(n)=prod(k=2,n,k!) \\ M. F. Hasler, Sep 02 2007

a(n)=polcoeff(1-sum(k=0, n-1, a(k)*x^k/prod(j=1, k+1, (1+j!*x+x*O(x^n)) )), n) \\ Paul D. Hanna, Oct 02 2013

for(j=1,13, print1(prod(k=1,j,k^(j-k)),", ")) \\ Hugo Pfoertner, Apr 09 2020

A000178_list, n, m = [1], 1,1
for i in range(1,100):
    m *= i
    n *= m
    A000178_list.append(n) # Chai Wah Wu, Aug 21 2015

from math import prod
def A000178(n): return prod(i**(n-i+1) for i in range(2,n+1)) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 26 2023

def mono_choices(a,b,n)
    n - [a,b].max
end
def comm_mono_choices(n)
    accum =1
    0.upto(n-1) do |i|
        i.upto(n-1) do |j|
            accum = accum * mono_choices(i,j,n)
        end
    end
    accum
end
1.upto(12) do |k|
    puts comm_mono_choices(k)
end # Chad Brewbaker, Nov 03 2013

a(0) = 1, a(n) = n!*a(n-1). - Lee Hae-hwang, May 13 2003, corrected by Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jul 30 2016
a(0) = 1, a(n) = 1^n * 2^(n-1) * 3^(n-2) * ... * n = Product_{r=1..n} r^(n-r+1). - Amarnath Murthy, Dec 12 2003 [Formula corrected by Derek Orr, Jul 27 2014]
a(n) = sqrt(A055209(n)). - Philippe Deléham, Mar 07 2004
a(n) = Product_{i=1..n} Product_{j=0..i-1} (i-j). - Paul Barry, Aug 02 2008
log a(n) = 0.5*n^2*log n - 0.75*n^2 + O(n*log n). - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 13 2012
Asymptotic: a(n) ~ exp(zeta'(-1) - 3/4 - (3/4)*n^2 - (3/2)*n)*(2*Pi)^(1/2 + (1/2)*n)*(n+1)^((1/2)*n^2 + n + 5/12). For example, a(100) is approx. 0.270317...*10^6941. (See A213080.) - Peter Luschny, Jun 23 2012
G.f.: 1 + x/(U(0) - x) where U(k) = 1 + x*(k+1)! - x*(k+2)!/U(k+1); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Oct 02 2012
G.f.: G(0)/2, where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - 1/(1 + 1/((k+1)!*x*G(k+1)))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jun 14 2013
G.f.: 1 = Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*x^n / Product_{k=1..n+1} (1 + k!*x). - Paul D. Hanna, Oct 02 2013
A203227(n+1)/a(n) -> e, as n -> oo. - Daniel Suteu, Jul 30 2016
From Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jul 30 2016: (Start)
a(n) = G(n+2), where G(n) is the Barnes G-function.
a(n) ~ exp(1/12 - n*(3*n+4)/4)*n^(n*(n+2)/2 + 5/12)*(2*Pi)^((n+1)/2)/A, where A is the Glaisher-Kinkelin constant (A074962).
Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n/a(n) = A137986. (End)
0 = a(n)*a(n+2)^3 + a(n+1)^2*a(n+2)^2 - a(n+1)^3*a(n+3) for all n in Z (if a(-1)=1). - Michael Somos, Mar 11 2020
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = A287013 = 1/A137987. - Amiram Eldar, Nov 19 2020
a(n) = Wronskian(1, x, x^2, ..., x^n). - Mohammed Yaseen, Aug 01 2023
From Andrea Pinos, Apr 04 2024: (Start)
a(n) = e^(Sum_{k=1..n} (Integral_{x=1..k+1} Psi(x) dx)).
a(n) = e^(Integral_{x=1..n+1} (log(sqrt(2*Pi)) - (x-1/2) + x*Psi(x)) dx).
a(n) = e^(Integral_{x=1..n+1} (log(sqrt(2*Pi)) - (x-1/2) + (n+1)*Psi(x) - log(Gamma(x))) dx).
Psi(x) is the digamma function. (End)

A002109 Hyperfactorials: Product_{k = 1..n} k^k.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 4, 108, 27648, 86400000, 4031078400000, 3319766398771200000, 55696437941726556979200000, 21577941222941856209168026828800000, 215779412229418562091680268288000000000000000, 61564384586635053951550731889313964883968000000000000000

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

A054374 gives the discriminants of the Hermite polynomials in the conventional (physicists') normalization, and A002109 (this sequence) gives the discriminants of the Hermite polynomials in the (in my opinion more natural) probabilists' normalization. See refs Wikipedia and Szego, eq. (6.71.7). - Alan Sokal, Mar 02 2012
a(n) = (-1)^n/det(M_n) where M_n is the n X n matrix m(i,j) = (-1)^i/i^j. - Benoit Cloitre, May 28 2002
a(n) = determinant of the n X n matrix M(n) where m(i,j) = B(n,i,j) and B(n,i,x) denote the Bernstein polynomial: B(n,i,x) = binomial(n,i)*(1-x)^(n-i)*x^i. - Benoit Cloitre, Feb 02 2003
Partial products of A000312. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 07 2012
Number of trailing zeros (A246839) increases every 5 terms since the exponent of the factor 5 increases every 5 terms and the exponent of the factor 2 increases every 2 terms. - Chai Wah Wu, Sep 03 2014
Also the number of minimum distinguishing labelings in the n-triangular honeycomb rook graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 14 2017
Also shows up in a term in the solution to the generalized version of Raabe's integral. - Jibran Iqbal Shah, Apr 24 2021

Steven R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 135-145.
A. Fletcher, J. C. P. Miller, L. Rosenhead and L. J. Comrie, An Index of Mathematical Tables. Vols. 1 and 2, 2nd ed., Blackwell, Oxford and Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1962, Vol. 1, p. 50.
R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth and O. Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990, p. 477.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
G. Szego, Orthogonal Polynomials, American Mathematical Society, 1981 edition, 432 Pages.

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..36
Christian Aebi and Grant Cairns, Generalizations of Wilson's Theorem for Double-, Hyper-, Sub-and Superfactorials, The American Mathematical Monthly 122.5 (2015): 433-443.
Mohammad K. Azarian, On the Hyperfactorial Function, Hypertriangular Function, and the Discriminants of Certain Polynomials, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 36(2), 2007, pp. 251-257. MR2312537. Zbl 1133.11012.
blackpenredpen, What is a Hyperfactorial? Youtube video (2018).
CreativeMathProblems, A beautiful integral | Raabe's integral, Youtube Video (2021).
Steven R. Finch, Glaisher-Kinkelin Constant (gives asymptotic expressions for A002109, A000178) [Broken link]
Steven R. Finch, Glaisher-Kinkelin Constant (gives asymptotic expressions for A002109, A000178) [From the Wayback machine]
Shyam Sunder Gupta, Fascinating Factorials, Exploring the Beauty of Fascinating Numbers, Springer (2025) Ch. 16, 411-442.
A. M. Ibrahim, Extension of factorial concept to negative numbers, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 19, 2013, 2, 30-42.
Jeffrey C. Lagarias and Harsh Mehta, Products of binomial coefficients and unreduced Farey fractions, arXiv:1409.4145 [math.NT], 2014.
Jean-Christophe Pain, Series representations for the logarithm of the Glaisher-Kinkelin constant, arXiv:2304.07629 [math.NT], 2023.
Jean-Christophe Pain, Bounds on the p-adic valuation of the factorial, hyperfactorial and superfactorial, arXiv:2408.00353 [math.NT], 2024. See p. 5.
Vignesh Raman, The Generalized Superfactorial, Hyperfactorial and Primorial functions, arXiv:2012.00882 [math.NT], 2020.
Jonathan Sondow and Petros Hadjicostas, The generalized-Euler-constant function gamma(z) and a generalization of Somos's quadratic recurrence constant, J. Math. Anal. Appl., 332 (2007), 292-314; see Section 5.
László Tóth, Weighted gcd-sum functions, J. Integer Sequences, 14 (2011), Article 11.7.7.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hyperfactorial.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, K-Function.
Wikipedia, Hermite polynomials.
Index entries for sequences related to factorial numbers.
Index to divisibility sequences.

Cf. A000178, A000142, A000312, A001358, A002981, A002982, A100015, A005234, A014545, A018239, A006794, A057704, A057705, A054374.
Cf. A074962 [Glaisher-Kinkelin constant, also gives an asymptotic approximation for the hyperfactorials].
Cf. A001923, A051675, A240993, A255321, A255323, A255344.
Cf. A246839 (trailing 0's).
Cf. A347345, A347352.
Cf. A261175 (number of digits).

a002109 n = a002109_list !! n
a002109_list = scanl1 (*) a000312_list  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 07 2012

f := proc(n) local k; mul(k^k,k=1..n); end;
A002109 := n -> exp(Zeta(1,-1,n+1)-Zeta(1,-1));
seq(simplify(A002109(n)),n=0..11); # Peter Luschny, Jun 23 2012

Table[Hyperfactorial[n], {n, 0, 11}] (* Zerinvary Lajos, Jul 10 2009 *)
Hyperfactorial[Range[0, 11]] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 14 2017 *)
Join[{1},FoldList[Times,#^#&/@Range[15]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 02 2023 *)

a(n)=prod(k=2,n,k^k) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 12 2012

a(n)=polcoeff(1-sum(k=0, n-1, a(k)*x^k/prod(j=1,k+1,(1+j^j*x+x*O(x^n)) )), n) \\ Paul D. Hanna, Oct 02 2013

A002109 = [1]
for n in range(1, 10):
    A002109.append(A002109[-1]*n**n) # Chai Wah Wu, Sep 03 2014

a = lambda n: prod(falling_factorial(n,k) for k in (1..n))
[a(n) for n in (0..10)]  # Peter Luschny, Nov 29 2015

a(n)*A000178(n-1) = (n!)^n = A036740(n) for n >= 1.
Determinant of n X n matrix m(i, j) = binomial(i*j, i). - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 27 2003
a(n) = exp(zeta'(-1, n + 1) - zeta'(-1)) where zeta(s, z) is the Hurwitz zeta function. - Peter Luschny, Jun 23 2012
G.f.: 1 = Sum_{n>=0} a(n)*x^n / Product_{k=1..n+1} (1 + k^k*x). - Paul D. Hanna, Oct 02 2013
a(n) = A240993(n) / A000142(n+1). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 31 2014
a(n) ~ A * n^(n*(n+1)/2 + 1/12) / exp(n^2/4), where A = 1.2824271291006226368753425... is the Glaisher-Kinkelin constant (see A074962). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 20 2015
a(n) = Product_{k=1..n} ff(n,k) where ff denotes the falling factorial. - Peter Luschny, Nov 29 2015
log a(n) = (1/2) n^2 log n - (1/4) n^2 + (1/2) n log n + (1/12) log n + log(A) + o(1), where log(A) = A225746 is the logarithm of Glaisher's constant. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 27 2020
From Amiram Eldar, Apr 30 2023: (Start)
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = A347345.
Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = A347352. (End)
From Andrea Pinos, Apr 04 2024: (Start)
a(n) = e^(Integral_{x=1..n+1} (x - 1/2 - log(sqrt(2*Pi)) + (n+1-x)*Psi(x)) dx), where Psi(x) is the digamma function.
a(n) = e^(Integral_{x=1..n} (x + 1/2 - log(sqrt(2*Pi)) + log(Gamma(x+1))) dx). (End)

cp's OEIS Frontend

A074962 Decimal expansion of Glaisher-Kinkelin constant A.

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A000178 Superfactorials: product of first n factorials.

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A002109 Hyperfactorials: Product_{k = 1..n} k^k.

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A243263 Decimal expansion of the generalized Glaisher-Kinkelin constant A(3).

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A051675 "Second factorials": Product_{k=1..n} k^(k^2).

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