A002819 -id:A002819 - cp's OEIS frontend

A028488 Numbers k such that the summatory Liouville function L(k) (A002819) is zero.

2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 26, 40, 96, 586, 906150256, 906150294, 906150308, 906150310, 906150314, 906151516, 906151576, 906152172, 906154582, 906154586, 906154590, 906154594, 906154604, 906154606, 906154608, 906154758, 906154760, 906154762

Offset: 1

Eric W. Weisstein

a(253) > 2*10^14 according to the calculations of Borwein, Ferguson, & Mossinghoff. Most likely a(253) = 351100332278250. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 14 2011
L(23156358837978983978) = 0 and L(k) < 0 for k from 2.3156354*10^19 to 23156358837978983977. - Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Oct 03 2015
All terms are even since k and A002819(k) have the same parity. - Jianing Song, Aug 06 2021
According to Pólya, numbers (p-3)/4 are members of this sequence, with p a Heegner number > 7 (that is, p is one of 11, 19, 43, 67, and 163). - Friedjof Tellkamp, Feb 15 2025

Donovan Johnson and Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..317312 (a(1)-a(252) from Donovan Johnson)
P. Borwein, R. Ferguson, and M. Mossinghoff, Sign changes in sums of the Liouville function, Mathematics of Computation 77 (2008), pp. 1681-1694.
G. Pólya, Verschiedene Bemerkungen zur Zahlentheorie, Jahresber. DMV 28, 31-40, 1919.
M. Tanaka, A Numerical Investigation on Cumulative Sum of the Liouville Function, Tokyo J. Math. 3, 187-189, 1980.
Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Values of L(n) from 2*10^14 to 3.75*10^14 (interval = 5*10^9)
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Liouville Function
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Polya Conjecture

Cf. A008836 (Liouville's function), A002819, A051470.

Cf. A003173 (Heegner numbers).

B:= [seq((-1)^numtheory:-bigomega(i),i=1..10^5)]:
L:= ListTools:-PartialSums(B):
select(t -> L[t]=0, [$1..10^5]); # Robert Israel, Aug 27 2015

Position[Table[Sum[LiouvilleLambda@ k, {k, 1, n}], {n, 1000}], n_ /; n == 0] // Flatten (* Michael De Vlieger, Aug 27 2015 *)
Position[Accumulate[LiouvilleLambda[Range[1000]]],0]//Flatten (* Harvey P. Dale, Aug 10 2022 *)

More terms from Hans Havermann, Jun 24 2002

A002053 a(n) = least value of m for which Liouville's function A002819(m) = -n.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 3, 8, 13, 20, 31, 32, 53, 76, 79, 80, 117, 176, 181, 182, 193, 200, 283, 284, 285, 286, 293, 440, 443, 468, 661, 678, 683, 684, 1075, 1076, 1087, 1088, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1106, 1109, 1128, 1129, 1130, 1131, 1132, 1637, 1638, 1753, 1756, 1759, 1760, 2699

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Also when n first appears in A072203(m).

H. Gupta, On a table of values of L(n), Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Section A, 12 (1940), 407-409.
H. Gupta, A table of values of Liouville's function L(n), Research Bulletin of East Panjab University, No. 3 (Feb. 1950), 45-55.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Chai Wah Wu, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..10000 (n = 0..2000 from T. D. Noe)
H. Gupta, On a table of values of L(n), Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Section A, 12 (1940), 407-409. [Annotated scanned copy]
H. Gupta, A table of values of Liouville's function L(n), Research Bulletin of East Panjab University, No. 3 (Feb. 1950), 45-55. [Annotated scanned copy]

Cf. A008836, A028488, A072203.

f[n_] := f[n] = f[n - 1] -(-1)^Length[Flatten[Table[ #[[1]], {#[[2]]}] & /@ FactorInteger[n]]]; f[1] = 0; Do[k = 1; While[f[k] != n, k++ ]; Print[k], {n, 1, 50}]

from functools import reduce
from operator import ixor
from itertools import count
from sympy import factorint
def A002053(n): return next(filter(lambda m:-n==sum(-1 if reduce(ixor, factorint(i).values(),0)&1 else 1 for i in range(1,m+1)),count(1))) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 01 2023

More terms from Jud McCranie

A189229 Counterexamples to Polya's conjecture that A002819(n) <= 0 if n > 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

906150257, 906150258, 906150259, 906150260, 906150261, 906150262, 906150263, 906150264, 906150265, 906150266, 906150267, 906150268, 906150269, 906150270, 906150271, 906150272, 906150273, 906150274, 906150275, 906150276, 906150277, 906150278, 906150279, 906150280

Offset: 1

Jonathan Sondow, Jun 13 2011

nonn

The point is that for all x < 906150257 there are more n <= x with Omega(n) odd than with Omega(n) even. At x = 906150257 the evens go ahead for the first time. - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 10 2022
906150294 is the smallest number > 906150257 that is not in the sequence (see A028488).
See A002819, A008836, A028488, A051470 for additional comments, references, and links.
See Brent and van de Lune (2011) for a history of Polya's conjecture and a proof that it is true "on average" in a certain precise sense.

			906150257 is the smallest number k > 1 with A002819(k) > 0 (see Tanaka 1980).

Barry Mazur and William Stein, Prime Numbers and the Riemann Hypothesis, Cambridge University Press, 2016. See p. 22.

Donovan Johnson, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
R. P. Brent and J. van de Lune, A note on Polya's observation concerning Liouville's function, arXiv:1112.4911 [math.NT] 2011.
Jarosław Grytczuk, From the 1-2-3 Conjecture to the Riemann Hypothesis, arXiv:2003.02887 [math.CO], 2020. See p. 9.
Ben Sparks, 906,150,257 and the Pólya conjecture (MegaFavNumbers), SparksMath video (2020).
M. Tanaka, A Numerical Investigation on Cumulative Sum of the Liouville Function, Tokyo J. Math. 3 (1980), 187-189.
Wikipedia, Pólya conjecture.

Cf. A002819 (Liouville's summatory function L(n)), A008836 (Liouville's function lambda(n)), A028488 (n such that L(n) = 0), A051470 (least m for which L(m) = n).

s=1; c=0; for(n=2, 906188859, s=s+(-1)^bigomega(n); if(s>0, c++; write("b189229.txt", c " " n))) /* Donovan Johnson, Apr 25 2013 */

{ k : (k-1)*A002819(k) > 0. }

A224987 Numbers such that Liouville's function (A002819) and the little omega analog to Liouville's function (A174863) are equal.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 3, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 13092, 13093, 13094, 13095, 13096, 13097, 13098, 13099, 13100, 13101, 13102, 13103, 13104, 13105, 13106, 13107, 13232, 13233, 13234, 13235, 13239, 13240, 13241, 13242

Offset: 1

Donovan Johnson, Apr 22 2013

nonn

Numbers n such that A002819(n) = A174863(n). There are 9056 terms <= 10^12 (the largest is 16959554). For n from 16959555 to 10^12, A002819(n) < A174863(n).

			n = 43:
A002819(n) = sum_{k = 1..n} (-1)^bigomega(k) = -3.
A174863(n) = sum_{k = 1..n} (-1)^omega(k) = -3.
A002819(43) = A174863(43) = -3.

Donovan Johnson, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..9056

Cf. A001221, A001222, A008836, A002819, A174863.

PrimeOmega[n_] := Plus @@ FactorInteger[n][[All, 2]]; PrimeNu[n_] := Length[FactorInteger[n]]; Reap[For[s1 = 0; s2 = 0; n = 1, n < 15000, n++, s1 = s1 + (-1)^PrimeOmega[n]; s2 = s2 + (-1)^PrimeNu[n]; If[s1 == s2, Print[n]; Sow[n]]]][[2, 1]] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 03 2013, after Pari *)

s1=0; s2=0; c=0; for(n=1, 16959554, s1=s1+(-1)^bigomega(n); s2=s2+(-1)^omega(n); if(s1==s2, c++; write("b224987.txt", c " " n)))

A249482 Numbers n such that the summatory Liouville function L(n) (A002819) is zero and L(n-1)*L(n+1) = -1.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 906150256, 906150308, 906150310, 906151576, 906154582, 906154586, 906154604, 906154606, 906154608, 906154758, 906154762, 906154764, 906154768, 906154770, 906154788, 906154794, 906154824, 906154826, 906154828, 906154830, 906154836, 906154838, 906154856

Offset: 1

Vladimir Shevelev, Jan 13 2015

nonn

To create the data, the author studied the b-file of Donovan Johnson in A189229.
For k>=1,
in the interval [a(2k-1), a(2k)], L(n)<=0,
in the interval [a(2k), a(2k+1)], L(n)>=0.
In particular, for k=1, in the interval [2, 906150256], L(n)<=0.
G. Polya (1919) conjectured that L(n)<=0, for n>=2. But this was disproved in 1958 by B. Haselgrove, and in 1980 M. Tanaka found the smallest counterexample, a(2)+1 = 906150257.

P. Borwein, R. Ferguson, and M. Mossinghoff, Sign changes in sums of the Liouville function, Mathematics of Computation 77 (2008), pp. 1681-1694.
M. Tanaka, A Numerical Investigation on Cumulative Sum of the Liouville Function, Tokyo J. Math. 3, 187-189, 1980.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Liouville Function
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Polya Conjecture

Cf. A002819, A028488, A051470, A189229, A249487, A253174.

A000720 pi(n), the number of primes <= n. Sometimes called PrimePi(n) to distinguish it from the number 3.14159...

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Partial sums of A010051 (characteristic function of primes). - Jeremy Gardiner, Aug 13 2002
pi(n) and prime(n) are inverse functions: a(A000040(n)) = n and A000040(n) is the least number m such that A000040(a(m)) = A000040(n). A000040(a(n)) = n if (and only if) n is prime. - Jonathan Sondow, Dec 27 2004
See the additional references and links mentioned in A143227. - Jonathan Sondow, Aug 03 2008
A lower bound that gets better with larger N is that there are at least T prime numbers less than N, where the recursive function T is: T = N - N*Sum_{i=0..T(sqrt(N))} A005867(i)/A002110(i). - Ben Paul Thurston, Aug 23 2010
Number of partitions of 2n into exactly two parts with the smallest part prime. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jul 20 2013
Equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis: abs(a(n) - li(n)) < sqrt(n)*log(n)/(8*Pi), for n >= 2657, where li(n) is the logarithmic integral (Lowell Schoenfeld). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jul 05 2016
The second Hardy-Littlewood conjecture, that pi(x) + pi(y) >= pi(x + y) for integers x and y with min{x, y} >= 2, is known to hold for (x, y) sufficiently large (Udrescu 1975). - Peter Luschny, Jan 12 2021

			There are 3 primes <= 6, namely 2, 3 and 5, so pi(6) = 3.

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 870.
Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, p. 8.
Raymond Ayoub, An Introduction to the Analytic Theory of Numbers, Amer. Math. Soc., 1963; p. 129.
Florian Cajori, A History of Mathematical Notations, Dover edition (2012), par. 409.
Richard Crandall and Carl Pomerance, Prime Numbers: A Computational Perspective, Springer, NY, 2001; see p. 5.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 5th ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1979, Theorems 6, 7, 420.
G. J. O. Jameson, The Prime Number Theorem, Camb. Univ. Press, 2003. [See also the review by D. M. Bressoud (link below).]
Władysław Narkiewicz, The Development of Prime Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 2000.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See pp. 132-133, 157-184.
József Sándor, Dragoslav S. Mitrinovic and Borislav Crstici, Handbook of Number Theory I, Springer Science & Business Media, 2005, Section VII.1. (For inequalities, etc.).
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Gerald Tenenbaum and Michel Mendès France, Prime Numbers and Their Distribution, AMS Providence RI, 1999.
V. Udrescu, Some remarks concerning the conjecture pi(x + y) <= pi(x) + pi(y), Rev. Roumaine Math. Pures Appl. 20 (1975), 1201-1208.

Daniel Forgues, Table of n, pi(n) for n = 1..100000 (first 20000 terms from N. J. A. Sloane; see below for links with 823852 terms (Verma) and more (Caldwell))
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy].
Christian Axler, Über die Primzahl-Zählfunktion, die n-te Primzahl und verallgemeinerte Ramanujan-Primzahlen, Ph.D. thesis 2013, in German, English summary.
Paul T. Bateman and Harold G. Diamond, A Hundred Years of Prime Numbers, Amer. Math. Month., Vol. 103, No. 9 (Nov. 1996), pp. 729-741, MAA Washington DC.
Steve Bennett, The role of Riemann's zeta function in the analytic proof of the Prime Number Theorem, 2004.
Claudio Bonanno and Mirko S. Mega, Toward a dynamical model for prime numbers, Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2004), pp. 107-118; arXiv preprint, arXiv:cond-mat/0309251, 2003.
David M. Bressoud, Review of "The Prime Number Theorem" by G. J. O. Jameson, MAA Reviews, 2005. - from _N. J. A. Sloane_, Dec 29 2018
D. M. Bressoud and Stan Wagon, Computational Number Theory: Basic Algorithms, Springer/Key, 2000 (with a Mathematica package for computational number theory).
Ben Brubaker, The Prime Number Theorem.
C. K. Caldwell, The Prime Glossary: Prime number theorem.
W. W. L. Chen, Distribution of Prime Numbers.
Jean-Marie de Koninck and Aleksandar Ivić, Topics in Arithmetical Functions: Asymptotic Formulae for Sums of Reciprocals of Arithmetical Functions and Related Fields, Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, 1980. See Chapter 9, p. 231.
Marc Deléglise, Computation of large values of pi(x), 1996.
Pierre Dusart, Autour de la fonction qui compte le nombre de nombres premiers, Thèse, Université de Limoges, France (1998).
Pierre Dusart, The k-th prime is greater than k(ln k + ln ln k-1) for k>=2, Mathematics of Computation, Vo. 68, No. 225 (1999), pp. 411-415.
Encyclopedia Britannica, The Prime Number Theorem [web.archive.org's copy of a no longer available personal copy of the Encyclopedia's article]
R. Gray and J. D. Mitchell, Largest subsemigroups of the full transformation monoid, Discrete Math., 308 (2008), 4801-4810.
G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood, Contributions to the theory of the Riemann zeta-function and the theory of the distribution of primes, Acta Mathematica, Vol. 41 (1916), pp. 119-196.
G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood, Some problems of 'Partitio numerorum'; III: On the expression of a number as a sum of primes, Acta Math., Vol. 44, No. 1 (1923), pp. 1-70.
Mehdi Hassani, Approximation of pi(x) by Psi(x), J. Inequ. Pure Appl. Math., Vol. 7, No. 1 (2006), Article #7.
Y.-C. Kim, Note on the Prime Number Theorem, arXiv:math/0502062 [math.NT], 2005.
Tzanio V. Kolev, On the number of Prime Numbers less than a Given Quantity, 2000.
Angel V. Kumchev, The Distribution of Prime Numbers, 2005.
J. C. Lagarias, V. S. Miller and A. M. Odlyzko, Computing pi(x): The Meissel-Lehmer method, Math. Comp., Vol. 44, No. 170 (1985), pp. 537-560.
Jeffrey C. Lagarias and Andrew M. Odlyzko, Computing pi(x): An analytic method, Journal of Algorithms, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1987), pp. 173-191; alternative link.
John Lorch, The Distribution of Primes, B.S. Undergraduate Mathematics Exchange, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall 2005).
Nathan McKenzie, Computing the Prime Counting Function with Linnik's Identity, personal blog, March 24, 2011.
Murat Baris Paksoy, Derived Ramanujan primes: R'_n, arXiv:1210.6991 [math.NT], 2012.
Bent E. Petersen, Prime Number Theorem, Seminar Lecture Note, 1996; version 2002-05-14.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Omar E. Pol, Determinacion geometrica de los numeros primos y perfectos, personal website, 2001 (?); Illustration of initial terms: Divisors and pi(x).
Bernhard Riemann, On the Number of Prime Numbers, 1859, last page (various transcripts)
J. Barkley Rosser, Explicit Bounds for Some Functions of Prime Numbers, American Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 63, No. 1 (1941), pp. 211-232.
J. Barkley Rosser and Lowell Schoenfeld, Approximate formulas for some functions of prime numbers, Ill. Journ. Math. 6 (1962) 64-94.
J. Barkley Rosser and Lowell Schoenfeld, Approximate formulas for some functions of prime numbers (scan of some key pages from an ancient annotated photocopy).
Sebastian Martin Ruiz and Jonathan Sondow, Formulas for pi(n) and the n-th prime, arXiv:math/0210312 [math.NT], 2002, 2014.
Jeffrey Shallit, Bibliography on calculation of pi(x).
Jonathan Sondow, Ramanujan Primes and Bertrand's Postulate, The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 116, No. 7 (2009), pp. 630-635; arXiv preprint, arXiv:0907.5232 [math.NT], 2009-2010.
Igor Turkanov, The prime counting function, arXiv:1603.02914 [math.NT], 2016.
Gaurav Verma and Srujan Sapkal, Table of n, pi(n) for n = 1..823852.
Matthew R. Watkins, The distribution of Prime Numbers.
Matthew R. Watkins, The prime number theorem (some references).
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Prime Counting Function.
Wikipedia, Prime number theorem.
Wikipedia, Prime-counting function.
C. P. Willans, On formulae for the nth prime, Math. Gazette 48 (1964), 413-415.
Marek Wolf, Applications of Statistical Mechanics in Number Theory, Physica A, vol. 274, no. 2, 1999, pp. 149-157; 1999 preprint.
Wolfram Research, First 50 values of pi(n).
Index entries for "core" sequences

Cf. A048989, A000040, A132090, A137588, A139328, A104272, A143223, A143224, A143225, A143226, A143227.
Cf. A143538, A036234, A033844, A034387, A034386, A179215, A010051, A212210-A212213, A233824, A056171, A304483.
Closely related:
A099802: Number of primes <= 2n.
A060715: Number of primes between n and 2n (exclusive).
A035250: Number of primes between n and 2n (inclusive).
A038107: Number of primes < n^2.
A014085: Number of primes between n^2 and (n+1)^2.
A007053: Number of primes <= 2^n.
A036378: Number of primes p between powers of 2, 2^n < p <= 2^(n+1).
A006880: Number of primes < 10^n.
A006879: Number of primes with n digits.
A033270: Number of odd primes <= n.
A065855: Number of composites <= n.
For lists of large values of a(n) see, e.g., A005669(n) = a(A002386(n)), A214935(n) = a(A205827(n)).
Related sequences:
Primes (p) and composites (c): A000040, A002808, A065855.
Primes between p(n) and 2*p(n): A063124, A070046; between c(n) and 2*c(n): A376761; between n and 2*n: A035250, A060715, A077463, A108954.
Composites between p(n) and 2*p(n): A246514; between c(n) and 2*c(n): A376760; between n and 2*n: A075084, A307912, A307989, A376759.

a000720 n = a000720_list !! (n-1)
a000720_list = scanl1 (+) a010051_list  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Sep 15 2011

[ #PrimesUpTo(n): n in [1..200] ];  // Bruno Berselli, Jul 06 2011

with(numtheory); A000720 := pi; [ seq(A000720(i),i=1..50) ];

A000720[n_] := PrimePi[n]; Table[ A000720[n], {n, 1, 100} ]
Array[ PrimePi[ # ]&, 100 ]
Accumulate[Table[Boole[PrimeQ[n]],{n,100}]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 17 2015 *)

A000720=vector(100,n,omega(n!)) \\ For illustration only; better use A000720=primepi

vector(300,j,primepi(j)) \\ Joerg Arndt, May 09 2008

from sympy import primepi
for n in range(1,100): print(primepi(n), end=', ') # Stefano Spezia, Nov 30 2018

[prime_pi(n) for n in range(1, 79)]  # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 06 2009

The prime number theorem gives the asymptotic expression a(n) ~ n/log(n).
For x > 1, pi(x) < (x / log x) * (1 + 3/(2 log x)). For x >= 59, pi(x) > (x / log x) * (1 + 1/(2 log x)). [Rosser and Schoenfeld]
For x >= 355991, pi(x) < (x / log(x)) * (1 + 1/log(x) + 2.51/(log(x))^2 ). For x >= 599, pi(x) > (x / log(x)) * (1 + 1/log(x)). [Dusart]
For x >= 55, x/(log(x) + 2) < pi(x) < x/(log(x) - 4). [Rosser]
For n > 1, A138194(n) <= a(n) <= A138195(n) (Tschebyscheff, 1850). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 04 2008
For n >= 33, a(n) = 1 + Sum_{j=3..n} ((j-2)! - j*floor((j-2)!/j)) (Hardy and Wright); for n >= 1, a(n) = n - 1 + Sum_{j=2..n} (floor((2 - Sum_{i=1..j} (floor(j/i)-floor((j-1)/i)))/j)) (Ruiz and Sondow 2000). - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 31 2003
a(n) = A001221(A000142(n)). - Benoit Cloitre, Jun 03 2005
G.f.: Sum_{p prime} x^p/(1-x) = b(x)/(1-x), where b(x) is the g.f. for A010051. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Jun 15 2006
a(n) = A036234(n) - 1. - Jaroslav Krizek, Mar 23 2009
From Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jul 12 2010: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{i=2..n} floor((i+1)/A000203(i)).
a(n) = Sum_{i=2..n} floor(A000010(n)/(i-1)).
a(n) = Sum_{i=2..n} floor(2/A000005(n)). (End)
Let pf(n) denote the set of prime factors of an integer n. Then a(n) = card(pf(n!/floor(n/2)!)). - Peter Luschny, Mar 13 2011
a(n) = -Sum_{p <= n} mu(p). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jan 04 2013
a(n) = (1/2)*Sum_{p <= n} (mu(p)*d(p)*sigma(p)*phi(p)) + sum_{p <= n} p^2. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Jan 04 2013
a(1) = 0 and then, for all k >= 1, repeat k A001223(k) times. - Jean-Christophe Hervé, Oct 29 2013
a(n) = n/(log(n) - 1 - Sum_{k=1..m} A233824(k)/log(n)^k + O(1/log(n)^{m+1})) for m > 0. - Jonathan Sondow, Dec 19 2013
a(n) = A001221(A003418(n)). - Eric Desbiaux, May 01 2014
a(n) = Sum_{j=2..n} H(-sin^2 (Pi*(Gamma(j)+1)/j)) where H(x) is the Heaviside step function, taking H(0)=1. - Keshav Raghavan, Jun 18 2016
a(A014076(n)) = (1/2) * (A014076(n) + 1) - n + 1. - Christopher Heiling, Mar 03 2017
From Steven Foster Clark, Sep 25 2018: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} A143519(m) * floor(n/m).
a(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} A001221(m) * A002321(floor(n/m)) where A002321() is the Mertens function.
a(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} |A143519(m)| * A002819(floor(n/m)) where A002819() is the Liouville Lambda summatory function and |x| is the absolute value of x.
a(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} A137851(m)/m * H(floor(n/m)) where H(n) = Sum_{m=1..n} 1/m is the harmonic number function.
a(n) = Sum_{m=1..log_2(n)} A008683(m) * A025528(floor(n^(1/m))) where A008683() is the Moebius mu function and A025528() is the prime-power counting function.
(End)
Sum_{k=2..n} 1/a(k) ~ (1/2) * log(n)^2 + O(log(n)) (de Koninck and Ivić, 1980). - Amiram Eldar, Mar 08 2021
a(n) ~ 1/(n^(1/n)-1). - Thomas Ordowski, Jan 30 2023
a(n) = Sum_{j=2..n} floor(((j - 1)! + 1)/j - floor((j - 1)!/j)) [Mináč, unpublished] (see Ribenboim, pp. 132-133). - Stefano Spezia, Apr 13 2025
a(n) = n - 1 - Sum_{k=2..floor(log_2(n))} pi_k(n), where pi_k(n) is the number of k-almost primes <= n. - Daniel Suteu, Aug 27 2025

Additional links contributed by Lekraj Beedassy, Dec 23 2003

Edited by M. F. Hasler, Apr 27 2018 and (links recovered) Dec 21 2018

A008836 Liouville's function lambda(n) = (-1)^k, where k is number of primes dividing n (counted with multiplicity).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Coons and Borwein: "We give a new proof of Fatou's theorem: if an algebraic function has a power series expansion with bounded integer coefficients, then it must be a rational function. This result is applied to show that for any non-trivial completely multiplicative function from N to {-1,1}, the series sum_{n=1..infinity} f(n)z^n is transcendental over {Z}[z]; in particular, sum_{n=1..infinity} lambda(n)z^n is transcendental, where lambda is Liouville's function. The transcendence of sum_{n=1..infinity} mu(n)z^n is also proved." - Jonathan Vos Post, Jun 11 2008
Coons proves that a(n) is not k-automatic for any k > 2. - Jonathan Vos Post, Oct 22 2008
The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that for every fixed epsilon > 0, lim_{n -> infinity} (a(1) + a(2) + ... + a(n))/n^(1/2 + epsilon) = 0 (Borwein et al., theorem 1.2). - Arkadiusz Wesolowski, Oct 08 2013

			a(4) = 1 because since bigomega(4) = 2 (the prime divisor 2 is counted twice), then (-1)^2 = 1.
a(5) = -1 because 5 is prime and therefore bigomega(5) = 1 and (-1)^1 = -1.

T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 37.
P. Borwein, S. Choi, B. Rooney and A. Weirathmueller, The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the Aficionado and Virtuoso Alike, Springer, Berlin, 2008, pp. 1-11.
H. Gupta, On a table of values of L(n), Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Section A, 12 (1940), 407-409.
H. Gupta, A table of values of Liouville's function L(n), Research Bulletin of East Panjab University, No. 3 (Feb. 1950), 45-55.
P. Ribenboim, Algebraic Numbers, p. 44.
J. Roberts, Lure of the Integers, Math. Assoc. America, 1992, p. 279.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, Exercise 3.3.5 on page 99.
J. V. Uspensky and M. A. Heaslet, Elementary Number Theory, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1939, p. 112.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
P. Borwein, R. Ferguson, and M. J. Mossinghoff, Sign changes in sums of the Liouville function, Math. Comp. 77 (2008), 1681-1694.
Benoit Cloitre, A tauberian approach to RH, arXiv:1107.0812 [math.NT], 2011.
Michael Coons and Peter Borwein, Transcendence of Power Series for Some Number Theoretic Functions, arXiv:0806.1563 [math.NT], 2008.
Michael Coons, (Non)Automaticity of number theoretic functions, arXiv:0810.3709 [math.NT], 2008.
H. Gupta, On a table of values of L(n), Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Section A, 12 (1940), 407-409. [Annotated scanned copy]
R. S. Lehman, On Liouville's function, Math. Comp., 14 (1960), 311-320.
Andrei Vieru, Euler constant as a renormalized value of Riemann zeta function at its pole. Rationals related to Dirichlet L-functions, arXiv:1306.0496 [math.GM], 2015.
H. Walum, A recurrent pattern in the list of quadratic residues mod a prime and in the values of the Liouville lambda function, J. Numb. Theory 12 (1) (1980) 53-56.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Liouville Function
Wikipedia, Liouville function
Index to divisibility sequences
Index entries for sequences computed from exponents in factorization of n

Cf. A000005, A001222, A002053, A007421, A002819 (partial sums), A008683, A010052, A026424, A028260, A028488, A056912, A056913, A065043, A066829, A106400, A156552, A349905, A063647, A101455, A048691.
Möbius transform of A010052.
Cf. A182448 (Dgf at s=2), A347328 (Dgf at s=3), A347329 (Dgf at s=4).

a008836 = (1 -) . (* 2) . a066829  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 19 2011

A008836 := n -> (-1)^numtheory[bigomega](n); # Peter Luschny, Sep 15 2011
with(numtheory): A008836 := proc(n) local i,it,s; it := ifactors(n): s := (-1)^add(it[2][i][2], i=1..nops(it[2])): RETURN(s) end:

Table[LiouvilleLambda[n], {n, 100}] (* Enrique Pérez Herrero, Dec 28 2009 *)
Table[If[OddQ[PrimeOmega[n]],-1,1],{n,110}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Sep 10 2014 *)

{a(n) = if( n<1, 0, n=factor(n); (-1)^sum(i=1, matsize(n)[1], n[i,2]))}; /* Michael Somos, Jan 01 2006 */

a(n)=(-1)^bigomega(n) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 09 2013

from sympy import factorint
def A008836(n): return -1 if sum(factorint(n).values()) % 2 else 1 # Chai Wah Wu, May 24 2022

Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(2s)/zeta(s); Dirichlet inverse of A008966.
Sum_{ d divides n } lambda(d) = 1 if n is a square, otherwise 0.
Completely multiplicative with a(p) = -1, p prime.
a(n) = (-1)^A001222(n) = (-1)^bigomega(n). - Jonathan Vos Post, Apr 16 2006
a(n) = A033999(A001222(n)). - Jaroslav Krizek, Sep 28 2009
Sum_{d|n} a(d) *(A000005(d))^2 = a(n) *Sum{d|n} A000005(d). - Vladimir Shevelev, May 22 2010
a(n) = 1 - 2*A066829(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 19 2011
a(n) = i^(tau(n^2)-1) where tau(n) is A000005 and i is the imaginary unit. - Anthony Browne, May 11 2016
a(n) = A106400(A156552(n)). - Antti Karttunen, May 30 2017
Recurrence: a(1)=1, n > 1: a(n) = sign(1/2 - Sum_{dMats Granvik, Oct 11 2017
a(n) = Sum_{ d | n } A008683(d)*A010052(n/d). - Jinyuan Wang, Apr 20 2019
a(1) = 1; a(n) = -Sum_{d|n, d < n} mu(n/d)^2 * a(d). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Mar 10 2021
a(n) = (-1)^A349905(n). - Antti Karttunen, Apr 26 2022
From Ridouane Oudra, Jun 02 2024: (Start)
a(n) = (-1)^A066829(n);
a(n) = (-1)^A063647(n);
a(n) = A101455(A048691(n));
a(n) = sin(tau(n^2)*Pi/2). (End)

A051470 a(n) is least value of m for which the sum of Liouville's function from 1 to m is n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 906150258, 906150259, 906150260, 906150263, 906150264, 906150331, 906150334, 906150337, 906150338, 906150339, 906150358, 906150359, 906150362, 906150363, 906150368, 906150387, 906150388, 906150389, 906150406, 906150407

Offset: 1

Jud McCranie

nonn

It was once conjectured that the sum of Liouville's function was never > 0 except for the first term.
It follows from Theorem 2 in Borwein-Ferguson-Mossinghoff that a(n) < 262*n^2 infinitely often, improving on an earlier result of Anderson & Stark. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 14 2011
a(830) > 2 * 10^14 (probably around 3.511e14) and a(1160327) = 351753358289465 according to the calculations of Borwein, Ferguson, & Mossinghoff. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 14 2011
3.75 * 10^14 < a(1160328) <= 23156359315279877168. - Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Oct 04 2015
From Jianing Song, Aug 06 2021: (Start)
a(n) is the smallest m such that A002819(m) = n.
This sequence is strictly increasing since A002819(m) - A002819(m-1) = A008836(m) = +-1. (End)

			The sum of Liouville's function from 1 through 906150258 is 2, that is the smallest value, so a(2)=906150258.

R. J. Anderson and H. M. Stark, Oscillation theorems, Analytic Number Theory (1980); Lecture Notes in Mathematics 899 (1981), pp. 79-106.

Donovan Johnson and Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..100000 (terms a(1)-a(829) from _Donovan Johnson_)
P. Borwein, R. Ferguson, and M. Mossinghoff, Sign changes in sums of the Liouville function, Mathematics of Computation 77 (2008), pp. 1681-1694.
R. S. Lehman, On Liouville's function, Math. Comp., 14 (1960), 311-320.
M. Tanaka, A Numerical Investigation on Cumulative Sum of the Liouville Function, Tokyo J. Math. 3, 187-189, 1980.

Cf. A008836 (Liouville's function), A002819, A028488.

print1(r=1);t=0;for(n=906150257,906400000,t+=(-1)^bigomega(n);if(t>r,r=t;print1(", "n))) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 14 2011

A174863 Little omega analog to Liouville's function L(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -2, -3, -4, -5, -4, -5, -4, -5, -4, -3, -4, -5, -4, -5, -4, -3, -2, -3, -2, -3, -2, -3, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -3, -2, -1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -2, -1, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Offset: 1

Alonso del Arte, Dec 01 2010

sign

Instead of using the Omega function, number of prime factors counted with multiplicity, this is using the omega function, number of distinct prime factors.
Except for the two zeros and the intervening foray into negative territory shown here, the first thousand terms are all positive. The next zero occurs at term 7960. After the zero at term 12100, the function stays negative until term 22395666.
This sequence and the Liouville sequence have some terms up to a(43) exactly the same. I don't know at what higher point (if any) that is the case again. [del Arte]
It appears certain that this sequence and the Liouville sequence are equal infinitely often. Because they have the same parity and always change by one, they cannot cross without meeting. Both change signs infinitely often, and at apparently unrelated points. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Aug 05 2011

			a(4) = -2 because: a(1) = 1, as 1 has an even number of prime factors; then 2 and 3 being prime, bring the running sum down to -1; and then 4, which has one distinct prime factor, brings the sum down to -2. (This is the first term that differs from the Mertens function and Liouville's function.)

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Michael J. Mossinghoff and Timothy S. Trudgian, A tale of two omegas, arXiv:1906.02847 [math.NT], 2019.
Wolfgang Schwarz, A remark on multiplicative functions, Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1972), pp. 136-140; alternative link.
Jan van de Lune and Robert E. Dressler, Some theorems concerning the number theoretic function omega(n), Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, Vol. 277 (1975), pp. 117-119; alternative link.

Partial sums of A076479. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 01 2013
Cf. A002819 (Liouville's function), A002321 (Mertens's function), A275547 (where a(n) is zero).
Cf. A346617.

a174863 n = a174863_list !! (n-1)
a174863_list = scanl1 (+) a076479_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 01 2013

s=0; Table[s=s+(-1)^PrimeNu[n]; s, {n, 100}] (* PrimeNu is new in Mathematica 7.0 *)

a(n)=sum(k=1,n,(-1)^omega(k)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 27 2012

a(n)=my(v=vectorsmall(n, i, 1)); forprime(p=2, n, forstep(i=p, n, p, v[i]*=-1)); sum(i=1, #v, v[i]) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Aug 21 2016

from sympy import primefactors
def omega(n): return 0 if n==1 else len(primefactors(n))
def a(n): return sum([(-1)**omega(i) for i in range(1, n + 1)]) # Indranil Ghosh, May 20 2017

a(n) = Sum_{i = 1..n} (-1)^omega(i).
A275547(a(n)) = 0. - Alois P. Heinz, Aug 03 2016
From Ridouane Oudra, Dec 31 2020: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} Sum_{j=1..n} mu(i*j)*floor(n/(i*j));
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} mu(i)*tau(i)*floor(n/i);
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} 2^Omega(i)*mu(i)*floor(n/i), where Omega = A001222. (End)
From Amiram Eldar, Mar 05 2021: (Start)
a(n) ~ O(n * exp(-c*sqrt(log(n)))) (Schwarz, 1972).
a(n) ~ o(n) (van de Lune and Dressler, 1975). (End)
a(n) = 1 + Sum_{k>=1} (-1)^k * A346617(n,k). - Alois P. Heinz, Aug 19 2021

A055038 Number of numbers <= n with an odd number of prime factors (counted with multiplicity).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25, 26, 27, 27, 28, 28, 29, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 31, 31, 32, 32, 33, 33, 33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 40, 41

Offset: 1

Antreas P. Hatzipolakis (xpolakis(AT)otenet.gr), Jun 01 2000

nonn

Partial sums of A066829.

James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 92.

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Polya Conjecture

Cf. A001222, A002819, A008836, A055037, A066829.

a055038 n = a055038_list !! (n-1)
a055038_list = scanl1 (+) a066829_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 19 2011

Boole[OddQ[PrimeOmega[#]]]& /@ Range[100] // Accumulate (* Jean-François Alcover, Nov 21 2019 *)

first(n)=my(s); vector(n,k,s+=bigomega(k)%2) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 02 2015

from operator import ixor
from functools import reduce
from sympy import factorint
def A055038(n): return sum(1 for i in range(1,n+1) if reduce(ixor, factorint(i).values(),0)&1) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 01 2023

a(n) = (1/2)*Sum_{k=1..n} (1-lambda(k)) = (1/2)*(n-L(n)), where lambda(n) = A008836(n) and L(n) = A002819(n).

Formula and more terms from Vladeta Jovovic, Dec 03 2001

Offset corrected by Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 19 2011

cp's OEIS Frontend

A028488 Numbers k such that the summatory Liouville function L(k) (A002819) is zero.

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A002053 a(n) = least value of m for which Liouville's function A002819(m) = -n.

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A189229 Counterexamples to Polya's conjecture that A002819(n) <= 0 if n > 1.

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A224987 Numbers such that Liouville's function (A002819) and the little omega analog to Liouville's function (A174863) are equal.

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A249482 Numbers n such that the summatory Liouville function L(n) (A002819) is zero and L(n-1)*L(n+1) = -1.

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A000720 pi(n), the number of primes <= n. Sometimes called PrimePi(n) to distinguish it from the number 3.14159...

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A008836 Liouville's function lambda(n) = (-1)^k, where k is number of primes dividing n (counted with multiplicity).

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