cp's OEIS Frontend

The indexing used here follows that given in the classic books by Riordan and Comtet. For two other versions see A173018 and A123125. - N. J. A. Sloane, Nov 21 2010

Coefficients of Eulerian polynomials. Number of permutations of n objects with k-1 rises. Number of increasing rooted trees with n+1 nodes and k leaves.

T(n,k) = number of permutations of [n] with k runs. T(n,k) = number of permutations of [n] requiring k readings (see the Knuth reference). T(n,k) = number of permutations of [n] having k distinct entries in its inversion table. - Emeric Deutsch, Jun 09 2004

T(n,k) = number of ways to write the Coxeter element s_{e1}s_{e1-e2}s_{e2-e3}s_{e3-e4}...s_{e_{n-1}-e_n} of the reflection group of type B_n, using s_{e_k} and as few reflections of the form s_{e_i+e_j}, where i = 1, 2, ..., n and j is not equal to i, as possible. - Pramook Khungurn (pramook(AT)mit.edu), Jul 07 2004

Subtriangle for k>=1 and n>=1 of triangle A123125. - Philippe Deléham, Oct 22 2006

T(n,k)/n! also represents the n-dimensional volume of the portion of the n-dimensional hypercube cut by the (n-1)-dimensional hyperplanes x_1 + x_2 + ... x_n = k, x_1 + x_2 + ... x_n = k-1; or, equivalently, it represents the probability that the sum of n independent random variables with uniform distribution between 0 and 1 is between k-1 and k. - Stefano Zunino, Oct 25 2006

[E(.,t)/(1-t)]^n = n!*Lag[n,-P(.,t)/(1-t)] and [-P(.,t)/(1-t)]^n = n!*Lag[n, E(.,t)/(1-t)] umbrally comprise a combinatorial Laguerre transform pair, where E(n,t) are the Eulerian polynomials and P(n,t) are the polynomials in A131758. - Tom Copeland, Sep 30 2007

From Tom Copeland, Oct 07 2008: (Start)

G(x,t) = 1/(1 + (1-exp(x*t))/t) = 1 + 1*x + (2+t)*x^2/2! + (6+6*t+t^2)*x^3/3! + ... gives row polynomials for A090582, the reverse f-polynomials for the permutohedra (see A019538).

G(x,t-1) = 1 + 1*x + (1+t)*x^2/2! + (1+4*t+t^2)*x^3/3! + ... gives row polynomials for A008292, the h-polynomials for permutohedra (Postnikov et al.).

G((t+1)*x, -1/(t+1)) = 1 + (1+t)*x + (1+3*t+2*t^2)*x^2/2! + ... gives row polynomials for A028246.

(End)

A subexceedant function f on [n] is a map f:[n] -> [n] such that 1 <= f(i) <= i for all i, 1 <= i <= n. T(n,k) equals the number of subexceedant functions f of [n] such that the image of f has cardinality k [Mantaci & Rakotondrajao]. Example T(3,2) = 4: if we identify a subexceedant function f with the word f(1)f(2)...f(n) then the subexceedant functions on [3] are 111, 112, 113, 121, 122 and 123 and four of these functions have an image set of cardinality 2. - Peter Bala, Oct 21 2008

Further to the comments of Tom Copeland above, the n-th row of this triangle is the h-vector of the simplicial complex dual to a permutohedron of type A_(n-1). The corresponding f-vectors are the rows of A019538. For example, 1 + 4*x + x^2 = y^2 + 6*y + 6 and 1 + 11*x + 11*x^2 + x^3 = y^3 + 14*y^2 + 36*y + 24, where x = y + 1, give [1,6,6] and [1,14,36,24] as the third and fourth rows of A019538. The Hilbert transform of this triangle (see A145905 for the definition) is A047969. See A060187 for the triangle of Eulerian numbers of type B (the h-vectors of the simplicial complexes dual to permutohedra of type B). See A066094 for the array of h-vectors of type D. For tables of restricted Eulerian numbers see A144696 - A144699. - Peter Bala, Oct 26 2008

For a natural refinement of A008292 with connections to compositional inversion and iterated derivatives, see A145271. - Tom Copeland, Nov 06 2008

The polynomials E(z,n) = numerator(Sum_{k>=1} (-1)^(n+1)*k^n*z^(k-1)) for n >=1 lead directly to the triangle of Eulerian numbers. - Johannes W. Meijer, May 24 2009

From Walther Janous (walther.janous(AT)tirol.com), Nov 01 2009: (Start)

The (Eulerian) polynomials e(n,x) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} T(n,k+1)*x^k turn out to be also the numerators of the closed-form expressions of the infinite sums:

S(p,x) = Sum_{j>=0} (j+1)^p*x^j, that is

S(p,x) = e(p,x)/(1-x)^(p+1), whenever |x| < 1 and p is a positive integer.

(Note the inconsistent use of T(n,k) in the section listing the formula section. I adhere tacitly to the first one.) (End)

If n is an odd prime, then all numbers of the (n-2)-th and (n-1)-th rows are in the progression k*n+1. - Vladimir Shevelev, Jul 01 2011

The Eulerian triangle is an element of the formula for the r-th successive summation of Sum_{k=1..n} k^j which appears to be Sum_{k=1..n} T(j,k-1) * binomial(j-k+n+r, j+r). - Gary Detlefs, Nov 11 2011

Li and Wong show that T(n,k) counts the combinatorially inequivalent star polygons with n+1 vertices and sum of angles (2*k-n-1)*Pi. An equivalent formulation is: define the total sign change S(p) of a permutation p in the symmetric group S_n to be equal to Sum_{i=1..n} sign(p(i)-p(i+1)), where we take p(n+1) = p(1). T(n,k) gives the number of permutations q in S_(n+1) with q(1) = 1 and S(q) = 2*k-n-1. For example, T(3,2) = 4 since in S_4 the permutations (1243), (1324), (1342) and (1423) have total sign change 0. - Peter Bala, Dec 27 2011

Xiong, Hall and Tsao refer to Riordan and mention that a traditional Eulerian number A(n,k) is the number of permutations of (1,2...n) with k weak exceedances. - Susanne Wienand, Aug 25 2014

Connections to algebraic geometry/topology and characteristic classes are discussed in the Buchstaber and Bunkova, the Copeland, the Hirzebruch, the Lenart and Zainoulline, the Losev and Manin, and the Sheppeard links; to the Grassmannian, in the Copeland, the Farber and Postnikov, the Sheppeard, and the Williams links; and to compositional inversion and differential operators, in the Copeland and the Parker links. - Tom Copeland, Oct 20 2015

The bivariate e.g.f. noted in the formulas is related to multiplying edges in certain graphs discussed in the Aluffi-Marcolli link. See p. 42. - Tom Copeland, Dec 18 2016

Distribution of left children in treeshelves is given by a shift of the Eulerian numbers. Treeshelves are ordered binary (0-1-2) increasing trees where every child is connected to its parent by a left or a right link. See A278677, A278678 or A278679 for more definitions and examples. - Sergey Kirgizov, Dec 24 2016

The row polynomial P(n, x) = Sum_{k=1..n} T(n, k)*x^k appears in the numerator of the o.g.f. G(n, x) = Sum_{m>=0} S(n, m)*x^m with S(n, m) = Sum_{j=0..m} j^n for n >= 1 as G(n, x) = Sum_{k=1..n} P(n, x)/(1 - x)^(n+2) for n >= 0 (with 0^0=1). See also triangle A131689 with a Mar 31 2017 comment for a rewritten form. For the e.g.f see A028246 with a Mar 13 2017 comment. - Wolfdieter Lang, Mar 31 2017

For relations to Ehrhart polynomials, volumes of polytopes, polylogarithms, the Todd operator, and other special functions, polynomials, and sequences, see A131758 and the references therein. - Tom Copeland, Jun 20 2017

For relations to values of the Riemann zeta function at integral arguments, see A131758 and the Dupont reference. - Tom Copeland, Mar 19 2018

Normalized volumes of the hypersimplices, attributed to Laplace. (Cf. the De Loera et al. reference, p. 327.) - Tom Copeland, Jun 25 2018

Number of surjections from {1,...,n} to {1,...,n-1}. - Benoit Cloitre, Dec 05 2003

First Eulerian transform of 0,1,2,3,4,... . - Ross La Haye, Mar 05 2005

With offset 0 : determinant of the n X n matrix m(i,j)=(i+j+1)!/i!/j!. - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 11 2005

These numbers arise when expressing n(n+1)(n+2)...(n+k)[n+(n+1)+(n+2)+...+(n+k)] as sums of squares: n(n+1)[n+(n+1)] = 6(1+4+9+16+ ... + n^2), n(n+1)(n+2)(n+(n+1)+(n+2)) = 36(1+(1+4)+(1+4+9)+...+(1+4+9+16+ ... + n^2)), n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+(n+1)+(n+2)+(n+3)) = 240(...), ... . - Alexander R. Povolotsky, Oct 16 2006

a(n) is the number of edges in the Hasse diagram for the weak Bruhat order on the symmetric group S_n. For permutations p,q in S_n, q covers p in the weak Bruhat order if p,q differ by an adjacent transposition and q has one more inversion than p. Thus 23514 covers 23154 due to the transposition that interchanges the third and fourth entries. Cf. A002538 for the strong Bruhat order. - David Callan, Nov 29 2007

a(n) is also the number of excedances in all permutations of {1,2,...,n} (an excedance of a permutation p is a value j such p(j)>j). Proof: j is exceeded (n-1)! times by each of the numbers j+1, j+2, ..., n; now, Sum_{j=1..n} (n-j)(n-1)! = n!(n-1)/2. Example: a(3)=6 because the number of excedances of the permutations 123, 132, 312, 213, 231, 321 are 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, respectively. - Emeric Deutsch, Dec 15 2008

(-1)^(n+1)*a(n) is the determinant of the n X n matrix whose (i,j)-th element is 0 for i = j, is j-1 for j>i, and j for j < i. - Michel Lagneau, May 04 2010

Row sums of the triangle in A030298. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 29 2012

a(n) is the total number of ascents (descents) over all n-permutations. a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} A008292(n,k)*k. - Geoffrey Critzer, Jan 06 2013

For m>=4, a(m-2) is the number of Hamiltonian cycles in a simple graph with m vertices which is complete, except for one edge. Proof: think of distinct round-table seatings of m persons such that persons "1" and "2" may not be neighbors; the count is (m-3)(m-2)!/2. See also A001710. - Stanislav Sykora, Jun 17 2014

Popularity of left (right) children in treeshelves. Treeshelves are ordered binary (0-1-2) increasing trees where every child is connected to its parent by a left or a right link. Popularity is the sum of a certain statistic (number of left children, in this case) over all objects of size n. See A278677, A278678 or A278679 for more definitions and examples. See A008292 for the distribution of the left (right) children in treeshelves. - Sergey Kirgizov, Dec 24 2016

Original name: Popularity of left children in treeshelves avoiding pattern T231 (with offset 2).

Treeshelves are ordered binary (0-1-2) increasing trees where every child is connected to its parent by a left or a right link. Classical Françon's bijection maps bijectively treeshelves into permutations. Pattern T231 illustrated below corresponds to a treeshelf constructed from permutation 231. Popularity is the sum of a certain statistic (number of left children, in this case) over all objects of size n.

a(n) is also the sum of the last entries in all blocks of all set partitions of [n-1]. a(4) = 23 because the sum of the last entries in all blocks of all set partitions of [3] (123, 12|3, 13|2, 1|23, 1|2|3) is 3+5+5+4+6 = 23. - Alois P. Heinz, Apr 24 2017

a(n-2) is the number of lines that rhyme (with at least one earlier line) across all rhyme schemes counted by A000110. - Martin Fuller, Apr 20 2025

Treeshelves are ordered binary (0-1-2) increasing trees where every child is connected to its parent by a left or a right link. Classical Françon's bijection maps bijectively treeshelves into permutations. Pattern T321 illustrated below corresponds to a treeshelf constructed from permutation 321. Popularity is the sum of a certain statistic (number of left children, in this case) over all objects of size n.

A labeled tree of size n is a rooted tree on n nodes that are labeled by distinct integers from the set {1,...,n}. An increasing tree is a labeled tree such that the sequence of labels along any branch starting at the root is increasing. Thus the root of an increasing tree will be labeled 1. In unary binary trees (sometimes called 0-1-2 trees) the outdegree of a node is either 0, 1 or 2. Here we are counting non-plane (where the subtrees stemming from a node are not ordered between themselves) increasing unary binary trees where the nodes of outdegree 1 come in two colors. An example is given below. - Peter Bala, Sep 01 2011

The number of plane increasing 0-1-2 trees on n nodes, where the nodes of outdegree 1 come in two colors, is equal to n!. Other examples of sequences counting increasing trees include A000111, A000670, A008544, A008545, A029768 and A080635. - Peter Bala, Sep 01 2011

Number of plane increasing 0-1-2 trees, where the nodes of outdegree 1 come in 2 colors, avoiding pattern T213. See A278679 for more definitions and examples. - Sergey Kirgizov, Dec 24 2016