A059378 -id:A059378 - cp's OEIS frontend

A000010 Euler totient function phi(n): count numbers <= n and prime to n.

1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 6, 4, 6, 4, 10, 4, 12, 6, 8, 8, 16, 6, 18, 8, 12, 10, 22, 8, 20, 12, 18, 12, 28, 8, 30, 16, 20, 16, 24, 12, 36, 18, 24, 16, 40, 12, 42, 20, 24, 22, 46, 16, 42, 20, 32, 24, 52, 18, 40, 24, 36, 28, 58, 16, 60, 30, 36, 32, 48, 20, 66, 32, 44

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of elements in a reduced residue system modulo n.
Degree of the n-th cyclotomic polynomial (cf. A013595). - Benoit Cloitre, Oct 12 2002
Number of distinct generators of a cyclic group of order n. Number of primitive n-th roots of unity. (A primitive n-th root x is such that x^k is not equal to 1 for k = 1, 2, ..., n - 1, but x^n = 1.) - Lekraj Beedassy, Mar 31 2005
Also number of complex Dirichlet characters modulo n; Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) is asymptotic to (3/Pi^2)*n^2. - Steven Finch, Feb 16 2006
a(n) is the highest degree of irreducible polynomial dividing 1 + x + x^2 + ... + x^(n-1) = (x^n - 1)/(x - 1). - Alexander Adamchuk, Sep 02 2006, corrected Sep 27 2006
a(p) = p - 1 for prime p. a(n) is even for n > 2. For n > 2, a(n)/2 = A023022(n) = number of partitions of n into 2 ordered relatively prime parts. - Alexander Adamchuk, Jan 25 2007
Number of automorphisms of the cyclic group of order n. - Benoit Jubin, Aug 09 2008
a(n+2) equals the number of palindromic Sturmian words of length n which are "bispecial", prefix or suffix of two Sturmian words of length n + 1. - Fred Lunnon, Sep 05 2010
Suppose that a and n are coprime positive integers, then by Euler's totient theorem, any factor of n divides a^phi(n) - 1. - Lei Zhou, Feb 28 2012
If m has k prime factors, (p_1, p_2, ..., p_k), then phi(m*n) = (Product_{i=1..k} phi (p_i*n))/phi(n)^(k-1). For example, phi(42*n) = phi(2*n)*phi(3*n)*phi(7*n)/phi(n)^2. - Gary Detlefs, Apr 21 2012
Sum_{n>=1} a(n)/n! = 1.954085357876006213144... This sum is referenced in Plouffe's inverter. - Alexander R. Povolotsky, Feb 02 2013 (see A336334. - Hugo Pfoertner, Jul 22 2020)
The order of the multiplicative group of units modulo n. - Michael Somos, Aug 27 2013
A strong divisibility sequence, that is, gcd(a(n), a(m)) = a(gcd(n, m)) for all positive integers n and m. - Michael Somos, Dec 30 2016
From Eric Desbiaux, Jan 01 2017: (Start)
a(n) equals the Ramanujan sum c_n(n) (last term on n-th row of triangle A054533).
a(n) equals the Jordan function J_1(n) (cf. A007434, A059376, A059377, which are the Jordan functions J_2, J_3, J_4, respectively). (End)
For n > 1, a(n) appears to be equal to the number of semi-meander solutions for n with top arches containing exactly 2 mountain ranges and exactly 2 arches of length 1. - Roger Ford, Oct 11 2017
a(n) is the minimum dimension of a lattice able to generate, via cut-and-project, the quasilattice whose diffraction pattern features n-fold rotational symmetry. The case n=15 is the first n > 1 in which the following simpler definition fails: "a(n) is the minimum dimension of a lattice with n-fold rotational symmetry". - Felix Flicker, Nov 08 2017
Number of cyclic Latin squares of order n with the first row in ascending order. - Eduard I. Vatutin, Nov 01 2020
a(n) is the number of rational numbers p/q >= 0 (in lowest terms) such that p + q = n. - Rémy Sigrist, Jan 17 2021
From Richard L. Ollerton, May 08 2021: (Start)
Formulas for the numerous OEIS entries involving Dirichlet convolution of a(n) and some sequence h(n) can be derived using the following (n >= 1):
Sum_{d|n} phi(d)*h(n/d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k)) [see P. H. van der Kamp link] = Sum_{d|n} h(d)*phi(n/d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k))*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)). Similarly,
Sum_{d|n} phi(d)*h(d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k)) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k))*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
More generally,
Sum_{d|n} h(d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
In particular, for sequences involving the Möbius transform:
Sum_{d|n} mu(d)*h(n/d) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(gcd(n,k))*mu(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)) = Sum_{k=1..n} h(n/gcd(n,k))*mu(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)), where mu = A008683.
Use of gcd(n,k)*lcm(n,k) = n*k and phi(gcd(n,k))*phi(lcm(n,k)) = phi(n)*phi(k) provide further variations. (End)
From Richard L. Ollerton, Nov 07 2021: (Start)
Formulas for products corresponding to the sums above may found using the substitution h(n) = log(f(n)) where f(n) > 0 (for example, cf. formulas for the sum A018804 and product A067911 of gcd(n,k)):
Product_{d|n} f(n/d)^phi(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k)) = Product_{d|n} f(d)^phi(n/d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k))^(phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))),
Product_{d|n} f(d)^phi(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k)) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k))^(phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))),
Product_{d|n} f(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k))^(1/phi(n/gcd(n,k))) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k))^(1/phi(n/gcd(n,k))),
Product_{d|n} f(n/d)^mu(d) = Product_{k=1..n} f(gcd(n,k))^(mu(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))) = Product_{k=1..n} f(n/gcd(n,k))^(mu(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k))), where mu = A008683. (End)
a(n+1) is the number of binary words with exactly n distinct subsequences (when n > 0). - Radoslaw Zak, Nov 29 2021

			G.f. = x + x^2 + 2*x^3 + 2*x^4 + 4*x^5 + 2*x^6 + 6*x^7 + 4*x^8 + 6*x^9 + 4*x^10 + ...
a(8) = 4 with {1, 3, 5, 7} units modulo 8. a(10) = 4 with {1, 3, 7, 9} units modulo 10. - _Michael Somos_, Aug 27 2013
From _Eduard I. Vatutin_, Nov 01 2020: (Start)
The a(5)=4 cyclic Latin squares with the first row in ascending order are:
  0 1 2 3 4   0 1 2 3 4   0 1 2 3 4   0 1 2 3 4
  1 2 3 4 0   2 3 4 0 1   3 4 0 1 2   4 0 1 2 3
  2 3 4 0 1   4 0 1 2 3   1 2 3 4 0   3 4 0 1 2
  3 4 0 1 2   1 2 3 4 0   4 0 1 2 3   2 3 4 0 1
  4 0 1 2 3   3 4 0 1 2   2 3 4 0 1   1 2 3 4 0
(End)

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 840.
T. M. Apostol, Introduction to Analytic Number Theory, Springer-Verlag, 1976, page 24.
M. Baake and U. Grimm, Aperiodic Order Vol. 1: A Mathematical Invitation, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications 149, Cambridge University Press, 2013: see Tables 3.1 and 3.2.
Florian Cajori, A History of Mathematical Notations, Dover edition (2012), par. 409.
L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 193.
John H. Conway and Richard K. Guy, The Book of Numbers, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996. See pp. 154-156.
C. W. Curtis, Pioneers of Representation Theory ..., Amer. Math. Soc., 1999; see p. 3.
J.-M. De Koninck & A. Mercier, 1001 Problèmes en Théorie Classique des Nombres, Ellipses, Paris, 2004, Problème 529, pp. 71-257.
L. E. Dickson, History of the Theory of Numbers. Carnegie Institute Public. 256, Washington, DC, Vol. 1, 1919; Vol. 2, 1920; Vol. 3, 1923, see vol. 1, Chapter V.
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, pp. 115-119.
Carl Friedrich Gauss, "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae", Yale University Press, 1965; see p. 21.
Ronald L. Graham, Donald E. Knuth and Oren Patashnik, Concrete Math., 2n-d ed.; Addison-Wesley, 1994, p. 137.
R. K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, Springer, 1st edition, 1981. See section B36.
G. H. Hardy and E. M. Wright, An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 5th ed., Oxford Univ. Press, 1979, th. 60, 62, 63, 288, 323, 328, 330.
Peter Hilton and Jean Pedersen, A Mathematical Tapestry, Demonstrating the Beautiful Unity of Mathematics, Cambridge University Press, pages 261-264, the Coach theorem.
Jean-Marie Monier, Analyse, Exercices corrigés, 2ème année MP, Dunod, 1997, Exercice 3.2.21 pp. 281-294.
G. Pólya and G. Szegő, Problems and Theorems in Analysis, Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, 2 vols., 1976, Vol. II, problem 71, p. 126.
Paulo Ribenboim, The New Book of Prime Number Records.
Paulo Ribenboim, The Little Book of Bigger Primes, Springer-Verlag NY 2004. See pp. 28-33.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 162-167.

Daniel Forgues, Table of n, phi(n) for n = 1..100000 (first 10000 terms from N. J. A. Sloane)
Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972.
Dario A. Alpern, Factorization using the Elliptic Curve Method (along with sigma_0, sigma_1 and phi functions)
Joerg Arndt, Matters Computational (The Fxtbook), section 39.7, pp. 776-778.
F. Bayart, Indicateur d'Euler (in French).
Alexander Bogomolny, Euler Function and Theorem.
Chris K. Caldwell, The Prime Glossary, Euler's phi function
Robert D. Carmichael, A table of the values of m corresponding to given values of phi(m), Amer. J. Math., 30 (1908), 394-400. [Annotated scanned copy]
Paul Erdős, Andrew Granville, Carl Pomerance and Claudia Spiro, On the normal behavior of the iterates of some arithmetic functions, Analytic number theory, Birkhäuser Boston, 1990, pp. 165-204.
Paul Erdős, Andrew Granville, Carl Pomerance and Claudia Spiro, On the normal behavior of the iterates of some arithmetic functions, Analytic number theory, Birkhäuser Boston, 1990, pp. 165-204. [Annotated copy with A-numbers]
Kevin Ford, The number of solutions of phi(x)=m, arXiv:math/9907204 [math.NT], 1999.
Kevin Ford, Florian Luca and Pieter Moree, Values of the Euler phi-function not divisible by a given odd prime, and the distribution of Euler-Kronecker constants for cyclotomic fields, arXiv:1108.3805 [math.NT], 2011.
H. Fripertinger, The Euler phi function.
Daniele A. Gewurz and Francesca Merola, Sequences realized as Parker vectors of oligomorphic permutation groups, J. Integer Seqs., Vol. 6, 2003.
E. Pérez Herrero, Totient Carnival partitions, Psychedelic Geometry Blogspot.
Peter H. van der Kamp, On the Fourier transform of the greatest common divisor, arXiv:1201.3139 [math.NT]
M. Lal and P. Gillard, Table of Euler's phi function, n < 10^5, Math. Comp., 23 (1969), 682-683.
Derrick N. Lehmer, Review of Dickson's History of the Theory of Numbers, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 26 (1919), 125-132.
Peter Luschny, Sequences related to Euler's totient function.
R. J. Mathar, Graphical representation among sequences closely related to this one (cf. N. J. A. Sloane, "Families of Essentially Identical Sequences").
Mathematics Stack Exchange, Is the Euler phi function bounded below? (2013).
Mathforum, Proving phi(m) Is Even.
Keith Matthews, Factorizing n and calculating phi(n), omega(n), d(n), sigma(n) and mu(n).
Graeme McRae, Euler's Totient Function.
François Nicolas, A simple, polynomial-time algorithm for the matrix torsion problem, arXiv:0806.2068 [cs.DM], 2009.
Matthew Parker, The first 5 million terms (7-Zip compressed file).
Carl Pomerance and Hee-Sung Yang, Variant of a theorem of Erdős on the sum-of-proper-divisors function, Math. Comp., to appear (2014).
Primefan, Euler's Totient Function Values For n=1 to 500, with Divisor Lists.
Marko Riedel, Combinatorics and number theory page.
J. Barkley Rosser and Lowell Schoenfeld, Approximate formulas for some functions of prime numbers, Illinois J. Math. 6 (1962), no. 1, 64-94.
K. Schneider, Euler phi-function, PlanetMath.org.
Wacław F. Sierpiński, Euler's Totient Function And The Theorem Of Euler.
N. J. A. Sloane, Families of Essentially Identical Sequences, Mar 24 2021 (Includes this sequence)
N. J. A. Sloane, "A Handbook of Integer Sequences" Fifty Years Later, arXiv:2301.03149 [math.NT], 2023, p. 14.
Ulrich Sondermann, Euler's Totient Function.
William A. Stein, Phi is a Multiplicative Function
Pinthira Tangsupphathawat, Takao Komatsu and Vichian Laohakosol, Minimal Polynomials of Algebraic Cosine Values, II, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 21 (2018), Article 18.9.5.
László Tóth, Multiplicative arithmetic functions of several variables: a survey, arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.7053 [math.NT], 2013.
G. Villemin, Totient d'Euler.
K. W. Wegner, Values of phi(x) = n for n from 2 through 1978, mimeographed manuscript, no date. [Annotated scanned copy]
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Modulo Multiplication Group.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Moebius Transform.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Totient Function.
Wikipedia, Euler's totient function.
Wikipedia, Multiplicative group of integers modulo n.
Wikipedia, Ramanujan's sum
Wolfram Research, First 50 values of phi(n).
Gang Xiao, Numerical Calculator, To display phi(n) operate on "eulerphi(n)".
Index entries for "core" sequences
Index to divisibility sequences

Cf. A002088 (partial sums), A008683, A003434 (steps to reach 1), A007755, A049108, A002202 (values), A011755 (Sum k*phi(k)).
Cf. also A005277 (nontotient numbers). For inverse see A002181, A006511, A058277.
Jordan function J_k(n) is a generalization - see A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), this sequence (J_1), A007434 (J_2), A059376 (J_3), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5).
Cf. A054521, A023022, A054525.
Row sums of triangles A134540, A127448, A143239, A143353 and A143276.
Equals right and left borders of triangle A159937. - Gary W. Adamson, Apr 26 2009
Values for prime powers p^e: A006093 (e=1), A036689 (e=2), A135177 (e=3), A138403 (e=4), A138407 (e=5), A138412 (e=6).
Values for perfect powers n^e: A002618 (e=2), A053191 (e=3), A189393 (e=4), A238533 (e=5), A306411 (e=6), A239442 (e=7), A306412 (e=8), A239443 (e=9).
Cf. A003558, A135303.
Cf. A152455, A080737.
Cf. A076479.
Cf. A023900 (Dirichlet inverse of phi), A306633 (Dgf at s=3).

Axiom
```
[eulerPhi(n) for n in 1..100]
```

a n = length (filter (==1) (map (gcd n) [1..n])) -- Allan C. Wechsler, Dec 29 2014

# Computes the first N terms of the sequence.
function A000010List(N)
    phi = [i for i in 1:N + 1]
    for i in 2:N + 1
        if phi[i] == i
            for j in i:i:N + 1
                phi[j] -= div(phi[j], i)
    end end end
return phi end
println(A000010List(68))  # Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2023

[ EulerPhi(n) : n in [1..100] ]; // Sergei Haller (sergei(AT)sergei-haller.de), Dec 21 2006

with(numtheory): A000010 := phi; [ seq(phi(n), n=1..100) ]; # version 1
with(numtheory): phi := proc(n) local i,t1,t2; t1 := ifactors(n)[2]; t2 := n*mul((1-1/t1[i][1]),i=1..nops(t1)); end; # version 2
# Alternative without library function:
A000010List := proc(N) local i, j, phi;
    phi := Array([seq(i, i = 1 .. N+1)]);
    for i from 2 to N + 1 do
        if phi[i] = i then
            for j from i by i to N + 1 do
                phi[j] := phi[j] - iquo(phi[j], i) od
        fi od;
return phi end:
A000010List(68);  # Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2023

Mathematica
```
Array[EulerPhi, 70]
```

makelist(totient(n),n,0,1000); /* Emanuele Munarini, Mar 26 2011 */

{a(n) = if( n==0, 0, eulerphi(n))}; /* Michael Somos, Feb 05 2011 */

from sympy.ntheory import totient
print([totient(i) for i in range(1, 70)])  # Indranil Ghosh, Mar 17 2017

# Note also the implementation in A365339.

def A000010(n): return euler_phi(n) # Jaap Spies, Jan 07 2007

[euler_phi(n) for n in range(1, 70)]  # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 06 2009

phi(n) = n*Product_{distinct primes p dividing n} (1 - 1/p).
Sum_{d divides n} phi(d) = n.
phi(n) = Sum_{d divides n} mu(d)*n/d, i.e., the Moebius transform of the natural numbers; mu() = Moebius function A008683().
Dirichlet generating function Sum_{n>=1} phi(n)/n^s = zeta(s-1)/zeta(s). Also Sum_{n >= 1} phi(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n) = x/(1 - x)^2.
Multiplicative with a(p^e) = (p - 1)*p^(e-1). - David W. Wilson, Aug 01 2001
Sum_{n>=1} (phi(n)*log(1 - x^n)/n) = -x/(1 - x) for -1 < x < 1 (cf. A002088) - Henry Bottomley, Nov 16 2001
a(n) = binomial(n+1, 2) - Sum_{i=1..n-1} a(i)*floor(n/i) (see A000217 for inverse). - Jon Perry, Mar 02 2004
It is a classical result (certainly known to Landau, 1909) that lim inf n/phi(n) = 1 (taking n to be primes), lim sup n/(phi(n)*log(log(n))) = e^gamma, with gamma = Euler's constant (taking n to be products of consecutive primes starting from 2 and applying Mertens' theorem). See e.g. Ribenboim, pp. 319-320. - Pieter Moree, Sep 10 2004
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} |k(n, i)| where k(n, i) is the Kronecker symbol. Also a(n) = n - #{1 <= i <= n : k(n, i) = 0}. - Benoit Cloitre, Aug 06 2004 [Corrected by Jianing Song, Sep 25 2018]
Conjecture: Sum_{i>=2} (-1)^i/(i*phi(i)) exists and is approximately 0.558 (A335319). - Orges Leka (oleka(AT)students.uni-mainz.de), Dec 23 2004
From Enrique Pérez Herrero, Sep 07 2010: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} floor(sigma_k(i*n)/sigma_k(i)*sigma_k(n)), where sigma_2 is A001157.
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} floor(tau_k(i*n)/tau_k(i)*tau_k(n)), where tau_3 is A007425.
a(n) = Sum_{i=1..n} floor(rad(i*n)/rad(i)*rad(n)), where rad is A007947. (End)
a(n) = A173557(n)*A003557(n). - R. J. Mathar, Mar 30 2011
a(n) = A096396(n) + A096397(n). - Reinhard Zumkeller, Mar 24 2012
phi(p*n) = phi(n)*(floor(((n + p - 1) mod p)/(p - 1)) + p - 1), for primes p. - Gary Detlefs, Apr 21 2012
For odd n, a(n) = 2*A135303((n-1)/2)*A003558((n-1)/2) or phi(n) = 2*c*k; the Coach theorem of Pedersen et al. Cf. A135303. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 15 2012
G.f.: Sum_{n>=1} mu(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n)^2, where mu(n) = A008683(n). - Mamuka Jibladze, Apr 05 2015
a(n) = n - cototient(n) = n - A051953(n). - Omar E. Pol, May 14 2016
a(n) = lim_{s->1} n*zeta(s)*(Sum_{d divides n} A008683(d)/(e^(1/d))^(s-1)), for n > 1. - Mats Granvik, Jan 26 2017
Conjecture: a(n) = Sum_{a=1..n} Sum_{b=1..n} Sum_{c=1..n} 1 for n > 1. The sum is over a,b,c such that n*c - a*b = 1. - Benedict W. J. Irwin, Apr 03 2017
a(n) = Sum_{j=1..n} gcd(j, n) cos(2*Pi*j/n) = Sum_{j=1..n} gcd(j, n) exp(2*Pi*i*j/n) where i is the imaginary unit. Notice that the Ramanujan's sum c_n(k) := Sum_{j=1..n, gcd(j, n) = 1} exp(2*Pi*i*j*k/n) gives a(n) = Sum_{k|n} k*c_(n/k)(1) = Sum_{k|n} k*mu(n/k). - Michael Somos, May 13 2018
G.f.: x*d/dx(x*d/dx(log(Product_{k>=1} (1 - x^k)^(-mu(k)/k^2)))), where mu(n) = A008683(n). - Mamuka Jibladze, Sep 20 2018
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A007431(d). - Steven Foster Clark, May 29 2019
G.f. A(x) satisfies: A(x) = x/(1 - x)^2 - Sum_{k>=2} A(x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Sep 06 2019
a(n) >= sqrt(n/2) (Nicolas). - Hugo Pfoertner, Jun 01 2020
a(n) > n/(exp(gamma)*log(log(n)) + 5/(2*log(log(n)))), except for n=223092870 (Rosser, Schoenfeld). - Hugo Pfoertner, Jun 02 2020
From Bernard Schott, Nov 28 2020: (Start)
Sum_{m=1..n} 1/a(m) = A028415(n)/A048049(n) -> oo when n->oo.
Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n)^2 = A109695.
Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n)^3 = A335818.
Sum_{n >= 1} 1/a(n)^k is convergent iff k > 1.
a(2n) = a(n) iff n is odd, and, a(2n) > a(n) iff n is even. (End) [Actually, a(2n) = 2*a(n) for even n. - Jianing Song, Sep 18 2022]
a(n) = 2*A023896(n)/n, n > 1. - Richard R. Forberg, Feb 03 2021
From Richard L. Ollerton, May 09 2021: (Start)
For n > 1, Sum_{k=1..n} phi^{(-1)}(n/gcd(n,k))*a(gcd(n,k))/a(n/gcd(n,k)) = 0, where phi^{(-1)} = A023900.
For n > 1, Sum_{k=1..n} a(gcd(n,k))*mu(rad(gcd(n,k)))*rad(gcd(n,k))/gcd(n,k) = 0.
For n > 1, Sum_{k=1..n} a(gcd(n,k))*mu(rad(n/gcd(n,k)))*rad(n/gcd(n,k))*gcd(n,k) = 0.
Sum_{k=1..n} a(gcd(n,k))/a(n/gcd(n,k)) = n. (End)
a(n) = Sum_{d|n, e|n} gcd(d, e)*mobius(n/d)*mobius(n/e) (the sum is a multiplicative function of n by Tóth, and takes the value p^e - p^(e-1) for n = p^e, a prime power). - Peter Bala, Jan 22 2024
Sum_{n >= 1} phi(n)*x^n/(1 + x^n) = x + 3*x^3 + 5*x^5 + 7*x^7 + ... = Sum_{n >= 1} phi(2*n-1)*x^(2*n-1)/(1 - x^(4*n-2)). For the first equality see Pólya and Szegő, problem 71, p. 126. - Peter Bala, Feb 29 2024
Conjecture: a(n) = lim_{k->oo} (n^(k + 1))/A000203(n^k). - Velin Yanev, Dec 04 2024 [A000010(p) = p-1, A000203(p^k) = (p^(k+1)-1)/(p-1), so the conjecture is true if n is prime. - Vaclav Kotesovec, Dec 19 2024]

A001160 sigma_5(n), the sum of the 5th powers of the divisors of n.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 33, 244, 1057, 3126, 8052, 16808, 33825, 59293, 103158, 161052, 257908, 371294, 554664, 762744, 1082401, 1419858, 1956669, 2476100, 3304182, 4101152, 5314716, 6436344, 8253300, 9768751, 12252702, 14408200, 17766056, 20511150

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

If the canonical factorization of n into prime powers is the product of p^e(p) then sigma_k(n) = Product_p ((p^((e(p)+1)*k))-1)/(p^k-1).
Sum_{d|n} 1/d^k is equal to sigma_k(n)/n^k. So sequences A017665-A017712 also give the numerators and denominators of sigma_k(n)/n^k for k = 1..24. The power sums sigma_k(n) are in sequences A000203 (k=1), A001157-A001160 (k=2,3,4,5), A013954-A013972 for k = 6,7,...,24. - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), Apr 05 2001
Empirical: Sum_{n>=1} a(n)/exp(2*Pi*n) = 1/504. - Simon Plouffe, Mar 01 2021

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math.Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972, p. 827.
G. H. Hardy, Ramanujan: twelve lectures on subjects suggested by his life and work, AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, Rhode Island, 2002, p. 166.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
Zagier, Don. "Elliptic modular forms and their applications." The 1-2-3 of modular forms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. 1-103. See p. 17, G_6(z).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy].
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math.Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972, p. 827.
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n)

Cf. A000005, A000203, A001157, A001158, A001159, A013973, A000584 (Mobius transform), A178448 (Dirichlet inverse)

[DivisorSigma(5,n): n in [1..30]]; // Bruno Berselli, Apr 10 2013

A001160 := proc(n)
    numtheory[sigma][5](n);
end proc:
seq(A001160(n),n=1..30) ; # R. J. Mathar, Jan 31 2017

lst={};Do[AppendTo[lst,DivisorSigma[5,n]],{n,5!}];lst (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Mar 11 2009 *)
DivisorSigma[5,Range[30]] (* Harvey P. Dale, Nov 11 2013 *)

a(n)=sigma(n,5) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Apr 28 2011

[sigma(n, 5) for n in range(1, 30)]  # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 04 2009

Multiplicative with a(p^e) = (p^(5e+5)-1)/(p^5-1). - David W. Wilson, Aug 01 2001
G.f.: sum(k>=1, k^5*x^k/(1-x^k)). - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 21 2003
Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(s)*zeta(s-5). - R. J. Mathar, Mar 06 2011
G.f. also (1 - E_6(q))/540, with the g.f. E_6 of A013973. See Hardy p. 166, (10.5.7) with R = E_6. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jan 31 2017
L.g.f.: -log(Product_{k>=1} (1 - x^k)^(k^4)) = Sum_{n>=1} a(n)*x^n/n. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, May 06 2017
a(n) = Sum_{1 <= i, j, k, l, m <= n} tau(gcd(i, j, k, l, m, n)) = Sum_{d divides n} tau(d) * J_5(n/d), where the divisor function tau(n) = A000005(n) and the Jordan totient function J_5(n) = A059378(n). - Peter Bala, Jan 22 2024

A007434 Jordan function J_2(n) (a generalization of phi(n)).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 3, 8, 12, 24, 24, 48, 48, 72, 72, 120, 96, 168, 144, 192, 192, 288, 216, 360, 288, 384, 360, 528, 384, 600, 504, 648, 576, 840, 576, 960, 768, 960, 864, 1152, 864, 1368, 1080, 1344, 1152, 1680, 1152, 1848, 1440, 1728, 1584, 2208, 1536

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Number of points in the bicyclic group Z/mZ X Z/mZ whose order is exactly m. - George J. Schaeffer (gschaeff(AT)andrew.cmu.edu), Mar 14 2006
Number of irreducible fractions among {(u+v*i)/n : 1 <= u, v <= n} with i = sqrt(-1), where a fraction (u+v*i)/n is called irreducible if and only if gcd(u, v, n) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 20 2005
The weight of the n-th polynomial for the analog of cyclotomic polynomials for elliptic divisibility sequences. That is, let the weight of b1 = 1, b2 = 3, b3 = 8, b4 = 12 and let e1 = b1, e2 = b2*b1, e3 = b3*b1, e4 = b2*b4*b1, e5 = (b2^4*b4 - b3^3)*b1 = b5*e1, and so on, be an elliptic divisibility sequence. Then weight of e2 = 4, e3 = 9, e4 = 16, e5 = 25, where weight of en is n^2 in general, while weight of bn is a(n). - Michael Somos, Aug 12 2008
J_2(n) divides J_{2k}(n). J_2(n) gives the number of 2-tuples (x1,x2), such that 1 <= x1, x2 <= n and gcd(x1, x2, n) = 1. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Mar 05 2011
From Jianing Song, Apr 06 2019: (Start)
Let k be any quadratic field such that all prime factors of n are inert in k, O_k be the corresponding ring of integers and G(n) = (O_k/nO_k)* be the multiplicative group of integers in O_k modulo n, then a(n) is the number of elements in G(n). The exponent of G(n) is A306933(n). [Equivalently, G(p^e) can be defined as (Z_{p^2}/p^eZ_{p^2})*, where Z_{p^2} is the ring of integers of the field Q_{p^2} (with a unique maximal ideal pZ_{p^2}), and Q_{p^2} is the unique unramified quadratic extension of the p-adic field Q_p. For the group structure of G(p^e), see A306933. - Jianing Song, Jun 19 2025]
For n >= 5, a(n) is divisible by 24. (End)
The Del Centina article on page 106 mentions a formula by Halphen denoted by phi(n)T(n). - Michael Somos, Feb 05 2021

			a(4) = 12 because the divisors of 4 being 1, 2, 4, we find that phi(1)*phi(4/1)*(4/1) = 8, phi(2)*phi(4/2)*(4/2) = 2, phi(4)*phi(4/4)*(4/4) = 2 and 8 + 2 + 2 = 12.
G.f. = x + 3*x^2 + 8*x^3 + 12*x^4 + 24*x^5 + 24*x^6 + 48*x^7 + 48*x^8 + 72*x^9 + ...

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 199, #3.
A. Del Centina, Poncelet's porism: a long story of renewed discoveries, I, Hist. Exact Sci. (2016), v. 70, p. 106.
L. E. Dickson (1919, repr. 1971). History of the Theory of Numbers I. Chelsea. p. 147.
P. J. McCarthy, Introduction to Arithmetical Functions, Universitext, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 1986.
G. Pólya and G. Szegő, Problems and Theorems in Analysis I (Springer 1924, reprinted 1972), Part Eight, Chap. 1, Section 6, Problem 64.
M. Ram Murty (2001). Problems in Analytic Number Theory. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. 206. Springer-Verlag. p. 11.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
Sukumar Das Adhikari and A. Sankaranarayanan, On an error term related to the Jordan totient function Jk(n), Journal of Number Theory Volume 34, Issue 2, February 1990, Pages 178-188.
Dorin Andrica and Mihai Piticari, On Some Extensions Of Jordan's Arithmetic Functions, Proceedings of the International Conference on Theory and Applications of Mathematics and Informatics - ICTAMI 2003, Alba Iulia.
E. Artal Bartolo, P. D. González Pérez, M. González Villa, and E. León-Cardenal, On a suspension formula for Denef-Loeser zeta functions, arXiv:2502.05022 [math.AG], 2025. See p. 19.
Theo Douvropoulos, Joel Brewster Lewis, and Alejandro H. Morales, Hurwitz numbers for reflection groups III: Uniform formulas, arXiv:2308.04751 [math.CO], 2023, see p. 32.
F. A. Lewis and others, Problem 4002, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 49, No. 9, Nov. 1942, pp. 618-619.
H. Li and T. MacHenry, Permanents and Determinants, Weighted Isobaric Polynomials, and Integer Sequences, J. Int. Seq. 16 (2013) #13.3.5, example 38.
MathOverflow, Averages of euler-phi function and similar.
Carl-Fredrik Nyberg-Brodda, On congruence subgroups of SL_2(Z[1/p]) generated by two parabolic elements, arXiv:2312.11258 [math.GR], 2023.
Nittiya Pabhapote and Vichian Laohakosol, Combinatorial Aspects of the Generalized Euler's Totient, International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences, Volume 2010 (2010), Article ID 648165, 15 p.
Wolfgang Schramm, The Fourier transform of functions of the greatest common divisor, Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory A50 (8(1)), 2008.
N. J. A. Sloane, Transforms.
S. Thajoddin and S. Vangipuram, A Note On Jordan's Totient Function, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math, 1988.
László Tóth, Multiplicative arithmetic functions of several variables: a survey, arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.7053 [math.NT], 2013.
Wikipedia, Jordan's totient function.
Index to divisibility sequences

Cf. A000056, A000290, A001065, A001615, A027750, A046970, A115000, A134675.
Cf. A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)).
Cf. A000010 (J_1), this sequence (J_2), A059376 (J_3), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5).
Cf. A002117, A088453, A301875, A301876, A321879 (partial sums).

a007434 n = sum $ zipWith3 (\x y z -> x * y * z)
                  tdivs (reverse tdivs) (reverse divs)
                  where divs = a027750_row n;  tdivs = map a000010 divs
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Nov 24 2012

J := proc(n,k) local i,p,t1,t2; t1 := n^k; for p from 1 to n do if isprime(p) and n mod p = 0 then t1 := t1*(1-p^(-k)); fi; od; t1; end; # (with k = 2)
A007434 := proc(n)
    add(d^2*numtheory[mobius](n/d),d=numtheory[divisors](n)) ;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Nov 03 2015

jordanTotient[n_, k_:1] := DivisorSum[n, #^k*MoebiusMu[n/#] &] /; (n > 0) && IntegerQ[n]; Table[jordanTotient[n, 2], {n, 48}] (* Enrique Pérez Herrero, Sep 14 2010 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 1, 0, Sum[ d^2 MoebiusMu[ n/d], {d, Divisors @ n}]]; (* Michael Somos, Jan 11 2014 *)
a[ n_] := If[ n < 2, Boole[ n == 1], n^2 (Times @@ ((1 - 1/#[[1]]^2) & /@ FactorInteger @ n))]; (* Michael Somos, Jan 11 2014 *)
jordanTotient[n_Integer?Positive, r_:1] := DirichletConvolve[MoebiusMu[K], K^r, K, n]; Table[jordanTotient[n, 2], {n, 48}] (* Jan Mangaldan, Jun 03 2016 *)

{a(n) = if( n<1, 0, sumdiv(n, d, d^2 * moebius(n / d)))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 20 2004 */

{a(n) = if( n<1, 0, direuler( p=2, n, (1 - X) / (1 - X*p^2))[n])}; /* Michael Somos, Jan 11 2014 */

seq(n) = dirmul(vector(n,k,k^2), vector(n,k,moebius(k)));
seq(48)  \\ Gheorghe Coserea, May 11 2016

jordan(n,k)=my(a=n^k);fordiv(n,i,if(isprime(i),a*=(1-1/(i^k))));a  \\ Roderick MacPhee, May 05 2017

from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A007434(n): return prod(p**(e-1<<1)*(p**2-1) for p, e in factorint(n).items()) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 29 2024

Moebius transform of squares.
Multiplicative with a(p^e) = p^(2e) - p^(2e-2). - Vladeta Jovovic, Jul 26 2001
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} d^2 * mu(n/d). - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 05 2002
a(n) = n^2 * Product_{p|n} (1-1/p^2). - Tom Edgar, Jan 07 2015
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} phi(d)*phi(n/d)*n/d; Sum_{d|n} a(d) = n^2. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Aug 20 2005
Dirichlet generating function: zeta(s-2)/zeta(s). - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Sep 11 2005
Dirichlet inverse of A046970. - Michael Somos, Jan 11 2014
a(n) = a(n^2)/n^2. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Sep 14 2010
a(n) = A000010(n) * A001615(n).
If n > 1, then 1 > a(n)/n^2 > 1/zeta(2). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jul 14 2011
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} phi(n^2/d)*mu(d)^2. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jul 24 2012
a(n) = Sum_{k = 1..n} gcd(k, n)^2 * cos(2*Pi*k/n). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jan 18 2013
a(1) + a(2) + ... + a(n) ~ 1/(3*zeta(3))*n^3 + O(n^2). Lambert series Sum_{n >= 1} a(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n) = x*(1 + x)/(1 - x)^3. - Peter Bala, Dec 23 2013
n * a(n) = A000056(n). - Michael Somos, Mar 20 2004
a(n) = 24 * A115000(n) unless n < 5. - Michael Somos, Aug 12 2008
a(n) = A001065(n) - A134675(n). - Conjectured by John Mason and proved by Max Alekseyev, Jan 07 2015
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} gcd(n, k) * phi(gcd(n, k)), where phi(k) is the Euler totient function. - Daniel Suteu, Jun 15 2018
G.f.: Sum_{k>=1} mu(k)*x^k*(1 + x^k)/(1 - x^k)^3. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Oct 24 2018
Sum_{k>=1} 1/a(k) = Product_{primes p} (1 + p^2/(p^2 - 1)^2) = 1.81078147612156295224312590448625180897250361794500723589001447178002894356... - Vaclav Kotesovec, Sep 19 2020
Limit_{n->oo} (1/n) * Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)/k^2 = 1/zeta(3) (A088453). - Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020
From Richard L. Ollerton, May 09 2021: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} (n/gcd(n,k))^2*mu(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} gcd(n,k)^2*mu(n/gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} n*phi(gcd(n,k))/gcd(n,k).
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} phi(n*gcd(n,k))*mu(n/gcd(n,k))^2.
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} phi(n^2/gcd(n,k))*mu(gcd(n,k))^2*phi(gcd(n,k))/phi(n/gcd(n,k)). (End)
a(n) = Sum_{k = 1..n} phi(gcd(n, k)^2) = Sum_{d divides n} phi(d^2)*phi(n/d). - Peter Bala, Jan 17 2024
a(n) = Sum_{1 <= i, j <= n, lcm(i, j) = n} phi(i)*phi(j). See Tóth, p. 14. - Peter Bala, Jan 29 2024
Conjecture: a(n) = lim_{k->oo} (n^(2*(k + 1)))/A001157(n^k). - Velin Yanev, Dec 04 2024

Thanks to Michael Somos for catching an error in this sequence.

A000539 Sum of 5th powers: 0^5 + 1^5 + 2^5 + ... + n^5.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 33, 276, 1300, 4425, 12201, 29008, 61776, 120825, 220825, 381876, 630708, 1002001, 1539825, 2299200, 3347776, 4767633, 6657201, 9133300, 12333300, 16417401, 21571033, 28007376, 35970000, 45735625, 57617001, 71965908, 89176276, 109687425, 133987425, 162616576

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

This sequence is related to A000538 by a(n) = n*A000538(n) - Sum_{i=0..n-1} A000538(i). - Bruno Berselli, Apr 26 2010

See comment in A008292 for a formula for r-th successive summation of Sum_{k=1..n} k^j. - Gary Detlefs, Jan 02 2014

M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards Applied Math. Series 55, 1964 (and various reprintings), p. 813.
L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 155.
R. L. Graham, D. E. Knuth and O. Patashnik, Concrete Mathematics. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1991, p. 275.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 0..1000
M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, Applied Math. Series 55, Tenth Printing, 1972 [alternative scanned copy].
Bruno Berselli, A description of the transform in Comments lines: website Matem@ticamente (in Italian).
Feihu Liu, Guoce Xin, and Chen Zhang, Ehrhart Polynomials of Order Polytopes: Interpreting Combinatorial Sequences on the OEIS, arXiv:2412.18744 [math.CO], 2024. See p. 13.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Faulhaber's Formula
Wikipedia, Faulhaber's formula
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (7,-21,35,-35,21,-7,1).

Partial sums of A000584. Row 5 of array A103438.

Cf. A000217, A000537, A000538, A006542, A008292, A059378, A101092.

[n^2*(n+1)^2*(2*n^2+2*n-1)/12: n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Apr 04 2015

A000539:=-(1+26*z+66*z**2+26*z**3+z**4)/(z-1)**7; # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
a[0]:=0:a[1]:=1:for n from 2 to 50 do a[n]:=a[n-1]+n^5 od: seq(a[n], n=0..30); # Zerinvary Lajos, Feb 22 2008
a:=n->sum(j^5,j=0..n): seq(a(n), n=0..30); # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 05 2008

Accumulate[Range[0, 40]^5]
LinearRecurrence[{7, -21, 35, -35, 21, -7, 1}, {0, 1, 33, 276, 1300, 4425, 12201}, 41] (* Jean-François Alcover, Feb 09 2016 *)

A000539(n):=n^2*(n+1)^2*(2*n^2+2*n-1)/12$ makelist(A000539(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 12 2012 */

a(n)=n^2*(n+1)^2*(2*n^2+2*n-1)/12 \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 15 2011

concat(0, Vec(x*(1+26*x+66*x^2+26*x^3+x^4)/(1-x)^7 + O(x^100))) \\ Altug Alkan, Dec 07 2015

A000539_list, m = [0], [120, -240, 150, -30, 1, 0, 0]
for _ in range(10**2):
    for i in range(6):
        m[i+1] += m[i]
    A000539_list.append(m[-1]) # Chai Wah Wu, Nov 05 2014

def A000539(n): return n**2*(n**2*(n*(n+3<<1)+5)-1)//12 # Chai Wah Wu, Oct 03 2024

a(n) = n^2*(n+1)^2*(2*n^2+2*n-1)/12.
a(n) = sqrt(Sum_{j=1..n}Sum_{i=1..n}(i*j)^5). - Alexander Adamchuk, Oct 26 2004
a(n) = Sum_{i = 1..n} J_5(i)*floor(n/i), where J_5 is A059378. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Feb 26 2012
a(n) = 6*a(n-1) - 15* a(n-2) + 20*a(n-3) - 15*a(n-4) + 6*a(n-5) - a(n-6) + 120. - Ant King, Sep 23 2013
a(n) = 120*C(n+3,6) + 30*C(n+2,4) + C(n+1,2) (Knuth). - Gary Detlefs, Jan 02 2014
a(n) = -Sum_{j=1..5} j*Stirling1(n+1,n+1-j)*Stirling2(n+5-j,n). - Mircea Merca, Jan 25 2014
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = 60 - 4*Pi^2 + 8*sqrt(3)*Pi * tan(sqrt(3)*Pi/2). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 13 2015
a(n) = (n + 1)^2*n^2*(n + 1/2 + sqrt(3/4))*(n + 1/2 - sqrt(3/4))/6. See the Graham et al. reference, p. 275. - Wolfdieter Lang, Apr 02 2015
G.f.: x*(1+26*x+66*x^2+26*x^3+x^4)/(1-x)^7. - Robert Israel, Dec 07 2015
a(n) = (4/3)*A000217(n)^3 - (1/3)*A000217(n)^2. - Michael Raney, Feb 19 2016
a(n) = (binomial(n+1,4) + 6*binomial(n+2,4) + binomial(n+3,4))*(binomial(n+2,3) - binomial(n+1,3)). - Tony Foster III, Oct 21 2018
a(n) = 24*A006542(n+2) + A000537(n). - Yasser Arath Chavez Reyes, May 04 2024
E.g.f.: exp(x)*x*(12 + 186*x + 360*x^2 + 195*x^3 + 36*x^4 + 2*x^5)/12. - Stefano Spezia, May 04 2024

A059376 Jordan function J_3(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 7, 26, 56, 124, 182, 342, 448, 702, 868, 1330, 1456, 2196, 2394, 3224, 3584, 4912, 4914, 6858, 6944, 8892, 9310, 12166, 11648, 15500, 15372, 18954, 19152, 24388, 22568, 29790, 28672, 34580, 34384, 42408, 39312, 50652, 48006, 57096

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 28 2001

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 199, #3.
R. Sivaramakrishnan, "The many facets of Euler's totient. II. Generalizations and analogues", Nieuw Arch. Wisk. (4) 8 (1990), no. 2, 169-187.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000
D. H. Lehmer, On a theorem of von Sterneck, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37(10): 723-726 (1931)
Wikipedia, Jordan's totient function.

See A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), A000010 (J_1), A007434 (J_2), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5), A069091 - A069095 (J_6 through J_10).

Cf. A013662, A215267.

J := proc(n,k) local i,p,t1,t2; t1 := n^k; for p from 1 to n do if isprime(p) and n mod p = 0 then t1 := t1*(1-p^(-k)); fi; od; t1; end; # (with k = 3)
A059376 := proc(n)
    add(d^3*numtheory[mobius](n/d),d=numtheory[divisors](n)) ;
end proc: # R. J. Mathar, Nov 03 2015

JordanJ[n_, k_: 1] := DivisorSum[n, #^k*MoebiusMu[n/#] &]; f[n_] := JordanJ[n, 3]; Array[f, 39]
f[p_, e_] := p^(3*e) - p^(3*(e-1)); a[1] = 1; a[n_] := Times @@ f @@@ FactorInteger[n]; Array[a, 100] (* Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020 *)

for(n=1,120,print1(sumdiv(n,d,d^3*moebius(n/d)),","))

for (n = 1, 1000, write("b059376.txt", n, " ", sumdiv(n, d, d^3*moebius(n/d))); ) \\ Harry J. Smith, Jun 26 2009

seq(n) = dirmul(vector(n,k,k^3), vector(n,k,moebius(k)));
seq(39)  \\ Gheorghe Coserea, May 11 2016

from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A059376(n): return prod(p**(3*(e-1))*(p**3-1) for p, e in factorint(n).items()) # Chai Wah Wu, Jan 29 2024

Multiplicative with a(p^e) = p^(3e) - p^(3e-3). - Vladeta Jovovic, Jul 26 2001
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} d^3*mu(n/d). - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 05 2002
Dirichlet generating function: zeta(s-3)/zeta(s). - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Sep 11 2005
A063453(n) divides a(n). - R. J. Mathar, Mar 30 2011
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} gcd(k,n)^3 * cos(2*Pi*k/n). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jan 18 2013
a(n) = n^3*Product_{distinct primes p dividing n} (1-1/p^3). - Tom Edgar, Jan 09 2015
G.f.: Sum_{n>=1} a(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n) = x*(1 + 4*x + x^2)/(1 - x)^4. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 25 2017
Sum_{d|n} a(d) = n^3. - Werner Schulte, Jan 12 2018
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ 45*n^4 / (2*Pi^4). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 07 2019
From Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020: (Start)
lim_{n->oo} (1/n) * Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)/k^3 = 1/zeta(4) (A215267).
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = Product_{p prime} (1 + p^3/(p^3-1)^2) = 1.2253556451... (End)
O.g.f.: Sum_{n >= 1} mu(n)*x^n*(1 + 4*x^n + x^(2*n))/(1 - x^n)^4 = x + 7*x^2 + 26*x^3 + 56*x^4 + 124*x^5 + .... - Peter Bala, Jan 31 2022
From Peter Bala, Jan 01 2024: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{d divides n} d * J_2(d) * phi(n/d) = Sum_{d divides n} d^2 * phi(d) * J_2(n/d), where J_2(n) = A007434(n).
a(n) = Sum_{k = 1..n} gcd(k, n) * J_2(gcd(k, n)) = Sum_{1 <= j, k <= n} gcd(j, k, n)^2 * J_1(gcd(j, k, n)). (End)
a(n) = Sum_{1 <= i, j <= n, lcm(i, j) = n} phi(i)*J_2(j) = Sum_{1 <= i, j, k <= n, lcm(i, j, k) = n} phi(i)*phi(j)*phi(k), where J_2(n) = A007434(n). - Peter Bala, Jan 29 2024

A059377 Jordan function J_4(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 15, 80, 240, 624, 1200, 2400, 3840, 6480, 9360, 14640, 19200, 28560, 36000, 49920, 61440, 83520, 97200, 130320, 149760, 192000, 219600, 279840, 307200, 390000, 428400, 524880, 576000, 707280, 748800, 923520, 983040, 1171200, 1252800, 1497600, 1555200, 1874160

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 28 2001

This sequence is multiplicative. - Mitch Harris, Apr 19 2005

For n = 4 or n >= 6, a(n) is divisible by 240. - Jianing Song, Apr 06 2019

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 199, #3.
R. Sivaramakrishnan, "The many facets of Euler's totient. II. Generalizations and analogues", Nieuw Arch. Wisk. (4) 8 (1990), no. 2, 169-187.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=1..1000
D. H. Lehmer, On a theorem of von Sterneck, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37(10): 723-726 (1931)
Michael Lugo, A little number theory problem (2008)
László Tóth, Multiplicative arithmetic functions of several variables: a survey, arXiv preprint arXiv:1310.7053 [math.NT], 2013.
Wikipedia, Jordan's totient function.

See A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), A000010 (J_1), A007434 (J_2), A059376 (J_3), A059378 (J_5), A069091 - A069095 (J_6 through J_10).

Cf. A013663.

J := proc(n,k) local i,p,t1,t2; t1 := n^k; for p from 1 to n do if isprime(p) and n mod p = 0 then t1 := t1*(1-p^(-k)); fi; od; t1; end:
seq(J(n,4), n=1..40);

JordanJ[n_, k_: 1] := DivisorSum[n, #^k*MoebiusMu[n/#] &]; f[n_] := JordanJ[n, 4]; Array[f, 38]
f[p_, e_] := p^(4*e) - p^(4*(e-1)); a[1] = 1; a[n_] := Times @@ f @@@ FactorInteger[n]; Array[a, 100] (* Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020 *)

for(n=1,100,print1(sumdiv(n,d,d^4*moebius(n/d)),","))

a(n)=if(n<1,0,sumdiv(n,d,d^4*moebius(n/d)))

a(n)=if(n<1,0,dirdiv(vector(n,k,k^4),vector(n,k,1))[n])

{ for (n = 1, 1000, write("b059377.txt", n, " ", sumdiv(n, d, d^4*moebius(n/d))); ) } \\ Harry J. Smith, Jun 26 2009

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} d^4*mu(n/d). - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 05 2002
Multiplicative with a(p^e) = p^(4e)-p^(4(e-1)).
Dirichlet generating function: zeta(s-4)/zeta(s). - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Sep 11 2005
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} gcd(k,n)^4 * cos(2*Pi*k/n). - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jan 18 2013
a(n) = n^4*Product_{distinct primes p dividing n} (1 - 1/p^4). - Tom Edgar, Jan 09 2015
G.f.: Sum_{n>=1} a(n)*x^n/(1 - x^n) = x*(1 + 11*x + 11*x^2 + x^3)/(1 - x)^5. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Apr 25 2017
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ n^5 / (5*zeta(5)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 07 2019
From Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020: (Start)
lim_{n->oo} (1/n) * Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)/k^4 = 1/zeta(5).
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = Product_{p prime} (1 + p^4/(p^4-1)^2) = 1.0870036174... (End)
O.g.f.: Sum_{n >= 1} mu(n)*x^n*(1 + 11*x^n + 11*x^(2*n) + x^(3*n))/(1 - x^n)^5 = x + 15*x^2 + 80*x^3 + 240*x^4 + 624*x^5 + .... - Peter Bala, Jan 31 2022
From Peter Bala, Jan 01 2024: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{d divides n} d * J_3(d) * J_1(n/d) = Sum_{d divides n} d^2 * J_2(d) * J_2(n/d) = Sum_{d divides n} d^3 * J_1(d) * J_3(n/d), where J_1(n) = phi(n) = A000010(n), J_2(n) = A007434(n) and J(3,n) = A059376(n).
a(n) = Sum_{k = 1..n} gcd(k, n) * J_3(gcd(k, n)) = Sum_{1 <= j, k <= n} gcd(j, k, n)^2 * J_2(gcd(j, k, n)) = Sum_{1 <= i, j, k <= n} gcd(i, j, k, n)^3 * J_1(gcd(i, j, k, n)). (End)
a(n) = Sum_{1 <= i, j <= n, lcm(i, j) = n} J_2(i) * J_2(j) = Sum_{1 <= i, j <= n, lcm(i, j) = n} phi(i) * J_3(j) (apply Lehmer, Theorem 1). - Peter Bala, Jan 29 2024

A059379 Array of values of Jordan function J_k(n) read by antidiagonals (version 1).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 8, 7, 1, 4, 12, 26, 15, 1, 2, 24, 56, 80, 31, 1, 6, 24, 124, 240, 242, 63, 1, 4, 48, 182, 624, 992, 728, 127, 1, 6, 48, 342, 1200, 3124, 4032, 2186, 255, 1, 4, 72, 448, 2400, 7502, 15624, 16256, 6560, 511, 1, 10, 72, 702, 3840

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 28 2001

			Array begins:
  1,  1,  2,   2,   4,    2,    6,    4,   6,  4, 10, 4, ...
  1,  3,  8,  12,  24,   24,   48,   48,  72, 72, ...
  1,  7, 26,  56, 124,  182,  342,  448, 702, ...
  1, 15, 80, 240, 624, 1200, 2400, 3840, ...

Louis Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 199, #3.
R. Sivaramakrishnan, "The many facets of Euler's totient. II. Generalizations and analogues", Nieuw Arch. Wisk. (4) 8 (1990), no. 2, 169-187.

Enrique Pérez Herrero, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000

See A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), A000010 (J_1), A059376 (J_3), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5). Columns give A000225, A024023, A020522, A024049, A059387, etc.

Main diagonal gives A067858.

J := proc(n,k) local i,p,t1,t2; t1 := n^k; for p from 1 to n do if isprime(p) and n mod p = 0 then t1 := t1*(1-p^(-k)); fi; od; t1; end;
#alternative
A059379 := proc(n,k)
    add(d^k*numtheory[mobius](n/d),d=numtheory[divisors](n)) ;
end proc:
seq(seq(A059379(d-k,k),k=1..d-1),d=2..12) ; # R. J. Mathar, Nov 23 2018

JordanTotient[n_,k_:1]:=DivisorSum[n,#^k*MoebiusMu[n/#]&]/;(n>0)&&IntegerQ[n];
A004736[n_]:=Binomial[Floor[3/2+Sqrt[2*n]],2]-n+1;
A002260[n_]:=n-Binomial[Floor[1/2+Sqrt[2*n]],2];
A059379[n_]:=JordanTotient[A004736[n],A002260[n]]; (* Enrique Pérez Herrero, Dec 19 2010 *)

jordantot(n,k)=sumdiv(n,d,d^k*moebius(n/d));
A002260(n)=n-binomial(floor(1/2+sqrt(2*n)),2);
A004736(n)=binomial(floor(3/2+sqrt(2*n)),2)-n+1;
A059379(n)=jordantot(A004736(n),A002260(n)); \\ Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jan 08 2011

from functools import cache
def MoebiusTrans(a, i):
    @cache
    def mb(n, d = 1):
          return d % n and -mb(d, n % d < 1) + mb(n, d + 1) or 1 // n
    def mob(m, n): return mb(m // n) if m % n == 0 else 0
    return sum(mob(i, d) * a(d) for d in range(1, i + 1))
def Jrow(n, size):
    return [MoebiusTrans(lambda m: m ** n, k) for k in range(1, size)]
for n in range(1, 8): print(Jrow(n, 13))
# Alternatively:
from sympy import primefactors as prime_divisors
from fractions import Fraction as QQ
from math import prod as product
def J(n: int, k: int) -> int:
    t = QQ(pow(k, n), 1)
    s = product(1 - QQ(1, pow(p, n)) for p in prime_divisors(k))
    return (t * s).numerator  # the denominator is always 1
for n in range(1, 8): print([J(n, k) for k in range(1, 13)])
# Peter Luschny, Dec 16 2023

J_k(n) = Sum_{d|n} d^k*mu(n/d). - Benoit Cloitre and Michael Orrison (orrison(AT)math.hmc.edu), Jun 07 2002
From Amiram Eldar, Jun 07 2025: (Start)
For a given k, J_k(n) is multiplicative with J_k(p^e) = p^(k*e) - p^(k*e-k).
For a given k, Dirichlet g.f. of J_k(n): zeta(s-k)/zeta(s).
Sum_{i=1..n} J_k(i) ~ n^(k+1) / ((k+1)*zeta(k+1)).
Sum_{n>=1} 1/J_k(n) = Product_{p prime} (1 + p^k/(p^k-1)^2) for k >= 2. (End)

A059380 Array of values of Jordan function J_k(n) read by antidiagonals (version 2).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 7, 8, 2, 1, 15, 26, 12, 4, 1, 31, 80, 56, 24, 2, 1, 63, 242, 240, 124, 24, 6, 1, 127, 728, 992, 624, 182, 48, 4, 1, 255, 2186, 4032, 3124, 1200, 342, 48, 6, 1, 511, 6560, 16256, 15624, 7502, 2400, 448, 72, 4, 1, 1023, 19682

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Jan 28 2001

			Array begins:
1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 6, 4, 6, 4, 10, 4, ...
1, 3, 8, 12, 24, 24, 48, 48, 72, 72, ...
1, 7, 26, 56, 124, 182, 342, 448, 702, ...
1, 15, 80, 240, 624, 1200, 2400, 3840, ...

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 199, #3.
R. Sivaramakrishnan, The many facets of Euler's totient. II. Generalizations and analogues, Nieuw Arch. Wisk. (4) 8 (1990), no. 2, 169-187

Enrique Pérez Herrero, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000

See A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), A000010 (J_1), A059376 (J_3), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5). Columns give A000225, A024023, A020522, A024049, A059387, etc.

Main diagonal gives A067858.

J := proc(n,k) local i,p,t1,t2; t1 := n^k; for p from 1 to n do if isprime(p) and n mod p = 0 then t1 := t1*(1-p^(-k)); fi; od; t1; end;

JordanTotient[n_,k_:1]:=DivisorSum[n,#^k*MoebiusMu[n/#]&]/;(n>0)&&IntegerQ[n];
A004736[n_]:=Binomial[Floor[3/2+Sqrt[2*n]],2]-n+1;
A002260[n_]:=n-Binomial[Floor[1/2+Sqrt[2*n]],2];
A059380[n_]:=JordanTotient[A002260[n],A004736[n]]; (* Enrique Pérez Herrero, Dec 19 2010 *)

jordantot(n,k)=sumdiv(n,d,d^k*moebius(n/d));
A002260(n)=n-binomial(floor(1/2+sqrt(2*n)),2);
A004736(n)=binomial(floor(3/2+sqrt(2*n)),2)-n+1;
A059380(n)=jordantot(A002260(n),A004736(n)); \\ Enrique Pérez Herrero, Jan 08 2011

A069091 Jordan function J_6(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 63, 728, 4032, 15624, 45864, 117648, 258048, 530712, 984312, 1771560, 2935296, 4826808, 7411824, 11374272, 16515072, 24137568, 33434856, 47045880, 62995968, 85647744, 111608280, 148035888, 187858944, 244125000, 304088904, 386889048

Offset: 1

Benoit Cloitre, Apr 05 2002

Moebius transform of n^6. - Enrique Pérez Herrero, Sep 14 2010

a(n) is divisible by 504 = (2^3)*(3^3)*7 = A006863(3) except for n = 1, 2, 3 and 7. See Lugo. - Peter Bala, Jan 13 2024

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 199, #3.

Enrique Pérez Herrero, Table of n, a(n) for n=1..2000
Michael Lugo, A little number theory problem (2008)
Wikipedia, Jordan's totient function.

Cf. A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), A000010 (J_1), A007434 (J_2), A059376 (J_3), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5), A069092 - A069095 (J_7 through J_10).
Cf. A065959.
Cf. A013665.

with(numtheory): seq(add(d^6 * mobius(n/d), d in divisors(n)), n = 1..100); # Peter Bala, Jan 13 2024

JordanTotient[n_,k_:1]:=DivisorSum[n,#^k*MoebiusMu[n/# ]&]/;(n>0)&&IntegerQ[n]
A069091[n_IntegerQ]:=JordanTotient[n,6]; (* Enrique Pérez Herrero, Sep 14 2010 *)
f[p_, e_] := p^(6*e) - p^(6*(e-1)); a[1] = 1; a[n_] := Times @@ f @@@ FactorInteger[n]; Array[a, 100] (* Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020 *)

for(n=1,100,print1(sumdiv(n,d,d^6*moebius(n/d)),","))

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} d^6*mu(n/d).
Multiplicative with a(p^e) = p^(6e)-p^(6(e-1)).
Dirichlet generating function: zeta(s-6)/zeta(s). - Ralf Stephan, Jul 04 2013
a(n) = n^6*Product_{distinct primes p dividing n} (1-1/p^6). - Tom Edgar, Jan 09 2015
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ n^7 / (7*zeta(7)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 07 2019
From Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020: (Start)
Limit_{n->oo} (1/n) * Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)/k^6 = 1/zeta(7).
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = Product_{p prime} (1 + p^6/(p^6-1)^2) = 1.0175973008... (End)
O.g.f.: Sum_{n >= 1} mu(n)*A(x^n)/(1 - x^n)^7 = x + 63*x^2 + 728*x^3 + 4032*x^4 + 15624*x^5 + ..., where A(x) = x + 57*x^2 + 302*x^3 + 302*x^4 + 57*x^5 + x^6 is the 6th Eulerian polynomial. See A008292. - Peter Bala, Jan 31 2022

A069095 Jordan function J_10(n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1023, 59048, 1047552, 9765624, 60406104, 282475248, 1072693248, 3486725352, 9990233352, 25937424600, 61855850496, 137858491848, 288972178704, 576640565952, 1098437885952, 2015993900448, 3566920035096, 6131066257800

Offset: 1

Benoit Cloitre, Apr 05 2002

a(n) is divisible by 264 = (2^3)*3*11 = A006863(5), except for n = 1, 2, 3 or 11. See Lugo. - Peter Bala, Jan 13 2024

L. Comtet, Advanced Combinatorics, Reidel, 1974, p. 199, #3.

Robert Israel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
Michael Lugo, A little number theory problem (2008)
Wikipedia, Jordan's totient function.

Cf. A059379 and A059380 (triangle of values of J_k(n)), A000010 (J_1), A007434 (J-2), A059376 (J_3), A059377 (J_4), A059378 (J_5), A069091 - A069094 (J_6 through J_9).

Cf. A013669.

f:= n -> n^10*mul(1-1/p^10, p=numtheory:-factorset(n)):
map(f, [$1..30]); # Robert Israel, Jan 09 2015

JordanJ[n_, k_] := DivisorSum[n, #^k*MoebiusMu[n/#] &]; f[n_] := JordanJ[n, 10]; Array[f, 21]
f[p_, e_] := p^(10*e) - p^(10*(e-1)); a[1] = 1; a[n_] := Times @@ f @@@ FactorInteger[n]; Array[a, 100] (* Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020 *)

PARI
```
a(n) = sumdiv(n,d,d^10*moebius(n/d));
```

a(n) = Sum_{d|n} d^10*mu(n/d).
Multiplicative with a(p^e) = p^(10e)-p^(10(e-1)).
Dirichlet generating function: zeta(s-10)/zeta(s). - Ralf Stephan, Jul 04 2013
a(n) = n^10*Product_{distinct primes p dividing n} (1-1/p^10). - Tom Edgar, Jan 09 2015
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ n^11 / (11*zeta(11)). - Vaclav Kotesovec, Feb 07 2019
From Amiram Eldar, Oct 12 2020: (Start)
lim_{n->oo} (1/n) * Sum_{k=1..n} a(k)/k^10 = 1/zeta(11).
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = Product_{p prime} (1 + p^10/(p^10-1)^2) = 1.0009955309... (End)

cp's OEIS Frontend

A000010 Euler totient function phi(n): count numbers <= n and prime to n.

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A001160 sigma_5(n), the sum of the 5th powers of the divisors of n.

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A007434 Jordan function J_2(n) (a generalization of phi(n)).

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A000539 Sum of 5th powers: 0^5 + 1^5 + 2^5 + ... + n^5.

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A059376 Jordan function J_3(n).

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