A052944 -id:A052944 - cp's OEIS frontend

A000051 a(n) = 2^n + 1.

2, 3, 5, 9, 17, 33, 65, 129, 257, 513, 1025, 2049, 4097, 8193, 16385, 32769, 65537, 131073, 262145, 524289, 1048577, 2097153, 4194305, 8388609, 16777217, 33554433, 67108865, 134217729, 268435457, 536870913, 1073741825, 2147483649, 4294967297, 8589934593

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

Same as Pisot sequence L(2,3).
Length of the continued fraction for Sum_{k=0..n} 1/3^(2^k). - Benoit Cloitre, Nov 12 2003
See also A004119 for a(n) = 2a(n-1)-1 with first term = 1. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 20 2004
From the second term on (n>=1), in base 2, these numbers present the pattern 1000...0001 (with n-1 zeros), which is the "opposite" of the binary 2^n-2: (0)111...1110 (cf. A000918). - Alexandre Wajnberg, May 31 2005
Let A be the Hessenberg matrix of order n, defined by: A[1,j]=1, A[i,i]:=5, (i>1), A[i,i-1]=-1, and A[i,j]=0 otherwise. Then, for n>=1, a(n-1)=(-1)^(n-1)* charpoly(A,3). - Milan Janjic, Jan 27 2010
First differences of A006127. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 14 2011
The odd prime numbers in this sequence form A019434, the Fermat primes. - David W. Wilson, Nov 16 2011
Pisano period lengths: 1, 1, 2, 1, 4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 4, 10, 2, 12, 3, 4, 1, 8, 6, 18, 4, ... . - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012
Is the mentioned Pisano period lengths (see above) the same as A007733? - Omar E. Pol, Aug 10 2012
Only positive integers that are not 1 mod (2k+1) for any k>1. - Jon Perry, Oct 16 2012
For n >= 1, a(n) is the total length of the segments of the Hilbert curve after n iterations. - Kival Ngaokrajang, Mar 30 2014
Frénicle de Bessy (1657) proved that a(3) = 9 is the only square in this sequence. - Charles R Greathouse IV, May 13 2014
a(n) is the number of distinct possible sums made with at most two elements in {1,...,a(n-1)} for n > 0. - Derek Orr, Dec 13 2014
For n > 0, given any set of a(n) lattice points in R^n, there exist 2 distinct members in this set whose midpoint is also a lattice point. - Melvin Peralta, Jan 28 2017
Also the number of independent vertex sets, irredundant sets, and vertex covers in the (n+1)-star graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Aug 04 and Sep 21 2017
Also the number of maximum matchings in the 2(n-1)-crossed prism graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Dec 31 2017
Conjecture: For any integer n >= 0, a(n) is the permanent of the (n+1) X (n+1) matrix with M(j, k) = -floor((j - k - 1)/(n + 1)). This conjecture is inspired by the conjecture of Zhi-Wei Sun in A036968. - Peter Luschny, Sep 07 2021

Paul Bachmann, Niedere Zahlentheorie (1902, 1910), reprinted Chelsea, NY, 1968, vol. 2, p. 75.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See pp. 46, 60, 244.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 141.

Ivan Panchenko, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..100
E. R. Berlekamp, A contribution to mathematical psychometrics, Unpublished Bell Labs Memorandum, Feb 08 1968 [Annotated scanned copy]
Bakir Farhi, Summation of Certain Infinite Lucas-Related Series, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 22 (2019), Article 19.1.6.
Massimiliano Fasi and Gian Maria Negri Porzio, Determinants of Normalized Bohemian Upper Hessemberg Matrices, University of Manchester (England, 2019).
Bartomeu Fiol, Jairo Martínez-Montoya, and Alan Rios Fukelman, The planar limit of N=2 superconformal field theories, arXiv:2003.02879 [hep-th], 2020.
Bernard Frénicle de Bessy, Solutio duorum problematum circa numeros cubos et quadratos, (1657). Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris.
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 114
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 362
Edouard Lucas, The Theory of Simply Periodic Numerical Functions, Fibonacci Association, 1969. English translation of article "Théorie des Fonctions Numériques Simplement Périodiques, I", Amer. J. Math., 1 (1878), 184-240.
Kival Ngaokrajang, Illustration of Hilbert curve for n = 1..5
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992.
D. C. Santos, E. A. Costa, and P. M. M. C. Catarino, On Gersenne Sequence: A Study of One Family in the Horadam-Type Sequence, Axioms 14, 203, (2025). See p. 1.
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, On the generalized sums of Mersenne, Fermat, Cullen and Woodall Numbers, Politecnico di Torino (Italy, 2019).
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, Composition Operations of Generalized Entropies Applied to the Study of Numbers, International Journal of Sciences (2019) Vol. 8, No. 4, 87-92.
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, The groupoids of Mersenne, Fermat, Cullen, Woodall and other Numbers and their representations by means of integer sequences, Politecnico di Torino, Italy (2019), [math.NT].
Amelia Carolina Sparavigna, Some Groupoids and their Representations by Means of Integer Sequences, International Journal of Sciences (2019) Vol. 8, No. 10.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Crossed Prism Graph.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Cunningham Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Fermat-Lucas Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hilbert curve.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Independent Vertex Set.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Irredundant Set.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Matching Number.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Maximum Independent Edge Set.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Rudin-Shapiro Sequence.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Star Graph.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Vertex Cover.
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (3,-2).

Apart from the initial 1, identical to A094373.
See A008776 for definitions of Pisot sequences.
Column 2 of array A103438.
Cf. A007583 (a((n-1)/2)/3 for odd n).
Cf. A000079, A000225, A000918, A004119, A005126, A006217, A006521, A007583.
Cf. A007689, A007733, A019434, A024036, A027641, A027642, A034472, A034474.
Cf. A034491, A034524, A036968, A052539, A052944, A062394, A062395, A062396.
Cf. A062397, A063376, A063481, A074600 - A074624, A127904, A173786, A176691.
Cf. A178248, A194455, A228081, A323482.

a000051 = (+ 1) . a000079
a000051_list = iterate ((subtract 1) . (* 2)) 2
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, May 03 2012

[2^n+1: n in [0..40]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jan 18 2025

A000051:=-(-2+3*z)/(2*z-1)/(z-1); # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
a := n -> add(binomial(n,k)*bernoulli(n-k,1)*2^(k+1)/(k+1),k=0..n); # Peter Luschny, Apr 20 2009

Table[2^n + 1, {n,0,40}]
2^Range[0,40] + 1 (* Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 17 2017 *)
LinearRecurrence[{3, -2}, {2, 3}, 40] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Sep 21 2017 *)

PARI
```
a(n)=2^n+1
```

first(n) = Vec((2 - 3*x)/((1 - x)*(1 - 2*x)) + O(x^n)) \\ Iain Fox, Dec 31 2017

def A000051(n): return (1<Chai Wah Wu, Dec 21 2022

a(n) = 2*a(n-1) - 1 = 3*a(n-1) - 2*a(n-2).
G.f.: (2-3*x)/((1-x)*(1-2*x)).
First differences of A052944. - Emeric Deutsch, Mar 04 2004
a(0) = 1, then a(n) = (Sum_{i=0..n-1} a(i)) - (n-2). - Gerald McGarvey, Jul 10 2004
Inverse binomial transform of A007689. Also, V sequence in Lucas sequence L(3, 2). - Ross La Haye, Feb 07 2005
a(n) = A127904(n+1) for n>0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 05 2007
Equals binomial transform of [2, 1, 1, 1, ...]. - Gary W. Adamson, Apr 23 2008
a(n) = A000079(n)+1. - Omar E. Pol, May 18 2008
E.g.f.: exp(x) + exp(2*x). - Mohammad K. Azarian, Jan 02 2009
a(n) = A024036(n)/A000225(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 14 2009
From Peter Luschny, Apr 20 2009: (Start)
A weighted binomial sum of the Bernoulli numbers A027641/A027642 with A027641(1)=1 (which amounts to the definition B_{n} = B_{n}(1)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} C(n,k)*B_{n-k}*2^(k+1)/(k+1). (See also A052584.) (End)
a(n) is the a(n-1)-th odd number for n >= 1. - Jaroslav Krizek, Apr 25 2009
From Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 28 2010: (Start)
a(n)*A000225(n) = A000225(2*n).
a(n) = A173786(n,0). (End)
If p[i]=Fibonacci(i-4) and if A is the Hessenberg matrix of order n defined by: A[i,j]=p[j-i+1], (i<=j), A[i,j]=-1, (i=j+1), and A[i,j]=0 otherwise, then, for n>=1, a(n-1)= det A. - Milan Janjic, May 08 2010
a(n+2) = a(n) + a(n+1) + A000225(n). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Jun 24 2012
a(A006521(n)) mod A006521(n) = 0. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 17 2014
a(n) = 3*A007583((n-1)/2) for n odd. - Eric W. Weisstein, Jul 17 2017
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = A323482. - Amiram Eldar, Nov 11 2020

A000295 Eulerian numbers (Euler's triangle: column k=2 of A008292, column k=1 of A173018).

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 0, 1, 4, 11, 26, 57, 120, 247, 502, 1013, 2036, 4083, 8178, 16369, 32752, 65519, 131054, 262125, 524268, 1048555, 2097130, 4194281, 8388584, 16777191, 33554406, 67108837, 134217700, 268435427, 536870882, 1073741793, 2147483616, 4294967263, 8589934558

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

There are 2 versions of Euler's triangle:
* A008292 Classic version of Euler's triangle used by Comtet (1974).
* A173018 Version of Euler's triangle used by Graham, Knuth and Patashnik in Concrete Math. (1990).
Euler's triangle rows and columns indexing conventions:
* A008292 The rows and columns of the Eulerian triangle are both indexed starting from 1. (Classic version: used in the classic books by Riordan and Comtet.)
* A173018 The rows and columns of the Eulerian triangle are both indexed starting from 0. (Graham et al.)
Number of Dyck paths of semilength n having exactly one long ascent (i.e., ascent of length at least two). Example: a(4)=11 because among the 14 Dyck paths of semilength 4, the paths that do not have exactly one long ascent are UDUDUDUD (no long ascent), UUDDUUDD and UUDUUDDD (two long ascents). Here U=(1,1) and D=(1,-1). Also number of ordered trees with n edges having exactly one branch node (i.e., vertex of outdegree at least two). - Emeric Deutsch, Feb 22 2004
Number of permutations of {1,2,...,n} with exactly one descent (i.e., permutations (p(1),p(2),...,p(n)) such that #{i: p(i)>p(i+1)}=1). E.g., a(3)=4 because the permutations of {1,2,3} with one descent are 132, 213, 231 and 312.
a(n+1) is the convolution of nonnegative integers (A001477) and powers of two (A000079). - Graeme McRae, Jun 07 2006
Partial sum of main diagonal of A125127. - Jonathan Vos Post, Nov 22 2006
Number of partitions of an n-set having exactly one block of size > 1. Example: a(4)=11 because, if the partitioned set is {1,2,3,4}, then we have 1234, 123|4, 124|3, 134|2, 1|234, 12|3|4, 13|2|4, 14|2|3, 1|23|4, 1|24|3 and 1|2|34. - Emeric Deutsch, Oct 28 2006
k divides a(k+1) for k in A014741. - Alexander Adamchuk, Nov 03 2006
(Number of permutations avoiding patterns 321, 2413, 3412, 21534) minus one. - Jean-Luc Baril, Nov 01 2007, Mar 21 2008
The chromatic invariant of the prism graph P_n for n >= 3. - Jonathan Vos Post, Aug 29 2008
Decimal integer corresponding to the result of XORing the binary representation of 2^n - 1 and the binary representation of n with leading zeros. This sequence and a few others are syntactically similar. For n > 0, let D(n) denote the decimal integer corresponding to the binary number having n consecutive 1's. Then D(n).OP.n represents the n-th term of a sequence when .OP. stands for a binary operator such as '+', '-', '*', 'quotentof', 'mod', 'choose'. We then get the various sequences A136556, A082495, A082482, A066524, A000295, A052944. Another syntactically similar sequence results when we take the n-th term as f(D(n)).OP.f(n). For example if f='factorial' and .OP.='/', we get (A136556)(A000295) ; if f='squaring' and .OP.='-', we get (A000295)(A052944). - K.V.Iyer, Mar 30 2009
Chromatic invariant of the prism graph Y_n.
Number of labelings of a full binary tree of height n-1, such that each path from root to any leaf contains each label from {1,2,...,n-1} exactly once. - Michael Vielhaber (vielhaber(AT)gmail.com), Nov 18 2009
Also number of nontrivial equivalence classes generated by the weak associative law X((YZ)T)=(X(YZ))T on words with n open and n closed parentheses. Also the number of join (resp. meet)-irreducible elements in the pruning-grafting lattice of binary trees with n leaves. - Jean Pallo, Jan 08 2010
Nonzero terms of this sequence can be found from the row sums of the third sub-triangle extracted from Pascal's triangle as indicated below by braces:
                     1;
                  1,    1;
              {1},   2,    1;
           {1,    3},   3,    1;
        {1,    4,    6},   4,    1;
     {1,    5,   10,   10},   5,    1;
  {1,    6,   15,   20,   15},   6,    1;
  ... - L. Edson Jeffery, Dec 28 2011
For integers a, b, denote by a<+>b the least c >= a, such that the Hamming distance D(a,c) = b (note that, generally speaking, a<+>b differs from b<+>a). Then for n >= 3, a(n) = n<+>n. This has a simple explanation: for n >= 3 in binary we have a(n) = (2^n-1)-n = "anti n". - Vladimir Shevelev, Feb 14 2012
a(n) is the number of binary sequences of length n having at least one pair 01. - Branko Curgus, May 23 2012
Nonzero terms are those integers k for which there exists a perfect (Hamming) error-correcting code. - L. Edson Jeffery, Nov 28 2012
a(n) is the number of length n binary words constructed in the following manner:  Select two positions in which to place the first two 0's of the word.  Fill in all (possibly none) of the positions before the second 0 with 1's and then complete the word with an arbitrary string of 0's or 1's. So a(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} (k-1)*2^(n-k). - Geoffrey Critzer, Dec 12 2013
Without first 0: a(n)/2^n equals Sum_{k=0..n} k/2^k. For example: a(5)=57, 57/32 = 0/1 + 1/2 + 2/4 + 3/8 + 4/16 + 5/32. - Bob Selcoe, Feb 25 2014
The first barycentric coordinate of the centroid of the first n rows of Pascal's triangle, assuming the numbers are weights, is A000295(n+1)/A000337(n). See attached figure. - César Eliud Lozada, Nov 14 2014
Starting (0, 1, 4, 11, ...), this is the binomial transform of (0, 1, 2, 2, 2, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 27 2015
Also the number of (non-null) connected induced subgraphs in the n-triangular honeycomb rook graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Aug 27 2017
a(n) is the number of swaps needed in the worst case to transform a binary tree with n full levels into a heap, using (bottom-up) heapify. - Rudy van Vliet, Sep 19 2017
The utility of large networks, particularly social networks, with n participants is given by the terms a(n) of this sequence. This assertion is known as Reed's Law, see the Wikipedia link. - Johannes W. Meijer, Jun 03 2019
a(n-1) is the number of subsets of {1..n} in which the largest element of the set exceeds by at least 2 the next largest element. For example, for n = 5, a(4) = 11 and the 11 sets are {1,3}, {1,4}, {1,5}, {2,4}, {2,5}, {3,5}, {1,2,4}, {1,2,5}, {1,3,5}, {2,3,5}, {1,2,3,5}. - Enrique Navarrete, Apr 08 2020
a(n-1) is also the number of subsets of {1..n} in which the second smallest element of the set exceeds by at least 2 the smallest element. For example, for n = 5, a(4) = 11 and the 11 sets are {1,3}, {1,4}, {1,5}, {2,4}, {2,5}, {3,5}, {1,3,4}, {1,3,5}, {1,4,5}, {2,4,5}, {1,3,4,5}. - Enrique Navarrete, Apr 09 2020
a(n+1) is the sum of the smallest elements of all subsets of {1..n}. For example, for n=3, a(4)=11; the subsets of {1,2,3} are {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3}, and the sum of smallest elements is 11. - Enrique Navarrete, Aug 20 2020
Number of subsets of an n-set that have more than one element. - Eric M. Schmidt, Mar 13 2021
Number of individual bets in a "full cover" bet on n-1 horses, dogs, etc. in different races. Each horse, etc. can be bet on or not, giving 2^n bets.  But, by convention, singles (a bet on only one race) are not included, reducing the total number bets by n.  It is also impossible to bet on no horses at all, reducing the number of bets by another 1.  A full cover on 4 horses, dogs, etc. is therefore 6 doubles, 4 trebles and 1 four-horse etc. accumulator.  In British betting, such a bet on 4 horses etc. is a Yankee; on 5, a super-Yankee. - Paul Duckett, Nov 17 2021
From Enrique Navarrete, May 25 2022: (Start)
Number of binary sequences of length n with at least two 1's.
a(n-1) is the number of ways to choose an odd number of elements greater than or equal to 3 out of n elements.
a(n+1) is the number of ways to split [n] = {1,2,...,n} into two (possibly empty) complementary intervals {1,2,...,i} and {i+1,i+2,...,n} and then select a subset from the first interval (2^i choices, 0 <= i <= n), and one block/cell (i.e., subinterval) from the second interval (n-i choices, 0 <= i <= n).
(End)
Number of possible conjunctions in a system of n planets; for example, there can be 0 conjunctions with one planet, one with two planets, four with three planets (three pairs of planets plus one with all three) and so on. - Wendy Appleby, Jan 02 2023
Largest exponent m such that 2^m divides (2^n-1)!. - Franz Vrabec, Aug 18 2023
It seems that a(n-1) is the number of odd r with 0 < r < 2^n for which there exist u,v,w in the x-independent beginning of the Collatz trajectory of 2^n x + r with u+v = w+1, as detailed in the link "Collatz iteration and Euler numbers?". A better understanding of this might also give a formula for A374527. - Markus Sigg, Aug 02 2024
This sequence has a connection to consecutively halved positional voting (CHPV); see Mendenhall and Switkay. - Hal M. Switkay, Feb 25 2025
a(n) is the number of subsets of size 2 and more of an n-element set. Equivalently, a(n) is the number of (hyper)edges of size 2 and more in a complete hypergraph of n vertices. - Yigit Oktar, Apr 05 2025

			G.f. = x^2 + 4*x^3 + 11*x^4 + 26*x^5 + 57*x^6 + 120*x^7 + 247*x^8 + 502*x^9 + ...

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Joerg Arndt and N. J. A. Sloane, Counting Words that are in "Standard Order"
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Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
J. Riordan, Review of Frankel (1950) [Annotated scanned copy]
D. P. Roselle, Permutations by number of rises and successions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 20 (1968), 8-16.
D. P. Roselle, Permutations by number of rises and successions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 19 (1968), 8-16. [Annotated scanned copy]
Markus Sigg, Collatz iteration and Euler numbers?
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Chromatic Invariant
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Prism Graph
Wikipedia, Reed's Law
Robert G. Wilson v, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Apr. 1994
Anssi Yli-Jyra, On Dependency Analysis via Contractions and Weighted FSTs, in Shall We Play the Festschrift Game?, Springer, 2012, pp. 133-158. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, Dec 25 2012
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (4,-5,2).

Cf. A008292 (classic version of Euler's triangle used by Comtet (1974)).
Cf. A173018 (version of Euler's triangle used by Graham, Knuth and Patashnik in Concrete Math. (1990)).
Cf. A002662 (partial sums).
Partial sums of A000225.
Row sums of A014473 and of A143291.
Second column of triangles A112493 and A112500.
Sequences A125128 and A130103 are essentially the same.
Column k=1 of A124324.
Cf. A000079, A000108, A000217, A000325, A000975, A001511, A002663.
Cf. A002664, A007814, A008292, A008949, A014741, A016031, A028366.
Cf. A035039, A035040, A035041, A035042, A079583, A107907, A130321.
Cf. A130128, A130330, A131768, A131816.

a000295 n = 2^n - n - 1  -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 25 2013

[2^n-n-1: n in [0..40]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 29 2015

[EulerianNumber(n, 1): n in [0..40]]; // G. C. Greubel, Oct 02 2024

[ seq(2^n-n-1, n=1..50) ];
A000295 := -z/(2*z-1)/(z-1)**2; # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
# Grammar specification:
spec := [S, { B = Set(Z, 1 <= card), C = Sequence(B, 2 <= card), S = Prod(B, C) }, unlabeled]:
struct := n -> combstruct[count](spec, size = n+1);
seq(struct(n), n = 0..33); # Peter Luschny, Jul 22 2014

a[n_] = If[n==0, 0, n*(HypergeometricPFQ[{1, 1-n}, {2}, -1] - 1)];
Table[a[n], {n,0,40}] (* Olivier Gérard, Mar 29 2011 *)
LinearRecurrence[{4, -5, 2}, {0, 0, 1}, 40] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 29 2015 *)
Table[2^n -n-1, {n,0,40}] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Nov 16 2017 *)

a(n)=2^n-n-1 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011

[2^n -(n+1) for n in range(41)] # G. C. Greubel, Oct 02 2024

a(n) = 2^n - n - 1.
G.f.: x^2/((1-2*x)*(1-x)^2).
A107907(a(n+2)) = A000079(n+2). - Reinhard Zumkeller, May 28 2005
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(exp(x)-1-x). - Emeric Deutsch, Oct 28 2006
a(0)=0, a(1)=0, a(n) = 3*a(n-1) - 2*a(n-2) + 1. - Miklos Kristof, Mar 09 2005
a(0)=0, a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + n - 1 for all n in Z.
a(n) = Sum_{k=2..n} binomial(n, k). - Paul Barry, Jun 05 2003
a(n+1) = Sum_{i=1..n} Sum_{j=1..i} C(i, j). - Benoit Cloitre, Sep 07 2003
a(n+1) = 2^n*Sum_{k=0..n} k/2^k. - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 26 2003
a(0)=0, a(1)=0, a(n) = Sum_{i=0..n-1} i+a(i) for i > 1. - Gerald McGarvey, Jun 12 2004
a(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..n} (n-k)*2^k. - Paul Barry, Jul 29 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n, k+2); a(n+2) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n+2, k+2). - Paul Barry, Aug 23 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor((n-1)/2)} binomial(n-k-1, k+1)*2^(n-k-2)*(-1/2)^k. - Paul Barry, Oct 25 2004
a(0) = 0; a(n) = Stirling2(n,2) + a(n-1) = A000225(n-1) + a(n-1). - Thomas Wieder, Feb 18 2007
a(n) = A000325(n) - 1. - Jonathan Vos Post, Aug 29 2008
a(0) = 0, a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} 2^k - 1. - Doug Bell, Jan 19 2009
a(n) = A000217(n-1) + A002662(n) for n>0. - Geoffrey Critzer, Feb 11 2009
a(n) = A000225(n) - n. - Zerinvary Lajos, May 29 2009
a(n) = n*(2F1([1,1-n],[2],-1) - 1). - Olivier Gérard, Mar 29 2011
Column k=1 of A173018 starts a'(n) = 0, 1, 4, 11, ... and has the hypergeometric representation n*hypergeom([1, -n+1], [-n], 2). This can be seen as a formal argument to prefer Euler's A173018 over A008292. - Peter Luschny, Sep 19 2014
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(exp(x)-1-x); this is U(0) where U(k) = 1 - x/(2^k - 2^k/(x + 1 - x^2*2^(k+1)/(x*2^(k+1) - (k+1)/U(k+1)))); (continued fraction, 3rd kind, 4-step). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Dec 01 2012
a(n) = A079583(n) - A000225(n+1). - Miquel Cerda, Dec 25 2016
a(0) = 0; a(1) = 0; for n > 1: a(n) = Sum_{i=1..2^(n-1)-1} A001511(i). - David Siegers, Feb 26 2019
a(n) = A007814(A028366(n)). - Franz Vrabec, Aug 18 2023
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..floor((n+1)/2)} binomial(n+1, 2*k+1). - Taras Goy, Jan 02 2025

A006127 a(n) = 2^n + n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 6, 11, 20, 37, 70, 135, 264, 521, 1034, 2059, 4108, 8205, 16398, 32783, 65552, 131089, 262162, 524307, 1048596, 2097173, 4194326, 8388631, 16777240, 33554457, 67108890, 134217755, 268435484, 536870941, 1073741854, 2147483679, 4294967328, 8589934625

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

For numbers m=n+2^n such that equation x=2^(m-x) has solution x=2^n, see A103354. - Zak Seidov, Mar 23 2005
Primes of the form x^x+1 must be of the form 2^2^(a(n))+1, that is, Fermat number F_(a(n)) (Sierpiński 1958). - David W. Wilson, May 08 2005
a(n) = n-th Mersenne number + n + 1 = A000225(n) + n + 1. Partial sums of a(n) are A132925(n+1). - Jaroslav Krizek, Oct 16 2009
Intersection of A188916 and A188917: A188915(a(n)) = (2^n)^2 = 2^(2*n) = A000302(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 14 2011
a(n) is also the number of all connected subtrees of a star tree, having n leaves. The star tree is a tree, where all n leaves are connected to one parent P. - Viktar Karatchenia, Feb 29 2016

			From _Viktar Karatchenia_, Feb 29 2016: (Start)
a(0) = 1. There are n=0 leaves, it is a trivial tree consisting of a single parent node P.
a(1) = 3. There is n=1 leaf, the tree is P-A, the subtrees are: 2 singles: P, A; 1 pair: P-A; 2+1 = 3 subtrees in total.
a(2) = 6. When n=2, the tree is P-A P-B, the subtrees are: 3 singles: P, A, B; 2 pairs: P-A, P-B; 1 triple: A-P-B (the whole tree); 3+2+1 = 6.
a(3) = 11. For n=3 leaf nodes, the tree is P-A P-B P-C, the subtrees are: 4 singles: P, A, B, C; 3 pairs: P-A, P-B, P-C; 3 triples: A-P-B, A-P-C, B-P-C; 1 quad: P-A P-B P-C (the whole tree); 4+3+3+1 = 11 in total.
a(4) = 20. For n=4 leaves, the tree is P-A P-B P-C P-D, the subtrees are: 5 singles: P, A, B, C, D; 4 pairs: P-A, P-B, P-C, P-D; 6 triples: A-P-B, A-P-C, B-P-C, A-P-D, B-P-D, C-P-D; 4 quads: P-A P-B P-C, P-A P-B P-D, P-A P-C P-D, P-B P-C P-D; the whole tree counts as 1; 5+4+6+4+1 = 20.
In general, for n leaves, connected to the parent node P, there will be: (n+1) singles; (n, 1) pairs; (n, 2) triples; (n, 3) quads; ... ; (n, n-1) subtrees having (n-1) edges; 1 whole tree, having all n edges. Thus, the total number of all distinct subtrees is: (n+1) + (n, 1) + (n, 2) + (n, 3) + ... + (n, n-1) + 1 = (n + (n, 0)) + (n, 1) + (n, 2) + (n, 3) + ... + (n, n-1) + (n, n) = n + (sum of all binomial coefficients of size n) = n + (2^n). (End)

John H. Conway, R. K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, Copernicus Press, p. 84.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

Reinhard Zumkeller, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..100
INRIA Algorithms Project, Encyclopedia of Combinatorial Structures 435
C. L. Mallows & N. J. A. Sloane, Emails, May 1991
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Sierpiński Number of the First Kind
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Star Graph
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Vertex-Induced Subgraph
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (4,-5,2).

Cf. A135227, A000079, A052944; A000051 (first differences).

Cf. A000325.

a006127 n = a000079 n + n
a006127_list = s [1] where
   s xs = last xs : (s $ zipWith (+) [1..] (xs ++ reverse xs))
Reinhard Zumkeller, May 19 2015, Feb 05 2011

A006127:=(-1+z+z**2)/(2*z-1)/(z-1)**2; # conjectured by Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation

Table[2^n + n, {n, 0, 50}] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, May 19 2011 *)
Table[BitXOr(i, 2^i), {i, 1, 100}] (* Peter Luschny, Jun 01 2011 *)
LinearRecurrence[{4,-5,2},{1,3,6},40] (* Harvey P. Dale, Feb 08 2023 *)

a(n)=1<Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 19 2011

print([2**n + n for n in range(34)]) # Karl V. Keller, Jr., Aug 18 2020

def A006127(n): return (1<Chai Wah Wu, Jan 11 2023

Row sums of triangle A135227. - Gary W. Adamson, Nov 23 2007
Partial sums of A094373. G.f.: (1-x-x^2)/((1-x)^2(1-2x)). - Paul Barry, Aug 05 2004
Binomial transform of [1,2,1,1,1,1,1,...]. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Nov 29 2006
a(n) = 2*a(n-1) - n + 2 (with a(0)=1). - Vincenzo Librandi, Dec 30 2010
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(exp(x) + x). - Stefano Spezia, Dec 10 2021

A081552 Leading terms of rows in A081551.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 11, 102, 1003, 10004, 100005, 1000006, 10000007, 100000008, 1000000009, 10000000010, 100000000011, 1000000000012, 10000000000013, 100000000000014, 1000000000000015, 10000000000000016, 100000000000000017, 1000000000000000018

Offset: 1

Amarnath Murthy, Apr 01 2003

More generally, a(n) = B^K + n; K = floor(log_B a(n-1)) + 1. This sequence has B=10, a(0)=1; A006127 has B=2, a(0)=1; A052944 has B=2, a(0)=2; A104743 has B=3, a(0)=1; A104745 has B=5, a(0)=1. - Ctibor O. Zizka, Mar 22 2008

Vincenzo Librandi, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..300
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (12,-21,10).

Cf. A011557, A081551, A081553, A085952 (first differences, after n=2).

[10^(n-1)+n-1: n in [1..20]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 16 2013

I:=[1, 11, 102]; [n le 3 select I[n] else 12*Self(n-1)-21*Self(n-2)+10*Self(n-3): n in [1..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 16 2013

seq(10^(n-1) +n-1, n=1..40); # G. C. Greubel, May 27 2021

Table[10^(n-1) +n-1, {n,30}] (* or *) CoefficientList[Series[(1-x-9x^2)/((1-10x)(1-x)^2), {x, 0, 30}], x]  (* Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 16 2013 *)

[10^(n-1) +n-1 for n in (1..40)] # G. C. Greubel, May 27 2021

a(n) = 10^(n-1) + n-1.
G.f.: x*(1 -x -9*x^2)/((1-10*x)*(1-x)^2). - Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 16 2013
a(n) = 12*a(n-1) -21*a(n-2) +10*a(n-3). - Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 16 2013
E.g.f.: (1/10)*(9 - 10*(1-x)*exp(x) + exp(10*x)). - G. C. Greubel, May 27 2021

A248727 A046802(x,y) --> A046802(x,y+1), transform of e.g.f. for the graded number of positroids of the totally nonnegative Grassmannians G+(k,n); enumerates faces of the stellahedra.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 1, 5, 5, 1, 16, 24, 10, 1, 65, 130, 84, 19, 1, 326, 815, 720, 265, 36, 1, 1957, 5871, 6605, 3425, 803, 69, 1, 13700, 47950, 65646, 44240, 15106, 2394, 134, 1, 109601, 438404, 707840, 589106, 267134, 63896, 7094, 263, 1

Offset: 0

Tom Copeland, Oct 12 2014

This is a transform of A046802 treating it as an array of h-vectors, so y is replaced by (y+1) in the e.g.f. for A046802.
An e.g.f. for the reversed row polynomials with signs is given by exp(a.(0;t)x) = [e^{(1+t)x} [1+t(1-e^(-x))]]^(-1) = 1 - (1+2t)x + (1+5t+5t^2)x^2/2! + ... . The reciprocal is an e.g.f. for the reversed face polynomials of the simplices A074909, i.e., exp(b.(0;t)x) = e^{(1+t)x} [1+t(1-e^(-x))] = 1 + (1+2t)x +(1+3t+3t^2) x^2/2! + ... , so the relations of A133314 apply between the two sets of polynomials. In particular, umbrally [a.(0;t)+b.(0;t)]^n vanishes except for n=0 for which it's unity, implying the two sets of Appell polynomials formed from the two bases, a_n(z;t) = (a.(0;t)+z)^n and b_n(z;t) = (b.(0;t) + z)^n, are an umbral compositional inverse pair, i.e., b_n(a.(x;t);t)= x^n = a_n(b.(x;t);t). Raising operators for these Appell polynomials are related to the polynomials of A028246, whose reverse polynomials are given by A123125 * A007318. Compare: A248727 = A007318 * A123125 * A007318 and A046802 = A007318 * A123125. See A074909 for definitions and related links. - Tom Copeland, Jan 21 2015
The o.g.f. for the umbral inverses is Og(x) = x / (1 - x b.(0;t)) = x / [(1-tx)(1-(1+t)x)] = x + (1+2t) x^2 + (1+3t+3t^2) x^3 + ... . Its compositional inverse is an o.g.f for signed A033282, the reverse f-polynomials for the simplicial duals of the Stasheff polytopes, or associahedra of type A, Oginv(x) =[1+(1+2t)x-sqrt[1+2(1+2t)x+x^2]] / (2t(1+t)x) = x - (1+2t) x^2 + (1+5t+5t^2) x^3 + ... . Contrast this with the o.g.f.s related to the corresponding h-polynomials in A046802. - Tom Copeland, Jan 24 2015
Face vectors, or coefficients of the face polynomials, of the stellahedra, or stellohedra. See p. 59 of Buchstaber and Panov. - Tom Copeland, Nov 08 2016
See A008279 for a relation between the e.g.f.s enumerating the faces of permutahedra and stellahedra. - Tom Copeland, Nov 14 2016

			The triangle T(n, k) starts:
n\k    0     1     2     3     4    5   6  7 ...
1:     1
2:     2     1
3:     5     5     1
4:    16    24    10     1
5:    65   130    84    19     1
6:   326   815   720   265    36    1
7:  1957  5871  6605  3425   803   69   1
8: 13700 47950 65646 44240 15106 2394 134  1
... reformatted, _Wolfdieter Lang_, Mar 27 2015

P. Barry, Three Études on a sequence transformation pipeline, arXiv:1803.06408 [math.CO], 2018.
L. Berry, S. Forcey, M. Ronco, and P. Showers, Polytopes and Hopf algebras of painted trees: Fan graphs and Stellohedra, arXiv:1608.08546 [math.CO], 2018.
L. Berry, S. Forcey, M. Ronco, and P. Showers, Species substitution, graph suspension, and graded Hopf algebras of painted tree polytopes, arXiv:1608.08546 [math.CO], 2019.
V. Buchstaber and T. Panov, Toric Topology, arXiv:1210.2368v3 [math.AT], 2014.
R. Da Rosa, D. Jensen, and D. Ranganathan, Toric graph associahedra and compactifications of M_(0,n), arXiv:1411.0537 [math.AG], 2015.
S. Forcey, M. Ronco, and P. Showers, Polytopes and algebras of grafted trees: Stellohedra, arXiv:1608.08546v2 [math.CO], 2016.
Stefan Forcey, The Hedra Zoo
I. Limonchenko, Moment-angle manifolds, 2-truncated cubes and Massey operations, arXiv:1510.07778 [math.AT], 2017.
M. Lin, Graph Cohomology, 2016, (Fig. 2.5 is a stellahedron).
T. Manneville and V. Pilaud, Compatibility fans for graphical nested complexes, arXiv:1501.07152v3 [math.CO], 2015-2016.
MathOverflow, Analogue of conic sections for the permutohedra, associahedra, and noncrossing partitions, an MO question posed by T. Copeland, 2017. (See Buchstaber references therein.)
V. Pilaud, The Associahedron and its Friends, presentation for Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire, April 4-6, 2016. [From _Tom Copeland_, Jun 26 2018]

Cf. A046802, A007047, A122045, A000522, A036918, A001339, A052944.
Cf. A074909, A028246, A133314, A007318, A123125, A033282.
Cf. A008279, A008292, A090582, A097808, A130850.
Cf. A019538, A119879.

(* t = A046802 *) t[, 1] = 1; t[n, n_] = 1; t[n_, 2] = 2^(n - 1) - 1; t[n_, k_] = Sum[((i - k + 1)^i*(k - i)^(n - i - 1) - (i - k + 2)^i*(k - i - 1)^(n - i - 1))*Binomial[n - 1, i], {i, 0, k - 1}]; T[n_, j_] := Sum[Binomial[k, j]*t[n + 1, k + 1], {k, j, n}]; Table[T[n, k], {n, 0, 10}, {k, 0, n}] // Flatten (* Jean-François Alcover, Jan 23 2015, after Tom Copeland *)

Let M(n,k)= sum{i=0,..,k-1, C(n,i)[(i-k)^i*(k-i+1)^(n-i)- (i-k+1)^i*(k-i)^(n-i)]} with M(n,0)=1. Then M(n,k)= A046802(n,k), and T(n,j)= sum(k=j,..,n, C(k,j)*M(n,k)) for j>0 with T(n,0)= 1 + sum(k=1,..,n, M(n,k)) for n>0 and T(0,0)=1.
E.g.f: y * exp[x*(y+1)]/[y+1-exp(x*y)].
Row sums are A007047. Row polynomials evaluated at -1 are unity. Row polynomials evaluated at -2 are A122045.
First column is A000522. Second column appears to be A036918/2 = (A001339-1)/2 = n*A000522(n)/2.
Second diagonal is A052944. (Changed from conjecture to fact on Nov 08 2016.)
The raising operator for the reverse row polynomials with row signs is R = x - (1+t) - t e^(-D) / [1 + t(1-e^(-D))] evaluated at x = 0, with D = d/dx. Also R = x - d/dD log[exp(a.(0;t)D], or R = - d/dz log[e^(-xz) exp(a.(0;t)z)] = - d/dz log[exp(a.(-x;t)z)] with the e.g.f. defined in the comments and z replaced by D. Note that t e ^(-D) / [1+t(1-e^(-D))] = t - (t+t^2) D + (t+3t^2+2t^3) D^2/2! - ... is an e.g.f. for the signed reverse row polynomials of A028246. - Tom Copeland, Jan 23 2015
Equals A007318*(padded A090582)*A007318*A097808 = A007318*(padded (A008292*A007318))*A007318*A097808 = A007318*A130850 = A007318*(mirror of A028246). Padded means in the same way that A097805 is padded A007318. - Tom Copeland, Nov 14 2016
Umbrally, the row polynomials are p_n(x) = (1 + q.(x))^n, where (q.(x))^k = q_k(x) are the row polynomials of A130850. - Tom Copeland, Nov 16 2016
From the previous umbral statement, OP(x,d/dy) y^n =  (y + q.(x))^n, where OP(x,y) = exp[y * q.(x)] = x/((1+x)*exp(-x*y) - 1), the e.g.f. of A130850, so OP(x,d/dy) y^n evaluated at y = 1 is  p_n(x), the n-th row polynomial of this entry, with offset 0. - Tom Copeland, Jun 25 2018
Consolidating some formulas in this entry and A046082, in umbral notation for concision, with all offsets 0: Let A_n(x;y) = (y + E.(x))^n, an Appell sequence in y where E.(x)^k = E_k(x) are the Eulerian polynomials of A123125. Then the row polynomials of A046802 (the h-polynomials of the stellahedra) are given by h_n(x) = A_n(x;1); the row polynomials of this entry (A248727, the face polynomials of the stellahedra), by f_n(x) = A_n(1 + x;1); the Swiss-knife polynomials of A119879, by Sw_n(x) = A_n(-1;1 + x); and the row polynomials of the Worpitsky triangle (A130850), by w_n(x) = A(1 + x;0). Other specializations of A_n(x;y) give A090582 (the f-polynomials of the permutohedra, cf. also A019538) and A028246 (another version of the Worpitsky triangle). - Tom Copeland, Jan 24 2020

Title expanded by Tom Copeland, Nov 08 2016

cp's OEIS Frontend

A000051 a(n) = 2^n + 1.

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A000295 Eulerian numbers (Euler's triangle: column k=2 of A008292, column k=1 of A173018).

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A006127 a(n) = 2^n + n.

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A081552 Leading terms of rows in A081551.

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A248727 A046802(x,y) --> A046802(x,y+1), transform of e.g.f. for the graded number of positroids of the totally nonnegative Grassmannians G+(k,n); enumerates faces of the stellahedra.

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A336725 A(n,k) is the n-th number that is a sum of k positive k-th powers; square array A(n,k), n>=1, k>=1, read by antidiagonals.