A002180 -id:A002180 - cp's OEIS frontend

A000010 Euler totient function phi(n): count numbers <= n and prime to n.

1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 6, 4, 6, 4, 10, 4, 12, 6, 8, 8, 16, 6, 18, 8, 12, 10, 22, 8, 20, 12, 18, 12, 28, 8, 30, 16, 20, 16, 24, 12, 36, 18, 24, 16, 40, 12, 42, 20, 24, 22, 46, 16, 42, 20, 32, 24, 52, 18, 40, 24, 36, 28, 58, 16, 60, 30, 36, 32, 48, 20, 66, 32, 44

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of elements in a reduced residue system modulo n.
Degree of the n-th cyclotomic polynomial (cf. A013595). - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 12 2002
Number of distinct generators of a cyclic group of order n. Number of primitive n-th roots of unity. (A primitive n-th root x is such that x^k is not equal to 1 for k = 1, 2, ..., n - 1, but x^n = 1.) - Lekraj Beedassy, Mar 31 2005
Also number of complex Dirichlet characters modulo n; Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) is asymptotic to (3/Pi^2)*n^2. - Steven Finch, Feb 16 2006
a(n) is the highest degree of irreducible polynomial dividing 1 + x + x^2 + ... + x^(n-1) = (x^n - 1)/(x - 1). - Alexander Adamchuk, Sep 02 2006, corrected Sep 27 2006
a(p) = p - 1 for prime p. a(n) is even for n > 2. For n > 2, a(n)/2 = A023022(n) = number of partitions of n into 2 ordered relatively prime parts. - Alexander Adamchuk, Jan 25 2007
Number of automorphisms of the cyclic group of order n. - Benoit Jubin, Aug 09 2008
a(n+2) equals the number of palindromic Sturmian words of length n which are "bispecial", prefix or suffix of two Sturmian words of length n + 1. - Fred Lunnon, Sep 05 2010
Suppose that a and n are coprime positive integers, then by Euler's totient theorem, any factor of n divides a^phi(n) - 1. - Lei Zhou, Feb 28 2012
If m has k prime factors, (p_1, p_2, ..., p_k), then phi(m*n) = (Product_{i=1..k} phi (p_i*n))/phi(n)^(k-1). For example, phi(42*n) = phi(2*n)*phi(3*n)*phi(7*n)/phi(n)^2. - Gary Detlefs, Apr 21 2012
Sum_{n>=1} a(n)/n! = 1.954085357876006213144... This sum is referenced in Plouffe's inverter. - Alexander R. Povolotsky, Feb 02 2013 (see A336334. - Hugo Pfoertner, Jul 22 2020)
The order of the multiplicative group of units modulo n. - Michael Somos, Aug 27 2013
A strong divisibility sequence, that is, gcd(a(n), a(m)) = a(gcd(n, m)) for all positive integers n and m. - Michael Somos, Dec 30 2016
From Eric Desbiaux, Jan 01 2017: (Start)
a(n) equals the Ramanujan sum c_n(n) (last term on n-th row of triangle A054533).
a(n) equals the Jordan function J_1(n) (cf. A007434, A059376, A059377, which are the Jordan functions J_2, J_3, J_4, respectively). (End)
For n > 1, a(n) appears to be equal to the number of semi-meander solutions for n with top arches containing exactly 2 mountain ranges and exactly 2 arches of length 1. - Roger Ford, Oct 11 2017
a(n) is the minimum dimension of a lattice able to generate, via cut-and-project, the quasilattice whose diffraction pattern features n-fold rotational symmetry. The case n=15 is the first n > 1 in which the following simpler definition fails: "a(n) is the minimum dimension of a lattice with n-fold rotational symmetry". - Felix Flicker, Nov 08 2017
Number of cyclic Latin squares of order n with the first row in ascending order. - Eduard I. Vatutin, Nov 01 2020
a(n) is the number of rational numbers p/q >= 0 (in lowest terms) such that p + q = n. - Rémy Sigrist, Jan 17 2021
From Richard L. Ollerton, May 08 2021: (Start)
Formulas for the numerous OEIS entries involving Dirichlet convolution of a(n) and some sequence h(n) can be derived using the following (n >= 1):
Sum_{d|n} phi(d)*h(n/d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k)) [see P. H. van der Kamp link] = Sum_{d|n} h(d)*phi(n/d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k))*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)). Similarly,
Sum_{d|n} phi(d)*h(d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k)) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k))*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
More generally,
Sum_{d|n} h(d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
In particular, for sequences involving the Möbius transform:
Sum_{d|n} mu(d)*h(n/d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k))*mu(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k))*mu(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)), where mu = A008683.
Use of gcd(n,k)*lcm(n,k) = n*k and phi(gcd(n,k))*phi(lcm(n,k)) = phi(n)*phi(k) provide further variations. (End)
From Richard L. Ollerton, Nov 07 2021: (Start)
Formulas for products corresponding to the sums above may found using the substitution h(n) = log(f(n)) where f(n) > 0 (for example, cf. formulas for the sum A018804 and product A067911 of gcd(n,k)):
Product_{d|n} f(n/d)^phi(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k)) = Product_{d|n} f(d)^phi(n/d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k))^(phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))),
Product_{d|n} f(d)^phi(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k)) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k))^(phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))),
Product_{d|n} f(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k))^(1/phi(n/gcd(n,k))) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k))^(1/phi(n/gcd(n,k))),
Product_{d|n} f(n/d)^mu(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k))^(mu(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k))^(mu(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))), where mu = A008683. (End)
a(n+1) is the number of binary words with exactly n distinct subsequences (when n > 0). - Radoslaw Zak, Nov 29 2021

			G.f. = x + x^2 + 2*x^3 + 2*x^4 + 4*x^5 + 2*x^6 + 6*x^7 + 4*x^8 + 6*x^9 + 4*x^10 + ...
a(8) = 4 with {1, 3, 5, 7} units modulo 8. a(10) = 4 with {1, 3, 7, 9} units modulo 10. - _Michael Somos_, Aug 27 2013
From _Eduard I. Vatutin_, Nov 01 2020: (Start)
The a(5)=4 cyclic Latin squares with the first row in ascending order are:
  0 1 2 3 4   0 1 2 3 4   0 1 2 3 4   0 1 2 3 4
  1 2 3 4 0   2 3 4 0 1   3 4 0 1 2   4 0 1 2 3
  2 3 4 0 1   4 0 1 2 3   1 2 3 4 0   3 4 0 1 2
  3 4 0 1 2   1 2 3 4 0   4 0 1 2 3   2 3 4 0 1
  4 0 1 2 3   3 4 0 1 2   2 3 4 0 1   1 2 3 4 0
(End)

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 840.
T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 24.
M. Baake and U. Grimm, Aperiodic Order Vol. 1: A Mathematical Invitation, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications 149, Cambridge University Press, 2013: see Tables 3.1 and 3.2.
Florian Cajori, A History of Mathematical Notations, Dover edition (2012), par. 409.
L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 193.
John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. See pp. 154-156.
C. W. Curtis, Pioneers of Representation Theory ..., Amer. Math. Soc., 1999; see p. 3.
J.-M. De Koninck & A. Mercier, 1001 Problèmes en Théorie Classique des Nombres, Ellipses, Paris, 2004, Problème 529, pp. 71-257.
L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers. Carnegie Institute Public. 256, Washington, DC, Vol. 1, 1919; Vol. 2, 1920; Vol. 3, 1923, see vol. 1, Chapter V.
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 115-119.
Carl Friedrich Gauss, "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae", Yale University Press, 1965; see p. 21.
Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth and Oren Patashnik, Concrete Math., 2n-d ed.; Addison-Wesley, 1994, p. 137.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Springer, 1st edition, 1981. See section B36.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 5th ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1979, th. 60, 62, 63, 288, 323, 328, 330.
Peter Hilton and Jean Pedersen, A Mathematical Tapestry, Demonstrating the Beautiful Unity of Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, pages 261-264, the Coach theorem.
Jean-Marie Monier, Analyse, Exercices corrigés, 2ème année MP, Dunod, 1997, Exercice 3.2.21 pp. 281-294.
G. Pólya and G. Szegő, Problems and Theorems in Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, 2 vols., 1976, Vol. II, problem 71, p. 126.
Paulo Ribenboim, The New Book of Prime Number Records.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See pp. 28-33.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 162-167.

Daniel Forgues, Table of n, phi(n) for n = 1..100000 (first 10000 terms from N. J. A. Sloane)
Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972.
Dario A. Alpern, Factorization using the Elliptic Curve Method (along with sigma_0, sigma_1 and phi functions)
Joerg Arndt, Matters Computational (The Fxtbook), section 39.7, pp. 776-778.
F. Bayart, Indicateur d'Euler (in French).
Alexander Bogomolny, Euler Function and Theorem.
Chris K. Caldwell, The Prime Glossary, Euler's phi function
Robert D. Carmichael, A table of the values of m corresponding to given values of phi(m), Amer. J. Math., 30 (1908), 394-400. [Annotated scanned copy]
Paul Erdős, Andrew Granville, Carl Pomerance and Claudia Spiro, On the normal behavior of the iterates of some arithmetic functions, Analytic number theory, Birkhäuser Boston, 1990, pp. 165-204.
Paul Erdős, Andrew Granville, Carl Pomerance and Claudia Spiro, On the normal behavior of the iterates of some arithmetic functions, Analytic number theory, Birkhäuser Boston, 1990, pp. 165-204. [Annotated copy with A-numbers]
Kevin Ford, The number of solutions of phi(x)=m, arXiv:math/9907204 [math.NT], 1999.
Kevin Ford, Florian Luca and Pieter Moree, Values of the Euler phi-function not divisible by a given odd prime, and the distribution of Euler-Kronecker constants for cyclotomic fields, arXiv:1108.3805 [math.NT], 2011.
H. Fripertinger, The Euler phi function.
Daniele A. Gewurz and Francesca Merola, Sequences realized as Parker vectors of oligomorphic permutation groups, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 6, 2003.
E. Pérez Herrero, Totient Carnival partitions, Psychedelic Geometry Blogspot.
Peter H. van der Kamp, On the Fourier transform of the greatest common divisor, arXiv:1201.3139 [math.NT]
M. Lal and P. Gillard, Table of Euler's phi function, n < 10^5, Math. Comp., 23 (1969), 682-683.
Derrick N. Lehmer, Review of Dickson's History of the Theory of Numbers, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 26 (1919), 125-132.
Peter Luschny, Sequences related to Euler's totient function.
R. J. Mathar, Graphical representation among sequences closely related to this one (cf. N. J. A. Sloane, "Families of Essentially Identical Sequences").
Mathematics Stack Exchange, Is the Euler phi function bounded below? (2013).
Mathforum, Proving phi(m) Is Even.
Keith Matthews, Factorizing n and calculating phi(n), omega(n), d(n), sigma(n) and mu(n).
Graeme McRae, Euler's Totient Function.
François Nicolas, A simple, polynomial-time algorithm for the matrix torsion problem, arXiv:0806.2068 [cs.DM], 2009.
Matthew Parker, The first 5 million terms (7-Zip compressed file).
Carl Pomerance and Hee-Sung Yang, Variant of a theorem of Erdős on the sum-of-proper-divisors function, Math. Comp., to appear (2014).
Primefan, Euler's Totient Function Values For n=1 to 500, with Divisor Lists.
Marko Riedel, Combinatorics and number theory page.
J. Barkley Rosser and Lowell Schoenfeld, Approximate formulas for some functions of prime numbers, Illinois J. Math. 6 (1962), no. 1, 64-94.
K. Schneider, Euler phi-function, PlanetMath.org.
Wacław F. Sierpiński, Euler's Totient Function And The Theorem Of Euler.
N. J. A. Sloane, Families of Essentially Identical Sequences, Mar 24 2021 (Includes this sequence)
N. J. A. Sloane, "A Handbook of Integer Sequences" Fifty Years Later, arXiv:2301.03149 [math.NT], 2023, p. 14.
Ulrich Sondermann, Euler's Totient Function.
William A. Stein, Phi is a Multiplicative Function
Pinthira Tangsupphathawat, Takao Komatsu and Vichian Laohakosol, Minimal Polynomials of Algebraic Cosine Values, II, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 21 (2018), Article 18.9.5.
László Tóth, Multiplicative arithmetic functions of several variables: a survey, arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.7053 [math.NT], 2013.
G. Villemin, Totient d'Euler.
K. W. Wegner, Values of phi(x) = n for n from 2 through 1978, mimeographed manuscript, no date. [Annotated scanned copy]
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Modulo Multiplication Group.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Moebius Transform.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Totient Function.
Wikipedia, Euler's totient function.
Wikipedia, Multiplicative group of integers modulo n.
Wikipedia, Ramanujan's sum
Wolfram Research, First 50 values of phi(n).
Gang Xiao, Numerical Calculator, To display phi(n) operate on "eulerphi(n)".
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index to divisibility sequences

Cf. A002088 (partial sums), A008683, A003434 (steps to reach 1), A007755, A049108, A002202 (values), A011755 (Sum k*phi(k)).
Cf. also A005277 (nontotient numbers). For inverse see A002181, A006511, A058277.
Jordan function J_k(n) is a generalization - see A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), this sequence (J_1), A007434 (J_2), A059376 (J_3), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5).
Cf. A054521, A023022, A054525.
Row sums of triangles A134540, A127448, A143239, A143353 and A143276.
Equals right and left borders of triangle A159937. - Gary W. Adamson, Apr 26 2009
Values for prime powers p^e: A006093 (e=1), A036689 (e=2), A135177 (e=3), A138403 (e=4), A138407 (e=5), A138412 (e=6).
Values for perfect powers n^e: A002618 (e=2), A053191 (e=3), A189393 (e=4), A238533 (e=5), A306411 (e=6), A239442 (e=7), A306412 (e=8), A239443 (e=9).
Cf. A003558, A135303.
Cf. A152455, A080737.
Cf. A076479.
Cf. A023900 (Dirichlet inverse of phi), A306633 (Dgf at s=3).

Axiom
```
[eulerPhi(n) for n in 1..100]
```

a n = length (filter (==1) (map (gcd n) [1..n])) -- Allan C. Wechsler, Dec 29 2014

# Computes the first N terms of the sequence.
function A000010List(N)
    phi = [i for i in 1:N + 1]
    for i in 2:N + 1
        if phi[i] == i
            for j in i:i:N + 1
                phi[j] -= div(phi[j], i)
    end end end
return phi end
println(A000010List(68))  # Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2023

[ EulerPhi(n) : n in [1..100] ]; // Sergei Haller (sergei(AT)sergei-haller.de), Dec 21 2006

with(numtheory): A000010 := phi; [ seq(phi(n), n=1..100) ]; # version 1
with(numtheory): phi := proc(n) local i,t1,t2; t1 := ifactors(n)[2]; t2 := n*mul((1-1/t1[i][1]),i=1..nops(t1)); end; # version 2
# Alternative without library function:
A000010List := proc(N) local i, j, phi;
    phi := Array([seq(i, i = 1 .. N+1)]);
    for i from 2 to N + 1 do
        if phi[i] = i then
            for j from i by i to N + 1 do
                phi[j] := phi[j] - iquo(phi[j], i) od
        fi od;
return phi end:
A000010List(68);  # Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2023

Mathematica
```
Array[EulerPhi, 70]
```

makelist(totient(n),n,0,1000); /* Emanuele Munarini, Mar 26 2011 */

{a(n) = if( n==0, 0, eulerphi(n))}; /* Michael Somos, Feb 05 2011 */

from sympy.ntheory import totient
print([totient(i) for i in range(1, 70)])  # Indranil Ghosh, Mar 17 2017

# Note also the implementation in A365339.

def A000010(n): return euler_phi(n) # Jaap Spies, Jan 07 2007

[euler_phi(n) for n in range(1, 70)]  # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 06 2009

phi(n) = n*Product_{distinct primes p dividing n} (1 - 1/p).
Sum_{d divides n} phi(d) = n.
phi(n) = Sum_{d divides n} mu(d)*n/d, i.e., the Moebius transform of the natural numbers; mu() = Moebius function A008683().
Dirichlet generating function Sum_{n>=1} phi(n)/n^s = zeta(s-1)/zeta(s). Also Sum_{n >= 1} phi(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n) = x/(1 - x)^2.
Multiplicative with a(p^e) = (p - 1)*p^(e-1). - David W. Wilson, Aug 01 2001
Sum_{n>=1} (phi(n)*log(1 - x^n)/n) = -x/(1 - x) for -1 < x < 1 (cf. A002088) - Henry Bottomley, Nov 16 2001
a(n) = binomial(n+1, 2) - Sum_{i=1..n-1} a(i)*floor(n/i) (see A000217 for inverse). - Jon Perry, Mar 02 2004
It is a classical result (certainly known to Landau, 1909) that lim inf n/phi(n) = 1 (taking n to be primes), lim sup n/(phi(n)*log(log(n))) = e^gamma, with gamma = Euler's constant (taking n to be products of consecutive primes starting from 2 and applying Mertens' theorem). See e.g. Ribenboim, pp. 319-320. - Pieter Moree, Sep 10 2004
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} |k(n, i)| where k(n, i) is the Kronecker symbol. Also a(n) = n - #{1 <= i <= n : k(n, i) = 0}. - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 06 2004 [Corrected by Jianing Song, Sep 25 2018]
Conjecture: Sum_{i>=2} (-1)^i/(i*phi(i)) exists and is approximately 0.558 (A335319). - Orges Leka (oleka(AT)students.uni-mainz.de), Dec 23 2004
From Enrique Pérez Herrero, Sep 07 2010: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} floor(sigma_k(i*n)/sigma_k(i)*sigma_k(n)), where sigma_2 is A001157.
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} floor(tau_k(i*n)/tau_k(i)*tau_k(n)), where tau_3 is A007425.
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} floor(rad(i*n)/rad(i)*rad(n)), where rad is A007947. (End)
a(n) = A173557(n)*A003557(n). - R. J. Mathar, Mar 30 2011
a(n) = A096396(n) + A096397(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 24 2012
phi(p*n) = phi(n)*(floor(((n + p - 1) mod p)/(p - 1)) + p - 1), for primes p. - Gary Detlefs, Apr 21 2012
For odd n, a(n) = 2*A135303((n-1)/2)*A003558((n-1)/2) or phi(n) = 2*c*k; the Coach theorem of Pedersen et al. Cf. A135303. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 15 2012
G.f.: Sum_{n>=1} mu(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n)^2, where mu(n) = A008683(n). - Mamuka Jibladze, Apr 05 2015
a(n) = n - cototient(n) = n - A051953(n). - Omar E. Pol, May 14 2016
a(n) = lim_{s->1} n*zeta(s)*(Sum_{d divides n} A008683(d)/(e^(1/d))^(s-1)), for n > 1. - Mats Granvik, Jan 26 2017
Conjecture: a(n) = Sum_{a=1..n} Sum_{b=1..n} Sum_{c=1..n} 1 for n > 1. The sum is over a,b,c such that n*c - a*b = 1. - Benedict W. J. Irwin, Apr 03 2017
a(n) = Sum_{j=1..n} gcd(j, n) cos(2*Pi*j/n) = Sum_{j=1..n} gcd(j, n) exp(2*Pi*i*j/n) where i is the imaginary unit. Notice that the Ramanujan's sum c_n(k) := Sum_{j=1..n, gcd(j, n) = 1} exp(2*Pi*i*j*k/n) gives a(n) = Sum_{k|n} k*c_(n/k)(1) = Sum_{k|n} k*mu(n/k). - Michael Somos, May 13 2018
G.f.: x*d/dx(x*d/dx(log(Product_{k>=1} (1 - x^k)^(-mu(k)/k^2)))), where mu(n) = A008683(n). - Mamuka Jibladze, Sep 20 2018
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A007431(d). - Steven Foster Clark, May 29 2019
G.f. A(x) satisfies: A(x) = x/(1 - x)^2 - Sum_{k>=2} A(x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Sep 06 2019
a(n) >= sqrt(n/2) (Nicolas). - Hugo Pfoertner, Jun 01 2020
a(n) > n/(exp(gamma)*log(log(n)) + 5/(2*log(log(n)))), except for n=223092870 (Rosser, Schoenfeld). - Hugo Pfoertner, Jun 02 2020
From Bernard Schott, Nov 28 2020: (Start)
Sum_{m=1..n} 1/a(m) = A028415(n)/A048049(n) -> oo when n->oo.
Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n)^2 = A109695.
Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n)^3 = A335818.
Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n)^k is convergent iff k > 1.
a(2n) = a(n) iff n is odd, and, a(2n) > a(n) iff n is even. (End) [Actually, a(2n) = 2*a(n) for even n. - Jianing Song, Sep 18 2022]
a(n) = 2*A023896(n)/n, n > 1. - Richard R. Forberg, Feb 03 2021
From Richard L. Ollerton, May 09 2021: (Start)
For n > 1, Sum_{k=1..n} phi^{(-1)}(n/gcd(n,k))*a(gcd(n,k))/a(n/gcd(n,k)) = 0, where phi^{(-1)} = A023900.
For n > 1, Sum_{k=1..n} a(gcd(n,k))*mu(rad(gcd(n,k)))*rad(gcd(n,k))/gcd(n,k) = 0.
For n > 1, Sum_{k=1..n} a(gcd(n,k))*mu(rad(n/gcd(n,k)))*rad(n/gcd(n,k))*gcd(n,k) = 0.
Sum_{k=1..n} a(gcd(n,k))/a(n/gcd(n,k)) = n. (End)
a(n) = Sum_{d|n, e|n} gcd(d, e)*mobius(n/d)*mobius(n/e) (the sum is a multiplicative function of n by Tóth, and takes the value p^e - p^(e-1) for n = p^e, a prime power). - Peter Bala, Jan 22 2024
Sum_{n >= 1} phi(n)*x^n/(1 + x^n) = x + 3*x^3 + 5*x^5 + 7*x^7 + ... = Sum_{n >= 1} phi(2*n-1)*x^(2*n-1)/(1 - x^(4*n-2)). For the first equality see Pólya and Szegő, problem 71, p. 126. - Peter Bala, Feb 29 2024
Conjecture: a(n) = lim_{k->oo} (n^(k + 1))/A000203(n^k). - Velin Yanev, Dec 04 2024 [A000010(p) = p-1, A000203(p^k) = (p^(k+1)-1)/(p-1), so the conjecture is true if n is prime. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 19 2024]

A002202 Values taken by totient function phi(m) (A000010).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 64, 66, 70, 72, 78, 80, 82, 84, 88, 92, 96, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 116, 120, 126, 128, 130, 132, 136, 138, 140, 144, 148, 150, 156, 160, 162, 164, 166, 168, 172, 176

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

These are the numbers n such that for some m the multiplicative group mod m has order n.
Maier & Pomerance show that there are about x * exp(c (log log log x)^2)/log x members of this sequence up to x, with c = 0.81781465... (A234614); see the paper for details on making this precise. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Dec 28 2013
A264739(a(n)) = 1; a(n) occurs A058277(n) times in A007614. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 26 2015
There are no odd numbers > 2 in the sequence and the even numbers that are not in the sequence are in A005277. - Bernard Schott, May 13 2020

J. W. L. Glaisher, Number-Divisor Tables. British Assoc. Math. Tables, Vol. 8, Camb. Univ. Press, 1940, p. 64.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
André Contiero, and Davi Lima, 2-Adic Stratification of Totients, arXiv:2005.05475 [math.NT], 2020.
K. Ford, The distribution of totients, Electron. Res. Announc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 (1998), 27-34.
Helmut Maier and Carl Pomerance, On the number of distinct values of Euler's phi-function, Acta Arithmetica 49:3 (1988), pp. 263-275.
Maxim Rytin, Finding the Inverse of Euler Totient Function (1999).
S. Sivasankaranarayana Pillai, On some functions connected with phi(n), Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 35 (1929), 832-836.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Totient Valence Function

Cf. A000010, A002180, A032446, A058277.
Cf. A002110, A005277, A007614, A007617 (complement).
Cf. A083533 (first differences), A264739.
Cf. A006093 (a subsequence).

import Data.List.Ordered (insertSet)
a002202 n = a002202_list !! (n-1)
a002202_list = f [1..] (tail a002110_list) [] where
   f (x:xs) ps'@(p:ps) us
     | x < p = f xs ps' $ insertSet (a000010' x) us
     | otherwise = vs ++ f xs ps ws
     where (vs, ws) = span (<= a000010' x) us
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 22 2015

with(numtheory); t1 := [seq(nops(invphi(n)), n=1..300)]; t2 := []: for n from 1 to 300 do if t1[n] <> 0 then t2 := [op(t2), n]; fi; od: t2;
# second Maple program:
q:= n-> is(numtheory[invphi](n)<>[]):
select(q, [$1..176])[];  # Alois P. Heinz, Nov 13 2024

phiQ[m_] := Select[Range[m+1, 2m*Product[(1-1/(k*Log[k]))^(-1), {k, 2, DivisorSigma[0, m]}]], EulerPhi[#] == m &, 1 ] != {}; Select[Range[176], phiQ] (* Jean-François Alcover, May 23 2011, after Maxim Rytin *)

lst(lim)=my(P=1,q,v);forprime(p=2,default(primelimit), if(eulerphi(P*=p)>=lim,q=p;break));v=vecsort(vector(P/q*lim\eulerphi(P/q),k,eulerphi(k)),,8);select(n->n<=lim,v) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 16 2012

select(istotient,vector(100,i,i)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Dec 28 2012

A023896 Sum of positive integers in smallest positive reduced residue system modulo n. a(1) = 1 by convention.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 3, 4, 10, 6, 21, 16, 27, 20, 55, 24, 78, 42, 60, 64, 136, 54, 171, 80, 126, 110, 253, 96, 250, 156, 243, 168, 406, 120, 465, 256, 330, 272, 420, 216, 666, 342, 468, 320, 820, 252, 903, 440, 540, 506, 1081, 384, 1029, 500, 816, 624, 1378, 486, 1100, 672

Offset: 1

Olivier Gérard

Sum of totatives of n, i.e., sum of integers up to n and coprime to n.
a(1) = 1, since 1 is coprime to any positive integer.
Row sums of A038566. - Wolfdieter Lang, May 03 2015
Islam & Manzoor prove that a(n) is an injection for n > 1, see links. In other words, if a(m) = a(n), and min(m, n) > 1, then m = n. - Muhammed Hedayet, May 19 2024

			G.f. = x + x^2 + 3*x^3 + 4*x^4 + 10*x^5 + 6*x^6 + 21*x^7 + 16*x^8 + 27*x^9 + ...
a(12) = 1 + 5 + 7 + 11 = 24.
n = 40: The smallest positive reduced residue system modulo 40 is {1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 39}. The sum is a(40) = 320. Average is 20.

Tom M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 48, problem 16, the function phi_1(n).
David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, p. 171.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 163.
J. V. Uspensky and M. A. Heaslet, Elementary Number Theory, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1939, p. 111.

Michael De Vlieger, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (first 1000 terms from T. D. Noe)
John D. Baum, A Number-Theoretic Sum, Mathematics Magazine 55.2 (1982): 111-113.
Geoffrey B. Campbell, Dirichlet summations and products over primes, Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 16 92) (1993) 359. eq. (3.1)
Muhammed H. Islam and Shahriar Manzoor, φ1 and phitorial are injections, for any positive integer N, where N > 1.
Constantin M. Petridi, The Sums of the k-powers of the Euler set and their connection with Artin's conjecture for primitive roots, arXiv:1612.07632 [math.NT], 2016.
David Zmiaikou, Origamis and permutation groups, Thesis, 2011. See p. 65.

Cf. A000010, A000203, A002180, A045545, A001783, A024816, A066760, A054521, A067392, A038566.
Row sums of A127368, A144734, A144824.
Cf. A000217, A002618, A008683, A009195, A023022, A065484, A076512, A175505, A175506.

a023896 = sum . a038566_row  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 04 2012

[1] cat [n*EulerPhi(n)/2: n in [2..70]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, May 16 2015

A023896 := proc(n)
    if n = 1 then
        1;
    else
        n*numtheory[phi](n)/2 ;
    end if;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Sep 26 2013

a[ n_ ] = n/2*EulerPhi[ n ]; a[ 1 ] = 1; Table[a[n], {n, 56}]
a[ n_] := If[ n < 2, Boole[n == 1], Sum[ k Boole[1 == GCD[n, k]], { k, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Jul 08 2014 *)

{a(n) = if(n<2, n>0, n*eulerphi(n)/2)};

A023896(n)=n*eulerphi(n)\/2 \\ about 10% faster. - M. F. Hasler, Feb 01 2021

from sympy import totient
def A023896(n): return 1 if n == 1 else n*totient(n)//2 # Chai Wah Wu, Apr 08 2022

def A023896(n): return 1 if n == 1 else n*euler_phi(n)//2
print([A023896(n) for n in range(1, 57)])  # Peter Luschny, Dec 03 2023

a(n) = n*A023022(n) for n > 2.
a(n) = phi(n^2)/2 = n*phi(n)/2 = A002618(n)/2 if n > 1, a(1)=1. See the Apostol reference for this exercise.
a(n) = Sum_{1 <= k < n, gcd(k, n) = 1} k.
If n = p is a prime, a(p) = T(p-1) where T(k) is the k-th triangular number (A000217). - Robert G. Wilson v, Jul 31 2004
Equals A054521 * [1,2,3,...]. - Gary W. Adamson, May 20 2007
a(n) = A053818(n) * A175506(n) / A175505(n). - Jaroslav Krizek, Aug 01 2010
If m,n > 1 and gcd(m,n) = 1 then a(m*n) = 2*a(m)*a(n). - Thomas Ordowski, Nov 09 2014
G.f.: Sum_{n>=1} mu(n)*n*x^n/(1-x^n)^3, where mu(n) = A008683(n). - Mamuka Jibladze, Apr 24 2015
G.f. A(x) satisfies A(x) = x/(1 - x)^3 - Sum_{k>=2} k * A(x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Sep 06 2019
For n > 1: a(n) = (n*A076512(n)/2)*A009195(n). - Jamie Morken, Dec 16 2019
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = 2 * A065484 - 1 = 3.407713... . - Amiram Eldar, Oct 09 2023

Typos in programs corrected by Zak Seidov, Aug 03 2010

Name and example edited by Wolfdieter Lang, May 03 2015

A002181 Least number k such that phi(k) = m, where m runs through the values (A002202) taken by phi.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 11, 13, 17, 19, 25, 23, 35, 29, 31, 51, 37, 41, 43, 69, 47, 65, 53, 81, 87, 59, 61, 85, 67, 71, 73, 79, 123, 83, 129, 89, 141, 97, 101, 103, 159, 107, 109, 121, 113, 177, 143, 127, 255, 131, 161, 137, 139, 213, 185, 149, 151, 157, 187, 163, 249, 167, 203, 173

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

nonn

Inverse of Euler totient function.
A051445 without the zeros. The values of m are in A002180.
According to Guy, the first even term is for 2m = 16842752 = 257*2^16. If there are only five Fermat primes, then terms will be even for 2m = 2^r for all r > 31. This was discussed in problem E3361. - T. D. Noe, Aug 14 2008

J. W. L. Glaisher, Number-Divisor Tables. British Assoc. Math. Tables, Vol. 8, Camb. Univ. Press, 1940, p. 64.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved problems in number theory, B39.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
R. D. Carmichael, A table of the values of m corresponding to given values of phi(m), Amer. J. Math., 30 (1908), 394-400. [Annotated scanned copy]
T. D. Noe, Numbers Like 16842752.
William P. Wardlaw, L. L. Foster and R. J. Simpson, Problem E3361, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 98, No. 5 (May, 1991), 443-444.
K. W. Wegner, Values of phi(x) = n for n from 2 through 1978, mimeographed manuscript, no date [Annotated scanned copy]

Cf. A058277, A006511, A002202, A061026.

With[{ep=EulerPhi[Range[1000]]},Flatten[Table[Position[ep,n,{1},1],{n,200}]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 10 2015 *)

a(n) = A061026(A002202(n)). - Flávio V. Fernandes, Oct 08 2023

Offset and initial term corrected Oct 07 2007

Revised definition from T. D. Noe, Aug 14 2008

A079695 Values never taken by phi(j)/2 for any j: a(n) = A005277(n)/2.

Original entry on oeis.org

7, 13, 17, 19, 25, 31, 34, 37, 38, 43, 45, 47, 49, 57, 59, 61, 62, 67, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 85, 87, 91, 93, 94, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127, 129, 133, 137, 139, 142, 143, 145, 149, 151, 152, 154, 157, 159

Offset: 1

Jon Perry, Jan 31 2003

nonn

Because the degree of the minimal polynomial of cos(2*Pi/k) is phi(k)/2, the degree can never be a number in this sequence. - Artur Jasinski, Feb 23 2011

			A005277(1)=14, therefore a(1)=7.

Charles R Greathouse IV, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000

Cf. A005277 (nontotients), A002180 (complementary sequence).

import Data.List.Ordered (minus)
a079695 n = a079695_list !! (n-1)
a079695_list = [1..] `minus` a002180_list
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 22 2015

phiQ[m_] := Select[Range[m + 1, 2 m*Product[(1 - 1/(k*Log[k]))^(-1), {k, 2, DivisorSigma[0, m]}]], EulerPhi[#] == m &, 1] != {}; t = Select[Range[2, 320], phiQ]/2; Select[Range@ Max@ t, !MemberQ[t, #] &] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 22 2015, after Jean-François Alcover at A002180 *)

is(n)=!istotient(2*n) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 23 2015

A172464 Numbers n such that phi(phi(n)) + sigma(sigma(n)) is a 4th power.

Original entry on oeis.org

9, 42, 101, 339, 407, 420, 471, 915, 1409, 2572, 2847, 3706, 4069, 6631, 6720, 7229, 9212, 14051, 16641, 31453, 33067, 33146, 35701, 37425, 37675, 37911, 48016, 48272, 53101, 55956, 56906, 68895, 73474, 75023, 83525, 84676, 86928, 94525, 101428, 101743, 115925

Offset: 1

Michel Lagneau, Feb 03 2010

nonn

			phi(phi(9)) + sigma(sigma(9))= 1;
phi(phi(42)) + sigma(sigma(42))= 4^4 = 256;
phi(phi(101)) + sigma(sigma(101))= 4^4 = 256;
phi(phi(339)) + sigma(sigma(339))= 6^4 = 1296.

W. L. Glaisher, Number-Divisor Tables. British Assoc. Math. Tables, Vol. 8, Camb. Univ. Press, 1940, p. 64.
S. W. Golomb, Equality among number-theoretic functions, Abstract 882-11-16, Abstracts Amer. Math. Soc., 14 (1993), 415-416.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, B42.

Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..5749
K. Ford, The distribution of totients, Electron. Res. Announc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 (1998), 27-34.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Totient Valence Function
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Carmichael's Totient Function conjecture

Cf. A000010, A002180, A032446, A058277.

with(numtheory): for n from 1 to 2000000 do;if floor(( phi(phi(n)) + sigma(sigma(n)))^.25) =( phi(phi(n)) + sigma(sigma(n)))^.25 then print (n);fi ; od;

Select[Range[116000],IntegerQ[Surd[DivisorSigma[1,DivisorSigma[1,#]]+ EulerPhi[ EulerPhi[ #]],4]]&] (* Harvey P. Dale, Aug 16 2021 *)

a(40)-a(41) from Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Sep 19 2014

A172465 Numbers n such that phi(phi(n)) + sigma(sigma(n)) is an 8th power.

Original entry on oeis.org

42, 101, 6720, 9212, 226570, 276404, 288086, 299668, 339098, 392228, 412276, 423395, 530917, 535759, 559427, 564209, 666181, 2835284, 3592300, 3911744, 4080100, 5980673, 7230960, 8787900, 14960924, 17130550, 23324242, 27449729, 30437729, 33869141, 42073800

Offset: 1

Michel Lagneau, Feb 03 2010

nonn

			phi(phi(9)) + sigma(sigma(9))= 1;
phi(phi(42)) + sigma(sigma(42))= 2^8 = 256;
phi(phi(101)) + sigma(sigma(101))= 2^8 = 256;
phi(phi(6720)) + sigma(sigma(6720))= 4^8 = 65536.

W. L. Glaisher, Number-Divisor Tables. British Assoc. Math. Tables, Vol. 8, Camb. Univ. Press, 1940, p. 64.
S. W. Golomb, Equality among number-theoretic functions, Abstract 882-11-16, Abstracts Amer. Math. Soc., 14 (1993), 415-416.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, B42.

Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..267
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy].
K. Ford, The distribution of totients, Electron. Res. Announc. Amer. Math. Soc. 4 (1998), 27-34.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Carmichael's Totient Function conjecture

Cf. A000010, A002180, A032446, A058277.

with(numtheory):for n from 1 to 2000000 do;if floor(( phi(phi(n)) + sigma(sigma(n)))^.125) = (phi(phi(n)) + sigma(sigma(n)))^.125 then print (n);fi ; od;

isok(n) = ispower(eulerphi(eulerphi(n)) + sigma(sigma(n)), 8); \\ Michel Marcus, Sep 20 2014

a(10) corrected and a(18)-a(31) added by Hiroaki Yamanouchi, Sep 19 2014

A280801 Least k > 0 such that (2*n)^k is in A002202, or 0 if no such k exists.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 15, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 7, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 17, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5, 2, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 3

Offset: 1

Altug Alkan, Jan 08 2017

nonn

Least k such that A280801(k) = n, or 0 if no such k exists are 1, 7, 19, 17, 31, 223, 61, 79, 151, 383, 181, 347, 523, 1109, 43, 607, 101, 733, 1033, 409, 1783, 1123, 199, 1471, 1301, 5113, 1801, 2311, 3617, 1699, 1543, 7489, 2663, 4583, 7829, 2749, 4177, 5179, 2389, 13291, 20389, ...
What is the asymptotic behavior of this sequence?
Conjecture: a(n) > 0 for all values of n. - Altug Alkan, Jan 11 2017

			a(43) = 15 because (43*2)^k is not in A002202 for 0 < k < 15 and 86^15 = 104106241746467411129608011776 is in A002202.

Giovanni Resta, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000

Cf. A000010, A002180, A002202, A079695.

a(n) = {my(k = 1); while (!istotient((2*n)^k), k++); k; }

a(n) = 1 for n in A002180; a(n) <> 1 for n in A079695. - Michel Marcus, Jan 08 2017

cp's OEIS Frontend

A000010 Euler totient function phi(n): count numbers <= n and prime to n.

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A002202 Values taken by totient function phi(m) (A000010).

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A023896 Sum of positive integers in smallest positive reduced residue system modulo n. a(1) = 1 by convention.

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A002181 Least number k such that phi(k) = m, where m runs through the values (A002202) taken by phi.

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A079695 Values never taken by phi(j)/2 for any j: a(n) = A005277(n)/2.

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