cp's OEIS Frontend

This is a front-end for the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, made by Christian Perfect. The idea is to provide OEIS entries in non-ancient HTML, and then to think about how they're presented visually. The source code is on GitHub.

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A030195 a(n) = 3*a(n-1) + 3*a(n-2), a(0)=0, a(1)=1.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 3, 12, 45, 171, 648, 2457, 9315, 35316, 133893, 507627, 1924560, 7296561, 27663363, 104879772, 397629405, 1507527531, 5715470808, 21668995017, 82153397475, 311467177476, 1180861724853, 4476986706987, 16973545295520
Offset: 0

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Author

Keywords

Comments

Scaled Chebyshev U-polynomials evaluated at I*sqrt(3)/2.
Number of zeros in the substitution system {0 -> 1111100, 1 -> 10} at step n from initial string "1" (1 -> 10 -> 101111100 -> ...). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 10 2017
a(n+1) is the number of compositions of n having parts 1 and 2, both of three kinds. - Gregory L. Simay, Sep 21 2017
More generally, define a(n) = k*a(n-1) + k*a(n-2), a(0) = 0 and a(1) = 1. Then g.f. a(n) = 1/(1 - k*x - k*x^2) and a(n+1) is the number of compositions of n having parts 1 and 2, both of k kinds. - Gregory L. Simay, Sep 22 2017

Examples

			G.f. = x + 3*x^2 + 12*x^3 + 45*x^4 + 171*x^5 + 648*x^6 + 2457*x^7 + ...
		

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Haskell
    a030195 n = a030195_list !! n
    a030195_list =
       0 : 1 : map (* 3) (zipWith (+) a030195_list (tail a030195_list))
    -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 14 2011
    
  • Magma
    I:=[0,1]; [n le 2 select I[n] else 3*Self(n-1) + 3*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jan 24 2018
  • Mathematica
    CoefficientList[Series[1/(1-3x-3x^2), {x, 0, 25}], x] (* Zerinvary Lajos, Mar 22 2007 *)
    LinearRecurrence[{3, 3}, {0, 1}, 24] (* Or *)
    RecurrenceTable[{a[n] == 3 a[n - 1] + 3 a[n - 2], a[0] == 0, a[1] == 1}, a, {n, 0, 23}] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Aug 18 2012 *)
  • PARI
    {a(n) = n--; polchebyshev(n, 2, I*sqrt(3)/2) * (-I*sqrt(3))^n};
    
  • Sage
    [lucas_number1(n,3,-3) for n in range(0, 25)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2009
    

Formula

a(n+1) = (-I*sqrt(3))^n*U(n, I*sqrt(3)/2).
G.f.: x / (1 - 3*x - 3*x^2).
a(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} 3^(n-k)*binomial(n-k, k). - Emeric Deutsch, Nov 14 2001
a(n) = (p^n - q^n)/sqrt(21); p = (3 + sqrt 21)/2, q = (3 - sqrt 21)/2. - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 02 2003
For n > 0, a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} (2^k)*A063967(n-1,k). - Gerald McGarvey, Jul 23 2006
a(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..n} 2^k*A063967(n,k). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 03 2006

Extensions

Edited by Ralf Stephan, Aug 02 2004
I simplified the definition. As a result the offsets in some of the formulas may need to shifted by 1. - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 01 2006
Formulas shifted to match offset. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jan 31 2011

A063727 a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 4*a(n-2), a(0)=1, a(1)=2.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 8, 24, 80, 256, 832, 2688, 8704, 28160, 91136, 294912, 954368, 3088384, 9994240, 32342016, 104660992, 338690048, 1096024064, 3546808320, 11477712896, 37142659072, 120196169728, 388962975744, 1258710630400
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Klaus E. Kastberg (kastberg(AT)hotkey.net.au), Aug 12 2001

Keywords

Comments

Essentially the same as A085449.
Convergents to 2*golden ratio = (1+sqrt(5)).
Number of ways to tile an n-board with two types of colored squares and four types of colored dominoes.
The same sequence may be obtained by the following process. Starting a priori with the fraction 1/1, the numerators of fractions built according to the rule: add top and bottom to get the new bottom, add top and 5 times the bottom to get the new top. The limit of the sequence of fractions is sqrt(5). - Cino Hilliard, Sep 25 2005
a(n) is also the quasi-diagonal element A(i-1,i)=A(1,i-1) of matrix A(i,j) whose elements in first row A(1,k) and first column A(k,1) equal k-th Fibonacci Fib(k) and the generic element is the sum of adjacent (previous) in row and column minus the absolute value of their difference. - Carmine Suriano, May 13 2010
Equals INVERT transform of A006131: (1, 1, 5, 9, 29, 65, 181, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 12 2010
For positive n, a(n) equals the permanent of the n X n tridiagonal matrix with 2's along the three central diagonals. - John M. Campbell, Jul 19 2011
The numbers composing the denominators of the fractional limit to A134972. - Seiichi Kirikami, Mar 06 2012
Pisano period lengths: 1, 1, 8, 1, 5, 8, 48, 1, 24, 5, 10, 8, 42, 48, 40, 1, 72, 24, 18, 5, ... - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012

References

  • A. T. Benjamin and J. J. Quinn, Proofs that really count: the art of combinatorial proof, M.A.A. 2003, id. 235.
  • John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession, Joseph Henry Press, April 2004, see p. 16.

Crossrefs

Second row of A234357. Row sums of triangle A016095.
The following sequences (and others) belong to the same family: A001333, A000129, A026150, A002605, A046717, A015518, A084057, A063727, A002533, A002532, A083098, A083099, A083100, A015519.

Programs

  • GAP
    List([0..25],n->2^n*Fibonacci(n+1)); # Muniru A Asiru, Nov 24 2018
  • Magma
    [n le 2 select n else 2*Self(n-1) + 4*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jan 07 2018
    
  • Maple
    a[0]:=0:a[1]:=1:for n from 2 to 50 do a[n]:=2*a[n-1]+4*a[n-2]od: seq(a[n], n=1..33); # Zerinvary Lajos, Dec 15 2008
  • Mathematica
    a[n_]:=(MatrixPower[{{1,5},{1,1}},n].{{1},{1}})[[2,1]]; Table[Abs[a[n]],{n,-1,40}] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Feb 19 2010 *)
    CoefficientList[Series[1/(1 - 2 x - 4 x^2), {x, 0, 40}], x] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Oct 31 2014 *)
    LinearRecurrence[{2, 4}, {1, 2}, 50] (* G. C. Greubel, Jan 07 2018 *)
  • PARI
    s(n)=if(n<2,n+1,(s(n-1)+(s(n-2)*2))*2); for(n=0,32,print(s(n)))
    
  • PARI
    { for (n=0, 200, if (n>1, a=2*a1 + 4*a2; a2=a1; a1=a, if (n, a=a1=2, a=a2=1)); write("b063727.txt", n, " ", a) ) } \\ Harry J. Smith, Aug 28 2009
    
  • SageMath
    [lucas_number1(n,2,-4) for n in range(1, 26)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2009
    

Formula

a(n) = 2 * A087206(n+1).
From Vladeta Jovovic, Aug 16 2001: (Start)
a(n) = sqrt(5)/10*((1+sqrt(5))^(n+1) - (1-sqrt(5))^(n+1)).
G.f.: 1/(1-2*x-4*x^2). (End)
From Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Jun 13 2003: (Start)
a(2*n) = 4*a(n-1)^2 + a(n)^2.
A084057(n+1)/a(n) converges to sqrt(5). (End)
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(cosh(sqrt(5)*x)+sinh(sqrt(5)*x)/sqrt(5)). - Paul Barry, Sep 20 2003
a(n) = 2^n*Fibonacci(n+1). - Vladeta Jovovic, Oct 25 2003
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} C(n, 2*k+1)*5^k. - Paul Barry, Nov 15 2003
a(n) = U(n, i/2)*(-i*2)^n, i^2=-1. - Paul Barry, Nov 17 2003
Simplified formula: ((1+sqrt(5))^n-(1-sqrt(5))^n)/sqrt(20). Offset 1. a(3)=8. - Al Hakanson (hawkuu(AT)gmail.com), Jan 03 2009
First binomial transform of 1,1,5,5,25,25. - Al Hakanson (hawkuu(AT)gmail.com), Jul 20 2009
a(n) = A(n-1,n) = A(n,n-1); A(i,j) = A(i-1,j) + A(i,j-1) - abs(A(i-1,j) - A(i,j-1)). - Carmine Suriano, May 13 2010
G.f.: G(0) where G(k) = 1 + 2*x*(1+2*x)/(1 - 2*x*(1+2*x)/(2*x*(1+2*x) + 1/G(k+1) )); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jan 31 2013
G.f.: G(0)/(2*(1-x)), where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(5*k-1)/(x*(5*k+4) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 26 2013
G.f.: Q(0)/2 , where Q(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(4*k+2 + 4*x )/( x*(4*k+4 + 4*x ) + 1/Q(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Sep 21 2013
Sum_{n>=0} 1/a(n) = A269991. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 01 2021

Extensions

Better description from Jason Earls and Vladeta Jovovic, Aug 16 2001
Incorrect comment removed by Greg Dresden, Jun 02 2020

A028859 a(n+2) = 2*a(n+1) + 2*a(n); a(0) = 1, a(1) = 3.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 8, 22, 60, 164, 448, 1224, 3344, 9136, 24960, 68192, 186304, 508992, 1390592, 3799168, 10379520, 28357376, 77473792, 211662336, 578272256, 1579869184, 4316282880, 11792304128, 32217174016, 88018956288, 240472260608, 656982433792, 1794909388800, 4903783645184, 13397386067968
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Keywords

Comments

Number of words of length n without adjacent 0's from the alphabet {0,1,2}. For example, a(2) counts 01,02,10,11,12,20,21,22. - Antonio G. Astudillo (afg_astudillo(AT)hotmail.com), Jun 12 2001
Individually, both this sequence and A002605 are convergents to 1+sqrt(3). Mutually, both sequences are convergents to 2+sqrt(3) and 1+sqrt(3)/2. - Klaus E. Kastberg (kastberg(AT)hotkey.net.au), Nov 04 2001 [Can someone clarify what is meant by the obscure second phrase, "Mutually..."? - M. F. Hasler, Aug 06 2018]
Add a loop at two vertices of the graph C_3=K_3. a(n) counts walks of length n+1 between these vertices. - Paul Barry, Oct 15 2004
Prefaced with a 1 as (1 + x + 3x^2 + 8x^3 + 22x^4 + ...) = 1 / (1 - x - 2x^2 - 3x^3 - 5x^4 - 8x^5 - 13x^6 - 21x^7 - ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 28 2009
Equals row 2 of the array in A180165, and the INVERTi transform of A125145. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 14 2010
Pisano period lengths: 1, 1, 3, 1, 24, 3, 48, 1, 9, 24, 10, 3, 12, 48, 24, 1, 144, 9, 180, 24, .... - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012
Also the number of independent vertex sets and vertex covers in the n-centipede graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Sep 21 2017
From Gus Wiseman, May 19 2020: (Start)
Conjecture: Also the number of length n + 1 sequences that cover an initial interval of positive integers and whose non-adjacent parts are weakly decreasing. For example, (3,2,3,1,2) has non-adjacent pairs (3,3), (3,1), (3,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,2), all of which are weakly decreasing, so is counted under a(11). The a(1) = 1 through a(3) = 8 sequences are:
(1) (11) (111)
(12) (121)
(21) (211)
(212)
(221)
(231)
(312)
(321)
The case of compositions is A333148, or A333150 for strict compositions, or A333193 for strictly decreasing parts. A version for ordered set partitions is A332872. Standard composition numbers of these compositions are A334966. Unimodal normal sequences are A227038. See also: A001045, A001523, A032020, A100471, A100881, A115981, A329398, A332836, A332872.
(End)
Number of 2-compositions of n+1 restricted to parts 1 and 2 (and allowed zeros); see Hopkins & Ouvry reference. - Brian Hopkins, Aug 16 2020
The number of ternary strings of length n not containing 00. Complement of A186244. - R. J. Mathar, Feb 13 2022

References

  • S. J. Cyvin and I. Gutman, Kekulé structures in benzenoid hydrocarbons, Lecture Notes in Chemistry, No. 46, Springer, New York, 1988 (see p. 73).

Crossrefs

Cf. A155020 (same sequence with term 1 prepended).
Cf. A002605.

Programs

  • Haskell
    a028859 n = a028859_list !! n
    a028859_list =
       1 : 3 : map (* 2) (zipWith (+) a028859_list (tail a028859_list))
    -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 15 2011
    
  • Maple
    a[0]:=1:a[1]:=3:for n from 2 to 24 do a[n]:=2*a[n-1]+2*a[n-2] od: seq(a[n],n=0..24); # Emeric Deutsch
  • Mathematica
    a[n_]:=(MatrixPower[{{1,3},{1,1}},n].{{2},{1}})[[2,1]]; Table[a[n],{n,0,40}] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Feb 20 2010 *)
    Table[2^(n - 1) Hypergeometric2F1[(1 - n)/2, -n/2, -n, -2], {n, 20}] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Jun 14 2017 *)
    LinearRecurrence[{2, 2}, {1, 3}, 20] (* Eric W. Weisstein, Jun 14 2017 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=([1,3;1,1]^n*[2;1])[2,1] \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 27 2012
    
  • PARI
    A028859(n)=([1,1]*[2,2;1,0]^n)[1] \\ M. F. Hasler, Aug 06 2018

Formula

a(n) = a(n-1) + A052945(n) = A002605(n) + A002605(n-1).
G.f.: -(x+1)/(2*x^2+2*x-1).
a(n) = [(1+sqrt(3))^(n+2)-(1-sqrt(3))^(n+2)]/(4*sqrt(3)). - Emeric Deutsch, Feb 01 2005
If p[i]=fibonacci(i+1) and if A is the Hessenberg matrix of order n defined by: A[i,j]=p[j-i+1], (i<=j), A[i,j]=-1, (i=j+1), and A[i,j]=0 otherwise. Then, for n>=1, a(n-1)= det A. - Milan Janjic, May 08 2010
a(n) = 3^n - A186244(n). - Toby Gottfried, Mar 07 2013
E.g.f.: exp(x)*(cosh(sqrt(3)*x) + 2*sinh(sqrt(3)*x)/sqrt(3)). - Stefano Spezia, Mar 02 2024

Extensions

Definition completed by M. F. Hasler, Aug 06 2018

A080040 a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 2*a(n-2) for n > 1; a(0)=2, a(1)=2.

Original entry on oeis.org

2, 2, 8, 20, 56, 152, 416, 1136, 3104, 8480, 23168, 63296, 172928, 472448, 1290752, 3526400, 9634304, 26321408, 71911424, 196465664, 536754176, 1466439680, 4006387712, 10945654784, 29904084992, 81699479552, 223207129088, 609813217280, 1666040692736, 4551707820032
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Jan 21 2003

Keywords

Comments

The Lucas sequence V_n(2,-2). - Jud McCranie, Mar 02 2012
The signed version 2, -2, 8, -20, 56, -152, 416, -1136, 3104, -8480, 23168, ... is the Lucas sequence V(-2,-2). - R. J. Mathar, Jan 08 2013
After a(2) equals round((1+sqrt(3))^n) = 1, 3, 7, 20, 56, 152, ... - Jeremy Gardiner, Aug 11 2013
Also the number of independent vertex sets and vertex covers in the n-sunlet graph. - Eric W. Weisstein, Sep 27 2017

Crossrefs

Programs

  • Haskell
    a080040 n = a080040_list !! n
    a080040_list =
       2 : 2 : map (* 2) (zipWith (+) a080040_list (tail a080040_list))
    -- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 15 2011
    
  • Magma
    a:=[2,2]; [n le 2 select a[n] else 2*Self(n-1) + 2*Self(n-2):n in [1..27]]; Marius A. Burtea, Jan 20 2020
    
  • Magma
    R:=PowerSeriesRing(Rationals(), 27); Coefficients(R!( (2-2*x)/(1-2*x-2*x^2))); // Marius A. Burtea, Jan 20 2020
  • Mathematica
    CoefficientList[Series[(2 - 2 t)/(1 - 2 t - 2 t^2), {t, 0, 30}], t]
    With[{c = {2, 2}}, LinearRecurrence[c, c, 20]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Apr 24 2016 *)
    Round @ Table[LucasL[n, Sqrt[2]] 2^(n/2), {n, 0, 20}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Sep 15 2016 *)
    Table[(1 - Sqrt[3])^n + (1 + Sqrt[3])^n, {n, 0, 20}] // Expand (* Eric W. Weisstein, Sep 27 2017 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=([0,1; 2,2]^n*[2;2])[1,1] \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 08 2016
    
  • Sage
    from sage.combinat.sloane_functions import recur_gen2b; it = recur_gen2b(2,2,2,2, lambda n: 0); [next(it) for i in range(27)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jul 16 2008
    
  • Sage
    [lucas_number2(n,2,-2) for n in range(0, 27)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 30 2009
    

Formula

G.f.: (2-2*x)/(1-2*x-2*x^2).
a(n) = (1+sqrt(3))^n + (1-sqrt(3))^n.
a(n) = 2*A026150(n). - Philippe Deléham, Nov 19 2008
G.f.: G(0), where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(3*k-1)/(x*(3*k+2) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jun 11 2013
a(n) = 2*2^floor(n/2)*A002531(n). - Ralf Stephan, Sep 08 2013
a(n) = [x^n] ( 1 + x + sqrt(1 + 2*x + 3*x^2) )^n for n >= 1. - Peter Bala, Jun 29 2015
E.g.f.: 2*exp(x)*cosh(sqrt(3)*x). - Stefano Spezia, Mar 02 2024

A084057 a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 4*a(n-2), a(0)=1, a(1)=1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 6, 16, 56, 176, 576, 1856, 6016, 19456, 62976, 203776, 659456, 2134016, 6905856, 22347776, 72318976, 234029056, 757334016, 2450784256, 7930904576, 25664946176, 83053510656, 268766806016, 869747654656, 2814562533376, 9108115685376, 29474481504256
Offset: 0

Views

Author

Paul Barry, May 10 2003

Keywords

Comments

Inverse binomial transform of A001077. Binomial transform of expansion of cosh(sqrt(5)*x) (1,0,5,0,25,...).
The same sequence may be obtained by the following process. Starting a priori with the fraction 1/1, the numerators of fractions built according to the rule: add top and bottom to get the new bottom, add top and 5 times the bottom to get the new top. The limit of the sequence of fractions is sqrt(5). - Cino Hilliard, Sep 25 2005
Numerators of fractions in the approximation of the square root of 5 satisfying: a(n) = (a(n-1)+c)/(a(n-1)+1), with c=5 and a(1)=1. For denominators see A063727. - Mark Dols, Jul 24 2009
Equals right border of triangle A143969. (1, 6, 16, 56, ...) = row sums of triangle A143969 and INVERT transform of (1, 5, 5, 5, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Sep 06 2008
a(n) is the number of compositions of n when there are 1 type of 1 and 5 types of other natural numbers. - Milan Janjic, Aug 13 2010
From Gary W. Adamson, Jul 30 2016: (Start)
The sequence is case N=1 in an infinite set obtained by taking powers of the 2 X 2 matrix M = [(1,5); (1,N)], then extracting the upper left terms. The infinite set begins:
N=1 (A084057): 1, 6, 16, 56, 176, 576, 1856, ...
N=2 (A108306): 1, 6, 21, 81, 306, 1161, 4401, ...
N=3 (A164549): 1, 6, 26, 116, 516, 2296, 10216, ...
N=4 (A015449): 1, 6, 31, 161, 836, 4341, 22541, ...
N=5 (A000400): 1, 6, 36, 216, 1296, 7776, 46656, ...
N=6 (A049685): 1, 6, 41, 281, 1926, 13201, 90481, ...
N=7 (.......): 1, 6, 46, 356, 2756, 21336, 222712, ...
...
Sequences in the above set can be obtained by taking INVERT transforms of the following:
N=1 INVERT transform of (1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, ...
N=2 ..."......"......". (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, ...
N=3 ..."......"......". (1, 5, 15, 45, 135, 405, ...
N=4 ..."......"......". (1, 5, 20, 80, 320, 1280, ...
...
with the pattern (1, 5, N*5, (N^2)*5, (N^3)*5, ...
It appears that the sequence generated from powers (n>0) of the matrix P = [(1,a); (1,b)], (a,b > 0), then extracting the upper left terms, is equal to the INVERT transform of the sequence starting: (1, a, b*a, (b^2)*a, (b^3)*a, ...). (End)

References

  • John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession, Joseph Henry Press, April 2004, see p. 16.

Crossrefs

a(n) = A087131(n)/2.
The following sequences (and others) belong to the same family: A001333, A000129, A026150, A002605, A046717, A015518, A084057, A063727, A002533, A002532, A083098, A083099, A083100, A015519.

Programs

  • Magma
    I:=[1,1]; [n le 2 select I[n] else 2*Self(n-1)+4*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 31 2016
  • Mathematica
    f[n_] := Simplify[((1 + Sqrt[5])^n + (1 - Sqrt[5])^n)/2]; Array[f, 28, 0] (* Or *)
    LinearRecurrence[{2, 4}, {1, 1}, 28] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 18 2013 *)
    RecurrenceTable[{a[1] == 1, a[2] == 1, a[n] == 2 a[n-1] + 4 a[n-2]}, a, {n, 30}] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Jul 31 2016 *)
    Table[2^(n-1) LucasL[n], {n, 0, 20}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, Sep 19 2016 *)
  • PARI
    lucas(n)=fibonacci(n-1)+fibonacci(n+1)
    a(n)=lucas(n)/2*2^n \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Sep 18 2013
    
  • Sage
    from sage.combinat.sloane_functions import recur_gen2b; it = recur_gen2b(1,1,2,4, lambda n: 0); [next(it) for i in range(1,26)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jul 09 2008
    
  • Sage
    [lucas_number2(n,2,-4)/2 for n in range(0, 26)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 30 2009
    

Formula

a(n) = ((1+sqrt(5))^n + (1-sqrt(5))^n)/2.
G.f.: (1-x) / (1-2*x-4*x^2).
E.g.f.: exp(x) * cosh(sqrt(5)*x).
a(2n+1) = 2*a(n)*a(n+1) - (-4)^n. - Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Jun 13 2003
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} binomial(n, 2*k)*5^k . - Paul Barry, Jul 25 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A098158(n,k)*5^(n-k). - Philippe Deléham, Dec 26 2007
a(n) = 2^(n-1)*A000032(n). - Mark Dols, Jul 24 2009
If p(1)=1, and p(i)=5 for i>1, and if A is the Hessenberg matrix of order n defined by: A(i,j) = p(j-i+1) for i<=j, A(i,j):=-1, (i=j+1), and A(i,j):=0 otherwise, then, for n>=1, a(n)=det A. - Milan Janjic, Apr 29 2010
G.f.: G(0)/2, where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(5*k-1)/(x*(5*k+4) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 26 2013
a(n) = A063727(n) - A063272(n-1). - R. J. Mathar, Jun 06 2019
a(n) = 1 + 5*A014335(n). - R. J. Mathar, Jun 06 2019
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = A269992. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 01 2021

A002531 a(2*n) = a(2*n-1) + a(2*n-2), a(2*n+1) = 2*a(2*n) + a(2*n-1); a(0) = a(1) = 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 5, 7, 19, 26, 71, 97, 265, 362, 989, 1351, 3691, 5042, 13775, 18817, 51409, 70226, 191861, 262087, 716035, 978122, 2672279, 3650401, 9973081, 13623482, 37220045, 50843527, 138907099, 189750626, 518408351, 708158977, 1934726305
Offset: 0

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Author

Keywords

Comments

Numerators of continued fraction convergents to sqrt(3), for n >= 1.
For the denominators see A002530.
Consider the mapping f(a/b) = (a + 3*b)/(a + b). Taking a = b = 1 to start with and carrying out this mapping repeatedly on each new (reduced) rational number gives the convergents 1/1, 2/1, 5/3, 7/4, 19/11, ... converging to sqrt(3). Sequence contains the numerators. - Amarnath Murthy, Mar 22 2003
In the Murthy comment if we take a = 0, b = 1 then the denominator of the reduced fraction is a(n+1). A083336(n)/a(n+1) converges to sqrt(3). - Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Apr 26 2003
If signs are disregarded, all terms of A002316 appear to be elements of this sequence. - Creighton Dement, Jun 11 2007
2^(-floor(n/2))*(1 + sqrt(3))^n = a(n) + A002530(n)*sqrt(3); integers in the real quadratic number field Q(sqrt(3)). - Wolfdieter Lang, Feb 10 2018
Let T(n) = A000034(n), U(n) = A002530(n), V(n) = a(n), x(n) = U(n)/V(n). Then T(n*m) * U(n+m) = U(n)*V(m) + U(m)*V(n), T(n*m) * V(n+m) = 3*U(n)*U(m) + V(m)*V(n), x(n+m) = (x(n) + x(m))/(1 + 3*x(n)*x(m)). - Michael Somos, Nov 29 2022

Examples

			1 + 1/(1 + 1/(2 + 1/(1 + 1/2))) = 19/11 so a(5) = 19.
Convergents are 1, 2, 5/3, 7/4, 19/11, 26/15, 71/41, 97/56, 265/153, 362/209, 989/571, 1351/780, 3691/2131, ... = A002531/A002530.
G.f. = 1 + x + 2*x^2 + 5*x^3 + 7*x^4 + 19*x^5 + 26*x^6 + 71*x^7 + ... - _Michael Somos_, Mar 22 2022
		

References

  • I. Niven and H. S. Zuckerman, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers. 2nd ed., Wiley, NY, 1966, p. 181.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
  • A. Tarn, Approximations to certain square roots and the series of numbers connected therewith, Mathematical Questions and Solutions from the Educational Times, 1 (1916), 8-12.

Crossrefs

Bisections are A001075 and A001834.
Cf. A002530 (denominators), A048788.
Cf. A002316.

Programs

  • GAP
    a:=[1,1,2,5];; for n in [5..40] do a[n]:=4*a[n-2]-a[n-4]; od; a; # G. C. Greubel, Nov 16 2018
  • Magma
    m:=40; R:=PowerSeriesRing(Integers(), m); Coefficients(R!( (1 +x-2*x^2+x^3)/(1-4*x^2+x^4))); // G. C. Greubel, Nov 16 2018
    
  • Maple
    A002531 := proc(n) option remember; if n=0 then 0 elif n=1 then 1 elif n=2 then 1 elif type(n,odd) then A002531(n-1)+A002531(n-2) else 2*A002531(n-1)+A002531(n-2) fi; end; [ seq(A002531(n), n=0..50) ];
    with(numtheory): tp := cfrac (tan(Pi/3),100): seq(nthnumer(tp,i), i=-1..32 ); # Zerinvary Lajos, Feb 07 2007
    A002531:=(1+z-2*z**2+z**3)/(1-4*z**2+z**4); # Simon Plouffe; see his 1992 dissertation
  • Mathematica
    Insert[Table[Numerator[FromContinuedFraction[ContinuedFraction[Sqrt[3], n]]], {n, 1, 40}], 1, 1] (* Stefan Steinerberger, Apr 01 2006 *)
    Join[{1},Numerator[Convergents[Sqrt[3],40]]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 23 2012 *)
    CoefficientList[Series[(1 + x - 2 x^2 + x^3)/(1 - 4 x^2 + x^4), {x, 0, 30}], x] (* Vincenzo Librandi, Nov 01 2014 *)
    LinearRecurrence[{0, 4, 0, -1}, {1, 1, 2, 5}, 35] (* Robert G. Wilson v, Feb 11 2018 *)
    a[ n_] := ChebyshevT[n, Sqrt[-1/2]]*Sqrt[2]^Mod[n,2]/I^n //Simplify; (* Michael Somos, Mar 22 2022 *)
    a[ n_] := If[n<0, (-1)^n*a[-n], SeriesCoefficient[ (1 + x - 2*x^2 + x^3) / (1 - 4*x^2 + x^4), {x, 0, n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Sep 23 2024 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=contfracpnqn(vector(n,i,1+(i>1)*(i%2)))[1,1]
    
  • PARI
    apply( {A002531(n,w=quadgen(12))=real((2+w)^(n\/2)*if(bittest(n, 0), w-1, 1))}, [0..30]) \\ M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2019
    
  • PARI
    {a(n) = if(n<0, (-1)^n*a(-n), polcoeff( (1 + x - 2*x^2 + x^3) / (1 - 4*x^2 + x^4) + x*O(x^n), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Sep 23 2024 */
    
  • Sage
    s=((1+x-2*x^2+x^3)/(1-4*x^2+x^4)).series(x,40); s.coefficients(x, sparse=False) # G. C. Greubel, Nov 16 2018
    

Formula

G.f.: (1 + x - 2*x^2 + x^3)/(1 - 4*x^2 + x^4).
a(2*n) = a(2*n-1) + a(2*n-2), a(2*n+1) = 2*a(2*n) + a(2*n-1), n > 0.
a(2*n) = (1/2)*((2 + sqrt(3))^n+(2 - sqrt(3))^n); a(2*n) = A003500(n)/2; a(2*n+1) = round(1/(1 + sqrt(3))*(2 + sqrt(3))^n). - Benoit Cloitre, Dec 15 2002
a(n) = ((1 + sqrt(3))^n + (1 - sqrt(3))^n)/(2*2^floor(n/2)). - Bruno Berselli, Nov 10 2011
a(n) = A080040(n)/(2*2^floor(n/2)). - Ralf Stephan, Sep 08 2013
a(2*n) = (-1)^n*T(2*n,u) and a(2*n+1) = (-1)^n*1/u*T(2*n+1,u), where u = sqrt(-1/2) and T(n,x) denotes the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind. - Peter Bala, May 01 2012
a(n) = (-sqrt(2)*i)^n*T(n, sqrt(2)*i/2)*2^(-floor(n/2)) = A026150(n)*2^(-floor(n/2)), n >= 0, with i = sqrt(-1) and the Chebyshev T polynomials (A053120). - Wolfdieter Lang, Feb 10 2018
From Franck Maminirina Ramaharo, Nov 14 2018: (Start)
a(n) = ((1 - sqrt(2))*(-1)^n + 1 + sqrt(2))*(((sqrt(2) - sqrt(6))/2)^n + ((sqrt(6) + sqrt(2))/2)^n)/4.
E.g.f.: cosh(sqrt(3/2)*x)*(sqrt(2)*sinh(x/sqrt(2)) + cosh(x/sqrt(2))). (End)
a(n) = (-1)^n*a(-n) for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, Mar 22 2022
a(n) = 4*a(n-2) - a(n-4). - Boštjan Gec, Sep 21 2023

Extensions

Name edited (as by discussion in A002530) by M. F. Hasler, Nov 04 2019

A002532 a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 5*a(n-2), a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 9, 28, 101, 342, 1189, 4088, 14121, 48682, 167969, 579348, 1998541, 6893822, 23780349, 82029808, 282961361, 976071762, 3366950329, 11614259468, 40063270581, 138197838502, 476712029909, 1644413252328, 5672386654201, 19566839570042, 67495612411089
Offset: 0

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Author

Keywords

Comments

The same sequence may be obtained by the following process. Starting a priori with the fraction 1/1, the numerators of fractions built according to the rule: add top and bottom to get the new bottom, add top and 6 times the bottom to get the new top. The limit of the sequence of fractions is sqrt(6). - Cino Hilliard, Sep 25 2005
For n>=2, number of ordered partitions of n-1 into parts of sizes 1 and 2 where there are two types of 1 (singletons) and five types of 2 (twins). For example, the number of possible configurations of families of n-1 male (M) and female (F) offspring considering only single births and twins, where the birth order of M/F/pair-of-twins is considered and there are five types of twins; namely, both F (identical twins), both F (fraternal twins), both M (identical), both M (fraternal), or one F and one M - where birth order within a pair of twins itself is disregarded. In particular, for a(3)=9, two children could be either: (1) F, then M; (2) M, then F; (3) F,F; (4) M,M; (5) F,F identical twins; (6) F,F fraternal twins; (7) M,M identical twins; (8) M,M fraternal twins; or (9) M,F twins (emphasizing that birth order is irrelevant here when children are the same gender, when two children are within the same pair of twins and when pairs of twins have both the same gender(s) and identical-vs-fraternal characteristics). - Rick L. Shepherd, Sep 19 2004
Pisano period lengths: 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 6, 24, 8, 3, 4, 120, 12, 56, 24, 12, 16, 288, 6, 18, 4, ... . - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012

Examples

			G.f. = x + 2*x^2 + 9*x^3 + 28*x^4 + 101*x^5 + 342*x^6 + 1189*x^7 + ...
		

References

  • John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession, Joseph Henry Press, April 2004, see p. 16.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
  • A. Tarn, Approximations to certain square roots and the series of numbers connected therewith, Mathematical Questions and Solutions from the Educational Times, 1 (1916), 8-12.

Crossrefs

Cf. A015581 (similar application, but no distinguishing identical vs. fraternal twins).
The following sequences (and others) belong to the same family: A001333, A000129, A026150, A002605, A046717, A015518, A084057, A063727, A002533, A002532, A083098, A083099, A083100, A015519.

Programs

  • Magma
    [Floor(((1+Sqrt(6))^n-(1-Sqrt(6))^n)/(2*Sqrt(6))): n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 15 2011
    
  • Magma
    [n le 2 select n-1 else 2*Self(n-1) + 5*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jan 08 2018
  • Maple
    A002532:=-z/(-1+2*z+5*z**2); # Conjectured by Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
    # second program
    seq(simplify(2^(n-1) * hypergeom([1 - (1/2)*n, 1/2 - (1/2)*n], [1 - n], -5)), n = 2..25); # Peter Bala, Jul 06 2025
  • Mathematica
    Expand[Table[((1 + Sqrt[6])^n - (1 - Sqrt[6])^n)/(2Sqrt[6]), {n, 0, 25}]] (* Zerinvary Lajos, Mar 22 2007 *)
    a[n_]:=(MatrixPower[{{1,2},{1,-3}},n].{{1},{1}})[[2,1]]; Table[Abs[a[n]],{n,-1,40}] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Feb 19 2010 *)
    LinearRecurrence[{2,5},{0,1},30] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 03 2011 *)
  • PARI
    Vec(1/(1-2*x-5*x^2)+O(x^99)) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 17 2012
    
  • Sage
    from sage.combinat.sloane_functions import recur_gen2; it = recur_gen2(0,1,2,5); [next(it) for i in range(30)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 25 2008
    
  • Sage
    [lucas_number1(n,2,-5) for n in range(0, 26)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2009
    

Formula

From Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Jun 14 2003: (Start)
a(2*n+1) = 5*a(n)^2 + a(n+1)^2.
6*a(2*n+1) = 5*A002533(n)^2 + A002533(n+1)^2. (End)
From Paul Barry, Sep 20 2003: (Start)
G.f.: x/(1-2*x-5*x^2).
E.g.f.: exp(x)*sinh(sqrt(6)*x)/sqrt(6).
a(n) = ((1+sqrt(6))^n - (1-sqrt(6))^n)/(2*sqrt(6)). (End)
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n, 2*k+1)*6^k. - Paul Barry, Sep 29 2004
G.f.: G(0)*x/(2*(1-x)), where G(k)= 1 + 1/(1 - x*(6*k-1)/(x*(6*k+5) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 26 2013
From Peter Bala, Jul 06 2025: (Start)
For n >= 0, a(n+1) = (2^n) * Sum_{k = 0..floor(n/2)} binomial(n-k, k) * (5/4)^k.
For n >= 2, a(n) = 2^(n-1) * hypergeom([1 - (1/2)*n, 1/2 - (1/2)*n], [1 - n], -5).
Sum_{n >= 1} (-5)^n/(a(n)*a(n+1)) = -(sqrt(6) - 1).
Sum_{n >= 1} 5^n/(a(n)*a(n+2)) = 5/4; Sum_{n >= 1} 5^n/(a(n)*a(n+4)) = 755/7056.
G.f. A(x) = x*exp(Sum_{n >= 1} a(2*n)/a(n)*x^n/n) = x + 2*x^2 + 9*x^3 + 28*x^4 + .... (End)

Extensions

More terms from Rick L. Shepherd, Sep 19 2004

A083099 a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 6*a(n-2), a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 10, 32, 124, 440, 1624, 5888, 21520, 78368, 285856, 1041920, 3798976, 13849472, 50492800, 184082432, 671121664, 2446737920, 8920205824, 32520839168, 118562913280, 432250861568, 1575879202816, 5745263575040
Offset: 0

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Author

Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Apr 22 2003

Keywords

Comments

a(n+1) = a(n) + A083098(n+1). A083098(n+1)/a(n) converges to sqrt(7).
The same sequence may be obtained by the following process. Starting a priori with the fraction 1/1, the denominators of fractions built according to the rule: add top and bottom to get the new bottom, add top and 7 times the bottom to get the new top. The limit of the sequence of fractions is sqrt(7). - Cino Hilliard, Sep 25 2005
Pisano period lengths: 1, 1, 2, 1, 12, 2, 7, 1, 6, 12, 60, 2,168, 7, 12, 1,288, 6, 18, 12, ... - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012
a(n) is divisible by 2^ceiling(n/2), see formula below. - Ralf Stephan, Dec 24 2013
Connect the center of a regular hexagon with side length 1 with its six vertices. a(n) is the number of paths of length n from the center to any of its vertices. Number of paths of length n from the center to itself is 6*a(n-1). - Jianing Song, Apr 20 2019

References

  • John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession, Joseph Henry Press, April 2004, see p. 16.

Crossrefs

The following sequences (and others) belong to the same family: A000129, A001333, A002532, A002533, A002605, A015518, A015519, A026150, A046717, A063727, A083098, A083099, A083100, A084057.

Programs

  • Magma
    [n le 2 select n-1 else 2*Self(n-1) + 6*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jan 24 2018
    
  • Maple
    A083099 := proc(n)
        option remember;
        if n <= 1 then
            n;
        else
            2*procname(n-1)+6*procname(n-2) ;
        end if;
    end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Sep 23 2016
  • Mathematica
    CoefficientList[Series[x/(1-2x-6x^2), {x, 0, 25}], x] (* Adapted for offset 0 by Vincenzo Librandi, Feb 07 2014 *)
    Expand[Table[((1 + Sqrt[7])^n - (1 - Sqrt[7])^n)7/(14Sqrt[7]), {n, 0, 25}]] (* Zerinvary Lajos, Mar 22 2007 *)
    LinearRecurrence[{2,6}, {0,1}, 25] (* Sture Sjöstedt, Dec 06 2011 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=([0,1; 6,2]^n*[0;1])[1,1] \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, May 10 2016
    
  • PARI
    my(x='x+O('x^30)); concat([0], Vec(x/(1-2*x-6*x^2))) \\ G. C. Greubel, Jan 24 2018
    
  • Sage
    [lucas_number1(n,2,-6) for n in range(0, 25)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2009
    
  • SageMath
    A083099=BinaryRecurrenceSequence(2,6,0,1)
    [A083099(n) for n in range(41)] # G. C. Greubel, Jun 01 2023

Formula

G.f.: x/(1 - 2*x - 6*x^2).
From Paul Barry, Sep 29 2004: (Start)
E.g.f.: (d/dx)(exp(x)*sinh(sqrt(7)*x)/sqrt(7));
a(n-1) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n, 2k+1)*7^k. (End)
Simplified formula: a(n) = ((1 + sqrt(7))^n - (1 - sqrt(7))^n)/sqrt(28). - Al Hakanson (hawkuu(AT)gmail.com), Jan 05 2009
G.f.: G(0)*x/(2*(1-x)), where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(7*k-1)/(x*(7*k+6) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 26 2013
a(2n) = 2^n * A154245(n), a(2n+1) = 2^n * (5*A154245(n) - 9*A154245(n-1)). - Ralf Stephan, Dec 24 2013
a(n) = Sum_{k=1,3,5,...<=n} binomial(n,k)*7^((k-1)/2). - Vladimir Shevelev, Feb 06 2014
a(n) = i^(n-1)*6^((n-1)/2)*ChebyshevU(n-1, -i/sqrt(6)). - G. C. Greubel, Jun 01 2023

A015519 a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 7*a(n-2), with a(0) = 0, a(1) = 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 2, 11, 36, 149, 550, 2143, 8136, 31273, 119498, 457907, 1752300, 6709949, 25685998, 98341639, 376485264, 1441362001, 5518120850, 21125775707, 80878397364, 309637224677, 1185423230902, 4538307034543, 17374576685400
Offset: 0

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Author

Keywords

Comments

The same sequence may be obtained by the following process. Starting a priori with the fraction 1/1, the denominators of fractions built according to the rule: add top and bottom to get the new bottom, add top and 8 times the bottom to get the new top. The limit of the sequence of fractions is sqrt(8). - Cino Hilliard, Sep 25 2005
Pisano period lengths: 1, 2, 8, 4, 24, 8, 3, 8, 24, 24, 15, 8, 168, 6, 24, 16, 16, 24, 120, 24, ... . - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012

References

  • John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession, Joseph Henry Press, April 2004, see p. 16.

Crossrefs

The following sequences (and others) belong to the same family: A000129, A001333, A002532, A002533, A002605, A015518, A015519, A026150, A046717, A063727, A083098, A083099, A083100, A084057.

Programs

  • Magma
    [ n eq 1 select 0 else n eq 2 select 1 else 2*Self(n-1)+7*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 23 2011
    
  • Mathematica
    LinearRecurrence[{2,7},{0,1},30] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 09 2017 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=([0,1; 7,2]^n*[0;1])[1,1] \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, May 10 2016
  • Sage
    [lucas_number1(n,2,-7) for n in range(0, 25)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2009
    

Formula

From Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Apr 23 2003: (Start)
a(n) = a(n-1) + A083100(n-2), n>1.
A083100(n)/a(n+1) converges to sqrt(8). (End)
From Paul Barry, Jul 17 2003: (Start)
G.f.: x/ ( 1-2*x-7*x^2 ).
a(n) = ((1+2*sqrt(2))^n-(1-2*sqrt(2))^n)*sqrt(2)/8. (End)
E.g.f.: exp(x)*sinh(2*sqrt(2)*x)/(2*sqrt(2)). - Paul Barry, Nov 20 2003
Second binomial transform is A000129(2n)/2 (A001109). - Paul Barry, Apr 21 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor((n-1)/2)} binomial(n-k-1, k)*(7/2)^k*2^(n-k-1). - Paul Barry, Jul 17 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n, 2*k+1)*8^k. - Paul Barry, Sep 29 2004
G.f.: G(0)*x/(2*(1-x)), where G(k)= 1 + 1/(1 - x*(8*k-1)/(x*(8*k+7) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 26 2013

A002533 a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + 5*a(n-2), with a(0) = a(1) = 1.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 7, 19, 73, 241, 847, 2899, 10033, 34561, 119287, 411379, 1419193, 4895281, 16886527, 58249459, 200931553, 693110401, 2390878567, 8247309139, 28449011113, 98134567921, 338514191407, 1167701222419, 4027973401873, 13894452915841, 47928772841047, 165329810261299
Offset: 0

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Author

Keywords

Comments

The same sequence may be obtained by the following process. Starting a priori with the fraction 1/1, the numerators of fractions built according to the rule: add top and bottom to get the new bottom, add top and 6 times the bottom to get the new top. The limit of the sequence of fractions is sqrt(6). - Cino Hilliard, Sep 25 2005
a(n), n>0 = term (1,1) in the n-th power of the 2 X 2 matrix [1,3; 2,1]. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 06 2010
a(n) is the number of compositions of n when there are 1 type of 1 and 6 types of other natural numbers. - Milan Janjic, Aug 13 2010
Pisano period lengths: 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 1, 24, 4, 3, 4, 120, 4, 56, 24, 4, 8, 288, 3, 18, 4, ... - R. J. Mathar, Aug 10 2012
a(k*m) is divisible by a(m) if k is odd. - Robert Israel, May 03 2024

References

  • John Derbyshire, Prime Obsession, Joseph Henry Press, April 2004, see p. 16.
  • N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
  • N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
  • A. Tarn, Approximations to certain square roots and the series of numbers connected therewith, Mathematical Questions and Solutions from the Educational Times, 1 (1916), 8-12.

Crossrefs

The following sequences (and others) belong to the same family: A001333, A000129, A026150, A002605, A046717, A015518, A084057, A063727, A002533, A002532, A083098, A083099, A083100, A015519.

Programs

  • Magma
    [(1/2)*Floor((1+Sqrt(6))^n+(1-Sqrt(6))^n): n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Aug 15 2011
    
  • Magma
    [n le 2 select 1 else 2*Self(n-1) + 5*Self(n-2): n in [1..30]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jan 08 2018
  • Maple
    A002533:=(-1+z)/(-1+2*z+5*z**2); # conjectured by Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
  • Mathematica
    f[n_] := Simplify[((1 + Sqrt[6])^n + (1 - Sqrt[6])^n)/2]; Array[f, 28, 0] (* Or *)
    LinearRecurrence[{2, 5}, {1, 1}, 28] (* Or *)
    Table[ MatrixPower[{{1, 2}, {3, 1}}, n][[1, 1]], {n, 0, 25}]
    (* Robert G. Wilson v, Sep 18 2013 *)
  • PARI
    a(n)=([0,1; 5,2]^n*[1;1])[1,1] \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, May 10 2016
    
  • PARI
    x='x+O('x^30); Vec((1-x)/(1-2*x-5*x^2)) \\ G. C. Greubel, Jan 08 2018
    
  • Sage
    [lucas_number2(n,2,-5)/2 for n in range(0, 21)] # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 30 2009
    

Formula

a(n)/A002532(n), n>0, converges to sqrt(6). - Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Apr 22 2003
From Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), May 03 2003: (Start)
G.f.: (1-x)/(1-2*x-5*x^2).
a(n) = (1/2)*((1+sqrt(6))^n + (1-sqrt(6))^n).
a(n)/A083694(n) converges to sqrt(3/2).
a(n)/A083695(n) converges to sqrt(2/3).
a(n) = a(n-1) + 3*A083694(n-1).
a(n) = a(n-1) + 2*A083695(n-1), n>0. (End)
Binomial transform of expansion of cosh(sqrt(6)*x) (A000400, with interpolated zeros). E.g.f.: exp(x)*cosh(sqrt(6)*x) - Paul Barry, May 09 2003
From Mario Catalani (mario.catalani(AT)unito.it), Jun 14 2003: (Start)
a(2*n+1) = 2*a(n)*a(n+1) - (-5)^n.
a(n)^2 - 6*A002532(n)^2 = (-5)^n. (End)
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..floor(n/2)} binomial(n, 2*k) * 6^k. - Paul Barry, Jul 25 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n} A098158(n,k)*6^(n-k). - Philippe Deléham, Dec 26 2007
If p(1)=1, and p(I)=6, for i>1, and if A is the Hessenberg matrix of order n defined by: A(i,j) = p(j-i+1) for i<=j, A(i,j)=-1 for i=j+1, and A(i,j)=0 otherwise. Then, for n>=1, a(n) = det A. - Milan Janjic, Apr 29 2010
G.f.: G(0)/2, where G(k) = 1 + 1/(1 - x*(6*k-1)/(x*(6*k+5) - 1/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 26 2013
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