A005165 -id:A005165 - cp's OEIS frontend

A005171 Characteristic function of nonprimes: 0 if n is prime, else 1.

1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1

Offset: 1

Russ Cox

Number of orbits of length n in map whose periodic points are A023890. - Thomas Ward
Characteristic function of nonprimes A018252. - Jonathan Vos Post, Dec 30 2007
Triangle A157423 = A005171 in every column. A052284 = INVERT transform of A005171, and the eigensequence of triangle A157423. - Gary W. Adamson, Feb 28 2009

Douglas Hofstadter, Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.

Antti Karttunen, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..65537
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
Yash Puri and Thomas Ward, Arithmetic and growth of periodic orbits, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 4 (2001), #01.2.1.
Yash Puri and Thomas Ward, A dynamical property unique to the Lucas sequence, Fibonacci Quarterly, Volume 39, Number 5 (November 2001), pp. 398-402.
Index entries for characteristic functions

Cf. A010051, A018252, A023890.

Cf. A157423, A157424, A052284, A050374, A033273, A008683.

a005171 = (1 -) . a010051  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 30 2014

A005171 := proc(n)
    if isprime(n) then
        0 ;
    else
        1 ;
    end if;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, May 26 2017

a[n_] := If[PrimeQ@ n, 0, 1]; Array[a, 105] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jun 20 2011 *)
nn = 105; t[n_, k_] :=  t[n, k] = If[n == k, 1, If[k == 1, 1 - Product[t[n, k + i], {i, 1, n - 1}], If[Mod[n, k] == 0, t[n/k, 1], 1], 1]]; Table[t[n, 1], {n, 1, nn}] (* Mats Granvik, Sep 21 2013 *)

a(n)=if(n<1, 0, !isprime(n)) /* Michael Somos, Jun 08 2005 */

from sympy import isprime
def a(n): return int(not isprime(n))
print([a(n) for n in range(1, 106)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Oct 28 2021

a(n) = (1/n)* Sum_{ d divides n } mu(d)*A023890(n/d). E.g., a(6) = 1 since the 6th term of A023890 is 7 and the first term is 1. [edited by Michel Marcus, Dec 14 2023]
a(n) = 1 - A010051(n). - Jonathan Vos Post, Dec 30 2007
a(n) equals the first column in a table T defined by the recurrence: If n = k then T(n,k) = 1 else if k = 1 then T(n,k) = 1 - Product_{k divides n} of T(n,k), else if k divides n then T(n,k) = T(n/k,1). This is true since T(n,k) = 0 when k divides n and n/k is prime which results in Product_{k divides n} = 0 for the composite numbers and where k ranges from 2 to n. Therefore there is a remaining 1 in the expression 1-Product_{k divides n}, in the first column. Provided below is a Mathematica program as an illustration. - Mats Granvik, Sep 21 2013
a(n) = A057427(A239968(n)). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 30 2014
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A033273(d)*A008683(n/d). - Ridouane Oudra, Jul 03 2025

A005169 Number of fountains of n coins.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 15, 26, 45, 78, 135, 234, 406, 704, 1222, 2120, 3679, 6385, 11081, 19232, 33379, 57933, 100550, 174519, 302903, 525734, 912493, 1583775, 2748893, 4771144, 8281088, 14373165, 24946955, 43299485, 75153286, 130440740, 226401112, 392955956, 682038999, 1183789679, 2054659669, 3566196321, 6189714276

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

A fountain is formed by starting with a row of coins, then stacking additional coins on top so that each new coin touches two in the previous row.
Also the number of Dyck paths for which the sum of the heights of the vertices that terminate an upstep (i.e., peaks and doublerises) is n. Example: a(4)=3 because we have UDUUDD, UUDDUD and UDUDUDUD. - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 22 2008
Also the number of ordered trees with path length n (follows from previous comment via a standard bijection). - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 22 2008
Probably first studied by Jim Propp (unpublished).
Number of compositions of n with c(1) = 1 and c(i+1) <= c(i) + 1. (Slide each row right 1/2 step relative to the row below, and count the columns.) - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Nov 24 2009
With the additional requirement for weak unimodality one obtains A001524. - Joerg Arndt, Dec 09 2012

			An example of a fountain with 19 coins:
... O . O O
.. O O O O O O . O
. O O O O O O O O O
From _Peter Bala_, Dec 26 2012: (Start)
F(1/10) = Sum_{n >= 0} a(n)/10^n has the simple continued fraction expansion 1 + 1/(8 + 1/(1 + 1/(8 + 1/(1 + 1/(98 + 1/(1 + 1/(98 + 1/(1 + 1/(998 + 1/(1 + 1/(998 + 1/(1 + ...)))))))))))).
F(-1/10) = Sum_{n >= 0} (-1)^n*a(n)/10^n has the simple continued fraction expansion 1/(1 + 1/(9 + 1/(1 + 1/(9 + 1/(99 + 1/(1 + 1/(99 + 1/(999 + 1/(1 + 1/(999 + 1/(9999 + 1/(1 + ...)))))))))))).
(End)

S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, p. 381.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..4178 (first 501 terms from T. D. Noe)
Peter Bala, Some simple continued fraction expansions
P. Flajolet, Combinatorial aspects of continued fractions, Discrete Mathematics 32 (1980), pp. 125-161.
P. Flajolet and R. Sedgewick, Analytic Combinatorics, 2009; see page 331.
Atli Fannar Franklín, Pattern avoidance enumerated by inversions, arXiv:2410.07467 [math.CO], 2024. See pp. 2, 4.
Atli Fannar Franklín, Anders Claesson, Christian Bean, Henning Úlfarsson, and Jay Pantone, Restricted Permutations Enumerated by Inversions, arXiv:2406.16403 [cs.DM], 2024. See p. 2.
M. L. Glasser, V. Privman, N. M. Svrakic, Temperley's triangular lattice compact cluster model: exact solution in terms of the q series. J. Phys. A 20 (1987), no. 18, L1275-L1280.
H. W. Gould, R. K. Guy, and N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1987.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 25 1986.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, 1987
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers, Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712.
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
R. K. Guy and N. J. A. Sloane, Correspondence, 1988.
Kival Ngaokrajang, Illustration for initial terms
A. M. Odlyzko and H. S. Wilf, The editor's corner: n coins in a fountain, Amer. Math. Monthly, 95 (1988), 840-843.
A. M. Odlyzko, Asymptotic enumeration methods, pp. 1063-1229 of R. L. Graham et al., eds., Handbook of Combinatorics, 1995; see Example 10.7 (pdf, ps)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Rogers-Ramanujan Continued Fraction.

Cf. A001524, A192728, A192729, A192730, A111317, A143951, A285903, A226999 (inverse Euler transform), A291148 (convolution inverse).
First column of A168396. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Nov 24 2009
Diagonal of A185646.
Row sums of A047998. Column sums of A138158. - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 22 2008

a005169 0 = 1
a005169 n = a168396 n 1  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 13 2013; corrected by R. J. Mathar, Sep 16 2013

P[0]:=1: for n to 40 do P[n]:=sort(expand(t*(sum(P[j]*P[n-j-1]*t^(n-j-1),j= 0..n-1)))) end do: F:=sort(sum(P[k],k=0..40)): seq(coeff(F,t,j),j=0..36); # Emeric Deutsch, Mar 22 2008
# second Maple program:
A005169_G:= proc(x,NK); Digits:=250; Q2:=1;
        for k from NK by -1 to 0 do  Q1:=1-x^k/Q2; Q2:=Q1; od;
        Q3:=Q2; S:=1-Q3;
end:
series(A005169_G(x, 20), x, 21); # Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 18 2011

m = 36; p[0] = 1; p[n_] := p[n] = Expand[t*Sum[p[j]*p[n-j-1]*t^(n-j-1), {j, 0, n-1}]]; f[t_] = Sum[p[k], {k, 0, m}]; CoefficientList[Series[f[t], {t, 0, m}], t] (* Jean-François Alcover, Jun 21 2011, after Emeric Deutsch *)
max = 43; Series[1-Fold[Function[1-x^#2/#1], 1, Range[max, 0, -1]], {x, 0, max}] // CoefficientList[#, x]& (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 16 2014 *)
b[n_, i_] := b[n, i] = If[n==0, 1, Sum[b[n-j, j], {j, 1, Min[i+1, n]}]];
c[n_] :=  b[n, 0] - b[n-1, 0];
c /@ Range[0, 50] // Accumulate  (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 14 2020, after Alois P. Heinz in A289080 *)

/* using the g.f. from p. L1278 of the Glasser, Privman, Svrakic paper */
N=30;  x='x+O('x^N);
P(k)=sum(n=0,N, (-1)^n*x^(n*(n+1+k))/prod(j=1,n,1-x^j));
G=1+x*P(1)/( (1-x)*P(1)-x^2*P(2) );
Vec(G) /* Joerg Arndt, Feb 10 2011 */

/* As a continued fraction: */
{a(n)=local(A=1+x,CF);CF=1+x;for(k=0,n,CF=1/(1-x^(n-k+1)*CF+x*O(x^n));A=CF);polcoeff(A,n)} /* Paul D. Hanna */

/* By the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction identity: */
{a(n)=local(A=1+x,P,Q);
P=sum(m=0,sqrtint(n),(-1)^m*x^(m*(m+1))/prod(k=1,m,1-x^k));
Q=sum(m=0,sqrtint(n),(-1)^m*x^(m^2)/prod(k=1,m,1-x^k));
A=P/(Q+x*O(x^n));polcoeff(A,n)}  /* Paul D. Hanna */

A005169(n) = f(n, 1), where f(n, p) = 0 if p > n, 1 if p = n, Sum(1 <= q <= p+1; f(n-p, q)) if p < n. f=A168396.
G.f.: F(t) = Sum_{k>=0} P[k], where P[0]=1, P[n] = t*Sum_{j= 0..n-1} P[j]*P[n-j-1]*t^(n-j-1) for n >= 1. - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 22 2008
G.f.: 1/(1-x/(1-x^2/(1-x^3/(1-x^4/(1-x^5/(...)))))) [given on the first page of the Odlyzko/Wilf reference]. - Joerg Arndt, Mar 08 2011
G.f.: 1/G(0), where G(k)= 1 - x^(k+1)/G(k+1); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jun 29 2013
G.f.: A(x) = P(x)/Q(x) where
  P(x) = Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n* x^(n*(n+1)) / Product_{k=1..n} (1-x^k),
  Q(x) = Sum_{n>=0} (-1)^n* x^(n^2) / Product_{k=1..n} (1-x^k),
due to the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction identity. - Paul D. Hanna, Jul 08 2011
From Peter Bala, Dec 26 2012: (Start)
Let F(x) denote the o.g.f. of this sequence. For positive integer n >= 3, the real number F(1/n) has the simple continued fraction expansion 1 + 1/(n-2 + 1/(1 + 1/(n-2 + 1/(1 + 1/(n^2-2 + 1/(1 + 1/(n^2-2 + 1/(1 + ...)))))))), while for n >= 2, F(-1/n) has the simple continued fraction expansion 1/(1 + 1/(n-1 + 1/(1 + 1/(n-1 + 1/(n^2-1 + 1/(1 + 1/(n^2-1 + 1/(n^3-1 + 1/(1 + ...))))))))). Examples are given below. Cf. A111317 and A143951.
(End)
a(n) = c * x^(-n) + O((5/3)^n), where c = 0.312363324596741... and x = A347901 = 0.576148769142756... is the lowest root of the equation Q(x) = 0, Q(x) see above (Odlyzko & Wilf 1988). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Jul 18 2013, updated Sep 24 2020
G.f.: G(0), where G(k)= 1 - x^(k+1)/(x^(k+1) - 1/G(k+1) ); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 06 2013
G.f.: 1 - 1/x + 1/(x*W(0)), where W(k)= 1 - x^(2*k+2)/(1 - x^(2*k+1)/W(k+1) ); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 16 2013

More terms from David W. Wilson, Apr 30 2001

A006843 Triangle read by rows: row n gives denominators of Farey series of order n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1, 5, 4, 3, 5, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, 1, 1, 6, 5, 4, 3, 5, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 1, 7, 6, 5, 4, 7, 3, 5, 7, 2, 7, 5, 3, 7, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 1, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 7, 3, 8, 5, 7, 2, 7, 5, 8, 3, 7, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1, 1, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 9, 4, 7, 3, 8, 5, 7, 9, 2, 9, 7, 5, 8, 3, 7, 4, 9, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

			0/1, 1/1;
0/1, 1/2, 1/1;
0/1, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 1/1;
0/1, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 1/1;
0/1, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, 2/5, 1/2, 3/5, 2/3, 3/4, 4/5, 1/1;
... = A006842/A006843.

J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, Copernicus Press, NY, 1996, p. 152.
Martin Gardner, The Last Recreations, Chapter 12: Strong Laws of Small Primes, Springer-Verlag, 1997, pp. 191-205, especially p. 199.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1954, p. 23.
W. J. LeVeque, Topics in Number Theory. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 2 vols., 1956, Vol. 1, p. 154.
A. O. Matveev, Farey Sequences, De Gruyter, 2017.
I. Niven and H. S. Zuckerman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 2nd ed., Wiley, NY, 1966, p. 141.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10563
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers, Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
Andrey O. Matveev, Neighboring Fractions in Farey Subsequences, arXiv:0801.1981 [math.NT], 2008-2010.
Andrey O. Matveev, Farey Sequences: Errata + Haskell code
N. J. A. Sloane, Stern-Brocot or Farey Tree
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Farey Sequence.
Index entries for sequences related to Stern's sequences

Row n has A005728(n) terms. - Michel Marcus, Jun 27 2014
Row sums give A240877.
Cf. A006842 (numerators), A049455, A049456, A007305, A007306.
See also A177405/A177407.

Farey := proc(n) sort(convert(`union`({0},{seq(seq(m/k,m=1..k),k=1..n)}),list)) end: seq(denom(Farey(i)),i=1..5); # Peter Luschny, Apr 28 2009

Farey[n_] := Union[ Flatten[ Join[{0}, Table[a/b, {b, n}, {a, b}]]]]; Flatten[ Table[ Denominator[ Farey[n]], {n, 9}]] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Apr 08 2004 *)
Table[Denominator[FareySequence[n]],{n,10}]//Flatten (* Requires Mathematica version 10 or later *) (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 04 2016 *)

row(n) = {vf = [0]; for (k=1, n, for (m=1, k, vf = concat(vf, m/k););); vf = vecsort(Set(vf)); for (i=1, #vf, print1(denominator(vf[i]), ", "));} \\ Michel Marcus, Jun 27 2014

More terms from Robert G. Wilson v, Apr 08 2004

Changed offset (=order of first row) to 1 by R. J. Mathar, Apr 26 2009

A005235 Fortunate numbers: least m > 1 such that m + prime(n)# is prime, where p# denotes the product of all primes <= p.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 5, 7, 13, 23, 17, 19, 23, 37, 61, 67, 61, 71, 47, 107, 59, 61, 109, 89, 103, 79, 151, 197, 101, 103, 233, 223, 127, 223, 191, 163, 229, 643, 239, 157, 167, 439, 239, 199, 191, 199, 383, 233, 751, 313, 773, 607, 313, 383, 293, 443, 331, 283, 277, 271, 401, 307, 331

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Reo F. Fortune conjectured that a(n) is always prime.
You might be searching for Fortunate Primes, which is an alternative name for this sequence. It is not the official name yet, because it is possible, although unlikely, that not all the terms are primes. - N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 30 2020
The first 500 terms are primes. - Robert G. Wilson v. The first 2000 terms are primes. - Joerg Arndt, Apr 15 2013
The strong form of Cramér's conjecture implies that a(n) is a prime for n > 1618, as previously noted by Golomb. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 05 2011
a(n) is the smallest m such that m > 1 and A002110(n) + m is prime. For every n, a(n) must be greater than prime(n+1) - 1. - Farideh Firoozbakht, Aug 20 2003
If a(n) < prime(n+1)^2 then a(n) is prime. According to Cramér's conjecture a(n) = O(prime(n)^2). - Thomas Ordowski, Apr 09 2013
Conjectures from Pierre CAMI, Sep 08 2017: (Start)
If all terms are prime, then lim_{N->oo} (Sum_{n=1..N} primepi(a(n))) / (Sum_{n=1..N} n) = 3/2, and primepi(a(n))/n < 6 for all n.
Limit_{N->oo} (Sum_{n=1..N} a(n)) / (Sum_{n=1..N} prime(n)) = Pi/2.
a(n)/prime(n) < 8 for all n. (End)
Conjecture: Limit_{N->oo} (Sum_{n=1..N} a(n)) / (Sum_{n=1..N} prime(n)) = 3/2. - Alain Rocchelli, Dec 24 2022
The name "Fortunate numbers" was coined by Golomb (1981) after the New Zealand social anthropologist Reo Franklin Fortune (1903 - 1979). According to Golomb, Fortune's conjecture first appeared in print in Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games column in 1980. - Amiram Eldar, Aug 25 2020

			a(4) = 13 because P_4# = 2*3*5*7 = 210, plus one is 211, the next prime is 223 and the difference between 210 and 223 is 13.

Martin Gardner, The Last Recreations, Chapter 12: Strong Laws of Small Primes, Springer-Verlag, 1997, pp. 191-205, especially pp. 194-195.
Richard K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3rd ed., Springer, 1994, Section A2, p. 11.
Stephen P. Richards, A Number For Your Thoughts, 1982, p. 200.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 114-115.
David Wells, Prime Numbers: The Most Mysterious Figures In Math, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons (2005), pp. 108-109.

Pierre CAMI, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..3000 (first 2000 terms from T. D. Noe)
Ray Abrahams and Huon Wardle, Fortune's 'Last Theorem', Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 23, No. 1 (2002), pp. 60-62.
Cyril Banderier, Conjecture checked for n < 1000 [It has been reported that the data given here contains several errors]
C. K. Caldwell, Fortunate number, The Prime Glossary.
Antonín Čejchan, Michal Křížek, and Lawrence Somer, On Remarkable Properties of Primes Near Factorials and Primorials, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 25 (2022), Article 22.1.4.
Martin Gardner, Patterns in primes are a clue to the strong law of sma11 numbers, Mathematical Games, Scientific American, Vol. 243, No. 6 (December, 1980), pp. 18-28.
Solomon W. Golomb, The evidence for Fortune's conjecture, Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 4 (1981), pp. 209-210.
Richard K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, 1987
Richard K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712.
Richard K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
Bill McEachen, McEachen Conjecture
Romeo Meštrović, Euclid's theorem on the infinitude of primes: a historical survey of its proofs (300 BC--2012) and another new proof, arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.3670 [math.HO], 2012.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Fortunate Prime
Robert G. Wilson v, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane with attachment, Jan 1992

Cf. A046066, A002110, A006862, A035345, A035346, A055211, A129912, A010051, A005408, A038771, A038711.

a005235 n = head [m | m <- [3, 5 ..], a010051'' (a002110 n + m) == 1]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 02 2014

Primorial:= 2:
p:= 2:
A[1]:= 3:
for n from 2 to 100 do
  p:= nextprime(p);
  Primorial:= Primorial * p;
  A[n]:= nextprime(Primorial+p+1)-Primorial;
od:
seq(A[n],n=1..100); # Robert Israel, Dec 02 2015

NPrime[n_Integer] := Module[{k}, k = n + 1; While[! PrimeQ[k], k++]; k]; Fortunate[n_Integer] := Module[{p, q}, p = Product[Prime[i], {i, 1, n}] + 1; q = NPrime[p]; q - p + 1]; Table[Fortunate[n], {n, 60}]
r[n_] := (For[m = (Prime[n + 1] + 1)/2, ! PrimeQ[Product[Prime[k], {k, n}] + 2 m - 1], m++]; 2 m - 1); Table[r[n], {n, 60}]
FN[n_] := Times @@ Prime[Range[n]]; Table[NextPrime[FN[k] + 1] - FN[k], {k, 60}] (* Jayanta Basu, Apr 24 2013 *)
NextPrime[#]-#+1&/@(Rest[FoldList[Times,1,Prime[Range[60]]]]+1) (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 15 2013 *)

a(n)=my(P=prod(k=1,n,prime(k)));nextprime(P+2)-P \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 15 2011; corrected by Jean-Marc Rebert, Jul 28 2015

from sympy import nextprime, primorial
def a(n): psharp = primorial(n); return nextprime(psharp+1) - psharp
print([a(n) for n in range(1, 59)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Jan 15 2022

def P(n): return prod(nth_prime(k) for k in range(1, n + 1))
it = (P(n) for n in range(1, 31))
print([next_prime(Pn + 2) - Pn for Pn in it]) # F. Chapoton, Apr 28 2020

If x(n) = 1 + Product_{i=1..n} prime(i), q(n) = least prime > x(n), then a(n) = q(n) - x(n) + 1.
a(n) = 1 + the difference between the n-th primorial plus one and the next prime.
a(n) = A035345(n) - A002110(n). - Jonathan Sondow, Dec 02 2015

A000068 Numbers k such that k^4 + 1 is prime.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 6, 16, 20, 24, 28, 34, 46, 48, 54, 56, 74, 80, 82, 88, 90, 106, 118, 132, 140, 142, 154, 160, 164, 174, 180, 194, 198, 204, 210, 220, 228, 238, 242, 248, 254, 266, 272, 276, 278, 288, 296, 312, 320, 328, 334, 340, 352, 364, 374, 414, 430, 436, 442, 466

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Harvey Dubner, Generalized Fermat primes, J. Recreational Math., 18 (1985): 279-280.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
M. Lal, Primes of the form n^4 + 1, Math. Comp., 21 (1967), 245-247.
D. Shanks, On numbers of the form n^4+1, Math. Comp. 15 (74) (1961), 186-189.

Cf. A002523, A037896, A005574, A006314, A006313, A006315, A006316, A056994, A056995, A057465, A057002, A088361, A088362, A226528, A226529, A226530, A251597, A253854, A244150, A243959, A321323.

[n: n in [0..800] | IsPrime(n^4+1)]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 18 2010

Select[Range[10^2*2], PrimeQ[ #^4+1] &] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, May 01 2008 *)

{a(n) = local(m); if( n<1, 0, for(k=1, n, until( isprime(m^4 + 1), m++)); m)};

list(lim)=my(v=List([1])); forstep(k=2,lim,2, if(isprime(k^4+1), listput(v,k))); Vec(v) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 31 2022

1+a(n)^4 = A037896(n).

A000127 Maximal number of regions obtained by joining n points around a circle by straight lines. Also number of regions in 4-space formed by n-1 hyperplanes.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 57, 99, 163, 256, 386, 562, 794, 1093, 1471, 1941, 2517, 3214, 4048, 5036, 6196, 7547, 9109, 10903, 12951, 15276, 17902, 20854, 24158, 27841, 31931, 36457, 41449, 46938, 52956, 59536, 66712, 74519, 82993, 92171, 102091, 112792, 124314, 136698

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

a(n) is the sum of the first five terms in the n-th row of Pascal's triangle. - Geoffrey Critzer, Jan 18 2009
{a(k): 1 <= k <= 5} = divisors of 16. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 17 2009
Equals binomial transform of [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Mar 02 2010
From Bernard Schott, Apr 05 2021: (Start)
As a(n) = 2^(n-1) for n = 1..5, it is misleading to believe that a(n) = 2^(n-1) for n > 5 (see Patrick Popescu-Pampu link); other curiosities: a(6) = 2^5 - 1 and a(10) = 2^8.
The sequence of the first differences is A000125, the sequence of the second differences is A000124, the sequence of the third differences is A000027 and the sequence of the fourth differences is the all 1's sequence A000012 (see J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy reference, p. 80). (End)
a(n) is the number of binary words of length n matching the regular expression 0*1*0*1*0*. A000124 and A000125 count binary words of the form 0*1*0* and 1*0*1*0*, respectively. - Manfred Scheucher, Jun 22 2023

			a(7)=99 because the first five terms in the 7th row of Pascal's triangle are 1 + 7 + 21 + 35 + 35 = 99. - _Geoffrey Critzer_, Jan 18 2009
G.f. = x + 2*x^2 + 4*x^3 + 8*x^4 + 16*x^5 + 31*x^6 + 57*x^7 + 99*x^8 + 163*x^9 + ...

R. B. Banks, Slicing Pizzas, Racing Turtles and Further Adventures in Applied Mathematics, Princeton Univ. Press, 1999. See p. 28.
L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 72, Problem 2.
J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, Copernicus Press, NY, 1996, Chap. 3.
J. H. Conway and R. K. Guy, Le Livre des Nombres, Eyrolles, 1998, p. 80.
J.-M. De Koninck & A. Mercier, 1001 Problèmes en Théorie Classique Des Nombres, Problem 33 pp. 18; 128 Ellipses Paris 2004.
A. Deledicq and D. Missenard, A La Recherche des Régions Perdues, Math. & Malices, No. 22 Summer 1995 issue pp. 22-3 ACL-Editions Paris.
M. Gardner, Mathematical Circus, pp. 177; 180-1 Alfred A. Knopf NY 1979.
M. Gardner, The Colossal Book of Mathematics, 2001, p. 561.
James Gleick, Faster, Vintage Books, NY, 2000 (see pp. 259-261).
M. de Guzman, Aventures Mathématiques, Prob. B pp. 115-120 PPUR Lausanne 1990.
Ross Honsberger; Mathematical Gems I, Chap. 9.
Ross Honsberger; Mathematical Morsels, Chap. 3.
Jeux Mathématiques et Logiques, Vol. 3 pp. 12; 51 Prob. 14 FFJM-SERMAP Paris 1988.
J. N. Kapur, Reflections of a Mathematician, Chap.36, pp. 337-343, Arya Book Depot, New Delhi 1996.
C. D. Miller, V. E. Heeren, J. Hornsby, M. L. Morrow and J. Van Newenhizen, Mathematical Ideas, Tenth Edition, Pearson, Addison-Wesley, Boston, 2003, Cptr 1, 'The Art of Problem Solving, page 6.
I. Niven, Mathematics of Choice, pp. 158; 195 Prob. 40 NML 15 MAA 1965.
C. S. Ogilvy, Tomorrow's Math, pp. 144-6 OUP 1972.
Alfred S. Posamentier, Math Charmers, Tantalizing Tidbits for the Mind, Prometheus Books, NY, 2003, page 252-255.
Alfred S. Posamentier & Ingmar Lehmann, The (Fabulous) Fibonacci Numbers, Prometheus Books, NY, 2007, page 81-87.
A. M. Robert, A Course in p-adic Analysis, Springer-Verlag, 2000; p. 213.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Alan Calvitti, Illustration of initial terms
M. L. Cornelius, Variations on a geometric progression, Mathematics in School, 4 (No. 3, May 1975), p. 32. (Annotated scanned copy)
Colin Defant, Meeting Covered Elements in nu-Tamari Lattices, arXiv:2104.03890 [math.CO], 2021.
M. Griffiths, Remodified Bessel Functions via Coincidences and Near Coincidences, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 14 (2011), Article 11.7.1.
R. K. Guy, The Second Strong Law of Small Numbers, Math. Mag, 63 (1990), no. 1, 3-20. [Annotated scanned copy]
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane
D. A. Lind, On a class of nonlinear binomial sums, Fib. Quart., 3 (1965), 292-298.
Math Forum, Regions of a circle Cut by Chords to n points.
R. J. Mathar, The number of binary nxm matrices with at most k 1's in each row or column, (2014) Table 4 column 1.
Ângela Mestre and José Agapito, Square Matrices Generated by Sequences of Riordan Arrays, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 22 (2019), Article 19.8.4.
Leo Moser and W. Bruce Ross, Mathematical Miscellany, On the Danger of Induction, Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Nov. - Dec., 1949), pp. 109-114.
M. Noy, A Short Solution of a Problem in Combinatorial Geometry, Mathematics Magazine, pp. 52-3 69(1) 1996 MAA.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Patrick Popescu-Pampu, Démarrage trompeur, Images des Mathématiques, CNRS, 2017, rediffusion 2021 (in French).
D. J. Price, Some unusual series occurring in n-dimensional geometry, Math. Gaz., 30 (1946), 149-150.
H. P. Robinson, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Mar 21 1985
Grant Sanderson, Circle division solution, video, 2015.
Grant Sanderson, Circle division solution, updated video (2023).
K. Uhland, A Blase of Glory
K. Uhland, Moser's Problem
Prasad Balakrishnan Warrier, The physiognomy of the Erdős-Szekeres conjecture (happy ending problem), Math. Student (Indian Math. Soc., 2024) Vol. 93, Nos. 3-4, 28-48.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Circle Division by Chords
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Strong Law of Small Numbers
Reinhart Zumkeller, Enumerations of Divisors
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (5,-10,10,-5,1).

Cf. A000012, A000027, A000124, A000125, A002522, A005408, A016813, A086514, A058331, A161701, A161702, A161703, A161704, A161706, A161707, A161708, A161710, A080856, A161711, A161712, A161713, A161715, A006261, A007318, A008859-A008863, A219531, A223718.

a000127 = sum . take 5 . a007318_row  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 24 2012

[(n^4-6*n^3+23*n^2-18*n+24)/24: n in [1..50]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 16 2015

A000127 := n->(n^4 - 6*n^3 + 23*n^2 - 18*n + 24)/24;
with (combstruct):ZL:=[S, {S=Sequence(U, card=1)}, unlabeled]: seq(count(subs(r=6, ZL), size=m), m=0..41); # Zerinvary Lajos, Mar 08 2008

f[n_] := Sum[Binomial[n, i], {i, 0, 4}]; Table[f@n, {n, 0, 40}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Jun 29 2007 *)
Total/@Table[Binomial[n-1,k],{n,50},{k,0,4}] (* or *) LinearRecurrence[ {5,-10,10,-5,1},{1,2,4,8,16},50] (* Harvey P. Dale, Aug 24 2011 *)
Table[(n^4 - 6 n^3 + 23 n^2 - 18 n + 24) / 24, {n, 100}] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 16 2015 *)
a[ n_] := Binomial[n, 4] + Binomial[n, 2] + 1; (* Michael Somos, Dec 23 2017 *)

a(n)=(n^4-6*n^3+23*n^2-18*n+24)/24 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 22 2016

{a(n) = binomial(n, 4) + binomial(n, 2) + 1}; /* Michael Somos, Dec 23 2017 */

def A000127(n): return n*(n*(n*(n - 6) + 23) - 18)//24 + 1 # Chai Wah Wu, Sep 18 2021

a(n) = C(n-1, 4) + C(n-1, 3) + ... + C(n-1, 0) = A055795(n) + 1 = C(n, 4) + C(n-1, 2) + n.
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..2} C(n, 2k). - Joel Sanderi (sanderi(AT)itstud.chalmers.se), Sep 08 2004
a(n) = (n^4 - 6*n^3 + 23*n^2 - 18*n + 24)/24.
G.f.: (1 - 3*x + 4*x^2 - 2*x^3 + x^4)/(1-x)^5. (for offset 0) - Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
E.g.f.: (1 + x + x^2/2 + x^3/6 + x^4/24)*exp(x) (for offset 0). [Typos corrected by Juan M. Marquez, Jan 24 2011]
a(n) = 5*a(n-1) - 10*a(n-2) + 10*a(n-3) - 5*a(n-4) + a(n-5), n > 4. - Harvey P. Dale, Aug 24 2011
a(n) = A000124(A000217(n-1)) - n*A000217(n-2) - A034827(n), n > 1. - Melvin Peralta, Feb 15 2016
a(n) = A223718(-n). - Michael Somos, Dec 23 2017
For n > 2, a(n) = n + 1 + sum_{i=2..(n-2)}sum_{j=1..(n-i)}(1+(i-1)(j-1)). - Alec Jones, Nov 17 2019

Formula corrected and additional references from torsten.sillke(AT)lhsystems.com

Additional correction from Jonas Paulson (jonasso(AT)sdf.lonestar.org), Oct 30 2003

A007350 Where the prime race 4k-1 vs. 4k+1 changes leader.

Original entry on oeis.org

3, 26861, 26879, 616841, 617039, 617269, 617471, 617521, 617587, 617689, 617723, 622813, 623387, 623401, 623851, 623933, 624031, 624097, 624191, 624241, 624259, 626929, 626963, 627353, 627391, 627449, 627511, 627733, 627919, 628013, 628427, 628937, 629371

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Mira Bernstein, Robert G. Wilson v

The following references include some on the "prime race" question that are not necessarily related to this particular sequence. - N. J. A. Sloane, May 22 2006

Starting from a(12502) = A051025(27556) = 9103362505801, the sequence includes the 8th sign-changing zone predicted by C. Bays et al. The sequence with the first 8 sign-changing zones contains 194367 terms (see a-file) with a(194367) = 9543313015387 as its last term. - Sergei D. Shchebetov, Oct 13 2017

Ford, Kevin; Konyagin, Sergei; Chebyshev's conjecture and the prime number race. IV International Conference "Modern Problems of Number Theory and its Applications": Current Problems, Part II (Russian) (Tula, 2001), 67-91.
Granville, Andrew; Martin, Greg; Prime number races. (Spanish) With appendices by Giuliana Davidoff and Michael Guy. Gac. R. Soc. Mat. Esp. 8 (2005), no. 1, 197-240.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000 (terms 1..125 from Vincenzo Librandi, terms 126..301 from Robert G. Wilson v)
C. Bays and R. H. Hudson, Numerical and graphical description of all axis crossing regions for moduli 4 and 8 which occur before 10^12, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 111-119, 1979.
C. Bays, K. Ford, R. H. Hudson and M. Rubinstein, Zeros of Dirichlet L-functions near the real axis and Chebyshev's bias, J. Number Theory 87 (2001), pp.54-76.
M. Deléglise, P. Dusart and X. Roblot, Counting Primes in Residue Classes, Mathematics of Computation, American Mathematical Society, 2004, 73 (247), pp.1565-1575.
Andrey Feuerverger and Greg Martin, Biases in the Shanks-Renyi prime number race Experiment. Math. 9 (2000), no. 4, 535-570.
Kevin Ford and Sergei Konyagin, Chebyshev's conjecture and the prime number race, 2002.
Kevin Ford and Sergei Konyagin, The prime number race and zeros of L-functions off the critical line, Duke Math. J., Volume 113, Number 2 (2002), 313-330.
Kevin Ford and Sergei Konyagin, The prime number race and zeros of L-functions off the critical line. II, Proceedings of the Session in Analytic Number Theory and Diophantine Equations, 40 pp., Bonner Math. Schriften, 360, 2003.
A. Granville and G. Martin, Prime number races, arXiv:math/0408319 [math.NT], 2004.
Andrew Granville and Greg Martin, Prime number races, Amer. Math. Monthly, 113 (No. 1, 2006), 1-33.
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
Jerzy Kaczorowski, A contribution to the Shanks-Renyi race problem, Quart. J. Math. Oxford Ser. (2) 44 (1993), no. 176, 451-458.
Jerzy Kaczorowski, On the Shanks-Renyi race problem mod 5. J. Number Theory 50 (1995), no. 1, 106-118.
Greg Martin, Asymmetries in the Shanks-Renyi prime number race, arXiv:math/0010086 [math.NT], 2000; Number theory for the millennium, II (Urbana, IL, 2000), 403-415, A K Peters, Natick, MA, 2002.
J.-C. Puchta, On large oscillations of the remainder of the prime number theorems Acta Math. Hungar. 87 (2000), no. 3, 213-227.
M. Rubinstein and P. Sarnak, Chebyshev's bias, Exper. Math., 3 (1994), 173-197.
Andrey S. Shchebetov and Sergei D. Shchebetov, First 194367 terms (zipped file).
Robert G. Wilson v, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Aug. 1993.
G. M. Ziegler, The great prime number record races, Notices Amer. Math. Soc. 51 (2004), no. 4, 414-416.

Cf. A007350, A007351, A007352, A007353, A007354, A297406, A297407, A297408, A297410, A297411, A038691, A051024, A066520, A096628, A096447, A096448, A199547, A038698 (another way to watch this race).

Cf. A156749 [sequence showing Chebyshev bias in prime races (mod 4)]. - Daniel Forgues, Mar 26 2009

lim = 10^5; k1 = 0; k3 = 0; t = Table[{p = Prime[k], If[Mod[p, 4] == 1, ++k1, k1], If[Mod[p, 4] == 3, ++k3, k3]}, {k, 2, lim}]; A007350 = {3}; Do[ If[t[[k-1, 2]] < t[[k-1, 3]] && t[[k, 2]] == t[[k, 3]] && t[[k+1, 2]] > t[[k+1, 3]] || t[[k-1, 2]] > t[[k-1, 3]] && t[[k, 2]] == t[[k, 3]] && t[[k+1, 2]] < t[[k+1, 3]], AppendTo[A007350, t[[k+1, 1]]]], {k, 2, Length[t]-1}]; A007350 (* Jean-François Alcover, Sep 07 2011 *)
lim = 10^5; k1 = 0; k3 = 0; p = 2; t = {}; parity = Mod[p, 4]; Do[p = NextPrime[p]; If[Mod[p, 4] == 1, k1++, k3++]; If[(k1 - k3)*(parity - Mod[p, 4]) > 0, AppendTo[t, p]; parity = Mod[p, 4]], {lim}]; t (* T. D. Noe, Sep 07 2011 *)

A036262 Array of numbers read by upward antidiagonals, arising from Gilbreath's conjecture: leading row lists the primes; the following rows give absolute values of differences of previous row.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 5, 1, 0, 2, 7, 1, 2, 2, 4, 11, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 13, 1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 4, 17, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 19, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 4, 23, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 6, 29, 1, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 2, 31, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 4, 6, 37, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 4, 41, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

The conjecture is that the leading term is always 1.
Odlyzko has checked it for primes up to pi(10^13) = 3*10^11.
From M. F. Hasler, Jun 02 2012: (Start)
The second column, omitting the initial 3, is given in A089582. The number of "0"s preceding the first term > 1 in the n-th row is given in A213014. The first term > 1 in any row must equal 2, else the conjecture is violated: Obviously all terms except for the first one are even. Thus, if the 2nd term in some row is > 2, it is >= 4, and the first term of the subsequent row is >= 3. If there is a positive number of zeros preceding a first term > 2 (thus >= 4), this "jump" will remain constant and "propagate" (in subsequent rows) to the beginning of the row, and the previously discussed case applies.
The previous statement can also be formulated as: Gilbreath's conjecture is equivalent to: A036277(n) > A213014(n)+2 for all n.
CAVEAT: While table A036261 starts with the first absolute differences of the primes in its first row, the present sequence has the primes themselves in its uppermost row, which is sometimes referred to as "row 0". Thus, "first row" of this table A036262 may either refer to row 1 (1,2,2,...), or to row 0 (2,3,5,7,...), while the latter might, however, as well be referred to "row 1 of A036262" in other sequences or papers.
(End)
From Clark Kimberling, Nov 27 2022: (Start)
Suppose that S = (s(k)), for k >= 1, is a sequence of real numbers.  For n >= 1, let g(1,n) = |s(n+1)-s(n)| and g(k,n) = |g(k-1,n+1) - g(k-1,n)| for k >= 2.
Call (g(k,n)) the Gilbreath array of S.  Call the first column of this array the Gilbreath transform of S.  Denote this transform by G(S), so that G(S) is the sequence (g(n,1)). If S is the sequence of primes, then the Gilbreath conjecture holds that G(S) consists exclusively of 1's. More generally, it appears that there are many S such that G(S) is eventually periodic. See A358691 for conjectured examples. (End)

			The array begins (conjecture is leading term is always 1):
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101
1 2 2 4  2  4  2  4  6  2  6  4  2  4  6  6  2  6  4  2  6  4  6  8  4   2
1 0 2 2  2  2  2  2  4  4  2  2  2  2  0  4  4  2  2  4  2  2  2  4  2   2
1 2 0 0  0  0  0  2  0  2  0  0  0  2  4  0  2  0  2  2  0  0  2  2  0   0
1 2 0 0  0  0  2  2  2  2  0  0  2  2  4  2  2  2  0  2  0  2  0  2  0   0
1 2 0 0  0  2  0  0  0  2  0  2  0  2  2  0  0  2  2  2  2  2  2  2  0   8
1 2 0 0  2  2  0  0  2  2  2  2  2  0  2  0  2  0  0  0  0  0  0  2  8   8
1 2 0 2  0  2  0  2  0  0  0  0  2  2  2  2  2  0  0  0  0  0  2  6  0   8
1 2 2 2  2  2  2  2  0  0  0  2  0  0  0  0  2  0  0  0  0  2  4  6  8   6
1 0 0 0  0  0  0  2  0  0  2  2  0  0  0  2  2  0  0  0  2  2  2  2  2   4
...

R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems Number Theory, A10.
H. L. Montgomery, Ten Lectures on the Interface Between Analytic Number Theory and Harmonic Analysis, Amer. Math. Soc., 1996, p. 208.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See p. 192.
W. Sierpiński, L'induction incomplète dans la théorie des nombres, Scripta Math. 28 (1967), 5-13.
C. A. Pickover, The Math Book, Sterling, NY, 2009; see p. 410.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..5049
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
R. B. Killgrove and K. E. Ralston, On a conjecture concerning the primes, Math.Tables Aids Comput. 13(1959), 121-122.
A. M. Odlyzko, Iterated absolute values of differences of consecutive primes, Math. Comp. 61 (1993), 373-380.
F. Proth, Sur la série des nombres premiers, Nouv. Corresp. Math., 4 (1878) 236-240.
W. Sierpiński, L'induction incomplète dans la théorie des nombres, Bulletin de la Société des mathématiciens et physiciens de la R.P de Serbie, Vol XIII, 1-2 (1961), Beograd, Yougoslavie.
N. J. A. Sloane, My favorite integer sequences, in Sequences and their Applications (Proceedings of SETA '98).
N. J. A. Sloane, New Gilbreath Conjectures, Sum and Erase, Dissecting Polygons, and Other New Sequences, Doron Zeilberger's Exper. Math. Seminar, Rutgers, Sep 14 2023: Video, Slides, Updates. (Mentions this sequence.)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Gilbreath's Conjecture
Index entries for sequences related to Gilbreath conjecture and transform

Cf. A001223, A036261, A036277, A054977, A222310, A358691, A089582 (2nd col).

See A255483 for an interesting generalization.

a036262 n k = delta !! (n - k) !! (k - 1) where delta = iterate
   (\pds -> zipWith (\x y -> abs (x - y)) (tail pds) pds) a000040_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jan 23 2011

A036262 := proc(n, k)
    option remember ;
    if n = 0 then
        ithprime(k) ;
    else
        abs(procname(n-1, k+1)-procname(n-1, k)) ;
    end if;
end proc:
seq(seq( A036262(d-k,k),k=1..d),d=1..13) ; # R. J. Mathar, May 10 2023

max = 14; triangle = NestList[ Abs[ Differences[#]] &, Prime[ Range[max]], max]; Flatten[ Table[ triangle[[n - k + 1, k]], {n, 1, max}, {k, 1, n}]] (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 04 2011 *)

T(0,k) = A000040(k). T(n,k) = |T(n-1,k+1) - T(n-1,k)|, n > 0. - R. J. Mathar, Sep 19 2013

More terms from Antonio G. Astudillo (afg_astudillo(AT)lycos.com), Mar 23 2003

Definition edited by N. J. A. Sloane, May 03 2023

A005727 n-th derivative of x^x at x=1. Also called Lehmer-Comtet numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 54, -42, 944, -5112, 47160, -419760, 4297512, -47607144, 575023344, -7500202920, 105180931200, -1578296510400, 25238664189504, -428528786243904, 7700297625889920, -146004847062359040, 2913398154375730560, -61031188196889482880

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 139, table at foot of page.
G. H. Hardy, A Course of Pure Mathematics, 10th ed., Cambridge University Press, 1960, p. 428.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Alois P. Heinz, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..400 (first 101 terms from T. D. Noe)
Joerg Arndt, Matters Computational (The Fxtbook), section 36.5, "The function x^x"
H. W. Gould, A Set of Polynomials Associated with the Higher Derivatives of y=xxy=x^x, Rocky Mountain J. Math. 26(2) 1996.
R. K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, 1986
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712.
R. K. Guy, The strong law of small numbers. Amer. Math. Monthly 95 (1988), no. 8, 697-712. [Annotated scanned copy]
G. H. Hardy, A Course of Pure Mathematics, Cambridge, The University Press, 1908.
D. H. Lehmer, Numbers associated with Stirling Numbers and x^x, Rocky Mountain J. Math., 15(2) 1985, p. 461.
R. R. Patterson and G. Suri, The derivatives of x^x, date unknown. Preprint. [Annotated scanned copy]

Row sums of A008296. Column k=2 of A215703 and of A277537.

Cf. A005168, A176118, A293297, A203852.

A005727 := proc(n) option remember; `if`(n=0, 1, A005727(n-1)+add((-1)^(n-k)*(n-2-k)!*binomial(n-1, k)*A005727(k), k=0..n-2)) end:
seq(A005727(n), n=0..23); # Mélika Tebni, May 22 2022

NestList[ Factor[ D[ #1, x ] ]&, x^x, n ] /. (x->1)
Range[0, 22]! CoefficientList[ Series[(1 + x)^(1 + x), {x, 0, 22}], x] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Feb 03 2013 *)

a(n)=if(n<0,0,n!*polcoeff((1+x+x*O(x^n))^(1+x),n))

For n>0, a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} b(n, k), where b(n, k) is a Lehmer-Comtet number of the first kind (see A008296).
E.g.f.: (1+x)^(1+x). a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} Stirling1(n, k)*A000248(k). - Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 02 2003
From  Mélika Tebni, May 22 2022: (Start)
a(0) = 1, a(n) = a(n-1)+Sum_{k=0..n-2} (-1)^(n-k)*(n-2-k)!*binomial(n-1, k)*a(k).
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^(n-k)*A293297(k)*binomial(n, k).
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} (-1)^k*A203852(k)*binomial(n, k). (End)

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A005171 Characteristic function of nonprimes: 0 if n is prime, else 1.

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A005169 Number of fountains of n coins.

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A006843 Triangle read by rows: row n gives denominators of Farey series of order n.

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A005235 Fortunate numbers: least m > 1 such that m + prime(n)# is prime, where p# denotes the product of all primes <= p.

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A000068 Numbers k such that k^4 + 1 is prime.

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A000127 Maximal number of regions obtained by joining n points around a circle by straight lines. Also number of regions in 4-space formed by n-1 hyperplanes.

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