A000396 -id:A000396 - cp's OEIS frontend

A007691 Multiply-perfect numbers: n divides sigma(n).

1, 6, 28, 120, 496, 672, 8128, 30240, 32760, 523776, 2178540, 23569920, 33550336, 45532800, 142990848, 459818240, 1379454720, 1476304896, 8589869056, 14182439040, 31998395520, 43861478400, 51001180160, 66433720320, 137438691328, 153003540480, 403031236608

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Robert G. Wilson v

sigma(n)/n is in A054030.
Also numbers such that the sum of the reciprocals of the divisors is an integer. - Harvey P. Dale, Jul 24 2001
Luca's solution of problem 11090, which proves that for k>1 there are an infinite number of n such that n divides sigma_k(n), does not apply to this sequence. However, it is conjectured that this sequence is also infinite. - T. D. Noe, Nov 04 2007
Numbers k such that sigma(k) is divisible by all divisors of k, subsequence of A166070. - Jaroslav Krizek, Oct 06 2009
A017666(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 06 2012
Bach, Miller, & Shallit show that this sequence can be recognized in polynomial time with arbitrarily small error by a probabilistic Turing machine; that is, this sequence is in BPP. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 21 2013
Conjecture: If n is such that 2^n-1 is in A066175 then a(n) is a triangular number. - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Aug 26 2013
Conjecture: Every multiply-perfect number is practical (A005153). I've verified this conjecture for the first 5261 terms with abundancy > 2 using Achim Flammenkamp's data. The even perfect numbers are easily shown to be practical, but every practical number > 1 is even, so a weak form says every even multiply-perfect number is practical. - Jaycob Coleman, Oct 15 2013
Numbers such that A054024(n) = 0. - Michel Marcus, Nov 16 2013
Numbers n such that k(n) = A229110(n) = antisigma(n) mod n = A024816(n) mod n = A000217(n) mod n = (n(n+1)/2) mod n = A142150(n). k(n) = n/2 for even n; k(n) = 0 for odd n (for number 1 and eventually odd multiply-perfect numbers n > 1). - Jaroslav Krizek, May 28 2014
The only terms m > 1 of this sequence that are not in A145551 are m for which sigma(m)/m is not a divisor of m. Conjecture: after 1, A323653 lists all such m (and no other numbers). - Antti Karttunen, Mar 19 2021

			120 is OK because divisors of 120 are {1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12,15,20,24,30,40,60,120}, the sum of which is 360=120*3.

A. H. Beiler, Recreations in the Theory of Numbers, Dover, NY, 1964, p. 22.
J. Roberts, Lure of the Integers, Math. Assoc. America, 1992, p. 176.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
I. Stewart, L'univers des nombres, "Les nombres multiparfaits", Chapter 15, pp. 82-88, Belin-Pour La Science, Paris 2000.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 141-148.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, Penguin Books, 1987, pp. 135-136.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=1..1600 (using Flammenkamp's data)
Abiodun E. Adeyemi, A Study of @-numbers, arXiv:1906.05798 [math.NT], 2019.
Anonymous, Multiply Perfect Numbers [broken link]
Eric Bach, Gary Miller, and Jeffrey Shallit, Sums of divisors perfect numbers and factoring, SIAM J. Comput. 15:4 (1986), pp. 1143-1154.
Robert D. Carmichael, A table of multiply perfect numbers, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 13 (1907), 383-386.
Farideh Firoozbakht and Maximilian F. Hasler, Variations on Euclid's formula for Perfect Numbers, JIS 13 (2010) #10.3.1.
Achim Flammenkamp, The Multiply Perfect Numbers Page
Luis H. Gallardo and Olivier Rahavandrainy, On (unitary) perfect polynomials over F_2 with only Mersenne primes as odd divisors, arXiv:1908.00106 [math.NT], 2019.
Shyam Sunder Gupta, Perfect, Multiply Perfect, and Sociable Numbers, Exploring the Beauty of Fascinating Numbers, Springer (2025) Ch. 6, 185-207.
Florian Luca and John Ferdinands, Problem 11090: Sometimes n divides sigma_k(n), Amer. Math. Monthly 113:4 (2006), pp. 372-373.
Walter Nissen, Abundancy : Some Resources
Kaitlin Rafferty and Judy Holdener, On the form of perfect and multiperfect numbers, Pi Mu Epsilon Journal, Vol. 13, No. 5 (Fall 2011), pp. 291-298.
Maxie D. Schmidt, Exact Formulas for the Generalized Sum-of-Divisors Functions, arXiv:1705.03488 [math.NT], 2017. See p. 11.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundancy
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Hyperperfect Number.
Index entries for sequences where any odd perfect numbers must occur

Complement is A054027. Cf. A000203, A054030.
Cf. A000396, A005820, A027687, A046060, A046061, for subsequences of terms with quotient sigma(n)/n = 2..6.
Other subsequences: A046985, A046986, A046987, A047728, A065997, A066289, (A076231, A076233, A076234), A088844, A088845, A088846, A091443, A114887, A166069, A245782, A260508, A306667, (A325021 U A325022), (A325023 U A325024), (A325025 U A325026), A325637, A323653, A330532, (A330533 U A331724), A336702, A341045.
Subsequence of the following sequences: A011775, A071707, A083865, A089748 (after the initial 1), A102783, A166070, A175200, A225110, A226476, A237719, A245774, A246454, A259307, A263928, A282775, A323652, A336745, A340864. Also conjectured to be a subsequence of A005153, of A307740, and after 1 also of A295078.
Various number-theoretical functions applied to these numbers: A088843 [tau], A098203 [phi], A098204 [gcd(a(n),phi(a(n)))], A134665 [2-adic valuation], A307741 [sigma], A308423 [product of divisors], A320024 [the odd part], A134740 [omega], A342658 [bigomega], A342659 [smallest prime not dividing], A342660 [largest prime divisor].
Positions of ones in A017666, A019294, A094701, A227470, of zeros in A054024, A082901, A173438, A272008, A318996, A326194, A341524. Fixed points of A009194.
Cf. A069926, A330746 (left inverses, when applied to a(n) give n).
Cf. A007358, A189000, A327158, A332318/A332319 (for analogs) and A046762, A046763, A046764, A055715, A056006, A081756, A214842, A227302, A227306, A245775, A300906, A325639 (other variants).
Cf. (other related sequences) A007539, A066135, A066961, A093034, A094467, A134639, A145551, A019278, A194771 [= 2*a(n)], A219545, A229110, A262432, A335830, A336849, A341608.

a007691 n = a007691_list !! (n-1)
a007691_list = filter ((== 1) . a017666) [1..]
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 06 2012

Do[If[Mod[DivisorSigma[1, n], n] == 0, Print[n]], {n, 2, 2*10^11}] (* or *)
Transpose[Select[Table[{n, DivisorSigma[-1, n]}, {n, 100000}], IntegerQ[ #[[2]] ]& ] ][[1]]
(* Third program: *)
Select[Range[10^6], IntegerQ@ DivisorSigma[-1, #] &] (* Michael De Vlieger, Mar 19 2021 *)

for(n=1,1e6,if(sigma(n)%n==0, print1(n", ")))

from sympy import divisor_sigma as sigma
def ok(n): return sigma(n, 1)%n == 0
print([n for n in range(1, 10**4) if ok(n)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Jan 06 2021

More terms from Jud McCranie and then from David W. Wilson.

Incorrect comment removed and the crossrefs-section reorganized by Antti Karttunen, Mar 20 2021

A033879 Deficiency of n, or 2n - (sum of divisors of n).

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 2, 1, 4, 0, 6, 1, 5, 2, 10, -4, 12, 4, 6, 1, 16, -3, 18, -2, 10, 8, 22, -12, 19, 10, 14, 0, 28, -12, 30, 1, 18, 14, 22, -19, 36, 16, 22, -10, 40, -12, 42, 4, 12, 20, 46, -28, 41, 7, 30, 6, 52, -12, 38, -8, 34, 26, 58, -48, 60, 28, 22, 1, 46, -12, 66, 10, 42, -4, 70, -51

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Records for the sequence of the absolute values are in A075728 and the indices of these records in A074918. - R. J. Mathar, Mar 02 2007
a(n) = 1 iff n is a power of 2. a(n) = n - 1 iff n is prime. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 30 2014
If a(n) = 1 then n is called a least deficient number or an almost perfect number. All the powers of 2 are least deficient numbers but it is not known if there exists a least deficient number that is not a power of 2. See A000079. - Jianing Song, Oct 13 2019
It is not known whether there are any -1's in this sequence. See comment in A033880. - Antti Karttunen, Feb 02 2020

			For n = 10 the divisors of 10 are 1, 2, 5, 10, so the deficiency of 10 is 10 minus the sum of its proper divisors or simply 10 - 5 - 2 - 1 = 2. - _Omar E. Pol_, Dec 27 2013

Richard K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3rd Edition, Springer, 2004, Section B2, pp. 74-84.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 147.

N. J. A. Sloane, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..25000 [First 2000 terms from T. D. Noe, terms up to 16384 from Antti Karttunen]
Nichole Davis, Dominic Klyve and Nicole Kraght, On the difference between an integer and the sum of its proper divisors, Involve, Vol. 6 (2013), No. 4, 493-504; DOI: 10.2140/involve.2013.6.493.
Jose A. B. Dris, Conditions Equivalent to the Descartes-Frenicle-Sorli Conjecture on Odd Perfect Numbers, arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.01868 [math.NT], 2016.
Jose Arnaldo B. Dris, Analysis of the Ratio D(n)/n, arXiv:1703.09077 [math.NT], 2017.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris, On a curious biconditional involving the divisors of odd perfect numbers, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics, 23(4) (2017), 1-13.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris and Immanuel Tobias San Diego, Some Modular Considerations Regarding Odd Perfect Numbers, arXiv:2002.12139 [math.NT], 2020.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris and Doli-Jane Uvales Tejada, Conditions equivalent to the Descartes-Frenicle-Sorli Conjecture on odd perfect numbers - Part II, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics (2018) Vol. 24, No. 3, 62-67.
Jose Arnaldo Bebita Dris and Doli-Jane Uvales Tejada, A note on the OEIS sequence A228059, Notes on Number Theory and Discrete Mathematics (2019) Vol. 25, No. 1, 199-205.
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n).

Cf. A000396 (positions of zeros), A005100 (of positive terms), A005101 (of negative terms).
Cf. A000203, A033880, A074918, A075728, A192895, A286385, A286449, A295881, A295882.
Cf. A083254 (Möbius transform), A228058, A296074, A296075, A323910, A325636, A325826, A325970, A325976.
Cf. A141545 (positions of a(n) = -12).
For this sequence applied to various permutations of natural numbers and some other sequences, see A323174, A323244, A324055, A324185, A324546, A324574, A324575, A324654, A325379.

with(numtheory): A033879:=n->2*n-sigma(n): seq(A033879(n), n=1..100);

Table[2n-DivisorSigma[1,n],{n,80}] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 24 2011 *)

a(n)=2*n-sigma(n) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Oct 13 2016

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def A033879(n): return (n<<1)-divisor_sigma(n) # Chai Wah Wu, Apr 13 2024

[2*n-sigma(n, 1) for n in range(1, 73)] # Stefano Spezia, Jul 18 2025

a(n) = -A033880(n).
a(n) = A005843(n) - A000203(n). - Omar E. Pol, Dec 14 2008
a(n) = n - A001065(n). - Omar E. Pol, Dec 27 2013
G.f.: 2*x/(1 - x)^2 - Sum_{k>=1} k*x^k/(1 - x^k). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jan 24 2017
a(n) = A286385(n) - A252748(n). - Antti Karttunen, May 13 2017
From Antti Karttunen, Dec 29 2017: (Start)
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A083254(d).
a(n) = Sum_{d|n} A008683(n/d)*A296075(d).
a(n) = A065620(A295881(n)) = A117966(A295882(n)).
a(n) = A294898(n) + A000120(n).
(End)
From Antti Karttunen, Jun 03 2019: (Start)
Sequence can be represented in arbitrarily many ways as a difference of the form (n - f(n)) - (g(n) - n), where f and g are any two sequences whose sum f(n)+g(n) = sigma(n). Here are few examples:
a(n) = A325314(n) - A325313(n) = A325814(n) - A034460(n) = A325978(n) - A325977(n).
a(n) = A325976(n) - A325826(n) = A325959(n) - A325969(n) = A003958(n) - A324044(n).
a(n) = A326049(n) - A326050(n) = A326055(n) - A326054(n) = A326044(n) - A326045(n).
a(n) = A326058(n) - A326059(n) = A326068(n) - A326067(n).
a(n) = A326128(n) - A326127(n) = A066503(n) - A326143(n).
a(n) = A318878(n) - A318879(n).
a(A228058(n)) = A325379(n). (End)
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ c * n^2, where c = 1 - Pi^2/12 = 0.177532... . - Amiram Eldar, Dec 07 2023

Definition corrected by N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 04 2005

A005153 Practical numbers: positive integers m such that every k <= sigma(m) is a sum of distinct divisors of m. Also called panarithmic numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 64, 66, 72, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 96, 100, 104, 108, 112, 120, 126, 128, 132, 140, 144, 150, 156, 160, 162, 168, 176, 180, 192, 196, 198, 200, 204, 208, 210, 216, 220, 224, 228, 234, 240, 252

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Equivalently, positive integers m such that every number k <= m is a sum of distinct divisors of m.
2^r is a member for all r as every number < = sigma(2^r) = 2^(r+1)-1 is a sum of a distinct subset of divisors {1, 2, 2^2, ..., 2^m}. - Amarnath Murthy, Apr 23 2004
Also, numbers m such that A030057(m) > m. This is a consequence of the following theorem (due to Stewart), found at the McLeman link: An integer m >= 2 with factorization Product_{i=1..k} p_i^e_i with the p_i in ascending order is practical if and only if p_1 = 2 and, for 1 < i <= k, p_i <= sigma(Product_{j < i} p_j^e_j) + 1. - Franklin T. Adams-Watters, Nov 09 2006
Practical numbers first appear in Srinivasan's short paper, which contains terms up to 200. Let m be a practical number. He states that (1) if m>2, m is a multiple of 4 or 6; (2) sigma(m) >= 2*m-1 (A103288); and (3) 2^t*m is practical. He also states that highly composite numbers (A002182), perfect numbers (A000396), and primorial numbers (A002110) are practical. - T. D. Noe, Apr 02 2010
Conjecture: The sequence a(n)^(1/n) (n=3,4,...) is strictly decreasing to the limit 1. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Jan 12 2013
Conjecture: For any positive rational number r, there are finitely many pairwise distinct practical numbers q(1)..q(k) such that r = Sum_{j=1..k} 1/q(j). For example, 2 = 1/1 + 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/6 + 1/12 with 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 all practical, and 10/11 = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/48 + 1/132 + 1/176 with 2, 4, 8, 48, 132 and 176 all practical. - Zhi-Wei Sun, Sep 12 2015
Analogous with the {1 union primes} (A008578), practical numbers form a complete sequence. This is because it contains all powers of 2 as a subsequence. - Frank M Jackson, Jun 21 2016
Sun's 2015 conjecture on the existence of Egyptian fractions with practical denominators for any positive rational number is true. See the link "Egyptian fractions with practical denominators". - David Eppstein, Nov 20 2016
Conjecture: if all divisors of m are 1 = d_1 < d_2 < ... < d_k = m, then m is practical if and only if d_(i+1)/d_i <= 2 for 1 <= i <= k-1. - Jianing Song, Jul 18 2018
The above conjecture is incorrect. The smallest counterexample is 78 (for which one of these quotients is 13/6; see A174973). m is practical if and only if the divisors of m form a complete subsequence. See Wikipedia links. - Frank M Jackson, Jul 25 2018
Reply to the comment above: Yes, and now I can show the opposite: The largest value of d_(i+1)/d_i is not bounded for practical numbers. Note that sigma(n)/n is not bounded for primorials, and primorials are practical numbers. For any constant c >= 2, let k be a practical number such that sigma(k)/k > 2c. By Bertrand's postulate there exists some prime p such that c*k < p < 2c*k < sigma(k), so k*p is a practical number with consecutive divisors k and p where p/k > c. For example, for k = 78 we have 13/6 > 2, and for 97380 we have 541/180 > 3. - Jianing Song, Jan 05 2019
Erdős (1950) and Erdős and Loxton (1979) proved that the asymptotic density of practical numbers is 0. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 13 2021
Let P(x) denote the number of practical numbers up to x. P(x) has order of magnitude x/log(x) (see Saias 1997). Moreover, we have P(x) = c*x/log(x) + O(x/(log(x))^2), where c = 1.33607... (see Weingartner 2015, 2020 and Remark 1 of Pomerance & Weingartner 2021). As a result, a(n) = k*n*log(n*log(n)) + O(n), where k = 1/c = 0.74846... - Andreas Weingartner, Jun 26 2021
From Hal M. Switkay, Dec 22 2022: (Start)
Every number of least prime signature (A025487) is practical, thereby including two classes of number mentioned in Noe's comment. This follows from Stewart's characterization of practical numbers, mentioned in Adams-Watters's comment, combined with Bertrand's postulate (there is a prime between every natural number and its double, inclusive).
Also, the first condition in Stewart's characterization (p_1 = 2) is equivalent to the second condition with index i = 1, given that an empty product is equal to 1. (End)
Conjecture: every odd number, beginning with 3, is the sum of a prime number and a practical number. Note that this conjecture occupies the space between the unproven Goldbach conjecture and the theorem that every even number, beginning with 2, is the sum of two practical numbers (Melfi's 1996 proof of Margenstern's conjecture). - Hal M. Switkay, Jan 28 2023

H. Heller, Mathematical Buds, Vol. 1, Chap. 2, pp. 10-22, Mu Alpha Theta OK, 1978.
Malcolm R. Heyworth, More on Panarithmic Numbers, New Zealand Math. Mag., Vol. 17 (1980), pp. 28-34 [ ISSN 0549-0510 ].
Ross Honsberger, Mathematical Gems, M.A.A., 1973, p. 113.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
A. K. Srinivasan, Practical numbers, Current Science, 17 (1948), 179-180.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 146-147.

Amiram Eldar, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 (terms 1..1000 from T. D. Noe)
Thomas Bloom, Problem 18, Erdős Problems.
Wayne Dymacek, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 15 1978.
David Eppstein, Egyptian fractions with practical denominators, Nov 20, 2016
David Eppstein, Making Change in 2048, arXiv:1804.07396 [cs.DM], 2018.
Paul Erdős, On a Diophantine equation (in Hungarian, with Russian and English summaries), Mat. Lapok, Vol. 1 (1950), pp. 192-210.
Paul Erdős and J. H. Loxton, Some problems in partitio numerorum, Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society, Vol. 27, No. 3 (1979), pp. 319-331.
James Grimes and Brady Haran, Practical Numbers, Numberphile video (2023).
Harvey J. Hindin, Quasipractical numbers, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 2 (March 1980), pp. 41-45.
Paolo Leonetti and Carlo Sanna, Practical numbers among the binomial coefficients, Journal of Number Theory, Vol. 207 (2020), pp. 145-155; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1905.12023 [math.NT], 2019.
Maurice Margenstern, Sur les nombres pratiques, (in French), Groupe d'étude en théorie analytique des nombres, 1 (1984-1985), Exposé No. 21, 13 p.
Maurice Margenstern, Les nombres pratiques: théorie, observations et conjectures, Journal of Number Theory, Volume 37, Issue 1 (January 1991), pp. 1-36.
C. McLeman, Practical number, PlanetMath.org.
Giuseppe Melfi, On two conjectures about practical numbers, J. Number Theory, Vol. 56, No. 1 (1996), pp. 205-210 [MR96i:11106].
Giuseppe Melfi, On certain positive integer sequences, arXiv:0404555 [math.NT], 2004.
Giuseppe Melfi, A survey on practical numbers, Rend. Sem. Mat. Univ. Politec. Torino, Vol. 53, No. 4 (1995), pp. 347-359.
Giuseppe Melfi, Practical Numbers (old link).
Paul Pollack and Lola Thompson, Practical pretenders, arXiv:1201.3168 [math.NT], Jan 16 2012.
Carl Pomerance, Lola Thompson and Andreas Weingartner, On integers n for which X^n-1 has a divisor of every degree, arXiv:1511.03357 [math.NT], 2015.
Carl Pomerance and Andreas Weingartner, On primes and practical numbers, Ramanujan J. (2021); arXiv preprint, arXiv:2007.11062 [math.NT], 2020.
Eric Saias, Entiers à diviseurs denses 1, J. Number Theory, Vol. 62, No. 1 (1997), pp. 163-191; uses this definition.
Carlo Sanna, Practical central binomial coefficients, arXiv:2004.05376 [math.NT], 2020.
Sai Teja Somu, Ting Hon Stanford Li, and Andrzej Kukla, On Some Results on Practical Numbers, INTEGERS, Volume 23, A68, 2023 [MR4643065].
Sai Teja Somu and Duc Van Khanh Tran, On Sums of Practical Numbers and Polygonal Numbers, arXiv:2403.13533 [math.NT], 2024.
A. K. Srinivasan, Practical numbers, Current Science, 17 (1948), 179-180.
B. M. Stewart, Sums of distinct divisors, Amer. J. Math., Vol. 76, No. 4 (1954), pp. 779-785 [MR64800]
Zhi-Wei Sun, A conjecture on unit fractions involving primes, preprint, 2015.
Terence Tao, Erdős problem database, see entry no. 18.
Peter Taylor, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..1000000.
Andreas Weingartner, Practical numbers and the distribution of divisors, The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Vol. 66, No. 2 (2015), pp. 743-758; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1405.2585 [math.NT], 2014-2015.
Andreas Weingartner, The constant factor in the asymptotic for practical numbers, Int. J. Number Theory, 16 (2020), no. 3, 629-638; arXiv preprint, arXiv:1906.07819 [math.NT], 2019.
Andreas Weingartner, Uniform distribution of alpha*n modulo one for a family of integer sequences, arXiv:2303.16819 [math.NT], 2023.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Practical Number.
Wikipedia, "Complete" sequence. [Wikipedia calls a sequence "complete" (sic) if every positive integer is a sum of distinct terms. This name is extremely misleading and should be avoided. - _N. J. A. Sloane_, May 20 2023]
Wikipedia, Practical number.
Robert G. Wilson v, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, date unknown.

Subsequence of A103288.
Cf. A002093, A007620 (second definition), A030057, A033630, A119348, A174533, A174973.
Cf. A027750.

a005153 n = a005153_list !! (n-1)
a005153_list = filter (\x -> all (p $ a027750_row x) [1..x]) [1..]
   where p _  0 = True
         p [] _ = False
         p ds'@(d:ds) m = d <= m && (p ds (m - d) || p ds m)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 23 2014, Oct 27 2011

isA005153 := proc(n)
    local ifs,pprod,p,i ;
    if n = 1 then
        return true;
    elif type(n,'odd') then
        return false ;
    end if;
    # not using ifactors here directly because no guarantee primes are sorted...
    ifs := ifactors(n)[2] ;
    pprod := 1;
    for p in sort(numtheory[factorset](n) ) do
        for i in ifs do
            if op(1,i) = p then
                if p > 2 and p > 1+numtheory[sigma](pprod) then
                    return false ;
                end if;
                pprod := pprod*p^op(2,i) ;
            end if;
        end do:
    end do:
    return true ;
end proc:
for n from 1 to 300 do
    if isA005153(n)  then
        printf("%d,",n) ;
    end if;
end do: # R. J. Mathar, Jul 07 2023

PracticalQ[n_] := Module[{f,p,e,prod=1,ok=True}, If[n<1 || (n>1 && OddQ[n]), False, If[n==1, True, f=FactorInteger[n]; {p,e} = Transpose[f]; Do[If[p[[i]] > 1+DivisorSigma[1,prod], ok=False; Break[]]; prod=prod*p[[i]]^e[[i]], {i,Length[p]}]; ok]]]; Select[Range[200], PracticalQ] (* T. D. Noe, Apr 02 2010 *)

is_A005153(n)=bittest(n,0) && return(n==1); my(P=1); n && !for(i=2,#n=factor(n)~,n[1,i]>1+(P*=sigma(n[1,i-1]^n[2,i-1])) && return) \\ M. F. Hasler, Jan 13 2013

from sympy import factorint
def is_A005153(n):
    if n & 1: return n == 1
    f = factorint(n) ; P = (2 << f.pop(2)) - 1
    for p in f: # factorint must have prime factors in increasing order
        if p > 1 + P: return
        P *= p**(f[p]+1)//(p-1)
    return True # M. F. Hasler, Jan 02 2023

from sympy import divisors;from more_itertools import powerset
[i for i in range(1,253) if (lambda x:len(set(map(sum,powerset(x))))>sum(x))(divisors(i))] # Nicholas Stefan Georgescu, May 20 2023

Weingartner proves that a(n) ~ k*n log n, strengthening an earlier result of Saias. In particular, a(n) = k*n log n + O(n log log n). - Charles R Greathouse IV, May 10 2013

More precisely, a(n) = k*n*log(n*log(n)) + O(n), where k = 0.74846... (see comments). - Andreas Weingartner, Jun 26 2021

More terms from Pab Ter (pabrlos(AT)yahoo.com), May 09 2004
Erroneous comment removed by T. D. Noe, Nov 14 2010
Definition changed to exclude n = 0 explicitly by M. F. Hasler, Jan 19 2013

A262626 Visible parts of the perspective view of the stepped pyramid whose structure essentially arises after the 90-degree-zig-zag folding of the isosceles triangle A237593.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 7, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 12, 4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 1, 1, 2, 4, 15, 5, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 9, 9, 6, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 6, 6, 6, 6, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 6, 28, 7, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 7, 7, 7, 7, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 7, 12, 12, 8, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 3, 2, 1, 1

Offset: 1

Omar E. Pol, Sep 26 2015

Also the rows of both triangles A237270 and A237593 interleaved.
Also, irregular triangle read by rows in which T(n,k) is the area of the k-th region (from left to right in ascending diagonal) of the n-th symmetric set of regions (from the top to the bottom in descending diagonal) in the two-dimensional diagram of the perspective view of the infinite stepped pyramid described in A245092 (see the diagram in the Links section).
The diagram of the symmetric representation of sigma is also the top view of the pyramid, see Links section. For more information about the diagram see also A237593 and A237270.
The number of cubes at the n-th level is also A024916(n), the sum of all divisors of all positive integers <= n.
Note that this pyramid is also a quarter of the pyramid described in A244050. Both pyramids have infinitely many levels.
Odd-indexed rows are also the rows of the irregular triangle A237270.
Even-indexed rows are also the rows of the triangle A237593.
Lengths of the odd-indexed rows are in A237271.
Lengths of the even-indexed rows give 2*A003056.
Row sums of the odd-indexed rows gives A000203, the sum of divisors function.
Row sums of the even-indexed rows give the positive even numbers (see A005843).
Row sums give A245092.
From the front view of the stepped pyramid emerges a geometric pattern which is related to A001227, the number of odd divisors of the positive integers.
The connection with the odd divisors of the positive integers is as follows: A261697 --> A261699 --> A237048 --> A235791 --> A237591 --> A237593 --> A237270 --> this sequence.

			Irregular triangle begins:
  1;
  1, 1;
  3;
  2, 2;
  2, 2;
  2, 1, 1, 2;
  7;
  3, 1, 1, 3;
  3, 3;
  3, 2, 2, 3;
  12;
  4, 1, 1, 1, 1, 4;
  4, 4;
  4, 2, 1, 1, 2, 4;
  15;
  5, 2, 1, 1, 2, 5;
  5, 3, 5;
  5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5;
  9, 9;
  6, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 6;
  6, 6;
  6, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 6;
  28;
  7, 2, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 7;
  7, 7;
  7, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 7;
  12, 12;
  8, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, 8;
  8, 8, 8;
  8, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 8;
  31;
  9, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 9;
  ...
Illustration of the odd-indexed rows of triangle as the diagram of the symmetric representation of sigma which is also the top view of the stepped pyramid:
.
   n  A000203    A237270    _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
   1     1   =      1      |_| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
   2     3   =      3      |_ _|_| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
   3     4   =    2 + 2    |_ _|  _|_| | | | | | | | | | | |
   4     7   =      7      |_ _ _|    _|_| | | | | | | | | |
   5     6   =    3 + 3    |_ _ _|  _|  _ _|_| | | | | | | |
   6    12   =     12      |_ _ _ _|  _| |  _ _|_| | | | | |
   7     8   =    4 + 4    |_ _ _ _| |_ _|_|    _ _|_| | | |
   8    15   =     15      |_ _ _ _ _|  _|     |  _ _ _|_| |
   9    13   =  5 + 3 + 5  |_ _ _ _ _| |      _|_| |  _ _ _|
  10    18   =    9 + 9    |_ _ _ _ _ _|  _ _|    _| |
  11    12   =    6 + 6    |_ _ _ _ _ _| |  _|  _|  _|
  12    28   =     28      |_ _ _ _ _ _ _| |_ _|  _|
  13    14   =    7 + 7    |_ _ _ _ _ _ _| |  _ _|
  14    24   =   12 + 12   |_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _| |
  15    24   =  8 + 8 + 8  |_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _| |
  16    31   =     31      |_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _|
  ...
The above diagram arises from a simpler diagram as shown below.
Illustration of the even-indexed rows of triangle as the diagram of the deployed front view of the corner of the stepped pyramid:
.
.                                 A237593
Level                               _ _
1                                 _|1|1|_
2                               _|2 _|_ 2|_
3                             _|2  |1|1|  2|_
4                           _|3   _|1|1|_   3|_
5                         _|3    |2 _|_ 2|    3|_
6                       _|4     _|1|1|1|1|_     4|_
7                     _|4      |2  |1|1|  2|      4|_
8                   _|5       _|2 _|1|1|_ 2|_       5|_
9                 _|5        |2  |2 _|_ 2|  2|        5|_
10              _|6         _|2  |1|1|1|1|  2|_         6|_
11            _|6          |3   _|1|1|1|1|_   3|          6|_
12          _|7           _|2  |2  |1|1|  2|  2|_           7|_
13        _|7            |3    |2 _|1|1|_ 2|    3|            7|_
14      _|8             _|3   _|1|2 _|_ 2|1|_   3|_             8|_
15    _|8              |3    |2  |1|1|1|1|  2|    3|              8|_
16   |9                |3    |2  |1|1|1|1|  2|    3|                9|
...
The number of horizontal line segments in the n-th level in each side of the diagram equals A001227(n), the number of odd divisors of n.
The number of horizontal line segments in the left side of the diagram plus the number of the horizontal line segment in the right side equals A054844(n).
The total number of vertical line segments in the n-th level of the diagram equals A131507(n).
The diagram represents the first 16 levels of the pyramid.
The diagram of the isosceles triangle and the diagram of the top view of the pyramid shows the connection between the partitions into consecutive parts and the sum of divisors function (see also A286000 and A286001). - _Omar E. Pol_, Aug 28 2018
The connection between the isosceles triangle and the stepped pyramid is due to the fact that this object can also be interpreted as a pop-up card. - _Omar E. Pol_, Nov 09 2022

Robert Price, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..16048 (n=1..412 rows)
Omar E. Pol, An infinite stepped pyramid (A237593, A237270, A262626)
Omar E. Pol, Diagram of the isosceles triangle A237593 before the 90-degree-zig-zag folding (rows: 1..28)
Omar E. Pol, Perspective view of the stepped pyramid (levels: 1..16)
Index entries for sequences related to sigma(n)

Famous sequences that are visible in the stepped pyramid:
Cf. A000040 (prime numbers)......., for the characteristic shape see A346871.
Cf. A000079 (powers of 2)........., for the characteristic shape see A346872.
Cf. A000203 (sum of divisors)....., total area of the terraces in the n-th level.
Cf. A000217 (triangular numbers).., for the characteristic shape see A346873.
Cf. A000225 (Mersenne numbers)...., for a visualization see A346874.
Cf. A000384 (hexagonal numbers)..., for the characteristic shape see A346875.
Cf. A000396 (perfect numbers)....., for the characteristic shape see A346876.
Cf. A000668 (Mersenne primes)....., for a visualization see A346876.
Cf. A001097 (twin primes)........., for a visualization see A346871.
Cf. A001227 (# of odd divisors)..., number of subparts in the n-th level.
Cf. A002378 (oblong numbers)......, for a visualization see A346873.
Cf. A008586 (multiples of 4)......, perimeters of the successive levels.
Cf. A008588 (multiples of 6)......, for the characteristic shape see A224613.
Cf. A013661 (zeta(2))............., (area of the horizontal faces)/(n^2), n -> oo.
Cf. A014105 (second hexagonals)..., for the characteristic shape see A346864.
Cf. A067742 (# of middle divisors), # cells in the main diagonal in n-th level.
Other sequences that are visible in the stepped pyramid: A000096, A001065, A001359, A001747, A002939, A002943, A003056, A004125, A004277, A004526, A005279, A006512, A007606, A007607, A082647, A008438, A008578, A008864, A010814, A014106, A014107, A014132, A014574, A016945, A019434, A024206, A024916, A028552, A028982, A028983, A034856, A038550, A047836, A048050, A052928, A054735, A054844, A062731, A065091, A065475, A071561, A071562, A071904, A092506, A100484, A108605, A139256, A139257, A144396, A152677, A152678, A153485, A155085, A161680, A161983, A162917, A174905, A174973, A175254, A176810, A224880, A235791, A237270, A237271, A237591, A237593, A238005, A238524, A244049, A245092, A259176, A259177, A261348, A278972, A317302, A317303, A317304, A317305, A317307, A319529, A319796, A319801, A319802, A327329, A336305, (and several others).
Apart from zeta(2) other constants that are related to the stepped pyramid are A072691, A353908, A354238.
Cf. A054844, A131507, A196020, A236104, A237048, A239660, A244050, A259179, A261350, A261697, A261699, A262612, A280850, A286000, A286001, A296508.

A083207 Zumkeller or integer-perfect numbers: numbers n whose divisors can be partitioned into two disjoint sets with equal sum.

Original entry on oeis.org

6, 12, 20, 24, 28, 30, 40, 42, 48, 54, 56, 60, 66, 70, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 96, 102, 104, 108, 112, 114, 120, 126, 132, 138, 140, 150, 156, 160, 168, 174, 176, 180, 186, 192, 198, 204, 208, 210, 216, 220, 222, 224, 228, 234, 240, 246, 252, 258, 260, 264, 270, 272

Offset: 1

Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 22 2003

The 229026 Zumkeller numbers less than 10^6 have a maximum difference of 12. This leads to the conjecture that any 12 consecutive numbers include at least one Zumkeller number. There are 1989 odd Zumkeller numbers less than 10^6; they are exactly the odd abundant numbers that have even abundance, A174865. - T. D. Noe, Mar 31 2010
For k >= 0, numbers of the form 18k + 6 and 18k + 12 are terms (see Remark 2.3. in Somu et al., 2023). Corollary: The maximum difference between any two consecutive terms is at most 12. - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Jan 02 2024
All 205283 odd abundant numbers less than 10^8 that have even abundance (see A174865) are Zumkeller numbers. - T. D. Noe, Nov 14 2010
Except for 1 and 2, all primorials (A002110) are Zumkeller numbers (follows from Fact 6 in the Rao/Peng paper). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Mar 23 2016
Supersequence of A111592 (follows from Fact 3 in the Rao/Peng paper). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Mar 20 2017
Conjecture: Any 4 consecutive terms include at least one number k such that sigma(k)/2 is also a Zumkeller number (verified for the first 10^5 Zumkeller numbers). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Apr 03 2017
LeVan studied these numbers using the equivalent definition of numbers n such that n = Sum_{d|n, dA180332) "minimal integer-perfect numbers". - Amiram Eldar, Dec 20 2018
The numbers 3 * 2^k for k > 0 are all Zumkeller numbers: half of one such partition is {3*2^k, 3*2^(k-2), ...}, replacing 3 with 2 if it appears. With this and the lemma that the product of a Zumkeller number and a number coprime to it is again a Zumkeller number (see A179527), we have that all numbers divisible by 6 but not 9 (or numbers congruent to 6 or 12 modulo 18) are Zumkeller numbers, proving that the difference between consecutive Zumkeller numbers is at most 12. - Charlie Neder, Jan 15 2019
Improvements on the previous comment: 1) For every integer q > 0, every odd integer r > 0 and every integer s > 0 relatively prime to 6, the integer 2^q*3^r*s is a Zumkeller number, and therefore 2) there exist Zumkeller numbers divisible by 9 (such as 54, 90, 108, 126, etc.). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Jan 16 2020
Conjecture: If d > 1, d|k and tau(d)*sigma(d) = k, then k is a Zumkeller number (cf. A331668). - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Apr 24 2020
This sequence contains A378541, the intersection of the practical numbers (A005153) with numbers with even sum of divisors (A028983). - David A. Corneth, Nov 03 2024
Sequence gives the positions of even terms in A119347, and correspondingly, of odd terms in A308605. - Antti Karttunen, Nov 29 2024
If s = sigma(m) is odd and p > s then m*p is not in the sequence. - David A. Corneth, Dec 07 2024

			Given n = 48, we can partition the divisors thus: 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 16 + 24 = 2 + 12 + 48, therefore 48 is a term (A083206(48) = 5).
From _David A. Corneth_, Dec 04 2024: (Start)
30 is in the sequence. sigma(30) = 72. So we look for distinct divisors of 30 that sum to 72/2 = 36. That set or its complement contains 30. The other divisors in that set containing 30 sum to 36 - 30 = 6. So we look for some distinct proper divisors of 30 that sum to 6. That is from the divisors of {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15}. It turns out that both 1+2+3 and 6 satisfy this condition. So 36 is in the sequence.
25 is not in the sequence as sigma(25) = 31 which is odd so the sum of two equal integers cannot be the sum of divisors of 25.
33 is not in the sequence as sigma(33) = 48 < 2*33. So is impossible to have a partition of the set of divisors into two disjoint set the sum of each of them sums to 48/2 = 24 as one of them contains 33 > 24 and any other divisors are nonnegative. (End)

Marijo O. LeVan, Integer-perfect numbers, Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (1987), pp. 33-50.
Marijo O. LeVan, On the order of nu(n), Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 28, No. 1 (1988), pp. 165-173.
J. Sandor and B. Crstici, Handbook of Number Theory, II, Springer Verlag, 2004, chapter 1.10, pp. 53-54.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000
M. Basher, k-Zumkeller labeling of super subdivision of some graphs, J. Egyptian Math. Soc. (2021) Vol. 29, No. 12.
Hussein Behzadipour, Two-layered numbers, arXiv:1812.07233 [math.NT], 2018.
K. P. S. Bhaskara Rao and Yuejian Peng, On Zumkeller Numbers, arXiv:0912.0052 [math.NT], 2009.
K. P. S. Bhaskara Rao and Yuejian Peng, On Zumkeller Numbers, Journal of Number Theory, Volume 133, Issue 4, April 2013, pp. 1135-1155.
David A. Corneth, PARI programs (Use function "is" for A179527)
Bhabesh Das, On unitary Zumkeller numbers, Notes Num. Theor. Disc. Math. (2024) Vol. 30, No. 2, 436-442.
Farid Jokar, On the difference between Zumkeller numbers, arXiv:1902.02168 [math.NT], 2019.
Farid Jokar, On k-layered numbers and some labeling related to k-layered numbers, arXiv:2003.11309 [math.NT], 2020.
Farid Jokar, On k-layered numbers, arXiv:2207.09053 [math.NT], 2022.
Peter Luschny, Zumkeller Numbers.
Pankaj Jyoti Mahanta, Manjil P. Saikia, and Daniel Yaqubi, Some properties of Zumkeller numbers and k-layered numbers, arXiv:2008.11096 [math.NT], 2020.
Pankaj Jyoti Mahanta, Manjil P. Saikia, and Daniel Yaqubi, Some properties of Zumkeller numbers and k-layered numbers, Journal of Number Theory (2020).
Sai Teja Somu, Andrzej Kukla, and Duc Van Khanh Tran, Some Results on Zumkeller Numbers, arXiv:2310.14149 [math.NT], 2023.
Reinhard Zumkeller, Illustration of initial terms
Index entries for sequences where any odd perfect numbers must occur

Positions of nonzero terms in A083206, positions of 0's in A103977 and in A378600.
Positions of even terms in A119347, of odd terms in A308605.
Complement of A083210.
Subsequence of A023196 and of A028983.
Union of A353061 and A378541.
Subsequences: A000396, A083209, A118372, A180332, A293453, A334410, A378652, A378599.
Conjectured subsequences: A007691, A331668 (after their initial 1's), A351548 (apart from 0-terms).
Cf. A174865 (Odd abundant numbers whose abundance is even).
Cf. A204830, A204831 (equal sums of 3 or 4 disjoint subsets).
Cf. A000203, A005101, A005153 (practical numbers), A005835, A027750, A048055, A083206, A083208, A083211, A171641, A175592, A179527 (characteristic function), A221054.

a083207 n = a083207_list !! (n-1)
a083207_list = filter (z 0 0 . a027750_row) $ [1..] where
   z u v []     = u == v
   z u v (p:ps) = z (u + p) v ps || z u (v + p) ps
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Apr 18 2013

with(numtheory): with(combstruct):
is_A083207 := proc(n) local S, R, Found, Comb, a, s; s := sigma(n);
if not(modp(s, 2) = 0 and n * 2 <= s) then return false fi;
S := s / 2 - n; R := select(m -> m <= S, divisors(n)); Found := false;
Comb := iterstructs(Combination(R)):
while not finished(Comb) and not Found do
   Found := add(a, a = nextstruct(Comb)) = S
od; Found end:
A083207_list := upto -> select(is_A083207, [$1..upto]):
A083207_list(272); # Peter Luschny, Dec 14 2009, updated Aug 15 2014

ZumkellerQ[n_] := Module[{d=Divisors[n], t, ds, x}, ds = Plus@@d; If[Mod[ds, 2] > 0, False, t = CoefficientList[Product[1 + x^i, {i, d}], x]; t[[1 + ds/2]] > 0]]; Select[Range[1000], ZumkellerQ] (* T. D. Noe, Mar 31 2010 *)
znQ[n_]:=Length[Select[{#,Complement[Divisors[n],#]}&/@Most[Rest[ Subsets[ Divisors[ n]]]],Total[#[[1]]]==Total[#[[2]]]&]]>0; Select[Range[300],znQ] (* Harvey P. Dale, Dec 26 2022 *)

part(n,v)=if(n<1, return(n==0)); forstep(i=#v,2,-1,if(part(n-v[i],v[1..i-1]), return(1))); n==v[1]
is(n)=my(d=divisors(n),s=sum(i=1,#d,d[i])); s%2==0 && part(s/2-n,d[1..#d-1]) \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Mar 09 2014

PARI
```
\\ See Corneth link
```

from sympy import divisors
from sympy.combinatorics.subsets import Subset
for n in range(1,10**3):
    d = divisors(n)
    s = sum(d)
    if not s % 2 and max(d) <= s/2:
        for x in range(1,2**len(d)):
            if sum(Subset.unrank_binary(x,d).subset) == s/2:
                print(n,end=', ')
                break
# Chai Wah Wu, Aug 13 2014

from sympy import divisors
import numpy as np
A083207 = []
for n in range(2,10**3):
    d = divisors(n)
    s = sum(d)
    if not s % 2 and 2*n <= s:
        d.remove(n)
        s2, ld = int(s/2-n), len(d)
        z = np.zeros((ld+1,s2+1),dtype=int)
        for i in range(1,ld+1):
            y = min(d[i-1],s2+1)
            z[i,range(y)] = z[i-1,range(y)]
            z[i,range(y,s2+1)] = np.maximum(z[i-1,range(y,s2+1)],z[i-1,range(0,s2+1-y)]+y)
            if z[i,s2] == s2:
                A083207.append(n)
                break
# Chai Wah Wu, Aug 19 2014

def is_Zumkeller(n):
    s = sigma(n)
    if not (2.divides(s) and n*2 <= s): return False
    S = s // 2 - n
    R = (m for m in divisors(n) if m <= S)
    return any(sum(c) == S for c in Combinations(R))
A083207_list = lambda lim: [n for n in (1..lim) if is_Zumkeller(n)]
print(A083207_list(272)) # Peter Luschny, Sep 03 2018

A083206(a(n)) > 0.
A083208(n) = A083206(a(n)).
A179529(a(n)) = 1. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Jul 19 2010

Name improved by T. D. Noe, Mar 31 2010

Name "Zumkeller numbers" added by N. J. A. Sloane, Jul 08 2010

A063990 Amicable numbers.

Original entry on oeis.org

220, 284, 1184, 1210, 2620, 2924, 5020, 5564, 6232, 6368, 10744, 10856, 12285, 14595, 17296, 18416, 63020, 66928, 66992, 67095, 69615, 71145, 76084, 79750, 87633, 88730, 100485, 122265, 122368, 123152, 124155, 139815, 141664, 142310

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane, Sep 18 2001

nonn

A pair of numbers x and y is called amicable if the sum of the proper divisors of either one is equal to the other. The smallest pair is x = 220, y = 284.
The sequence lists the amicable numbers in increasing order. Note that the pairs x, y are not adjacent to each other in the list. See also A002025 for the x's, A002046 for the y's.
Theorem: If the three numbers p = 3*(2^(n-1)) - 1, q = 3*(2^n) - 1 and r = 9*(2^(2n-1)) - 1 are all prime where n >= 2, then p*q*(2^n) and r*(2^n) are amicable numbers. This 9th century theorem is due to Thabit ibn Kurrah (see for example, the History of Mathematics by David M. Burton, 6th ed., p. 510). - Mohammad K. Azarian, May 19 2008
The first time a pair ordered by its first element is not adjacent is x = 63020, y = 76084 which correspond to a(17) and a(23), respectively. - Omar E. Pol, Jun 22 2015
For amicable pairs see A259180 and also A259933. First differs from A259180 (amicable pairs) at a(18). - Omar E. Pol, Jun 01 2017
Sierpiński (1964), page 176, mentions Erdős's work on the number of pairs of amicable numbers <= x. - N. J. A. Sloane, Dec 27 2017
Kanold (1954) proved that the asymptotic upper density of amicable numbers is < 0.204 and Erdős (1955) proved that it is 0. - Amiram Eldar, Feb 13 2021

Scott T. Cohen, Mathematical Buds, Ed. Harry D. Ruderman, Vol. 1, Chap. VIII, pp. 103-126, Mu Alpha Theta, 1984.
Clifford A. Pickover, The Math Book, Sterling, NY, 2009; see p. 90.
Wacław Sierpiński, Elementary Theory of Numbers, Panst. Wyd. Nauk, Warsaw, 1964.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pages 137-141.
David Wells, The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers, Penguin Books, 1987, pp. 145-147.

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..77977 (terms < 10^14 from Pedersen's tables)
Titu Andreescu, Number Theory Trivia: Amicable Numbers.
Titu Andreescu, Number Theory Trivia: Amicable Numbers.
Anonymous, Amicable Pairs Applet Test.
Anonymous, Amicable and Social Numbers. [broken link]
Jonathan Bayless and Dominic Klyve, On the sum of reciprocals of amicable numbers, Integers, Vol. 11A (2011), Article 5.
Sergei Chernykh, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..823818, zipped file (results of an exhaustive search for all amicable pairs with smaller member < 10^17).
Sergei Chernykh, Amicable pairs list.
Germano D'Abramo, On Amicable Numbers With Different Parity, arXiv:math/0501402 [math.HO], 2005-2007.
Paul Erdős, On amicable numbers, Pub. Math. Debrecen, Vol. 4 (1955), pp. 108-111.
Leonhard Euler, On amicable numbers, arXiv:math/0409196 [math.HO], 2004-2009.
Steven Finch, Amicable Pairs and Aliquot Sequences, 2013. [Cached copy, with permission of the author]
Mariano García, A Million New Amicable Pairs, J. Integer Sequences, Vol. 4 (2001), Article #01.2.6.
Mariano García, Jan Munch Pedersen, Herman te Riele, Amicable pairs, a survey, Report MAS-R0307, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica.
Hans-Joachim Kanold, Über die Dichten der Mengen der vollkommenen und der befreundeten Zahlen, Mathematische Zeitschrift, Vol. 61 (1954), pp. 180-185.
Hisanori Mishima, Amicable Numbers: first 236 pairs (smaller member < 10^8) fully factorized.
David Moews, A List Of The First 5001 Amicable Pairs.
David and P. C. Moews, A List Of Amicable Pairs Below 2.01*10^11
Hanh My Nguyen and Carl Pomerance, The reciprocal sum of the amicable numbers, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 88, No. 317 (2019), pp. 1503-1526, alternative link.
Passawan Noppakaew and Prapanpong Pongsriiam, Product of Some Polynomials and Arithmetic Functions, J. Int. Seq. (2023) Vol. 26, Art. 23.9.1.
Number Theory List, NMBRTHRY Archives--August 1993.
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Broken link]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles. [Via Internet Archive Wayback-Machine]
J. O. M. Pedersen, Tables of Aliquot Cycles [Cached copy, pdf file only]
Ivars Peterson, Appealing Numbers, MathTrek, 2001.
Ivars Peterson, Amicable Pairs, Divisors and a New Record, MathTrek, 2004.
Paul Pollack, Quasi-Amicable Numbers are Rare, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 14 (2011), Article # 11.5.2.
Carl Pomerance, On amicable numbers, in: C. Pomerance and M. Rassias M. (eds.), Analytic number theory, Springer, Cham, 2015, pp. 321-327; alternative link.
Herman J. J. te Riele, On generating new amicable pairs from given amicable pairs, Math. Comp., Vol. 42, No. 165 (1984), pp. 219-223.
Herman J. J. te Riele, Computation of all the amicable pairs below 10^10, Math. Comp., Vol. 47, No. 175 (1986), pp. 361-368 and Supplement pp. S9-S40.
Herman J. J. te Riele, A New Method for Finding Amicable Pairs, Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, Volume 48, 1994.
Ed Sandifer, Amicable numbers.
Gérard Villemin's Almanach of Numbers, Nombres amiables et sociables.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Amicable Pair.
Wikipedia, Amicable number.

Union of A002025 and A002046.
A180164 (gives for each pair (x, y) the value x+y = sigma(x)+sigma(y)).
Cf. A259180.

F:= proc(t) option remember; numtheory:-sigma(t)-t end proc:
select(t -> F(t) <> t and F(F(t))=t, [$1.. 200000]); # Robert Israel, Jun 22 2015

s[n_] := DivisorSigma[1, n] - n; AmicableNumberQ[n_] := If[Nest[s, n, 2] == n && ! s[n] == n, True, False]; Select[Range[10^6], AmicableNumberQ[ # ] &] (* Ant King, Jan 02 2007 *)
Select[Tally[Sort/@Table[{n,DivisorSigma[1,n]-n},{n,200000}]],#[[2]]==2&][[;;,1]]//Flatten//Sort (* Harvey P. Dale, Jan 13 2025 *)

aliquot(n)=sigma(n)-n
isA063990(n)={if (n>1, local(a);a=aliquot(n);a<>n && aliquot(a)==n)} \\ Michael B. Porter, Apr 13 2010

from sympy import divisors
A063990 = [n for n in range(1,10**5) if sum(divisors(n))-2*n and not sum(divisors(sum(divisors(n))-n))-sum(divisors(n))] # Chai Wah Wu, Aug 14 2014

Pomerance shows that there are at most x/exp(sqrt(log x log log log x)/(2 + o(1))) terms up to x for sufficiently large x. - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 21 2015

Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) is in the interval (0.0119841556, 215) (Nguyen and Pomerance, 2019; an upper bound 6.56*10^8 was given by Bayless and Klyve, 2011). - Amiram Eldar, Oct 15 2020

A006516 a(n) = 2^(n-1)*(2^n - 1), n >= 0.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 1, 6, 28, 120, 496, 2016, 8128, 32640, 130816, 523776, 2096128, 8386560, 33550336, 134209536, 536854528, 2147450880, 8589869056, 34359607296, 137438691328, 549755289600, 2199022206976, 8796090925056, 35184367894528, 140737479966720, 562949936644096

Offset: 0

N. J. A. Sloane

a(n) is also the number of different lines determined by pair of vertices in an n-dimensional hypercube. The number of these lines modulo being parallel is in A003462. - Ola Veshta (olaveshta(AT)my-deja.com), Feb 15 2001
Let G_n be the elementary Abelian group G_n = (C_2)^n for n >= 1: A006516 is the number of times the number -1 appears in the character table of G_n and A007582 is the number of times the number 1. Together the two sequences cover all the values in the table, i.e., A006516(n) + A007582(n) = 2^(2n). - Ahmed Fares (ahmedfares(AT)my-deja.com), Jun 01 2001
a(n) is the number of n-letter words formed using four distinct letters, one of which appears an odd number of times. - Lekraj Beedassy, Jul 22 2003 [See, e.g., the Balakrishnan reference, problems 2.67 and 2.68, p. 69. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jul 16 2017]
Number of 0's making up the central triangle in a Pascal's triangle mod 2 gasket. - Lekraj Beedassy, May 14 2004
m-th triangular number, where m is the n-th Mersenne number, i.e., a(n)=A000217(A000225(n)). - Lekraj Beedassy, May 25 2004
Number of walks of length 2n+1 between two nodes at distance 3 in the cycle graph C_8. - Herbert Kociemba, Jul 02 2004
The sequence of fractions a(n+1)/(n+1) is the 3rd binomial transform of (1, 0, 1/3, 0, 1/5, 0, 1/7, ...). - Paul Barry, Aug 05 2005
Number of monic irreducible polynomials of degree 2 in GF(2^n)[x]. - Max Alekseyev, Jan 23 2006
(A007582(n))^2 + a(n)^2 = A007582(2n). E.g., A007582(3) = 36, a(3) = 28; A007582(6) = 2080. 36^2 + 28^2 = 2080. - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 17 2006
The sequence 6*a(n), n>=1, gives the number of edges of the Hanoi graph H_4^{n} with 4 pegs and n>=1 discs. - Daniele Parisse, Jul 28 2006
8*a(n) is the total border length of the 4*n masks used when making an order n regular DNA chip, using the bidimensional Gray code suggested by Pevzner in the book "Computational Molecular Biology." - Bruno Petazzoni (bruno(AT)enix.org), Apr 05 2007
If we start with 1 in binary and at each step we prepend 1 and append 0, we construct this sequence: 1 110 11100 1111000 etc.; see A109241(n-1). - Artur Jasinski, Nov 26 2007
Let P(A) be the power set of an n-element set A. Then a(n) = the number of pairs of elements {x,y} of P(A) for which x does not equal y. - Ross La Haye, Jan 02 2008
Wieder calls these "conjoint usual 2-combinations." The set of "conjoint strict k-combinations" is the subset of conjoint usual k-combinations where the empty set and the set itself are excluded from possible selection. These numbers C(2^n - 2,k), which for k = 2 (i.e., {x,y} of the power set of a set) give {1, 0, 1, 15, 91, 435, 1891, 7875, 32131, 129795, 521731, ...}. - Ross La Haye, Jan 15 2008
If n is a member of A000043 then a(n) is also a perfect number (A000396). - Omar E. Pol, Aug 30 2008
a(n) is also the number whose binary representation is A109241(n-1), for n>0. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 31 2008
From Daniel Forgues, Nov 10 2009: (Start)
If we define a spoof-perfect number as:
A spoof-perfect number is a number that would be perfect if some (one or more) of its odd composite factors were wrongly assumed to be prime, i.e., taken as a spoof prime.
And if we define a "strong" spoof-perfect number as:
A "strong" spoof-perfect number is a spoof-perfect number where sigma(n) does not reveal the compositeness of the odd composite factors of n which are wrongly assumed to be prime, i.e., taken as a spoof prime.
The odd composite factors of n which are wrongly assumed to be prime then have to be obtained additively in sigma(n) and not multiplicatively.
Then:
If 2^n-1 is odd composite but taken as a spoof prime then 2^(n-1)*(2^n - 1) is an even spoof perfect number (and moreover "strong" spoof-perfect).
For example:
a(8) = 2^(8-1)*(2^8 - 1) = 128*255 = 32640 (where 255 (with factors 3*5*17) is taken as a spoof prime);
sigma(a(8)) = (2^8 - 1)*(255 + 1) = 255*256 = 2*(128*255) = 2*32640 = 2n is spoof-perfect (and also "strong" spoof-perfect since 255 is obtained additively);
a(11) = 2^(11-1)*(2^11 - 1) = 1024*2047 = 2096128 (where 2047 (with factors 23*89) is taken as a spoof prime);
sigma(a(11)) = (2^11 - 1)*(2047 + 1) = 2047*2048 = 2*(1024*2047) = 2*2096128 = 2n is spoof-perfect (and also "strong" spoof-perfect since 2047 is obtained additively).
I did a Google search and didn't find anything about the distinction between "strong" versus "weak" spoof-perfect numbers. Maybe some other terminology is used.
An example of an even "weak" spoof-perfect number would be:
n = 90 = 2*5*9 (where 9 (with factors 3^2) is taken as a spoof prime);
sigma(n) = (1+2)*(1+5)*(1+9) = 3*(2*3)*(2*5) = 2*(2*5*(3^2)) = 2*90 = 2n is spoof-perfect (but is not "strong" spoof-perfect since 9 is obtained multiplicatively as 3^2 and is thus revealed composite).
Euler proved:
If 2^k - 1 is a prime number, then 2^(k-1)*(2^k - 1) is a perfect number and every even perfect number has this form.
The following seems to be true (is there a proof?):
If 2^k - 1 is an odd composite number taken as a spoof prime, then 2^(k-1)*(2^k - 1) is a "strong" spoof-perfect number and every even "strong" spoof-perfect number has this form?
There is only one known odd spoof-perfect number (found by Rene Descartes) but it is a "weak" spoof-perfect number (cf. 'Descartes numbers' and 'Unsolved problems in number theory' links below). (End)
a(n+1) = A173787(2*n+1,n); cf. A020522, A059153. - Reinhard Zumkeller, Feb 28 2010
Also, row sums of triangle A139251. - Omar E. Pol, May 25 2010
Starting with "1" = (1, 1, 2, 4, 8, ...) convolved with A002450: (1, 5, 21, 85, 341, ...); and (1, 3, 7, 15, 31, ...) convolved with A002001: (1, 3, 12, 48, 192, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 26 2010
a(n) is also the number of toothpicks in the corner toothpick structure of A153006 after 2^n - 1 stages. - Omar E. Pol, Nov 20 2010
The number of n-dimensional odd theta functions of half-integral characteristic. (Gunning, p.22) - Michael Somos, Jan 03 2014
a(n) = A000217((2^n)-1) = 2^(2n-1) - 2^(n-1) is the nearest triangular number below 2^(2n-1); cf. A007582, A233327. - Antti Karttunen, Feb 26 2014
a(n) is the sum of all the remainders when all the odd numbers < 2^n are divided by each of the powers 2,4,8,...,2^n. - J. M. Bergot, May 07 2014
Let b(m,k) = number of ways to form a sequence of m selections, without replacement, from a circular array of m labeled cells, such that the first selection of a cell whose adjacent cells have already been selected (a "first connect") occurs on the k-th selection. b(m,k) is defined for m >=3, and for 3 <= k <= m. Then b(m,k)/2m ignores rotations and reflection. Let m=n+2, then a(n) = b(m,m-1)/2m. Reiterated, a(n) is the (m-1)th column of the triangle b(m,k)/2m, whose initial rows are (1), (1 2), (2 6 4), (6 18 28 8), (24 72 128 120 16), (120 360 672 840 496 32), (720 2160 4128 5760 5312 2016 64); see A249796. Note also that b(m,3)/2m = n!, and b(m,m)/2m = 2^n. Proofs are easy. - Tony Bartoletti, Oct 30 2014
Beginning at a(1) = 1, this sequence is the sum of the first 2^(n-1) numbers of the form 4*k + 1 = A016813(k). For example, a(4) = 120 = 1 + 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 + 25 + 29. - J. M. Bergot, Dec 07 2014
a(n) is the number of edges in the (2^n - 1)-dimensional simplex. - Dimitri Boscainos, Oct 05 2015
a(n) is the number of linear elements in a complete plane graph in 2^n points. - Dimitri Boscainos, Oct 05 2015
a(n) is the number of linear elements in a complete parallelotope graph in n dimensions. - Dimitri Boscainos, Oct 05 2015
a(n) is the number of lattices L in Z^n such that the quotient group Z^n / L is C_4. - Álvar Ibeas, Nov 26 2015
a(n) gives the quadratic coefficient of the polynomial ((x + 1)^(2^n) + (x - 1)^(2^n))/2, cf. A201461. - Martin Renner, Jan 14 2017
Let f(x)=x+2*sqrt(x) and g(x)=x-2*sqrt(x). Then f(4^n*x)=b(n)*f(x)+a(n)*g(x) and g(4^n*x)=a(n)*f(x)+b(n)*g(x), where b is A007582. - Luc Rousseau, Dec 06 2018
For n>=1, a(n) is the covering radius of the first order Reed-Muller code RM(1,2n). - Christof Beierle, Dec 22 2021
a(n) =

			G.f. = x + 6*x^2 + 28*x^3 + 120*x^4 + 496*x^5 + 2016*x^6 + 8128*x^7 + 32640*x^8 + ...

V. K. Balakrishnan, Theory and problems of Combinatorics, "Schaum's Outline Series", McGraw-Hill, 1995, p. 69.
Martin Gardner, Mathematical Carnival, "Pascal's Triangle", p. 201, Alfred A. Knopf NY, 1975.
Richard K. Guy, Unsolved problems in number theory, (p. 72).
Ross Honsberger, Mathematical Gems, M.A.A., 1973, p. 113.
Clifford A. Pickover, Wonders of Numbers, Chap. 55, Oxford Univ. Press NY 2000.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).

T. D. Noe, Table of n, a(n) for n=0..200
David Applegate, Omar E. Pol and N. J. A. Sloane, The Toothpick Sequence and Other Sequences from Cellular Automata, Congressus Numerantium, Vol. 206 (2010), 157-191. [There is a typo in Theorem 6: (13) should read u(n) = 4.3^(wt(n-1)-1) for n >= 2.]
M. Archibald, A. Blecher, A. Knopfmacher and M. E. Mays, Inversions and Parity in Compositions of Integers, J. Int. Seq., Vol. 23 (2020), Article 20.4.1.
William Banks, Ahmet Güloğlu, Wesley Nevans and Filip Saidak, Descartes numbers, Anatomy of integers, 167-173, CRM Proc. Lecture Notes, 46, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2008. MathSciNet review (subscription required).
Taylor Brysiewicz, Holger Eble, and Lukas Kühne, Enumerating chambers of hyperplane arrangements with symmetry, arXiv:2105.14542 [math.CO], 2021.
John Elias, Illustration of initial terms: Mersenne-Sierpinski Triangles
Farideh Firoozbakht and M. F. Hasler, Variations on Euclid's formula for Perfect Numbers, JIS 13 (2010) #10.3.1.
R. C. Gunning, Riemann Surfaces and Second-Order Theta Functions, Springer-Verlag, 1976. See page 22.
Ross La Haye, Binary Relations on the Power Set of an n-Element Set, Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 12 (2009), Article 09.2.6.
T. Helleseth, T. Klove and J.Mykkeltveit, On the covering radius of binary codes (Corresp.), IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 24 (1978).
V. Meally, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane, May 1975
Axel Muller, Metod Saniga, Alain Giorgetti, Henri de Boutray, and Frédéric Holweck, New and improved bounds on the contextuality degree of multi-qubit configurations, arXiv:2305.10225 [quant-ph], 2023.
Simon Plouffe, Approximations de séries génératrices et quelques conjectures, Dissertation, Université du Québec à Montréal, 1992; arXiv:0911.4975 [math.NT], 2009.
Simon Plouffe, 1031 Generating Functions, Appendix to Thesis, Montreal, 1992.
O. S. Rothaus, On "bent" functions, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, Vol. 20 (1976).
N. J. A. Sloane, Catalog of Toothpick and Cellular Automata Sequences in the OEIS
Thomas Wieder, The number of certain k-combinations of an n-set, Applied Mathematics Electronic Notes, vol. 8 (2008).
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (6,-8).

Equals A006095(n+1) - A006095(n). In other words, A006095 gives the partial sums.
Cf. A000108, A007582, A010036, A016290, A003462, A079598, A134346, A048473, A151821, A010684.
Cf. A000043, A000396. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 30 2008
Cf. A109241, A139251, A153006. - Omar E. Pol, Aug 31 2008, May 25 2010, Nov 20 2010
Cf. A002450, A002001. - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 26 2010
Cf. A049072, A000384, A201461, A005059 (binomial transform, and special 5-letter words), A065442, A211705.
Cf. A171476.

List([0..25],n->2^(n-1)*(2^n-1)); # Muniru A Asiru, Dec 06 2018

a006516 n = a006516_list !! n
a006516_list = 0 : 1 :
    zipWith (-) (map (* 6) $ tail a006516_list) (map (* 8) a006516_list)
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Oct 25 2013

[2^(n-1)*(2^n - 1): n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Oct 31 2014

GBC := proc(n,k,q) local i; mul( (q^(n-i)-1)/(q^(k-i)-1),i=0..k-1); end; # define q-ary Gaussian binomial coefficient [ n,k ]_q
[ seq(GBC(n+1,2,2)-GBC(n,2,2), n=0..30) ]; # produces A006516
A006516:=1/(4*z-1)/(2*z-1); # Simon Plouffe in his 1992 dissertation
seq(binomial(2^n, 2), n=0..19); # Zerinvary Lajos, Feb 22 2008

Table[2^(n - 1)(2^n - 1), {n, 0, 30}] (* or *) LinearRecurrence[{6, -8}, {0, 1}, 30] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 15 2011 *)

A006516(n):=2^(n-1)*(2^n - 1)$ makelist(A006516(n),n,0,30); /* Martin Ettl, Nov 15 2012 */

a(n)=(1<Charles R Greathouse IV, Jun 10 2011

vector(100, n, n--; 2^(n-1)*(2^n-1)) \\ Altug Alkan, Oct 06 2015

for n in range(0, 30): print(2**(n-1)*(2**n - 1), end=', ') # Stefano Spezia, Dec 06 2018

[lucas_number1(n,6,8) for n in range(24)]  # Zerinvary Lajos, Apr 22 2009

[(4**n - 2**n) / 2 for n in range(24)]  # Zerinvary Lajos, Jun 05 2009

G.f.: x/((1 - 2*x)*(1 - 4*x)).
E.g.f. for a(n+1), n>=0: 2*exp(4*x) - exp(2*x).
a(n) = 2^(n-1)*Stirling2(n+1,2), n>=0, with Stirling2(n,m)=A008277(n,m).
Second column of triangle A075497.
a(n) = Stirling2(2^n,2^n-1) = binomial(2^n,2). - Ross La Haye, Jan 12 2008
a(n+1) = 4*a(n) + 2^n. - Philippe Deléham, Feb 20 2004
Convolution of 4^n and 2^n. - Ross La Haye, Oct 29 2004
a(n+1) = Sum_{k=0..n} Sum_{j=0..n} 4^(n-j)*binomial(j,k). - Paul Barry, Aug 05 2005
a(n+2) = 6*a(n+1) - 8*a(n), a(1) = 1, a(2) = 6. - Daniele Parisse, Jul 28 2006 [Typo corrected by Yosu Yurramendi, Aug 06 2008]
Row sums of triangle A134346. Also, binomial transform of A048473: (1, 5, 17, 53, 161, ...); double bt of A151821: (1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ...) and triple bt of A010684: (1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Oct 21 2007
a(n) = 3*Stirling2(n+1,4) + Stirling2(n+2,3). - Ross La Haye, Jun 01 2008
a(n) = (4^n - 2^n)/2.
a(n) = A153006(2^n-1). - Omar E. Pol, Nov 20 2010
Sum_{n>=1} 1/a(n) = 2 * (A065442 - 1) = A211705 - 2. - Amiram Eldar, Dec 24 2020
a(n) = binomial(2*n+2, n+1) - Catalan(n+2). - N. J. A. Sloane, Apr 01 2021
a(n) = A171476(n-1), for n >= 1, and a(0) = 0. - Wolfdieter Lang, Jul 27 2022

A033880 Abundance of n, or (sum of divisors of n) - 2n.

Original entry on oeis.org

-1, -1, -2, -1, -4, 0, -6, -1, -5, -2, -10, 4, -12, -4, -6, -1, -16, 3, -18, 2, -10, -8, -22, 12, -19, -10, -14, 0, -28, 12, -30, -1, -18, -14, -22, 19, -36, -16, -22, 10, -40, 12, -42, -4, -12, -20, -46, 28, -41, -7, -30, -6, -52, 12, -38, 8, -34, -26, -58, 48, -60, -28, -22

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

For no known n is a(n) = 1. If there is such an n it must be greater than 10^35 and have seven or more distinct prime factors (Hagis and Cohen 1982). - Jonathan Vos Post, May 01 2011
a(n) = -1 iff n is a power of 2. a(n) = 1 - n iff n is prime. - Omar E. Pol, Jan 30 2014 [If a(n) = -1 then n is called a least deficient number or an almost perfect number. All the powers of 2 are least deficient numbers but it is not known if there exists a least deficient number that is not a power of 2. See A000079. - Jianing Song, Oct 13 2019]
According to Deléglise (1998), the abundant numbers have natural density 0.2474 < A(2) < 0.2480 (cf. A302991). Since the perfect numbers having density 0, the deficient numbers have density 0.7520 < 1 - A(2) < 0.7526 (cf. A318172). - Daniel Forgues, Oct 10 2015
2-abundance of n, a special case of the k-abundance of n, defined as (sum of divisors of n) - k*n, k >= 1. - Daniel Forgues, Oct 24 2015
Not to be confused with the abundancy of n, defined as (sum of divisors of n) / n. (Cf. A017665 / A017666.) - Daniel Forgues, Oct 25 2015

			For n = 10 the divisors of 10 are 1, 2, 5, 10. The sum of proper divisors of 10 minus 10 is 1 + 2 + 5 - 10 = -2, so the abundance of 10 is a(10) = -2. - _Omar E. Pol_, Dec 27 2013

Richard K. Guy, "Almost Perfect, Quasi-Perfect, Pseudoperfect, Harmonic, Weird, Multiperfect and Hyperperfect Numbers." Section B2 in Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 2nd ed., New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 45-53, 1994.
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 147.

J. G. Wurtzel, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..10000 [This replaces an earlier b-file computed by T. D. Noe]
Nichole Davis, Dominic Klyve and Nicole Kraght, On the difference between an integer and the sum of its proper divisors, Involve, Vol. 6 (2013), No. 4, 493-504; DOI: 10.2140/involve.2013.6.493.
Marc Deléglise, Bounds for the density of abundant integers, Experiment. Math. Volume 7, Issue 2 (1998), 137-143.
Peter Hagis Jr. and Graeme L. Cohen, Some Results Concerning Quasiperfect Numbers, J. Austral. Math. Soc. Ser. A 33, 275-286, 1982.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundance.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Abundancy.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Quasiperfect Number.

Equals -A033879.
Cf. A000203, A001065. A005843.
Lists of positions where certain values occur: A005100 (a(n) < 0), A000396 (a(n) = 0) and A005101 (a(n) > 0), A023197 (a(n) >= n), A028982 (a(n) odd).
Cf. A072691, A302991, A318172.

[SumOfDivisors(n)-2*n: n in [1..100]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Oct 11 2015

Maple
```
with(numtheory); n->sigma(n) - 2*n;
```

Array[Total[Divisors[#]]-2#&,70] (* Harvey P. Dale, Sep 16 2011 *)
Table[DivisorSigma[1, n] - 2*n, {n, 1, 70}] (* Amiram Eldar, Jun 09 2022 *)

a(n)=sigma(n)-2*n \\ Charles R Greathouse IV, Nov 20 2012

from sympy import divisor_sigma
def A033880(n): return divisor_sigma(n)-(n<<1) # Chai Wah Wu, Apr 12 2024

[sigma(n, 1)-2*n for n in range(1, 64)] # Stefano Spezia, Jul 18 2025

a(n) = A000203(n) - A005843(n). - Omar E. Pol, Dec 14 2008
a(n) = A001065(n) - n. - Omar E. Pol, Dec 27 2013
Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) ~ c * n^2, where c = Pi^2/12 - 1 = -0.1775329665... . - Amiram Eldar, Apr 06 2024

Definition corrected Jul 04 2005

A001599 Harmonic or Ore numbers: numbers k such that the harmonic mean of the divisors of k is an integer.

Original entry on oeis.org

1, 6, 28, 140, 270, 496, 672, 1638, 2970, 6200, 8128, 8190, 18600, 18620, 27846, 30240, 32760, 55860, 105664, 117800, 167400, 173600, 237510, 242060, 332640, 360360, 539400, 695520, 726180, 753480, 950976, 1089270, 1421280, 1539720

Offset: 1

N. J. A. Sloane

Note that the harmonic mean of the divisors of k = k*tau(k)/sigma(k).
Equivalently, k*tau(k)/sigma(k) is an integer, where tau(k) (A000005) is the number of divisors of k and sigma(k) is the sum of the divisors of k (A000203).
Equivalently, the average of the divisors of k divides k.
Note that the average of the divisors of k is not necessarily an integer, so the above wording should be clarified as follows: k divided by the average is an integer. See A007340. - Thomas Ordowski, Oct 26 2014
Ore showed that every perfect number (A000396) is harmonic. The converse does not hold: 140 is harmonic but not perfect. Ore conjectured that 1 is the only odd harmonic number.
Other examples of power mean numbers k such that some power mean of the divisors of k is an integer are the RMS numbers A140480. - Ctibor O. Zizka, Sep 20 2008
Conjecture: Every harmonic number is practical (A005153). I've verified this refinement of Ore's conjecture for all terms less than 10^14. - Jaycob Coleman, Oct 12 2013
Conjecture: All terms > 1 are Zumkeller numbers (A083207). Verified for all n <= 50. - Ivan N. Ianakiev, Nov 22 2017
Verified for n <= 937. - David A. Corneth, Jun 07 2020
Kanold (1957) proved that the asymptotic density of the harmonic numbers is 0. - Amiram Eldar, Jun 01 2020
Zachariou and Zachariou (1972) called these numbers "Ore numbers", after the Norwegian mathematician Øystein Ore (1899 - 1968), who was the first to study them. Ore (1948) and Garcia (1954) referred to them as "numbers with integral harmonic mean of divisors". The term "harmonic numbers" was used by Pomerance (1973). They are sometimes called "harmonic divisor numbers", or "Ore's harmonic numbers", to differentiate them from the partial sums of the harmonic series. - Amiram Eldar, Dec 04 2020
Conjecture: all terms > 1 have a Mersenne prime as a factor. - Ivan Borysiuk, Jan 28 2024

			k=140 has sigma_0(140)=12 divisors with sigma_1(140)=336. The average divisor is 336/12=28, an integer, and divides k: k=5*28, so 140 is in the sequence.
k=496 has sigma_0(496)=10, sigma_1(496)=992: the average divisor 99.2 is not an integer, but k/(sigma_1/sigma_0)=496/99.2=5 is an integer, so 496 is in the sequence.

G. L. Cohen and Deng Moujie, On a generalization of Ore's harmonic numbers, Nieuw Arch. Wisk. (4), 16 (1998) 161-172.
Richard K. Guy, Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3rd edition, Springer, 2004, Section B2, pp. 74-75.
W. H. Mills, On a conjecture of Ore, Proc. Number Theory Conf., Boulder CO, 1972, 142-146.
N. J. A. Sloane, A Handbook of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1973 (includes this sequence).
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
James J. Tattersall, Elementary Number Theory in Nine Chapters, Cambridge University Press, 1999, page 147.

Robert G. Wilson v, Table of n, a(n) for n = 1..937 (terms n = 1..170 from T. D. Noe and Klaus Brockhaus)
Marco Abrate, Stefano Barbero, Umberto Cerruti, and Nadir Murru, The Biharmonic mean, arXiv:1601.03081 [math.NT], 2016.
Abiodun E. Adeyemi, A Study of @-numbers, arXiv:1906.05798 [math.NT], 2019.
Ivan Borysiuk, Conjectured to be the 10000 smallest Ore numbers
Graeme L. Cohen, Email to N. J. A. Sloane, Apr. 1994.
Graeme L. Cohen, Numbers whose positive divisors have small integral harmonic mean, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 66, No. 218, (1997), pp. 883-891.
Graeme L. Cohen and Ronald M. Sorli, Harmonic seeds, Fibonacci Quart., Vol. 36, No. 5 (1998), pp. 386-390; errata, 39 (2001) 4.
Graeme L. Cohen and Ronald M. Sorli, Odd harmonic numbers exceed 10^24, Math. Comp., Vol. 79, No. 272 (2010), pp. 2451-2460.
Mariano Garcia, On numbers with integral harmonic mean, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 61, No. 2 (1954), pp. 89-96.
Takeshi Goto, All harmonic numbers less than 10^14.
Takeshi Goto, Table of a(n) for n = 1..937.
T. Goto and S. Shibata, All numbers whose positive divisors have integral harmonic mean up to 300, Math. Comput., Vol. 73, No. 245 (2004), pp. 475-491.
Richard K. Guy, Letter to N. J. A. Sloane with attachment, Jun. 1991.
Hans-Joachim Kanold, Über das harmonische Mittel der Teiler einer natürlichen Zahl, Math. Ann., Vol. 133 (1957), pp. 371-374.
Oystein Ore, On the averages of the divisors of a number, Amer. Math. Monthly, Vol. 55, No. 10 (1948), pp. 615-619.
Oystein Ore, On the averages of the divisors of a number. (annotated scanned copy)
Carl Pomerance, On a Problem of Ore: Harmonic Numbers, unpublished manuscript, 1973; abstract *709-A5, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 20, 1973, page A-648, entire volume.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Harmonic Mean.
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Harmonic Divisor Number.
Wikipedia, Harmonic mean.
Wikipedia, Harmonic divisor number.
Andreas and Eleni Zachariou, Perfect, semi-perfect and Ore numbers, Bull. Soc. Math. Grèce (New Ser.), Vol. 13, No. 13A (1972), pp. 12-22; alternative link.
Index entries for sequences where any odd perfect numbers must occur

See A003601 for analogs referring to arithmetic mean and A000290 for geometric mean of divisors.
See A001600 and A090240 for the integer values obtained.
sigma_0(n) (or tau(n)) is the number of divisors of n (A000005).
sigma_1(n) (or sigma(n)) is the sum of the divisors of n (A000203).
Cf. A007340, A090945, A035527, A007691, A074247, A053783. Not a subset of A003601.
Cf. A027750.

Concatenation([1],Filtered([2,4..2000000],n->IsInt(n*Tau(n)/Sigma(n)))); # Muniru A Asiru, Nov 26 2018

import Data.Ratio (denominator)
import Data.List (genericLength)
a001599 n = a001599_list !! (n-1)
a001599_list = filter ((== 1) . denominator . hm) [1..] where
   hm x = genericLength ds * recip (sum $ map (recip . fromIntegral) ds)
          where ds = a027750_row x
-- Reinhard Zumkeller, Jun 04 2013, Jan 20 2012

q:= (p,k) -> p^k*(p-1)*(k+1)/(p^(k+1)-1):
filter:= proc(n) local t; mul(q(op(t)),t=ifactors(n)[2])::integer end proc:
select(filter, [$1..10^6]); # Robert Israel, Jan 14 2016

Do[ If[ IntegerQ[ n*DivisorSigma[0, n]/ DivisorSigma[1, n]], Print[n]], {n, 1, 1550000}]
Select[Range[1600000],IntegerQ[HarmonicMean[Divisors[#]]]&] (* Harvey P. Dale, Oct 20 2012 *)

a(n)=if(n<0,0,n=a(n-1);until(0==(sigma(n,0)*n)%sigma(n,1),n++);n) /* Michael Somos, Feb 06 2004 */

from sympy import divisor_sigma as sigma
def ok(n): return (n*sigma(n, 0))%sigma(n, 1) == 0
print([n for n in range(1, 10**4) if ok(n)]) # Michael S. Branicky, Jan 06 2021

from itertools import count, islice
from functools import reduce
from math import prod
from sympy import factorint
def A001599_gen(startvalue=1): # generator of terms >= startvalue
    for n in count(max(startvalue,1)):
        f = factorint(n)
        s = prod((p**(e+1)-1)//(p-1) for p, e in f.items())
        if not reduce(lambda x,y:x*y%s,(e+1 for e in f.values()),1)*n%s:
            yield n
A001599_list = list(islice(A001599_gen(),20)) # Chai Wah Wu, Feb 14 2023

{ k : A106315(k) = 0 }. - R. J. Mathar, Jan 25 2017

More terms from Klaus Brockhaus, Sep 18 2001

A138148 Cyclops numbers with binary digits only.

Original entry on oeis.org

0, 101, 11011, 1110111, 111101111, 11111011111, 1111110111111, 111111101111111, 11111111011111111, 1111111110111111111, 111111111101111111111, 11111111111011111111111, 1111111111110111111111111, 111111111111101111111111111, 11111111111111011111111111111

Offset: 0

Omar E. Pol, Mar 18 2008

All members are palindromes A002113. The first five members are mentioned in A129868.
Also, binary representation of A129868.
a(A090748(n)) is equal to A138831(n), the n-th perfect number minus 1, written in base 2.
Except for the first term (replace 0 with 1) the binary representation of the n-th iteration of the elementary cellular automaton, Rule 219 starting with a single ON (black) cell. - Robert Price, Feb 21 2016
a(1) = 101 is only prime number in this sequence since a(n) = (10^(n+1)+1)*(10^n-1)/9. - Altug Alkan, May 11 2016

			n ........ a(n) .... A129868(n): value of a(n) read in base 2.
0 ......... 0 ......... 0
1 ........ 101 ........ 5
2 ....... 11011 ....... 27
3 ...... 1110111 ...... 119
4 ..... 111101111 ..... 495
5 .... 11111011111 .... 2015
6 ... 1111110111111 ... 8127

S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 55.

Gennady Eremin, Partitioning the set of natural numbers into Mersenne trees and into arithmetic progressions; Natural Matrix and Linnik's constant, arXiv:2405.16143 [math.CO], 2024. See pp. 9, 14.
Brady Haran and Simon Pampena, Glitch Primes and Cyclops Numbers, Numberphile video, video (2015).
Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, Elementary Cellular Automaton
S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science
Index to Elementary Cellular Automata
Index entries for sequences related to cellular automata
Index entries for linear recurrences with constant coefficients, signature (111,-1110,1000).

Cyclops numbers: A134808. Cf. A002113, A129868.
Cf. A000396, A090748, A135627, A138831.
Cf. A002275 (repunits R_n = (10^n-1)/9), A011557 (10^n).

[(-1 - 9*10^n + 10^(1 + 2*n))/9 : n in [0..15]]; // Wesley Ivan Hurt, Dec 08 2015

A138148:=n->(-1-9*10^n+10^(1+2*n))/9: seq(A138148(n), n=0..15); # Wesley Ivan Hurt, Dec 08 2015

Table[(-1 - 9*10^n + 10^(1 + 2*n))/9, {n, 0, 15}] (* Wesley Ivan Hurt, Dec 08 2015 *)

for(n=1, 20, if(n%2==1, c=((10^n-1)/9)-10^((n-1)/2); print1(c, ", "))) \\ Felix Fröhlich, Jul 07 2014

apply( {A138148(n)=10^(n*2+1)\9-10^n}, [0..15]) \\ M. F. Hasler, Feb 08 2020

From Colin Barker, Feb 21 2013: (Start)
a(n) = (-1-9*10^n+10^(1+2*n))/9.
G.f.: x*(200*x-101) / ((x-1)*(10*x-1)*(100*x-1)). (End)
a(n) = 111*a(n-1) - 1110*a(n-2) + 1000*a(n-3) for n>2. - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Dec 08 2015
a(n) = A000533(n+1)*A002275(n). - Altug Alkan, May 12 2016
E.g.f.: (-1 - 9*exp(9*x) + 10*exp(99*x))*exp(x)/9. - Ilya Gutkovskiy, May 12 2016
a(n) = A002275(2n+1) - A011557(n). - M. F. Hasler, Feb 08 2020

More terms from Omar E. Pol, Feb 09 2020

cp's OEIS Frontend

A007691 Multiply-perfect numbers: n divides sigma(n).

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A033879 Deficiency of n, or 2n - (sum of divisors of n).

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A005153 Practical numbers: positive integers m such that every k <= sigma(m) is a sum of distinct divisors of m. Also called panarithmic numbers.

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A262626 Visible parts of the perspective view of the stepped pyramid whose structure essentially arises after the 90-degree-zig-zag folding of the isosceles triangle A237593.

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A083207 Zumkeller or integer-perfect numbers: numbers n whose divisors can be partitioned into two disjoint sets with equal sum.

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A063990 Amicable numbers.

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